Gulu la insulin: mitundu yayikulu, zochita

Insulin imakhala ngati mahona ofunikira kwambiri opangidwa ndi kapamba kuchokera m'maselo a mchira wake. Cholinga cha insulin ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, potengera kagayidwe kogwira.

Vuto lachiberekero likachitika, kuchuluka kwa glucose kumayamba kukwera, zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi matenda ashuga. Kuti akhale wathanzi, wodwala ayenera kutsatira kadyedwe ndikuchita zoyenera.

Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse ngati mankhwalawa amachokera mu njira yopangira insulin. Masiku ano, pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwalawa. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kumvetsetsa mitundu ya insulin yomwe ilipo, momwe imasiyana ndi inzake komanso momwe amachitira.

Mitundu yayikulu ya insulin

Insulin ndi yachilengedwe komanso yopanga. Insulin yachilengedwe imapangidwa ndi maselo mu kapamba aanthu kapena nyama. Insulin yokumba imapangidwa m'malo a labotale ndi njira yolumikizira ya chinthu chachikulu ndi zowonjezera zina. Mtundu wachiwiri umapangidwira zochizira odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga nthawi zambiri.

Chenjezo makamaka pofunsa mankhwala liyenera kukhala lothandiza odwala okalamba ndi ana oyambira ana kuti muchepetse zovuta zomwe zingachitike. Chifukwa chake, kudziwa mitundu ya insulini ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga dongosolo la mankhwala.

Monga chithandizo, jakisoni wa insulin tsiku lililonse amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti musankhe mankhwala oyenera, muyenera kudziwa mtundu wa insulin womwe ulipo. Njirayi imapewa zotsatira zosafunikira.

Zosiyanasiyana za insulin zimagawidwa ndi magawo otsatirawa:

1. Kuthamanga kwa zochita pambuyo pa kuperekera mankhwala
2. Kutalika kwa mankhwalawa
3. Zomwe mankhwalawo amapangidwa
4. Kumasulidwa kwa mankhwalawo.

Gulu la zigawo

Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yayikulu, insulin imagawikidwanso mu monovoid ndikuphatikiza pamodzi. Poyamba, mankhwalawa amakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wa insulin - mwachitsanzo, nkhumba kapena bovine. Kachiwiri, kuphatikiza mitundu ingapo ya insulini kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mitundu yonseyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala pochiza matenda ashuga.

Mlingo wa kuyeretsa kwamankhwala

Kutchulidwa kwa kukonzekera kwa insulin kumadaliranso kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsedwa kwawo ndi kufunika kwa njirayi:

1. Maonekedwe achikhalidwe amapezeka ndi liquefaction ndi asidi ethanol, kusefera, kusefukira kunja ndi mitundu yambiri. Njira yodziyeretsa siziwoneka kuti ndiyabwino chifukwa cha zodetsa zomwe sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
2. Peak monopic amapezeka pambuyo pa chikhalidwe chamtundu wa kuyeretsa, kenako kusefa kudzera mu gel yapadera. Zovuta pakukonzanso zimakhalabe, koma zochepa.
3. Mtundu wa monocomponent amaonedwa kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yochizira matendawa, chifukwa kuwononga ma cell ndi ma ion-exchange chromatography amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyeretsa kwake.

Mitundu ya insulin nthawi yayitali ikuphatikiza:

• Ma Ultrashort mawonekedwe othamanga,
• Kuwonetsedwa kwakanthawi
• Kuwonetsera kwapakatikati
• Kuwonetsedwa nthawi yayitali
• Mtundu wophatikizika wa kuwonetsedwa kopitilira.

Mtundu waufupi wapamwamba

Mtundu wothamanga kwambiri wa insulin. Amayamba kuchita nthawi yomweyo atalowa m'magazi. Nthawi yomweyo, zochita zake zimadutsanso mwachangu - kwenikweni m'maola atatu kapena anayi. Pafupifupi ola limodzi jakisoni, jakisoni wokulirapo wazinthu zimapezeka m'magazi.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mankhwalawa kumachitika musanadye chakudya, kapena pambuyo pake. Nthawi ya tsiku ilibe kanthu. Ngati simutsatira mosamalitsa chiwembucho, ndiye kuti kuchepa kwambiri kwa shuga m'magazi kumatha kuchitika.

Kupezeka kwa zoyipa kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi nthawi yakukhudzana ndi mankhwalawa komanso momwe adapangidwira. Ngati atangomaliza kuperekera mankhwalawa pakakhala zosakhumudwitsa zomwe zachitika, ndiye kuti pambuyo pake simungachite mantha ndi mawonekedwe awo.

Zoyipa zamtunduwu ndizosasunthika komanso kusadziwika kwa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mankhwalawa m'magazi a shuga m'magazi. Nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu ya insulin ya mtundu wa ultrashort ndi yokwera kwambiri - gawo limodzi la muyeso limachepetsa shuga m'magawo awiri mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu kuposa kuchuluka kwa mitundu inanso ya mankhwala.

Kodi ndi ziti mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri za insulin zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri?

• Humalog ndi insulin yachilengedwe yamtundu wofananira wopanga. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku mahormoni ofunikira mumakonzedwe amomwe amaphatikizika ndi kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid. Kuwonetsedwa kwamisempha kumatha pafupifupi maola anayi. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda oyamba a shuga mellitus, osaloledwa kapena osagwirizana kwathunthu pazinthu zilizonse za mankhwala a mitundu ina, kusowa kwamphamvu pakukonzekera mapiritsi, okhala ndi insulin yambiri m'magazi.
• NovoRapid imapangidwa pamaziko a insulin aspart. Ndi mahomoni ofanana ndi anthu. Mankhwala amalola kuti azitha kulandira amayi oyembekezera. Zotsatira zake zawonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wambiri. Insulin imagulitsidwa mu mtundu wopanda madzi, womwe umalowetsedwa m'thupi kudzera mu syringe. Ma syringe apadera amakhala ndi mamililita atatu kapena magawo mazana atatu a chinthucho.
• Apidra ndi mankhwala odziwika kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira odwala matenda ashuga komanso ana opitirira zaka 6. Zochizira amayi apakati komanso okalamba, mankhwalawa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kwambiri, kutengera umunthu wawo. Ndondomeko ya chithandizo imasankhidwanso payekhapayekha. Jakisoni amapangidwa kudzera m'mitsempha kapena ndi pulogalamu yapadera ya pampu.

Kudziwitsidwa ndi mtundu waifupi wa insulin kumayamba mosachedwa kuposa mtundu wanthawi yochepa - pambuyo pafupifupi theka la ora, nthawi zina pakatha mphindi makumi awiri. Kukumana kwa thupilo kumafika pachimake pafupifupi maola awiri kapena atatu pambuyo pobayira. Mphamvu ya jakisoni imatha pafupifupi maola asanu ndi limodzi.

Monga gawo la madyererowa, titha kuunikira kuti mankhwalawa amaperekedwa kokha asanadye kotero kuti nthawi yayitali pakati pa chakudya ndi jakisoni ndi pafupifupi mphindi khumi ndi zisanu. Chifukwa chiyani izi zimachitika? Mwakuti nthawi yolandila michere ndi nthawi yovutikira mankhwala zimagwirizana.

Ngati tirikulankhula za zoyipa, zimawoneka kawirikawiri, ngakhale mtundu wa insulini womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito - kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa.

Nthawi zina pochiza odwala ndi madotolo, kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala kwakanthawi komanso kwakanthawi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa cha izi, mayeso ofunikira a wodwala a m'magazi amachitika, zomwe zimachitika mthupi ndi malo a jekeseni zimayesedwa.

Mankhwala odziwika aafupi ndi awa:

• Actrapid NM itha kugulidwa kokha ndi mankhwala. Amatanthauzanso mankhwala osinthidwa chibadwa. Wodwalayo amalandira insulin ndi jakisoni wotsekemera kapena wamkati. Nthawi zina mankhwalawa amaperekedwa kudzera mu intramuscularly, koma adokotala okha ndi amene ayenera kusankha izi.
• Humulin Wokhazikika ndi mankhwala a vuto linalake, chifukwa amangogwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha kudalira insulini, kuzindikira koyambirira komanso panthawi yapakati. Insulin imayendetsedwa m'njira zitatu: subcutanely, intramuscularly komanso kudzera m'mitsempha. Amapezeka m'mabotolo ndi makatoni apadera.
• Humodar R - mankhwalawa amagwira ntchito bwino ndi ma insulin okhala ndi nthawi yayitali, ndi a mankhwala opangira theka. Mimba komanso nthawi yoyamwitsa sizotilepheretsa kumwa mankhwalawa.
• Monodar ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo a odwala a shuga omwe ali ndi digiri yoyamba komanso yachiwiri. Amapatsidwanso tsankho kwa mapiritsi ndi amayi oyembekezera.
• Biosulin P ndi mankhwala enanso osinthidwa mwanjira imodzi omwe amaphatikiza bwino ndi insulin ya nthawi yayitali yofanana ndi Biosulin N. Njira yotulutsira botolo ndi cartridge. Mtundu wapakatikati

Nthawi yowonetsedwa ndi insulin yamtunduwu imakhala yotalika kwambiri ndipo imatenga maola 12 kapena 12. Pakatha pafupifupi maola awiri kapena atatu, wodwalayo amayamba kumva zizindikiro zoyambira.

Zotsatira zazikulu zimachitika pambuyo pa maola asanu ndi limodzi. Chifukwa chake, pakhale pakati pamajekeseni kufika maola khumi ndi awiri, kupatula maola khumi.

Kuti musunge kuchuluka kwa glucose, jakisoni awiri kapena atatu a insulin patsiku ndiokwanira kwa wodwalayo. Zilibe kanthu, jakisoni amapangidwa chakudya chisanachitike kapena chitatha. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu waufupi wa insulin umawonjezeredwa pa nthawi yayitali. Monga mitundu iwiri yapitayi, mavuto omwe amawonekera samayang'aniridwa.

Oimira insulin nthawi yayitali

1. Biosulin N, Insuran NPH, Protafan NM, Humulin NPH - ndi mankhwala osinthika mwa chibadwa,
2. Humodar B, Biogulin N - amaimira mankhwala opangidwa ndi theka,
3. Protafan MS, Monodar B - ali m'gulu la ndalama za nkhumba za mtundu wina,
4. Monotard MS - ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa zinc.

Mtundu wautali

Imakhala ndi thupi lalitali kwambiri - imayamba pafupifupi pakapita maola anayi kapena asanu ndi atatu ndipo imatenga tsiku limodzi ndi theka mpaka masiku awiri. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zambiri m'madzi a m'magazi kumafikira pafupifupi maola khumi ndi khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi.

Ndi makhwala ati a nthawi yayitali omwe amadziwika bwino?

• Lantus ndi mankhwala okwera mtengo okhala ndi insulin glargine. Jakisoni amapangidwa mwakuya pansi pa khungu tsiku lililonse panthawi yodziwika bwino. Simungagwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa kwa ana osakwana zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi komanso mosamala mwa amayi apakati.

Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito palokha komanso mophatikiza ndi mankhwala omwe amachepetsa shuga ya magazi. Mankhwala omwe mumalandira. Kutulutsa mawonekedwe - cholembera syringe ndi cartridge.

Levemir Penfill - wakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha insulin ndipo imangolembera jakisoni wongokhala. Itha kuphatikizidwa mu zochitika zake ndi mapiritsi, ndipo ndikofunikira kusankha mosamala mlingo. Lememir FlexPen amachita ngati analogue

Mitundu ya insulin ndi momwe zimakhalira mwachindunji zimadalira komwe zidachokera. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu - iyi ndi insulin yachilengedwe ndipo yapangidwa mu labotale.

Insulin yachilengedwe yomwe imapangidwa ndi kapamba wa ng'ombe ndi yosiyana pang'ono ndi zomwe anthu aminoxylots atatu osayenera omwe amatha kuyambitsa ziwengo. Ndondomeko ya insulin ikupezeka pafupi ndi anthu, popeza pali asidi amodzi m'modzi momwe amapangidwira.

Whale insulin imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza nthawi zina, chifukwa kusiyana kwake ndi ma cell a insulin ya munthu ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa ng'ombe.

Mankhwala osakanizidwa agawidwa m'mitundu iwiri:

1. Kusinthidwa kwa chibadwa - analogue ya insulin yaumunthu imachotsedwa ku kaphatikizidwe ka Escherichia coli wokhala ndi porcine osiyana amino acid.
2. Umisiri - umakhazikitsidwa ndi insulin ya parailamu ndikusintha kwa minoatching amino acid mu unyolo.
   Chithandizo chilichonse chimasankhidwa mosiyanasiyana payekha, kutengera kusanthula ndi momwe wodwalayo alili.

Otsutsa

Insulin idapangidwa kuti itsitse shuga. Komabe, pali mitundu ya insulin yomwe imakhala ndi zotsutsana, ndikofunikira kuganiziranso posankha chithandizo.

Mankhwalawa akuphatikizapo:

• Glucagon,
• "Adrenaline" ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito imodzi yomweyo,
• Cortisol ndi mahomoni ena a steroid
• "Somatotropin" ndi androgen ena ndi ma estrogens,
• "Thyroxine", "triiodothyronine" ndi mahomoni ena a chithokomiro.

Makampani opanga mankhwala masiku ano amatulutsa mankhwala ambiri a insulin, motero gulu lawo la mankhwala ndi zina ndiwambiri. Adokotala okhawo omwe angapite ndi omwe angasankhe mankhwala oyenera.

Kukonzekera kwa Biphasic pawiri

Kukonzekera ndi kuyimitsidwa kwamitundu yayifupi ndi kwapakatikati kuchitira insulin. Ndalama zotere zimayambitsidwa m'thupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa momwe mtundu uliwonse wa mankhwala umafunira.

Mitundu ndi mafotokozedwe a insulin ya biphasic amaperekedwa pagome.

Momwe mungasungire kukonzekera kwa insulin?

Insulin ya mitundu yodziwika, kuphatikizapo patebulopo, imangosungidwa mu zida zafiriji zokha. Mankhwala otseguka amagwira ntchito kwa mwezi umodzi, pambuyo pake mphamvu zake zochiritsa zimatayika.

Ndikofunikira kungoyendetsa insulin pokonzekera ndi gel kapena kapu yozizirirapo, ngati sizotheka kutengera mufiriji. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti mankhwalawo asakumane ndi ozizira, apo ayi mankhwala ake nawonso atayika.

Matanthauzidwe oyambira

Hemeni ya insulin imafunikira kuti magazi a shuga azitha komanso kuti azitha kupeza mphamvu. Izi ndi mthenga wa mankhwala omwe amalola maselo kutenga glucose, komanso shuga kuchokera pagazi. Gulu la insulin lili ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a mankhwala. Ndikofunikira kusankha chithandizo choyenera.

Chikhansa ndi chiwalo chomwe chimayambitsa insulin mthupi. Maselo am'mapazi, omwe amatchedwa ma islets, amatulutsa timadzi tambiri ndipo timazindikira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Chokulirapo chizindikirocho, insulin yochulukirapo imalowetsa kupanga kuti mulingo wofanana ndi shuga ulowe m'magazi. Insulin imathandizanso kuphwanya mafuta kapena mapuloteni kuti akhale ndi mphamvu.

Kuchuluka kwa insulin kumawongolera shuga ndi magazi ambiri mthupi. Ngati misempha ya insulin ndi yotsika kwambiri kapena yokwera kwambiri, zizindikiro zosafunikira zimayamba kuoneka. Ngati shuga wochepa kapena mkulu shuga akupitiliza, mavuto akulu azaumoyo amatha.

Mavuto akulu a mahomoni

Mwa anthu ena, chitetezo cham'magazi chimatsutsana ndi zisumbu zapakhansa, ndipo zimasiya kutulutsa insulin kapena sikokwanira. Izi zikachitika, glucose amakhalabe m'magazi ndipo maselo sangathe kuyamwa kuti isanduke shuga kukhala mphamvu. Chifukwa chake matenda amtundu wa 1 amawonekera, ndipo munthu amene ali ndi matenda amtunduwu amafunika jakisoni wa insulin pafupipafupi kuti apulumuke. Mlingo komanso mtundu wa matendawa ungasiyane.

Mu gulu la insulin pali magulu osiyanasiyana a zinthu. Kutengera mtundu wamatendawa, amathandiza kuthana ndi kuchepa kwa shuga m'magawo osiyanasiyana.

Mwa anthu ena, makamaka iwo onenepa kwambiri, onenepa kwambiri kapena wodwala, insulini siyothandiza kusamutsa shuga m'maselo ndipo sangathe kuchita zomwe amachita. Kulephera kwa timadzi timeneti kumapereka mphamvu yake pamasempha amatchedwa insulin kukana.

Matenda a shuga a Mtundu wa 2 azidzakhazikika pamene timabowo totsekera pa kapamba sangatulutse timadzi tambiri kuti tithane ndi insulin. Kuyambira kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, madokotala amatha kupaka insulini ndi kuilowetsa mu jakisoni kuti athandizire mahomoni kwa anthu omwe sangathe kudzipanga okha kapena omwe akukana.

Matenda a shuga ndi matenda oopsa ndipo amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo momwe thupi limataya mphamvu yake yopanga mahomoni ofunikira kapena kuyamba kupanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito insulin moyenera, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchuluka kwambiri kwa glucose (hyperglycemia).

Kuchulukitsa kumeneku kumatha kuwononga maso, impso ndi mitsempha, komanso kungayambitse matenda a mtima ndi sitiroko.

Matenda a shuga ndi matenda osavuta kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mitundu yayikulu ya matenda a shuga ndi mtundu 1, mtundu 2, ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa gestational.

Ndi matenda ashuga

Hulin insulin imapangidwa ndi ma cell a pancreatic beta. Ntchito yayikulu ya chinthucho ndikupereka glucose kuchokera m'magazi athu kupita m'thupi kuti ipange mphamvu. Ngati mulibe insulin yokwanira, shuga imamangika m'magazi, ndipo osasinthika. Kuti muthane ndi vutoli pamafunika zida zapadera. Gulu la insulin pano lili ndi mndandanda wa mankhwala. Mtundu wawo wamtunduwu umangoperekedwa ndi adokotala.

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga, thupi silipanga chinthu, chifukwa chake limayenera kuperekedwa tsiku lililonse kuti likhale ndi moyo. Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga, munthu samatulutsa insulin yokwanira, kapena mahomoni omwe amapezeka sagwira ntchito moyenera. Jekeseni wa zinthu zotere nthawi zina amafunika kuwongolera misempha yamagazi. Mu shuga mellitus wokhala ndi insulin yokhala nthawi yayitali, maphunziro opambana a mankhwala atha kutengedwa. Komabe, mankhwalawa ali ndi zochizira zokha.

Anthu odwala matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba ayenera kubayidwa insulin tsiku lililonse, nthawi zambiri mpaka kanayi kapena kasanu patsiku. Atha kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chapadera kuperekera zinthuzo. Kuti muchite izi, yambitsani cannula (khungu loonda kwambiri) pansi pakhungu pakatha masiku awiri kapena atatu. Nthawi zina anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a 2 amafunikanso kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a insulin pamene chakudya, zochita zolimbitsa thupi, komanso mapiritsi sangathenso kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Ndikofunika kusankha pa mankhwalawa. Gulu la kukonzekera kwa insulin lili ndi magawo ofunikira a zinthu. Amagawidwa makamaka potengera nthawi ndi chiyambi.

Kufunika koyambitsa jakisoni kungakhale koopsa. Komabe, kuyang'anira insulini ndikosavuta kuposa momwe anthu ambiri amaganizira. Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zithandizire kuperekera mahomoni. Singano za syringe ndizabwino kwambiri komanso zowonda, ngati cannulas. Nthawi zambiri anthu omwe amafunikira insulin amamva bwino kwambiri akayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mwadongosolo.

Ngati mukufuna kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni awa, muyenera kufunsa dokotala.

Adzakulangizani ndikukuthandizani:

1. Dziwani mtundu ndi zochita za insulin yanu.
2. Momwe angapangire mankhwalawa komanso nthawi yanji.
3. Momwe mungakonzekere malo a jakisoni.
4. Komwe mungagule mankhwalawo komanso momwe mungasungire mosamala.
5. Momwe mungathanirane ndi shuga wamagazi ochepa.
6. Momwe mungayang'anire zizindikiro zaumoyo komanso Mlingo wa insulin.
7. Komwe mungapezeko chithandizo chadzidzidzi.

Gawo lofunikira pakukonzekera kwa insulin ndikuwunika pafupipafupi komanso kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Zimatenga nthawi kuti mufikire mlingo woyenera kwa inu, ndipo kumbukirani kuti nthawi zonse mankhwalawa samakhazikika pamoyo wanu wonse. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuyendera wothandizira azachipatala pafupipafupi.

Mukayamba kugwiritsa ntchito insulin, ndikofunikira kuti muyesedwe ndi katswiri wazakudya kuti mumvetsetse momwe zopatsa mphamvu ndi mahomoni zimagwirira ntchito limodzi. Ichi ndichofunikira.

Ngati muli ndi matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba, ndiye kuti muphunzira momwe mungawerenge chakudya komanso kufananiza ndi insulin ndi chakudya chomwe mumadya. Iyi ndi njira yabwino yolimbana ndi matenda ashuga. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa insulin panthawi ya chakudya kumatha kusiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa.

Mitundu yayikulu

Kugwiritsa ntchito insulini mwachangu komanso kwakanthawi kumathandizira kutsitsa shuga m'magazi mukamadya, ndipo mankhwala apakatikati kapena otenga nthawi yayitali amathandizira kusamalira zofuna zanu zonse. Onsewa amathandizira kuwongolera magawo ndi zizindikiro zofunika. Kugawikidwako kwa kukonzekera kwa insulin kumakhala kofala kwambiri. Komabe, pali mitundu ina.

Insulin imayikidwa m'magulu azaka zomwe imagwira ntchito mthupi. Mitundu isanu yosiyanasiyana ya mahomoni amasintha mofulumira. Mitundu ina ya insulini imawoneka yowonekera, pomwe ina ndi yamitambo. Lumikizanani ndi katswiri wazamankhwala ngati mankhwalawo omwe mukumwa ayenera kukhala oyera kapena olimba.

Musanalowetse insulini yamtambo ndi cholembera kapena syringe, muyenera kuipukutira pang'ono m'manja kuti mutsimikizire kuti mankhwalawa ali osakanikirana (kufikira atakhala milky). Nthawi zambiri anthu amafunikira mankhwala, othamanga mwachangu komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Milandu yonse siyofanana, ndipo njira zawo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana.

Ma insulins omwe alipo tsopano oti agwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulumagulu potengera nthawi yomwe akuganiza komanso nthawi yomwe achitapo kanthu, monga tafotokozera pansipa.

1. Analogue othamanga.
2. Zochita zazifupi kapena kusalowerera ndale.
3. Pakatikati kapena yayitali kuchitapo kanthu.
4. Zosakanizidwa.
5. Analog osakanikirana.
6. Mnzanu wautali.
7. Zowonjezera zazitali.

Ma analogs ndi ma insulin omwe masanjidwe achilengedwe a amino acid adasinthidwa kuti azithandizira kapena kuchepetsedwa poyerekeza ndi insulin yachilengedwe. Chonde dziwani kuti mayina amalonda azinthu zomwe mankhwalawa amapanga akhoza kukhala osiyana padziko lonse lapansi.

Analog othamanga kwambiri

Kugawidwa kwa insulin poyambira kumayamba ndi mayendedwe othamanga. Tiyeni tiyambe nawo. Mlingo uliwonse, voliyumu yamadzi 1 ml = ma insulin 100 (U100).

Awa ndi mankhwala omwe mwachilengedwe amino acid adasinthidwa kuti afulumizitse ntchitoyi poyerekeza ndi insulin yachilengedwe.

1. Ayenera kumwedwa nthawi isanakwane kapena ndi chakudya.
2. Zowonekera pakadutsa mphindi 15.
3. Kutalika kwa kuchitapo kanthu ndi maola 3-5.
4. Kutalika kwa kuchitapo kanthu kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi la munthu.

Mitundu ya Insulin Yachidule:

1. Aspart (ikupezeka monga NovoRapid kapena, mu mawonekedwe apamwamba othamanga a Fiasp).
2. Lispro (Humalog).
3. Glulisin (Apidra).

Ma insulini othamanga kwambiri komanso mitundu ya insulini, omwe mayina awo amawonetsedwa pamwambapa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri komanso kutumizidwa ndi madokotala. Ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi siyothandiza, imabwera mwachangu.

Zochita zazifupi kapena kusalowerera ndale

Kugawidwa kwa insulin poyambira kumakhalanso ndi mankhwala osagwirizana nawo.

1. Muyenera kutenga chilichonse 20-30 mphindi musanadye.
2. Kukhazikika kwa zochita kumachitika pakadutsa mphindi 30.
3. Kutalika kwa kuchitapo kanthu ndi maola 6-8.
4. Mlingo umawerengeredwa pawokha.

Mitundu ya insulin yochepa komanso yosalowerera ndale:

1. Zalandiridwa ku ng'ombe (Hypurin Bovine Neutral).
2. Zalandiridwa kuchokera ku nkhumba (Gipurin).
3. Insulin yaumunthu (Actrapid, Humulin S, Insuman Rapid).

Wocheperako kapena Wamtali

Gawo lalikulu la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi lalifupi. Kugawidwa kwa insulin mwa nthawi ya zochita kumaphatikizapo mankhwala omwe amapezeka osati kuchokera kwa anthu, komanso kwa nyama.

1. Ayenera kumwa mphindi 30 asanadye kapena kugona.
2. Kukhazikika kwa chochitika mkati mwa mphindi 30-60.
3. Kutalika kwa kuchitapo kanthu ndi maola 12-18.
4. Mlingo umawerengeredwa mosiyanasiyana kwa aliyense.

Mitundu ya "yapakatikati ndi yayitali zochita":

1. Insulin yaumunthu (Insulatard, Humulin, Insuman Bazal).
2. Wochokera ku ng'ombe (Hypurin Bovine Isophane, Hypurin Bovine Lente, PZI Hypurin).
3. Amachokera ku nkhumba (Hypurin Porcine Isophane).

Ndi awa mitundu ya insulin yomwe nthawi zambiri imawerengedwa ndi madokotala. Gulu lililonse lamankhwala limakhala ndi yankho lalitali panjira yayitali. Katundu wa inhibitory umaloledwa bwino ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu.

Kugawidwa kwa insulin mwa kutalika kwa nthawi kumaphatikizanso mtundu wa kuwonekera kosakanikirana. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakanikirana zazifupi komanso zapakati pa timadzi ta jakisoni imodzi.

1. Muyenera kutenga chilichonse 20-30 mphindi musanadye.
2. Kukhazikika kwa chochitika mkati mwa mphindi 30-60.
3. Kutalika kwa kuchitapo kanthu ndi maola 12-14.
4. Kuwerengera payekha kwamawerengero.

Mitundu ya mankhwala "osakanikirana":

1. Insulin yaumunthu, akuchita mwachidule 30% (Humulin M3).
2. Ochokera ku nkhumba, 30% yocheperako (Hypurin Porcine 30/70).
3. Insulin yaumunthu, akuchita 25% mwachidule (Insuman Rapid GT 25).
4. Insulin ya Anthu, 50% Short Action (Insuman Rapid GT 50).

Analog osakanikirana

Kusankhidwa kwa mankhwala ndi kwakukulu. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi mankhwala awo. Mukamaganizira mitundu ya insulini yomwe ilipo, muyenera kuzolowera mankhwala osaneneka. Kusakaniza kwa analogue othamanga a mahomoni ndi apakatikati jekeseni imodzi. Amawerengedwa ngati mankhwala a biphasic.

1. Mankhwala ayenera kumwedwa isanakwane kapena ndi chakudya.
2. Kukhazikika kwa zochita mkati mwa mphindi 15-30.
3. Kutalika kwa kuchitapo kanthu ndi maola 12-14.
4. Mlingo amawerengedwa ndi dokotala atalandira wodwalayo pofufuza.

Mitundu ya "analogi yosakanizika":

1. Lispro (Humalog Remix 25, Humalog Mix 50).
2. Aspart (Novomix 30).
3. Mitundu yosakanikirana ya Aspart yomwe ikupezeka pamsika.

Kutalika kofanana

Poyankha funso la mitundu yanji ya insulin ilipo, mankhwala omwe akhala akuchita kwa nthawi yayitali amadziwikanso. Awa ndi mankhwala omwe mwachilengedwe amino acid adasinthidwa kuti amalimbikitse kuchitapo kanthu pang'onopang'ono kuposa momwe amagwiritsira ntchito mahomoni achilengedwe.

1. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kapena kawiri pa tsiku ngati mankhwala omwe akhala akuchita kwa nthawi yayitali. Itha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse, koma tsiku ndi tsiku.
2. Kukhazikika kwa chochitika mkati mwa mphindi 30-60.
3. Kutalika kwa kuchitapo kanthu ndi maola 18-24.
4. Mlingo wakhazikitsidwa ndi dokotala.

Mitundu ya insulin yayitali:

Zowonjezera zazitali

Kugawika mu pharmacology ya insulin kukonzekera kumaphatikizapo zitsanzo zapamwamba.

1. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi patsiku kapena kawiri mpaka katatu pa sabata monga insulin yotalikira.
2. Itha kutengedwa nthawi iliyonse, koma nthawi yomweyo tsiku lililonse.
3. Kukhazikika kwa zochita mkati mwa mphindi 30-90.
4. Kutalika kwa kuchitapo kanthu mpaka maola 42.
5. Amayika atalandira zotsatira za kuyezetsa magazi.

Mitundu ya analogi "superlong" imawonetsedwa mu kukonzekera konse kokhala ndi insulin degludec. Komanso musaiwale za kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu oterewa a mankhwalawa. Poganizira funso la mitundu yanji ya insulini yomwe imaperekedwa malinga ndi malangizo aulere, ndikofunikira kuwonetsa zomwe zikuchitika m'deralo. Gawo la mankhwalawa limaperekedwa kwa mitundu 1 ndi mitundu yachiwiri ya odwala matenda ashuga. Dokotala wokha ndi amene amapereka mtundu wa insulin yaulere. Mtundu wamankhwala omwe amathandizira ku ma subsidies akhoza kukhala aliwonse.

Zipangizo za jekeseni

Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zoperekera insulin kwa thupi zimapezeka. Zosankha zazikulu ndi ma syringe, zolembera zamankhwala zokhala ndi makatoni ndi mapampu. Kusankhidwa kwa chida kumadalira mtundu wamatenda, kuvutikira kwanu komanso mawonekedwe a thupi.

Mtundu uliwonse wa insulin uli ndi mitundu yake yazosiyana ndi zosiyana. Mtundu wa chida chobayira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatengera zinthu izi. Ma syringe amapangidwa m'mitundu yambiri ya 30 (0,3 ml), mayunitsi 50 (0.5 ml) ndi mayunitsi 100 (1.0 ml). Kukula kwa chida chofunikira kumadalira mlingo wa insulin. Mwachitsanzo, ndikosavuta kuyeza kuchuluka kwa magawo 10 mu syringe ya 30 ndi ma unit 55 mu syringe ya 100 mayunitsi. Singano za syringe zimapezeka kutalika kuyambira 8 mpaka 13 mm. Nthawi zambiri dokotala yemwe amapita amasankha kukula kwa syringe ndi singano yoyenera kwa wodwalayo.

Ma syringe a insulini ndi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi ndipo amapezeka kwaulere m'maiko ena. Akuluakulu ambiri sagwiritsanso ntchito jakisoni jakisoni. Tsopano amagwiritsa ntchito zolembera za insulin kuti zitheke kwambiri kapena mapampu apadera. Izi ndi njira zapamwamba kwambiri za jakisoni.

Mitundu ingati ya insulini, njira zambiri ndi zida zogwiritsira ntchito. Izi ndizofunikira kuti mankhwala abweretse bwino m'thupi. Makampani a insulin apanga zolembera zapadera (zotayikira komanso zosinthika) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mtundu wawo wa mankhwala.

Zolembera zamankhwala otayidwa kale zimakhala ndi makatoni odzazidwa. Ayenera kutayidwa atatha kugwiritsa ntchito kapena ngati sanagwiritse ntchito ndikusungidwa mufiriji kwa mwezi umodzi kapena tsiku litatha.

Mapensulo ogwiritsira ntchito insulin amafunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa katemera wa insulin kapena penfill (3 ml yokhala ndi magawo 300 a mankhwala). Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito, chida choterechi chimatha kudzazidwanso ndi cartridge yomwe idagulidwa kale ndi chinthu.

Makatoni olumikizira ayeneranso kutayidwa mwezi umodzi atayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chinthucho chikadali m'bokosi. Dokotala wopezekapo ayenera kufunsa ndi kusankha mtundu wa chida chofunikira kwa wodwala.

Zingwe zopangira zolembera ndizitha kutaya. Amakwezedwa pazida za jakisoni wa mankhwala. Masingano amapezeka m'litali osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 4 mm mpaka 12,7 mm. Makulidwe awo amakhalanso amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zatilowetsedwa. Ndikofunikira kuti singano yatsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi jakisoni aliyense.

Ziwerengero zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya insulin zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mapampu kumachuluka chaka chilichonse. Nthawi zambiri ana amagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chamtunduwu. Pampu ya insulin ndi chida chaching'ono, chokhozeka kuti chikhale ndi chosungira mankhwala chomwe chimapezeka m'thupi la wodwalayo. Chida choterocho chimakonzedwa kuti chipereke zinthuzo m'matumba a adipose a thupi (nthawi zambiri zimalowa m'mimba) kudzera mu chubu chopyapyala cha pulasitiki, chomwe chimadziwika kuti cholowetsedwa, kapena chida chogulira mankhwala. Pompo imagwiritsa ntchito insulin yothamanga basi.

Diso lolowetsa limakhala ndi singano yopyapyala kapena cannula yosinthika, yomwe imayikidwa nthawi yomweyo pansi pa khungu. Amasintha pakapita masiku awiri kapena atatu. Pompo idapangidwa kuti ipereke insulini yokhayo yaying'ono kuti ikhale ndi shuga wamagazi okhazikika pakati pa chakudya. Odwala amatha kuyambitsa chipangizocho pachakudya chilichonse kuti apereke mlingo wa mankhwalawo, monga momwe kapamba amachitira anthu opanda matenda a shuga.

Pampu ya insulin siyothandiza aliyense. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito, muyenera kukambirana kaye ndi dokotala.

Mtengo wa zida zotere ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa zida zomwe tafotokozazi. Magawo onse okhala ndi zigawo zimasankhidwa payekhapayekha kuti azigwiritsa bwino ntchito mankhwalawa.

Malowedwe olowera

Popeza talingalira mitundu ya insulin ndi iti yabwino, ndikofunikira kufotokoza momwe mungayikulitsire, malangizo a momwe angachitire bwino. Bukuli ndi laling'ono komanso loyenera mtundu uliwonse wa mankhwala.

Malangizo pakugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa m'malo osiyanasiyana a thupi:

1. Lowetsani m'malo omwe muli masewera olimbitsa thupi, monga chiuno kapena mikono.
2. Ngati thupi lili ndi kutentha kwambiri chifukwa chamasamba otentha, kusamba, kuwotcha, spa kapena sauna, ndibwino kuchedwetsa mabungwewo mpaka wodwalayo atazirala.
3. Pamaso pa makonzedwe, ndikofunikira kupukusa malo ozungulira jekeseni.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti jakisoni m'misempha imapangitsa kuti insulin idyedwe mwachangu, koma izi zimatha kutsitsa.

Zinthu zomwe zimachedwetsa kuyamwa kwa mankhwalawa

Kutenga kwa insulini kungachedwetsedwe mu milandu ili:

1. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwewo jekeseni, ndikupangitsa kuti dera lomwe linali pansi pa khungu lizipepuka kapena lodana (lotchedwa hyperlipotrophy).
2. Cold insulin (mwachitsanzo, ngati mankhwalawa amaperekedwa atachotsedwa mufiriji).
3. Kusuta ndudu kumapangitsa kuti mitsempha ya magazi ikhale yochepa kwambiri.

Ndi bwinonso kusiya masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa mphindi 30 musanaperekedwe mankhwala.

Kusungidwa kwa mankhwala

Insulin iyenera kusungidwa bwino. Malamulo oyambira ndi awa:

1. Kusunga kwa insulin yopanda kukhazikika mumayala mufiriji.
2. Kusunga kutentha kwa firiji kuyambira 2 mpaka 8 ° C.
3. Onetsetsani kuti insulini siizizira.
4. Mukatsegulira, sungani kutentha firiji (osakwana 25 ° C) osaposa mwezi umodzi, kenako mutaye.
5. Pewani kusunga insulini padzuwa mwachindunji.

Kutentha kwambiri (kotentha kapena kuzizira) kumatha kuwononga insulin, kotero sikugwira bwino ntchito. Siyenera kusiyidwa pomwe kutentha kumakhala pamwamba pa 30 ° C. M'nyengo yotentha, galimoto yanu ikhoza kutentha (pamwamba pa 30 ° C), ndiye osasiya insulin pamenepo.

Pali matumba osiyanasiyana okhala ndi insulin onyamula (mwachitsanzo FRIO) yonyamula insulin.

Malangizo Otetezeka

Insulin ndi mankhwala omwe mumalandira. Wodwalayo azilankhula ndi dokotala wawo:

1. Ndi mtundu wanji wa insulin yomwe ili yoyenera kwa iye.
2. Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zingachitike.
3. Momwe mungapangire mankhwalawo moyenera komanso moyenera.

Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a 2 kapena matenda a gestational ayenera kukambirana ndi dokotala ngati chithandizo cha insulini chili chabwino kwambiri kwa iwo. Atha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zochiritsira kuti athandize shuga awo wamagazi, monga mankhwala omwe si a insulin, kusintha kwa moyo wawo, komanso zakudya.

Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti anthu omwe amamwa mankhwalawa amayang'anitsitsa shuga wawo wamagazi. Kumwa insulin kwambiri kapena kuchepa kwambiri kumatha kuyambitsa mavuto. Ndikofunikanso kuti munthu azitsatira ndondomeko yovomerezeka yomwe adagwirizana ndi adokotala ndi kupewa kudumphira jakisoni.

Aliyense amene akukumana ndi zovuta za insulin ayenera kulankhulana ndi dokotala. Mwinanso dongosolo lina lamankhwala kapena mankhwala amtundu wina atha kukhala oyenera pazofunikira zawo ndi moyo wawo. Dokotala wanu atha kukulangizaninso za momwe mungapewere kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa.