Chiwopsezo cha Matenda a shuga

Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku yemwe anachitika mu 2006 ndi akatswiri a WHO, pofika chaka cha 2030, matenda ashuga azikhala malo achisanu ndi chiwiri pakati pa zomwe zimayambitsa kufa (pambuyo pa matenda a mtima, matenda amitsempha, HIV / Edzi, matenda osapatsika a m'mapapo, matenda ochepetsa kupuma njira ndi khansa ya m'mapapo, trachea ndi bronchi).

Pomwe woimira Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ya Voronezh Region atapereka ndemanga pa Polygraph.Media, kuchuluka kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga kumayenderana ndi zifukwa zingapo:

1. Yoyamba ndi kukalamba kwa anthu onse padziko lapansi. Anthu adayamba kukhala ndi moyo wautali komanso amangokhala ndi moyo wawo wa matenda ashuga. Munthu akamakula, amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi matenda ashuga.

2. Chachiwiri - kunenepa kwambiri komanso kunenepa kwambiri, ndipo izi zikuthandizira kukula kwa matenda ashuga. Ziwerengero zimatsimikizira kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi omwe onenepa kwambiri komanso onenepa kwambiri akukula kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mayi wamkulu wazaka zopitilira 50 achepa, ndiye kuti mwayi wake wodwala matenda ashuga umawonjezereka.

3. Chachitatu ndi kukonza kuwonekera. “Tsopano titha kudziwa bwino matenda ashuga, ndipo ndichabwino. Inde, tikapeza matenda a shuga kwa wodwala, ndizosavuta kupewa zovuta. Inde, kuzindikira koyambirira kwa matendawa kwakhudza makamaka kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero. Kufufuza mwachidule kunapangitsa kuti athe kuzindikira matendawa kwa anthu omwe samadziwa, ”adatero dipatimenti yazaumoyo.

Kodi zinthu zikuyenda bwanji ku Russia?

Malinga ndi Federal Register ya odwala matenda a shuga kuyambira pa Julayi 1, 2018, pali odwala 4,264,445 omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga ku Russia. Izi ndi 3% ya anthu aku Russia Federation. Kuchuluka kwa matenda ashuga amtundu wa 2 ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa ena onse (92.2% poyerekeza 5.6% ndi 2.2%).

Kodi zinthu zili bwanji mdera la Voronezh?

Pofika pa Julayi 1, 2018 malinga ndi kaundula wa m'chigawo:

Pazaka 17 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha odwala matenda a shuga m'derali chakwera ndi anthu 47,037. Kukula kwa matenda ashuga m'dera la Voronezh tsopano kuli 3.8%. Mwanjira ina, mwa anthu zana m'derali, pafupifupi mmodzi mwa anayi ali ndi matenda a shuga.

Kodi muyenera kusamala ndi liti?

Zizindikiro za matenda ashuga, monga lamulo, sizitchulidwa kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe munthu sangakayikire zakudziwitsa kwake kwa nthawi yayitali. Mutha kukhala atcheru ngati muli ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi: pakamwa youma, ludzu, kuyabwa, kutopa kwambiri, kudya kwamadzi kwambiri, mawonekedwe a mabala osachiritsa, kusinthasintha kwa thupi kosasunthika.

Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga 2

Phunziro lofunikira pakupezeka kwa matenda ashuga ndi kutsimikiza kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Mwachidule, kuyezetsa magazi kwa glucose komwe kukufunika kuchitika:

1. Zizindikiro zomwe zili pamwambazi zikuwoneka - nthawi iliyonse.

2. Pamaso pa zoopsa - nthawi iliyonse pachaka.

3. Pambuyo pa zaka 45 - pachaka.

4.Up mpaka zaka 45 - ndi mayeso azachipatala.

Ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, ndikofunikira kufunsa dokotala - endocrinologist.

Momwe mungachepetse zoopsa?

Mothandizidwa ndi mfundo ziwiri zodziwika bwino: zolimbitsa thupi zokwanira komanso kudya moyenera:

Kuchuluka kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga padziko lapansi

Matenda a shuga ndi vuto lachipatala lapadziko lonse lapansi, chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zothandiza anthu m'zaka za m'ma 2000 zino, zomwe zakhudza dziko lonse lapansi masiku ano. Matenda osachiritsika masiku ano amafuna chithandizo chamankhwala kwaumoyo wonse. Matenda a shuga angayambitse zovuta zazikulu zomwe zimafuna chithandizo chokwera mtengo.

Malinga ndi World Health Organisation (WHO), masekondi 10 aliwonse padziko lapansi, wodwala m'modzi wamatenda amwalira, ndiye kuti, odwala opitilira 3.5 miliyoni pachaka - oposa AIDS ndi hepatitis.

Matenda a shuga ndiwachitatu mndandanda wazomwe zimayambitsa kufa, chachiwiri ndi matenda amtima komanso matenda a oncological.

Kuphatikiza apo, matenda a shuga samatchulidwa kawirikawiri pomwe chifukwa chomwe chimayambitsa kufa chinali chimodzi mwazovuta zake: kuphwanya m'mimba, kupha, kapena kulephera kwaimpso. Matenda a shuga ayamba kukhala achichepere, zikukhudza anthu ochulukirapo chaka chilichonse.

Matenda a shuga ndi matenda oyamba osagwiritsika ntchito omwe chigwirizano chapadera cha UN chinakhazikitsidwa chikuyitanitsa mayiko onse kuti "achitepo kanthu mwachangu pothana ndi matenda ashuga ndikupanga njira zamtundu zopewera ndi kuchiza matendawa." Maziko awa ayenera kukhala othandiza kupewa matenda ashuga, kuzindikira matendawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono kwambiri.

Poyerekeza ndi zina, zofala kwambiri, matenda oopsa, matenda ashuga, makamaka mtundu II shuga, ndiwopseza kobisika. Poyambirira kumene kwa chitukuko, sizimadziwonetsa mwanjira iliyonse, chifukwa sizinatchulidwepo, ndipo anthu amakhala zaka zambiri osaganiza kuti akudwala. Kuperewera kwa chithandizo chokwanira kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zazikulu - nthawi zambiri kuzindikira kumachitika chifukwa ngakhale kusintha kosasintha komwe kwachitika m'thupi la munthu. Malinga ndi akatswiri, wodwala m'modzi wodwala matenda amtundu wa II samadziwika ndi matenda atatu.

Matenda a shuga ndi matenda okwera mtengo kwambiri. Malinga ndi International Diabetes Federation (IDF), mtengo womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi matenda ashuga padziko lonse lapansi mu 2010 ufikira mabiliyoni 76, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2030 azikula mpaka 90 biliyoni.

Ndalama zokhazokha zothana ndi matenda ashuga komanso zovuta zake m'maiko otukuka ndizomwe zimapezerera gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi mwa magawo khumi aumoyo.

Ponena za ndalama zosadziwika zomwe zimakhudzana ndi matenda ashuga (kuchepa kwa ntchito chifukwa cha kulumala kwakanthawi, kulumala, kupuma pantchito, kufa msanga), ndizovuta kuyesa.

Zomwe zimachitika ndi matenda ashuga ku Russia

Russia yatenga nthawi yayitali ndikuchita bwino mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a UN Resolution on a mellitus a matenda ashuga ponena za kakonzedwe ka njira zopewera matendawa. Mbali yodziwika bwino yamaboma aboma m'derali ndi njira yokwanira yothetsera vuto lofunika kwambiri ili. Koma nthawi yomweyo, kuwonjezeka kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga ku Russia, komanso padziko lonse lapansi, sikunayimebebe.

Akuluakulu, odwala opitilira 3 miliyoni amalembetsedwa mdziko muno, koma malinga ndi kafukufuku wa International Diabetes Federation (IDF), kuchuluka kwawo sikuli ochepera 9 miliyoni

Zowopsa zambiri zidapezeka mu 2006 malinga ndi zotsatira za mayeso azachipatala za anthu aku Russia okwana 6.7 miliyoni omwe amagwira ntchito kumalo ochezera monga gawo la polojekiti yapadziko lonse "Health". Matenda a shuga amapezeka mwa anthu opitilira 475,000, ndiye kuti, mwa 7.1% mwa omwe adawayeza.

Idasindikizidwa mu 2009, zotsatira za kuyesa kachipatala kwa anthu ku Russia mu 2006-2008. adatsimikiza kuti kuchulukana kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga mdziko lathu kukupitilira kukula modabwitsa. Pakati pa omwe matendawa amapezeka posachedwa ndi shuga.

Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ena aku Russia okwanira 6 miliyoni ali ndi vuto la prediabetes, ndiye kuti, ndi mwayi waukulu amatha kudwala patatha zaka zochepa ngati sasintha moyo wawo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake masiku ano ndikofunikira kwambiri kuyang'anira kupewa, kudziwitsidwa koyambirira, komanso kudziwitsa anthu za matendawa.

Kodi matenda ashuga ndi chiani?

Matenda a shuga ndi matenda oopsa a endocrine omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuperewera kapena kusowa kwa mankhwala a insulin m'thupi la wodwalayo kapena kuphwanya mphamvu ya thupi kugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimabweretsa shuga wambiri m'magazi.

Insulin imapangidwa ndi ma cell a pancreatic beta. Mwa munthu wathanzi, njira ya metabolic imachitika motere. Zakudya zomanga thupi zomwe zimalowa m'thupi ndi chakudya zimasanduka shuga wambiri. Glucose amalowetsedwa m'magazi, ndipo izi zimagwira monga chisonyezo choti maselo a beta apange insulin. Insulin imanyamulidwa ndimadzi am'magazi ndipo "imatsegula zitseko" zamaselo am'kati mwazinthu zamkati, kuonetsetsa kuti glucose amalowa.

Ngati kapamba sangathe kutulutsa insulin chifukwa cha kufa kwa maselo a beta, ndiye kuti mutadya chakudya chamafuta, kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumakwera, koma sikungalowe m'maselo. Zotsatira zake, maselo "amakhala ndi njala", ndipo shuga m'magazi amakhalanso okwera.

Matendawa (hyperglycemia), m'masiku ochepa, amatha kudwala matenda a shuga komanso kufa. Chithandizo chokhacho pamenepa ndi kuperekedwa kwa insulin. Awa ndi mtundu woyamba wa matenda a shuga, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhudza ana, achinyamata, ndi anthu osakwana zaka 30.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda a shuga a mellitus - gawo la insulin lomwe limapangidwa mthupi silingakhale gawo la "fungulo". Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa insulin, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumakhalabe kopitilira muyeso, komwe pakupita nthawi kumabweretsa zovuta. M'mbuyomu, matenda a shuga a II amakhudzanso anthu okalamba, koma m'zaka zaposachedwa akhala akukhudzidwa ndi anthu azaka zambiri komanso ana (makamaka iwo onenepa kwambiri).

Njira zochizira matenda amtundu wa II zimadalira momwe wodwalayo alili: nthawi zina kudya kamodzi kapena kudya ndi mankhwala ochepetsa shuga ndikokwanira. Chomwe chikuyenda bwino kwambiri komanso chopewa kukula kwa zovuta pakadali pano ndi chithandizo chophatikiza (mapiritsi ochepetsa shuga ndi insulin) kapena kusintha kwathunthu ku insulin. Komabe, nthawi zonse, kudya komanso kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito zamagalimoto ndikofunikira.

Matenda a shuga

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, popanda insulini, shuga simalowa m'maselo. Koma pali ena otchedwa non-insulin-independent tishu omwe amatenga shuga m'magazi, ngakhale atakhala kuti ali ndi insulini. Ngati pali shuga wambiri m'magazi, ndiye kuti umalowa m'misempha yambiri.

Mitsempha yaying'ono yamagazi ndi zotumphukira zamitsempha zimadwala izi poyambira. Zimalowa m'makoma awo, glucose amasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zomwe zimapanga poizoni. Zotsatira zake, ziwalo zomwe mumakhala zombo zambiri komanso mathero amitsempha amavutika.

Mapulogalamu amitsempha yaying'ono yamitsempha yamagazi ndi zotumphukira za mitsempha yapamwamba imapangidwa kwambiri mu retina ndi impso, ndipo malekezero amitsempha ndi oyenera ziwalo zonse (kuphatikiza mtima ndi ubongo), koma makamaka pali ambiri m'miyendo. Ndi ziwalo izi zomwe zimatengedwa mosavuta ndi zovuta za matenda ashuga, zomwe zimayambitsa kulumala koyambirira komanso kufa kwakukulu.

Chiwopsezo cha matenda a sitiroko ndi matenda a mtima mwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo ndiochulukirapo kawiri, khungu ndi nthawi 10-25, nephropathy ndi nthawi 12-15, ndipo gangrene ya m'munsi yam'munsi imakhala yodziwika ka 20 kuposa anthu ambiri.

Zosintha zamalipiro a shuga za masiku ano

Sayansi sichikudziwa chifukwa chake maselo a pancreatic beta amayamba kufa kapena kupanga insulin yokwanira. Yankho la funso ili lidzakhala kupambana kwakukulu kwa zamankhwala. Pakadali pano, matenda ashuga sangathe kuchiritsidwa kwathunthu, koma amatha kulipidwa, ndiye kuti, kuwonetsetsa kuti magazi a wodwalayo ali pafupi kwambiri ngati momwe angathere. Ngati wodwala amakhala ndi shuga m'magazi pazoyenera, ndiye kuti angathe kupewa zovuta za matenda ashuga.

M'modzi mwa madotolo oyamba omwe adafotokoza kuti kufunikira kwakwe kubwezeretsedwa mu 1920s ndi a American Elliot Proctor Joslin.

American Jocelyn Foundation imapereka mphoto kwa odwala omwe ali ndi moyo zaka 50 ndi 75 popanda zovuta ndi mendulo yomwe imati "Mgonjetsi".

Masiku ano, pakubwezerera kwathunthu kwa matenda ashuga, pali mitundu yonse ya mankhwala. Ili ndi gawo lonse la maumboni amtundu waumunthu, komanso mawonekedwe amakono amtundu wa insulin, omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali komanso osakanikirana kwambiri. Insulin imatha kuperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito syringes zotayidwa ndi singano, jekeseni yemwe amakhala wosapindika, zolembera za syringe, zomwe mutha kupanga jakisoni kudzera mu zovala nthawi iliyonse. Njira yosavuta yothandizira kuperekera insulin ndi pampu ya insulini - pulogalamu yopangira insulin yomwe imapereka kwa thupi la munthu popanda zosokoneza.

Mankhwala ochepetsa shuga a m'badwo watsopano nawonso apangidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, mwachidziwikire, kuti athe kulipira bwino shuga, kufunikira kutsatira malamulo a moyo wathanzi, choyambirira, kudya ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kumakhalabe kovomerezeka. Chida chothandiza pakuwongolera matendawa ndi glucometer, yomwe imakulolani kuyeza shuga m'magazi ndikusankha mlingo woyenera wa mankhwala omwe dokotala wakupatsani.

Masiku ano, mothandizidwa ndi kukonzekera kwa insulin, anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, ndi chiphuphu chokwanira pa matenda awo, amatha kukhala moyo wonse. Komabe, sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Njira yeniyeni yothetsera chipukuta bwino cha matenda a shuga, insulin, idapezeka zaka zosakwana zana zapitazo.

Mankhwala omwe adasintha dziko lapansi

Kupezeka kwa insulin ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zapezeka m'mbiri ya sayansi yasayansi, kusintha kwachidziwikire pankhani zamankhwala ndi mankhwala.

Kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mankhwalawa kumatsimikiziridwa chifukwa chakuti kuyambitsidwa kwake machitidwe azachipatala kwachitika pamlingo wosayerekezereka - mu izi atha kufananizidwa ndi maantibayotiki.

Kuchokera kuzindikira kwanzeru mpaka kuyesa mankhwala mu nyama, miyezi itatu yokha yatha. Miyezi isanu ndi itatu pambuyo pake, mothandizidwa ndi insulin, adapulumutsa wodwala woyamba kuimfa, ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri, makampani opanga mankhwala amapanga kale insulin pamsika wamafuta.

Kufunika kwapadera kwa ntchito yokhudzana ndikupanga insulin ndi maphunziro owonjezereka a molekyulu yake kumatsimikiziridwa ndikuti Mphoto zisanu ndi imodzi za Nobel zidaperekedwa chifukwa cha ntchito izi (onani pansipa).

Yambani kugwiritsa ntchito insulin

Jakisoni woyamba wa insulin kwa munthu anapangidwa pa Januware 11, 1922. Anali wa zaka 14 wodzipereka Leonard Thompson, yemwe anali kudwala matenda ashuga. Jakisoni sanachite bwino kwathunthu: kuchotsa sikunatsukidwe mokwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ziwengo. Atalimbikira kukonza mankhwalawo, mnyamatayo anapatsidwa jekeseni wachiwiri wa insulin pa Januware 23, zomwe zidamuukitsa. Leonard Thompson, munthu woyamba kupulumutsa insulin, adakhala mpaka 1935.

Posakhalitsa, Bunting adapulumutsa mnzake, adotolo a Joe Gilchrist, kumanda kuyandikira, komanso msungwana, yemwe amayi ake, omwe ndi dokotala pantchito, adabwera kuchokera ku USA, mwangozi akuphunzira za mankhwalawa. Kugumula adawombera mtsikana papulatifomu yomwe kale inali itasokonekera panthawiyi. Zotsatira zake, adatha kukhala ndi moyo woposa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi.

Nkhani yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino insulin tsopano ndi nkhani yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kugwedezeka ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adadzutsanso mazana odwala odwala matenda ashuga omwe ali ndi zovuta kwambiri. Makalata ambiri adalembedwera kwa iye kupempha kuti apulumutsidwe kumatenda, adabwera ku labotore yake.

Ngakhale kukonzekera kwa insulin sikunakhazikike mokwanira - panalibe njira yodziletsa, panalibe deta yokhudza kulondola kwa mankhwalawa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kukhudzana kwa hypoglycemic, - kufalikira kwa insulin machitidwe azachipatala kunayamba.

Kubera anagulitsa chilolezo cha insulin ku Yunivesite ya Toronto ndalama zambiri, pambuyo pake yunivesiteyo inapereka chilolezo kwa makampani osiyanasiyana opanga mankhwala kuti apange.

Chilolezo choyamba chopanga mankhwalawa chidalandiridwa ndi makampani a Lily (USA) ndi Novo Nordisk (Denmark), omwe tsopano ali ndi maudindo otsogolera pantchito zamankhwala a shuga.

Mu 1923, F. Bunting ndi J. MacLeod adalandira mphotho ya Nobel mu Physiology kapena Medicine, yomwe adagawana ndi C. Best ndi J. Collip.

Nkhani yosangalatsa ndi kupangidwa kwa kampani ya Novo Nordisk, yomwe lero ndi mtsogoleri wadziko lonse pantchito yothana ndi matenda ashuga ndipo omwe kukonzekera kwake kwa insulin kumadziwika. Mu 1922, Nobel aphunzitsidwa zamankhwala mu 1920, a Dane August Krog adayitanitsidwa kukapereka maphunziro ku Yale University. Akuyenda ndi mkazi wake Maria, dokotala komanso wofufuza wodwala matenda ashuga, adadziwa za kupezeka kwa insulini ndipo adakonzekera ulendowu m'njira yoti azikacheza ndi anzawo ku Toronto.

Pambuyo pa jakisoni wa insulin, mkhalidwe wa Maria Krog unayenda bwino kwambiri. Motsogozedwa ndi Krog, adalandira chilolezo chogwiritsira ntchito njira yoyeretsera ku insulin ndipo mu Disembala 1922 adayamba kupanga pa chomera pafupi ndi Copenhagen (Denmark).

Kupititsa patsogolo kukonzekera kwa insulin ya nyama

Kwa zaka zopitilira 60, zopangira za insulini zakhala zikopa za ng'ombe ndi nkhumba, kuchokera pomwe zimapangidwira ng'ombe kapena nkhumba ya nkhumba. Atangopeza insulini, funso linayamba kuisintha ndikukhazikitsa mafakitale. Popeza zotulutsira zoyambirira zinali ndi zodetsa zambiri ndikuyambitsa zovuta, ntchito yofunikira kwambiri inali kuyeretsa mankhwalawa.

Mu 1926, wasayansi wazachipatala ku Yunivesite ya Baltimore J. Abel anatha kuyika ma insulin mwa mawonekedwe a crystalline. Crystallization idapangitsa kuonjezera kuyera kwa insulin yosungunuka ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kusintha kosiyanasiyana. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa 1930s crystallization yakhala yotchuka pakupanga insulini, yomwe yachepetsa zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha insulin.

Kuyesayesa kowonjezereka kwa ofufuzawo kunali ndi cholinga ch kuchepetsa zinthu zosayikidwa pakukonzekera kuti athe kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha insulin antibodies m'thupi la wodwalayo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti apange insulin. Zinapezeka kuti pochiza ndi insulin yotsukidwa kwambiri, mlingo wa mankhwalawa umatha kuchepetsedwa.

Kukonzekera kwa insulini kunali kongogwiritsa ntchito mwachidule, motero panafunika kupangaangule mankhwala omwe akhala akuchita kwa nthawi yayitali. Mu 1936, ku Denmark, X. K. Hagedorny analandila insulin yoyamba kukonzekera pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni. Monga ulamuliro wodziwika mu diabetesology E. Johnson (USA) adalemba chaka chotsatira, "protamine ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuthandizira odwala matenda ashuga kuyambira kupezeka kwa insulin."

D.A. Scott ndi F.M. Fisher ochokera ku Toronto, akuwonjezera protamine ndi zinc ndi insulin, adalandira mankhwala omwe akhala akugwira, a protamine-zinc-insulin. Kutengera maphunziro awa, mu 1946, gulu la asayansi lotsogozedwa ndi X. K. Hagedorn lidapanga NPH insulin ("kulowerera kwa Hagedorn protini"), yomwe mpaka lero ili imodzi mwazokonzekera zambiri za insulin padziko lapansi.

Mu 1951-1952 Dr. R. Mjeller adazindikira kuti insulini imatha kupitilira posakanikirana ndi insulin ndi zinc popanda protamine. Chifukwa chake, ma Lente angapo ma insulin adapangidwa, omwe anaphatikiza mankhwala atatu omwe ali ndi nthawi yayitali yochitapo kanthu. Izi zidathandizira madokotala kuti apereke mtundu wa insulin dosing regimen molingana ndi zosowa za wodwala aliyense. Ubwino wowonjezera wa ma insulin awa ndi kuchepetsa kochepa kwa thupi lawo siligwirizana.

M'zaka zoyambirira za kupanga mankhwalawa, pH ya insulin yonse inali acidic, popeza izi zokha zimapangitsa chitetezo cha insulin kuti chiwonongeke ndi zosafunikira za michere ya pancreatic. Komabe, m'badwo uno wa "acidic" ma insulins sunakhale wokhazikika komanso unali ndi zosayera zambiri. M'chaka cha 1961 kokha panali insulin yoyambira yosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe.

Insulin yaumunthu (genetic engineering) insulin

Gawo lotsatira lofunikira linali kupangidwa kwa kukonzekera kwa insulin, mu maselo ake ndi katundu wofanana ndi insulin yaumunthu. Mu 1981, kampani ya Novo Nordisk kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi idayamba kupanga ma insulin aumunthu omwe amapangidwa ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala a porcine insulin. Njira ina mwa njirayi inali njira yachilengedwe yogwiritsira ntchito ma genetic engineering technology a recombinant DNA. Mu 1982, kampani "Eli Lilly" kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi idatulutsa insulin yaumunthu pogwiritsa ntchito ujini wamajini. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu, jini yomwe imayambitsa kuphatikizidwa kwa insulin yaumunthu imayikidwa mu DNA ya bakiteriya wosakhala wa pathogenic E. coli.

Mu 1985, Novo Nordisk idatulutsa insulin yaumunthu yomwe idapangidwa ndi ukadaulo wopanga ma genetic pogwiritsa ntchito maselo a yisiti monga maziko opangira.

Njira yopanga biosynt synthet kapena genetic engineering pakadali pano ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakupanga insulin yaumunthu, popeza imalola kuti tipeze insulini yofanana ndi timadzi tomwe timapangidwa m'thupi la munthu, komanso kupewa mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zinthu zopangira.

Kuyambira 2000, onse m'maiko onse lapansi alimbikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ma insulin opangira majini.

Era Chatsopano mu Diabetesology - Insulin Analogs

Kukhazikika kwa matenda a insulin, kugwiritsa ntchito kumene muzochita zamankhwala kumakulitsa mwayi wamankhwala othandizira matenda osokoneza bongo ndipo kunapangitsa kuti moyo ukhale wabwino komanso kubwezera bwino matendawa, kunakhala chochita chofunikira kwambiri pothandiza odwala matenda ashuga. Insulin analogu ndi mtundu wa insulin wopangidwa ndi anthu momwe molekyulu ya insulin imasinthidwira pang'ono kuti athe kukonza magawo a kumayambiriro ndi kutalika kwa nthawi ya insulin. Kulipiritsa kwa matenda a shuga mothandizidwa ndi insulin analogues kumakupatsani mwayi wofikira wamalamulo a metabolism, omwe amadziwika ndi munthu wathanzi.

Ngakhale ma analogu ndiokwera mtengo kuposa ma insulin wamba, maubwino awo ndiwabwezeretsedwe a shuga, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zovuta za machitidwe a hypoglycemic, moyo wabwino kwa odwala, kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta - kuposa kubweza mitengo yazachuma.

Malinga ndi akatswiri a Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, kuchiritsa odwala matenda ashuga kumakhala kotsika katatu kuyerekeza ndi chisamaliro cha pachaka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi zovuta zazikulu za matenda omwe adayamba kale.

Pakadali pano, analogues amalandira 59% ya onse odwala matenda a shuga mdziko, komanso ku Europe - opitilira 70%. Insulin analogu ikuyambitsidwa machitidwe azachipatala ku Russia, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa insulin ndi 34% yokha mdziko muno. Komabe, lero apatsa ana 100% odwala matenda ashuga.

Mphoto za Nobel ndi Insulin

Mu 1923, Mphoto ya Nobel mu Physiology kapena Medicine idaperekedwa kwa F. Bunting ndi J. MacLeod, omwe adagawana ndi C. Best ndi J. Collip. Nthawi yomweyo, apainiya a insulin adasankhidwa kulandira mphotho yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pasayansi patangotha ​​chaka chimodzi kuchokera kufalitsa koyamba kutulutsidwa kwa insulin.

Mu 1958, F. Senger analandila mphotho ya Nobel yodziwitsa kapangidwe ka insulin, kamene njira yake ndiyo inali mfundo yophunzirira kapangidwe ka mapuloteni. Pambuyo pake, adakwanitsa kukhazikitsa zidutswazidutswa momwe zidapangidwira DNA iwiri helix, pomwe adalandira Mphoto yachiwiri ya Nobel mu 1980 (pamodzi ndi W. Gilbert ndi P. Berg). Inali ntchito iyi ya F. Sanger yomwe idapanga maziko aukadaulo, omwe amatchedwa "genetic engineering."

Katswiri wazamankhwala waku America W. Du Vigno, yemwe adaphunzira insulini kwa zaka zingapo, ndikuphunzira za ntchito ya F. Senger, adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito luso lake kuti adziwe momwe mamolekyu a mahomoni ena amapangidwira. Ntchito ya wasayansiyi idalandira mphotho ya Nobel mu 1955, ndipo potsegulira njira yophatikizira insulin.

Mu 1960, Roc Yulow wa biochemist waku America adapanga njira yotsimikizira insulin m'mwazi, yomwe adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel. Kupangidwa kwa Yulow kwapangitsa kuti athe kuyesa katemera wa insulin m'njira zosiyanasiyana za matenda ashuga.

Mu 1972, English biophysicist D. Crowfoot-Hodgkin (Wopambana mphoto ya Nobel mu 1964) pofufuza momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zogwirira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma X-ray zimakhazikitsa kapangidwe kake ka zinthu zitatu zovuta za mamolekyulu a insulin.

Mu 1981, a biochemist waku Canada M. Smith adayitanidwa kwaomwe adayambitsa kampani yasayansi ya Zimos. Imodzi mwa mgwirizano woyamba wa kampaniyo idamalizidwa ndi kampani yopanga mankhwala ku Danish Novo kuti apange tekinoloje yopanga insulin ya anthu mchikhalidwe cha yisiti. Chifukwa cha zoyesayesa pamodzi, insulin, yomwe idatengeka ndi ukadaulo watsopano uja, idagulitsidwa mu 1982.

Mu 1993, a M. Smith, limodzi ndi C. Mullis, adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel potengera ntchito yomwe agwira. Pakadali pano, insulini yopezedwa ndi ma genetic engineering ikutenga insulin.

Matenda a shuga ndi moyo

Pafupifupi mayiko onse padziko lapansi, chisamaliro chaumoyo chimangoyang'ana kupereka chithandizo kwa odwala omwe akudwala kale. Koma zikuwonekeratu kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri komanso zachuma kwambiri kukhala ndi thanzi laumunthu kapena kuzindikira matenda akadali matenda asanakwane zizindikiro zazikulu, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kulumala ndi kufa msanga.

Malinga ndi World Health Organisation (WHO), thanzi la anthu limangokhala 25% kudalira mtundu wa ntchito zamankhwala. Zotsalira zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu ndi moyo, mulingo wazikhalidwe zaukhondo.

Masiku ano, kufunikira kwakanthawi kwamankhwala othandizira kupewa, udindo wa munthu pa thanzi la amodzi ndiwowunikiridwa ndi utsogoleri wapamwamba wa Russia mdera limodzi lachipatala. Chifukwa chake, mu "National Security Strategy ya Russian Federation mpaka 2020", zovomerezeka ndi Purezidenti wa Purezidenti wa Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev ya pa Meyi 12, 2009, No. 537, mu gawo la Zaumoyo ati boma la Russian Federation pankhani yokhudza zaumoyo ndi thanzi la dziko liyenera kutsata ndi kupewa kukula kwa matenda owopsa pamtundu wa anthu, kulimbikitsa chidwi cha chitetezo chaumoyo wa anthu, kuyang'anira kuteteza thanzi la anthu.

"Bungwe la Russian Federation ndi lomwe liziwunikira njira yayikulu yotsimikizira chitetezo chamtundu wa anthu komanso zaumoyo pakatikati: kulimbikitsa njira zothandizira kupewa zaumoyo, makamaka kuyang'anira thanzi la anthu."

Njira Yachitetezo cha Russia ku Russia mpaka 2020

Motere, kupewa matenda ashuga kuyenera kukhala kachitidwe koyenera komanso kogwira ntchito bwino. Dongosolo ili liyenera kuphatikizapo:

• kufikira pagulu,
• kupewa matenda ashuga oyamba
• kupewa matenda a shuga
• kuzindikira kwakanthawi
• chithandizo chokwanira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono kwambiri.

Kupewa kwambiri kwa matenda ashuga kumaphatikizapo kulimbikitsa moyo wathanzi, zomwe zimatanthawuza kudya mokwanira komanso kuphatikiza kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Poterepa, chiopsezo chokhala ndi matenda a shuga a II amachepetsa. Kupewa kwachiwiri kumakhudzanso kuyang'anira ndi kulipira anthu odwala omwe ali kale ndi matenda kuti matenda asokonezeke. Chifukwa chake, kuzindikira koyambirira kwa matendawa ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti chizindikire nthawi yake komanso chithandizo chokwanira.

Mu 80% ya milandu, matenda ashuga amtundu II amatha kupewedwa, komanso kukula kwa zovuta zake zovuta kumatha kupewa kapena kuchedwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zidasindikizidwa mu 1998, zotsatira za kafukufuku wa UKPDS ku UK zaka pafupifupi 20, zikuwonetsa kuti kuchepa kwa hemoglobin ya glycated ya 1% yokha kumapangitsa kutsika kwa 30-35% pamavuto ochokera ku maso, impso ndi mitsempha, komanso kumachepetsa chiopsezo kukula kwa myocardial infarction ndi 18%, stroke - ndi 15%, ndipo 25% imachepetsa kufa komwe kumayenderana ndi matenda a shuga.

Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi akatswiri aku America a Diabetes Prevention Program mu 2002 adawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi prediabetes amatha kupewa kukula kwa matenda ashuga amtundu wa II posintha kadyedwe kake ndikuwonjezera zochitika zolimbitsa thupi limodzi ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa mphindi 30 tsiku lililonse komanso kuchepa thupi kwa 5-10% kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda ashuga ndi 58%. Ophunzira omwe adachitapo kafukufuku opitilira 60 adatha kuchepetsa ngoziyi ndi 71%.

Kufikira

Pakadali pano, ndi akatswiri okhawo omwe amadziwa za kuwopsa kwa mliri wa matenda ashuga, komanso kufunikira ndi kuthekera kwa kupewa kwake. Kuyitanidwa kwa UN Resolution kuti tidziwitse anthu za matenda ashuga komanso zovuta zake zimachitika chifukwa chosowa malingaliro oyambira za matendawa komanso momwe angapeweretsedwe kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala padziko lapansi. Mbali ina ya matenda ashuga imakhalapo poti kupewa kwake koyamba kumaphatikizapo kutsatira moyo wathanzi. Chifukwa chake, polimbikitsa kupewa matenda a shuga, timalimbikitsa moyo wabwino, komanso mosemphanitsa. Lero ndikofunikira osati kungongolera chithandizo chamankhwala, komanso kulimbikitsa kapangidwe ka anthu omwe ali ndi udindo paumoyo wawo, kuwaphunzitsa muumoyo wabwino komanso kupewa matenda.

Kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwa mtundu wa shuga wachiwiri II kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa chitukuko chamakono, monga kutukuka kwa mzinda, moyo wokhazikika, kupsinjika, ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zakudya (kuchuluka kwa chakudya mwachangu). Masiku ano, anthu amadziwika ndi kusasamala zaumoyo wawo, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa bwino, makamaka m'dziko lathu, pakusafuna kusewera masewera, pakumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa komanso kusuta fodya.

Amoyo ogonjetsa matenda ashuga!

Kulimbana ndi matenda a shuga kumatanthauza kuti munthu azisinthanso moyo wake ndi ntchito yowawa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndikosatheka kuchira ku matenda ashuga, koma mu nkhondoyi munthu akhoza kupambana, kukhala ndi moyo wautali, wokwaniritsa, ndikuzindikira mu gawo lazomwe akuchita. Komabe, nkhondoyi imafunikira bungwe lalikulu komanso kudziletsa, mwatsoka, si aliyense amene angathe kuchita izi.

Thandizo labwino kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, makamaka kwa achinyamata, ndi nkhani ya omwe adatha kuthana ndi matenda awo. Ena mwa iwo ndi andale otchuka, asayansi, olemba, oyenda, otchuka komanso ochita masewera otchuka omwe, ngakhale ali ndi matenda ashuga, samangokhala ndi zaka zapamwamba, komanso adafika pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri m'munda wawo.

Matenda a shuga adakhudzidwa ndi atsogoleri oterewa a USSR monga N.S. Khrushchev, Yu.V. Andropov. Pakati pa atsogoleri a mayiko akunja komanso andale odziwika, Purezidenti waku Egypt a Gamal Abdel Nasser ndi Anwar Sadat, Purezidenti wa Syria a Hafiz Assad, Prime Minister wa Israeli a Men-Hem Start, mtsogoleri wa Yugoslav a Joseph Broz Tito, ndi Pinochet wakale wa ku Chile akhoza kutchulidwa. Inventor Thomas Alva Edison komanso wopanga ndege ndege, Andrei Tupolev, olemba Edgar Poe, Herbert Wells ndi Ernst Hemingway, wojambula Paul Cezanne nawonso adadwala matendawa.

Anthu odziwika kwambiri omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga ku Russia pakati pa anthu ojambula amakhalabe Fedor Chaliapin, Yuri Nikulin, Faina Ranevskaya, Lyudmila Zykina, Vyachedlav Nevinniy. Kwa anthu aku America, Britain, Italiya, omwe akufanana ndi Ella Fitzgerald, Elvis Presley, Marcello Mastroiani. Osewera makanema a Sharon Stone, Holy Bury ndi ena ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.

Masiku ano, anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amakhala opikisana pa masewera a Olimpiki, omwe amatenga nawo mbali pamtunda wamtunda wamtunda wamakilomita masauzande ambiri, akugonjetsa mapiri ataliatali kwambiri, kumpoto kwa North Pole. Amatha kuthana ndi zopinga zomwe sangaganizirepo, kutsimikizira kuti atha kukhala moyo wathunthu.

Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha katswiri wamatenda a shuga ndi wosewera waku Canada hockey, Bobby Clark. Ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri ochepa omwe sanabise zinsinsi za matenda ake. Clark adadwala matenda a shuga a Type I ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zitatu, koma sanataye mtima makalasi ndipo adakhala katswiri wa hockey, nyenyezi ya National Hockey League, adapambana kawiri pa Stanley Cup. Clark amayang'anira matenda ake moopsa. Chifukwa chake, anali m'modzi mwa anthu oyamba omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga omwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mita. Malinga ndi Clark, zinali masewera komanso kuwongolera kwambiri matenda a shuga omwe adamuthandiza kuthana ndi matendawa.

Malingaliro

1. IDF Diabetes Atlas 2009
2. International Diabetes Federation, Kukhudzidwa kwa anthu, chikhalidwe ndi anthu odwala matenda ashuga, www.idf.org
3. C. Savona-Ventura, C.E. Mogensen. Mbiri ya matenda a shuga mellitus, Elsevier Masson, 2009
4. Suntsov Yu. I., Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V. Kuyang'ana zovuta za matenda ashuga monga njira yowunika mtundu wa chithandizo chamankhwala kwa odwala. M., 2008
5. Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V. Algorithms othandizira odwala mwapadera kwa odwala matenda a shuga mellitus, M., 2009
6. Zipangizo pakukonzekera Lipoti la Boma la Russia "Pa kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ogwilizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ndondomeko Yogulitsa Zachuma ya 2008"
7. Zipangizo za Lipoti la Boma la Russia "Pa kukhazikitsa madongosolo omwe boma likugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa kwa Ndondomeko Yogulitsa Zachangu ya 2007"
8. Lamulo la Boma la Russia Federation Nambala 280 la 05/10/2007 "Pa pulogalamu yomwe cholinga chake ndi" Kuteteza ndi kuwongolera matenda akuluakulu am'chikhalidwe (2007-2011) "
9. Astamirova X., Akhmanov M., Big Encyclopedia of Diabetesics. EXMO, 2003
10. Chubenko A., Mbiri ya molekyulu imodzi. "Mechanics Otchuka", No. 11, 2005
11. Levitsky M. M., Insulin - molekyulu wotchuka kwambiri wazaka za XX. Kusindikiza Nyumba "Loyamba la Seputembala", Na. 8, 2008

SUGAR DIABETES ndi gulu la matenda omwe amawonetsedwa ndi Glucose wambiri m'magazi chifukwa chosakwanira kwa hormone ya pancreatic INSULIN komanso / kapena chitetezo chokwanira cha insulin.

Kodi ziwerengero zimati chiyani?

Popeza ziwerengero za anthu omwe amadwala matenda ashuga (ndipo adayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19), zimasungidwa nthawi zonse.

Malinga ndi World Health Organisation, mu 2014, 8.5% yaanthu akuluakulu amadwala matenda a shuga, ndipo izi zikuchulukanso kuposa kawiri mu 1980 - 4.7%. Chiwerengero chonse cha odwala chikukula mofulumira: chawonjezereka kawiri pazaka 20 zapitazi.

Kuchokera ku lipoti lapachaka la WHO lonena za matenda ashuga a chaka cha 2015: ngati m'zaka za m'ma XX matenda a shuga amatchedwa matenda a mayiko olemera, tsopano sichoncho. M'zaka za XXI ndimatenda a mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zapakati komanso mayiko osauka.

Zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa matenda ashuga kukupitilizabe ku maiko onse. Komabe, mu lipoti lawo la pachaka la matenda ashuga a 2015, akatswiri a WHO adawonetsa zomwe zachitika. Ngati m'zaka za m'ma 1900 matenda a shuga amatchedwa matenda a mayiko olemera (USA, Canada, mayiko a Western Europe, Japan), sizili choncho. M'zaka za XXI ndimatenda a mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zapakati komanso mayiko osauka.

Kusintha kwa malingaliro pa chikhalidwe cha matenda ashuga

Matenda a shuga (Latin :abetes mellitus) akhala akudziwika ngati mankhwala kuyambira nthawi zakale, ngakhale kuti zoyambitsa sizinadziwike kwazaka zambiri kwa ochiritsa.

Mtundu wakale kwambiri adaperekedwa ndi madokotala aku Greece wakale. Zizindikiro zikuluzikulu za matenda ashuga - ludzu ndi kukodza wokwanira, amawona ngati "madzi akusowa." Apa ndipomwe gawo loyamba la dzina la shuga limachokera: "shuga" m'Chigiriki limatanthawuza "kupitilira."

Ochiritsa a Middle Ages anapitilira: kukhala ndi chizolowezi cholawa chilichonse, adapeza kuti mkodzo mwa odwala matenda ashuga ndiwotsekemera. M'modzi mwa iwo, dotolo Wachingelezi, Thomas Willis, atalawa mkodzo mu 1675, adakondwera ndikulengeza kuti anali "mellitus" - mu Greek wakale. "wokoma ngati uchi." Mwinanso mchiritsi uyu sanalawepo uchi kale. Komabe, ndi dzanja lake lopepuka, SD idayamba kutanthauziridwa kuti "sukari incontinence", ndipo mawu oti "mellitus" adalumikizana ndi dzina lake.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, pogwiritsa ntchito maphunziro owerengera, zinali zotheka kupeza ubale wapamtima koma wosamveka pakati pazomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga komanso kunenepa kwambiri panthawiyo.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, zinaonedwa kuti mwa achinyamata, matenda a shuga amadziwika ndi njira yankhanza kwambiri poyerekeza ndi matenda a shuga atakula. Matendawa amatchedwa "ana" ("mwana"). Tsopano iyi ndi mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga.

Ndi zomwe anapeza mu 1922 za insulini komanso kumveketsa bwino kwake kwa kagayidwe kazakudya, timadzi timeneti timatchedwa dzina la woyambitsa matenda a shuga. Koma mchitidwewu umasemphana ndi chiphunzitsocho. Zinapezeka kuti ndi mtundu wa shuga wokha momwe matenda a insulin amathandizira (chifukwa cha matenda osokoneza bongo a ana) adatchedwa "wodalira insulin"). Nthawi yomweyo, zidapezeka kuti mwa odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, kuchuluka kwa insulin m'mwazi ndikwabwinobwino kapenanso kuwonjezeka. Nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale waukulu Mlingo wa jekeseni wovomerezeka sangathe kuchepetsa kwambiri shuga. Matenda a shuga mwa odwala oterowo amatchedwa "insulin-Independent", kapena "insulin-anti" (tsopano amatchedwa mtundu 2 shuga). Panali kukayikira kuti vutoli siliri mu insulin yokha, koma poti thupi limakana kumvera. Chifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika, mankhwala amayenera kumvetsetsa kwazaka makumi angapo.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 kumene kafukufuku wambiri adathetsa chinsinsi ichi. Zinapezeka kuti minofu ya adipose sikungokhala nthito chabe yosungirako mafuta. Amadziyang'anira mafuta okha ndipo amayesetsa kuti abweretse mwakale mwakuchita zinthu zofunikira za ma metabolic ake. Mwa anthu ochepa thupi, amathandizira insulin, ndipo kwathunthu, m'malo mwake, amachepetsa. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mchitidwe: anthu owonda samadwala matenda ashuga amtundu wa 2.

Monga kuchuluka kwa asayansi pankhani ya matenda ashuga komwe kumachitika m'zaka za zana la 20 lino, zazindikira kuti sitikulimbana ndi matenda amodzi kapenanso matenda ena, koma gulu lonse la matenda osiyanasiyana, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi chiwonetsero chimodzi chodziwika - shuga yayikulu yamagazi.

Mitundu ya Matenda A shuga

Pachikhalidwe, matenda ashuga amapitilizabe kugawidwa m'mitundu, ngakhale mtundu uliwonse ndi matenda osiyana.

Pakadali pano, matenda a shuga nthawi zambiri amagawika m'mitundu itatu:

• Mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga (shuga wodalira insulin). Cancreas imalephera kupatsa thupi insulin yokwanira (kuperewera kwa insulin kwathunthu). Choyambitsa chake ndi chotupa cha autoimmune cha maselo a beta a islet pancreatic apparatus, omwe amapanga insulin. Chiwerengero cha odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1 ndi 5-10% ya okwanira.
• Type 2 shuga (osadalira insulini, kapena matenda a insulin). Mu matenda, pali kuchepa kwa insulini wachibale: kapamba amatulutsa insulin yokwanira, koma mphamvu yake pa maselo omwe akufuna kupendekera imatsekedwa ndi mahomoni a minofu ya adipose yopanga kwambiri. Ndiye kuti, pamapeto pake, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga a 2 ndiz onenepa kwambiri komanso kunenepa kwambiri. Chimachitika nthawi zambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya matenda ashuga - 85-90%.
• Matenda a amayi apakati (shuga ya azimayi oyembekezera) nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakatha masabata 24 mpaka 28 amatha ndipo akangobadwa kumene. Matendawa amakhudza 8-9% azimayi oyembekezera.

Kuphatikiza pa mitundu itatu yayikulu ya shuga yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa, mitundu yake yachilendo idapezeka yomwe kale idaganiziridwa molakwika ngati mitundu yapadera ya mtundu 1 kapena mtundu 2:

• AMODZI-matenda ashuga (abbr. Kuchokera ku Chingerezi. kukhwima isanayambike matenda a shuga a achinyamata - - matenda ashuga, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kupunduka kwa khungu la pancreatic beta cell. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a shuga a mitundu yoyamba ndi yachiwiri: imayamba ali aang'ono kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwathunthu kwa insulin, koma imakhala ndi pang'onopang'ono.
• LADA-shuga (abbr. Kuchokera ku Chingerezi. shuga ya autoimmune mu akulu ) - matenda a shuga a autoimmune akuluakulu. Maziko a matendawa, monga mtundu woyamba wa shuga, ndi chotupa cha autoimmune maselo a beta. Kusiyanako ndikuti matenda ashuga oterewa amayamba munthu wamkulu ndipo ali ndi njira yabwino.

Posachedwa, mitundu yina yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yopezeka ndi shuga yapezeka, makamaka, yolumikizana ndi zolakwika zamtundu wa insulin kapena ma cell receptors, momwe imazindikira zotsatira zake. Dziko la sayansi likadali kutsutsana za momwe mungagawire matendawa. Mukamaliza, mndandanda wamitundu ya shuga ungathe kukulitsidwa.

Zizindikiro za matenda a shuga

Zizindikiro zapadera za matenda ashuga amtundu uliwonse ali motere:

• kukodza pafupipafupi komanso kopanda tanthauzo (polyuria)
• ludzu ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi (polydipsia)
• malingaliro okhazikika a Mulungu
• Kuchepetsa thupi, ngakhale pakumwa zakudya zambiri (monga mtundu 1 wa shuga)
• kumangokhala wotopa
• masomphenya osalala
• kupweteka, kumva kugontha ndi miyendo (monga zina zamitundu yachiwiri)
• machiritso olakwika a zilonda zapakhungu

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kusowa kwa zizindikirozi sikuwonetsa kuti kulibe mtundu 2 wa shuga, womwe umayamba pang'onopang'ono ndipo kwa zaka zambiri sizimadziwonetsa zokha. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ludzu ndi polyuria zimawonekera ngati shuga yamagazi ifika 12-14 mmol / l ndikukwera (chizolowezi chimafika pa 5.6). Zizindikiro zina, monga kuwonongeka kwam'maso kapena kupweteka m'miyendo, zimalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zamatenda a shuga, zomwe zimawonekeranso patapita nthawi yayitali.

Kuzindikira matenda ashuga

Kudziwitsa za matenda omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa kumawerengedwa nthawi yokhayo pokhapokha ngati pali vuto la matenda 1 a shuga, omwe, monga lamulo, amakhala achiwawa kwambiri kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe.

M'malo mwake, matenda a shuga a 2 ndi matenda obisika kwambiri. Ngati tiwona zizindikiro zilizonse - kuzindikira kotero sikumapepuka.

Popeza ndizosatheka kudalira zovuta zamankhwala pakuzindikira matenda amtundu wa 2, monga matenda amiseche, kuyesedwa kwa zasayansi kukuonekera.

Kuyesedwa kwa shuga m'magazi kumaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazotsatira zovomerezeka. Amachitika pazifukwa zilizonse - kuchipatala, kuyeserera kupewa, kutenga pakati, kukonzekera opaleshoni yaying'ono, etc. Anthu ambiri sakonda izi zowoneka ngati zosafunikira pakhungu, koma izi zimapereka chotsatira chake: matenda ambiri a shuga amapezeka koyamba panthawi yoyesedwa mosiyanasiyana. za.

Mmodzi mwa akulu asanu opitilira 40 ali ndi matenda ashuga, koma theka la odwala sakudziwa za izi. Ngati muli ndi zaka zopitilira 40 ndipo ndinu onenepa - kamodzi pachaka pitani kukayezetsa magazi.

Muzochita zamankhwala, mayeso a Laborator otsatirawa ndiofala kwambiri:

• Kuthamanga magazi a glucose ndikuwunika komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakulemba mayeso ndikuwunika kuyenera kwa chithandizo cha odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga. Zoyipa za njirayi ndi: kudziwitsidwa kusinthasintha kwachisawawa komanso zambiri zazomwe zili m'mayambiriro a shuga.
• Kuyeserera kwa glucose - kumakuthandizani kuzindikira gawo loyambirira la matenda ashuga (prediabetes), pamene kusala glucose kumakhalabe koyenera. Mafuta a m'magazi amayeza pamimba yopanda kanthu, kenako ndikuyesa - 2 mawola atatha kulowa kwa 75 g shuga.
• Glycated hemoglobin - amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa glucose pakatha miyezi itatu. Kusanthula uku ndikothandiza kwambiri pakukonzekera njira yayitali yochizira matenda ashuga.

Matenda a shuga mellitus (DM) ali ndi vuto la "hyperglycemia" Chomwe chimayambitsa matenda ashuga sichikudziwika. Matendawa amatha kuwonekera pamaso pa zilema zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito a maselo kapena kusokoneza insulin. Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga zimaphatikizanso zotupa zopweteka za kapamba, kuchepa kwa ziwalo zina za endocrine (pituitary, gren adrenal, chithokomiro cha chithokomiro), zotsatira za poizoni kapena matenda. Kwa nthawi yayitali, matenda ashuga amadziwika kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chobweretsera matenda a mtima (SS).

Chifukwa chakuwonetsa kwakanthawi kovuta kwamankhwala am'mimba, mtima, ubongo kapena zotumphukira zomwe zimachitika motsutsana ndi maziko a kayendetsedwe kabwino ka glycemic, matenda a shuga amawoneka ngati matenda enieni a mtima.

Ziwerengero za matenda ashuga

Ku France, chiwerengero cha odwala matenda ashuga ndi pafupifupi 2.7 miliyoni, mwa iwo 90% ndi odwala matenda a shuga 2. Pafupifupi anthu 300 000-500 000 (10-15%) mwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga saganiza ngakhale pang'ono za matendawa. Komanso, kunenepa kwambiri pamimba kumachitika mwa anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 10, chomwe ndichofunikira kuti T2DM iyambe. Mavuto a SS amadziwika kawiri ndi 2.4 mwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga. Amazindikira zakukula kwa matenda ashuga ndipo amathandizira kuchepa kwa chiyembekezo chamoyo wodwalayo pofika zaka 8 kwa anthu azaka 55-64 komanso zaka 4 kwa magulu achikulire.

Pafupifupi 65-80% ya milandu, chomwe chimayambitsa kufa kwa odwala matenda ashuga ndi mtima matenda, makamaka myocardial infarction (MI), stroke. Pambuyo pa kusinthika kwa myocardial, zochitika zamtima nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga. Kuthekera kwa kupulumuka kwa zaka 9 pambuyo polowera pulasitiki m'matumbo ndi 68% kwa odwala matenda ashuga ndi 83,5% kwa anthu wamba, chifukwa cha stenosis yachiwiri komanso kukwiya kwa atheromatosis, odwala matendawa amakumana ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa myocardial infarction. Kuchuluka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga m'madipatimenti amtima kumakulirakulira nthawi zonse ndipo amapanga oposa 33% mwa odwala onse. Chifukwa chake, matenda ashuga amadziwika kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira pangozi yopanga matenda a SS.

DIABETES MELLITUS STATISTICS KU RUSSIA

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2014, anthu 3.96 miliyoni adapezeka ndi izi ku Russia, pomwe chiwerengero chenicheni ndichokwera kwambiri - malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosavomerezeka, chiwerengero cha odwala ndioposa 11 miliyoni.

Phunziroli, lomwe lidachitika kwa zaka ziwiri malinga ndi director of the Institute of Diabetes of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Endocrinological Research Center of the Ministry of Health of Russia Marina Shestakova, kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2015, mtundu II wa matenda ashuga wapezeka mu kafukufuku aliyense wazaka 20 ku Russia, komanso gawo la prediabetes ku Wachisanu chilichonse. Nthawi yomweyo, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Nation, pafupifupi 50% ya odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a II sakudziwa matenda awo.

Marina Vladimirovna Shestakova mu Novembala 2016 adapereka lipoti la kufalikira komanso kupezeka kwa matenda ashuga, omwe adatchula ziwonetsero zomvetsa chisoni kuchokera ku kafukufuku wofufuzira wa Nation: lero anthu aku Russia oposa 6,5 ​​miliyoni ali ndi matenda ashuga a 2 ndipo pafupifupi theka sakudziwa, ndipo wachisanu aliyense amakhala magawo a prediabetes.

Malinga ndi Marina Shestakova, panthawi yomwe kafukufukuyu adafikira zidayamba kupezeka pa kuchuluka kwa matenda ashuga amtundu wa II ku Russia, omwe ndi 5.4%.

Odwala 343,000 omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga adalembetsedwa ku Moscow koyambirira kwa 2016.

Mwa awa, 21,000 ali ndi matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba, 322,000 otsala ndi shuga a mtundu wachiwiri. Kuchuluka kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga ku Moscow ndi 5.8%, pomwe matenda a shuga adapezeka mu 3.9% ya anthu, osapezeka mu 1.9% ya anthu, a M. Antsiferov adatero. Pafupifupi 25-27% ali pachiwopsezo chotenga matenda a shuga. 23.1% ya anthuwa ali ndi prediabetes. Mwanjira imeneyi

29% ya anthu aku Moscow amadwala kale matenda ashuga kapena ali pachiwopsezo chachitukuko chake.

"Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, 27% ya anthu achikulire a ku America atopa kunenepa kwambiri, zomwe ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuchitira odwala matenda ashuga a mtundu wa 2," adatsimikiza a M.Anziferov, katswiri wamkulu wothandizira anthu kuofesi ya zamankhwala ku Moscow. Ku Moscow, kwa odwala awiri omwe ali ndi matenda a 2 omwe ali kale, pali wodwala m'modzi yekha yemwe ali ndi vuto losadziwika. Tili ku Russia - chiwerengerochi chili pamlingo wa 1: 1, chomwe chikuwonetsa kuwonedwa kwa matenda likulu.

IDF ilosera kuti ngati kukula kwachuma kukupitirirabe, pofika chaka cha 2030 chiwerengero chonse chidzaposa 435 miliyoni - awa ndi anthu ochulukirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa North America komweko.

Matenda a shuga tsopano amakhudza anthu asanu ndi awiri alionse padziko lapansi. Madera omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwambiri ndi North America, komwe 10,2% ya anthu akuluakulu amakhala ndi matenda ashuga, kenako Middle East ndi North Africa omwe ali ndi 9.3%.

• India ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri odwala matenda ashuga (50.8 miliyoni),
• China (43,2 miliyoni)
• United States (miliyoni 26.8)
• Russia (miliyoni 9.6),
• Brazil (7.6 miliyoni),
• Germany (miliyoni 7.5),
• Pakistan (7.1 miliyoni)
• Japan (7.1 miliyoni)
• Indonesia (miliyoni 7),
• Mexico (miliyoni 6.8).
• Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti mfundo izi ndizosasamalika bwino - milandu ya matendawa pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga sazindikira, malinga ndi WHO. Odwala awa, pazifukwa zomveka, samalandira chithandizo chambiri chomwe chimathandizira kuchepetsa shuga. Komanso, odwala awa amakhalanso ndi glycemia wambiri. Izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa mitsempha yamatenda ndi mitundu yonse ya zovuta.
• Mpaka pano, kuchuluka kwa odwala matenda ashuga padziko lapansi kwachulukanso zaka 12-15 zilizonse. Chiwerengero cha odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1 kapena mtundu 2 padziko lonse lapansi ali pafupifupi 4%, ku Russia chizindikiro ichi, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, ndi 3-6%, ku United States kuchuluka kumene ndi kwakukulu (15-20% ya anthu adziko).
• Ngakhale ku Russia, monga momwe tikuwonera, kuchuluka kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga akadali kutali ndi kuchuluka komwe timawonera ku United States, asayansi akuwonetsa kale kuti tili pafupi ndi mliri wa miliri. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa anthu a ku Russia omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda ashuga ndi anthu opitilira 2.3 miliyoni. Malinga ndi deta yosatsimikiziridwa, manambala enieni amatha kukhala anthu 10 miliyoni. Anthu oposa 750,000 amamwa insulin tsiku lililonse.
• Kuchulukitsa kufalikira kwa matenda ashuga m'maiko ndi madera: Tebulo lotsatirali likuyesa kuthetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga mmaiko ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kuchuluka kwa matenda ashuga kumawerengedwa kwathunthu ndipo mwina kungakhale ndi kufunika kofanana ndi kufalikira kwa matenda ashuga m'dera lililonse:
• Dziko / Dera	Ngati extrapolate Prevalence	Chiwerengero chogwiritsidwa ntchito
  Matenda a shuga ku North America (ochulukitsidwa ndi ziwerengero)
  USA	17273847	293,655,4051
  Canada	1912227	32,507,8742
  Matenda a shuga ku Europe (ziwerengero zowonjezera)
  Austria	480868	8,174,7622
  Belgium	608722	10,348,2762
  United Kingdom	3545335	60270708 ku UK2
  Republic Czech	73304	1,0246,1782
  Denmark	318434	5,413,3922
  Finland	306735	5,214,5122
  France	3554365	60,424,2132
  Girisi	626325	10,647,5292
  Germany	4848506	82,424,6092
  Iceland	17292	293,9662
  Hungary	590139	10,032,3752
  Liechtenstein	1966	33,4362
  Ireland	233503	3,969,5582
  Italy	3415145	58,057,4772
  Luxembourg	27217	462,6902
  Monaco	1898	32,2702
  Netherlands (Holland)	959894	16,318,1992
  Poland	2272138	38,626,3492
  Portugal	619067	10,524,1452
  Spain	2369457	40,280,7802
  Sweden	528611	8,986,4002
  Switzerland	438286	7,450,8672
  UK	3545335	60,270,7082
  Amuna	171647	2,918,0002
  Matenda a shuga ku Balkan (ziwerengero zowonjezera)
  Albania	208518	3,544,8082
  Bosnia ndi Herzegovina	23976	407,6082
  Croatia	264521	4,496,8692
  Makedonia	120004	2,040,0852
  Serbia ndi Montenegro	636817	10,825,9002
  Matenda a shuga ku Asia (ziwerengero zowonjezera)
  Bangladesh	8314145	141,340,4762
  Bhutan	128562	2,185,5692
  China	76402799	1,298,847,6242
  Timor Leste	59955	1,019,2522
  Hong kong	403242	6,855,1252
  India	62651210	1,065,070,6072
  Indonesia	14026643	238,452,9522
  Japan	7490176	127,333,0022
  Laos	356948	6,068,1172
  Macau	26193	445,2862
  Malaysia	1383675	23,522,4822
  Mongolia	161841	2,751,3142
  Philippines	5073040	86,241,6972
  Papua Guinea watsopano	318839	5,420,2802
  Vietnam	4862517	82,662,8002
  Singapore	256111	4,353,8932
  Pakistan	9364490	159,196,3362
  North Korea	1335150	22,697,5532
  South Korea	2837279	48,233,7602
  Sri lanka	1170892	19,905,1652
  Taiwan	1338225	22,749,8382
  Thailand	3815618	64,865,5232
  Matenda a shuga ku Eastern Europe (ochulukitsidwa ndi ziwerengero)
  Azerbaijan	462846	7,868,3852
  Belarus	606501	10,310,5202
  Bulgaria	442233	7,517,9732
  Estonia	78921	1,341,6642
  Georgia	276111	4,693,8922
  Kazakhstan	890806	15,143,7042
  Latvia	135665	2,306,3062
  Lithuania	212229	3,607,8992
  Romania	1315032	22,355,5512
  Russia	8469062	143,974,0592
  Slovakia	319033	5,423,5672
  Slovenia	118321	2,011,473 2
  Tajikistan	412444	7,011,556 2
  Ukraine	2807769	47,732,0792
  Uzbekistan	1553553	26,410,4162
  Matenda a shuga ku Australia ndi South Pacific (ziwerengero zowonjezera)
  Australia	1171361	19,913,1442
  New zealand	234930	3,993,8172
  Matenda a shuga ku Middle East (ochulukitsidwa ndi ziwerengero)
  Afghanistan	1677275	28,513,6772
  Egypt	4477495	76,117,4212
  Mzere wa Gaza	77940	1,324,9912
  Iran	3970776	67,503,2052
  Iraq	1492628	25,374,6912
  Israeli	364647	6,199,0082
  Yordani	330070	5,611,2022
  Kuwait	132796	2,257,5492
  Lebano	222189	3,777,2182
  Libya	331269	5,631,5852
  Saudi arabia	1517408	25,795,9382
  Syria	1059816	18,016,8742
  Turkey	4052583	68,893,9182
  United Arab Emirates	148465	2,523,9152
  West Bank	135953	2,311,2042
  Yemen	1177933	20,024,8672
  Matenda a shuga ku South America (ochulukitsidwa ndi ziwerengero)
  Belize	16055	272,9452
  Brazil	10829476	184,101,1092
  Chile	930820	15,823,9572
  Colombia	2488869	42,310,7752
  Guatemala	840035	14,280,5962
  Mexico	6174093	104,959,5942
  Nicaragua	315279	5,359,7592
  Paraguay	364198	6,191,3682
  Peru	1620253	27,544,3052
  Puerto rico	229291	3,897,9602
  Venezuela	1471610	25,017,3872
  Matenda a shuga ku Africa (ziwerengero zamakedzana)
  Angola	645797	10,978,5522
  Botswana	96425	1,639,2312
  Central African Republic	220145	3,742,4822
  Chad	561090	9,538,5442
  Congo Brazzaville	176355	2,998,0402
  Congo Kinshasa	3430413	58,317,0302
  Etiopia	4196268	71,336,5712
  Ghana	1221001	20,757,0322
  Kenya	1940124	32,982,1092
  Liberia	199449	3,390,6352
  Niger	668266	11,360,5382
  Nigeria	1044138	12,5750,3562
  Rwanda	484627	8,238,6732
  Senegal	638361	10,852,1472
  Sierra leone	346111	5,883,8892
  Somalia	488505	8,304,6012
  Sudan	2302833	39,148,1622
  South Africa	2614615	44,448,4702
  Swaziland	68778	1,169,2412
  Tanzania	2121811	36,070,7992
  Uganda	1552368	26,390,2582
  Zambia	648569	11,025,6902
  Zimbabwe	215991	1,2671,8602

Monga lero, shuga ali ndi ziwonetsero zachisoni, popeza kuchuluka kwake mdziko lapansi kukukula pang'onopang'ono. Zomwezi zimasindikizidwa ndi odwala matenda ashuga oweta - kwa chaka cha 2016 ndi 2017, kuchuluka kwa odwala matenda ashuga omwe akungopezeka kumene kumawonjezeka ndi 10%.

Ziwerengero za matenda ashuga zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwamatenda omwe ali mdziko lapansi. Matendawa amabweretsa matenda oopsa a hyperglycemia, moyo wosavomerezeka, komanso kufa msanga. Mwachitsanzo, khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi mwa anthu okhala ku France ndi odwala matenda ashuga, ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a iwo amadwala matenda oyamba. Pafupifupi chiwerengero chomwecho cha odwala mdziko muno amakhala popanda kudziwa kukhalapo kwa matenda amisala. Izi ndichifukwa choti m'magawo oyambawo shuga samadziwonetsa mwanjira iliyonse, pomwe ngozi yake yayikulu imalumikizana.

Zoyambira zazikuluzikulu sizinaphunzire mpaka pano mpaka pano. Komabe, pali zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa matenda. Izi zimaphatikizira chibadwidwe cha majini komanso matenda oyambitsidwa ndi kapamba, matenda opatsirana kapena tizilombo.

Kunenepa kwambiri pamimba kwakhudza anthu opitilira 10 miliyoni. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga. Chofunikira ndikuti odwala oterewa amatha kukhala ndi mtima wam'matenda, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amwalira kumene kumakhala kokwirikiza kawiri kuposa kwa odwala opanda matenda a shuga.

Ziwerengero za Ashuga

Ziwerengero zamayiko omwe ali ndi odwala ambiri:

• Ku China, kuchuluka kwa odwala matenda ashuga wafika 100 miliyoni.
• India - 65 miliyoni
• USA ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi chithandizo chachikulu cha matenda ashuga, chachitatu - 24,4 miliyoni,
• Oposa 12 miliyoni odwala matenda ashuga ku Brazil,
• Ku Russia, chiwerengero chawo chinaposa 10 miliyoni,
• Mexico, Germany, Japan, Egypt ndi Indonesia nthawi ndi nthawi “amasintha malo” paudindo, kuchuluka kwa odwala kumafikira anthu 7 miliyoni.

Njira yatsopano yopanda pake ndikuwonekera kwa mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga mwa ana, womwe umatha kukhala gawo limodzi kuwonjezera ngozi zaumunthu pamsana, komanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa moyo. Mu 2016, WHO idafalitsa zomwe zikuchitika pakukula kwa matenda:

• mu 1980, anthu 100 miliyoni anali ndi matenda ashuga
• pofika chaka cha 2014, kuchuluka kwawo kudakwera 4 ndikufika pa 422 miliyoni,
• oposa 3 miliyoni odwala amafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha zovuta zamatenda,
• Kufa kwa zovuta za matendawa kukukulira kumayiko komwe ndalama ndi zochepa.
• Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Nation, matenda ashuga pofika chaka cha 2030 adzachititsa munthu mmodzi mwa asanu ndi awiri onse kumwalira.

Ziwerengero ku Russia

Ku Russia, matenda a shuga ayamba kukhala mliri, chifukwa dzikolo ndi "atsogoleri" ambiri. Olemba magwero akuti pali odwala matenda ashuga pafupifupi 10-11 miliyoni. Pafupifupi anthu omwe sadziwa za kukhalapo ndi matenda.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, matenda a shuga omwe amadalira insulin amakhudza pafupifupi anthu 300,000 mdziko muno. Izi zikuphatikizapo onse akulu ndi ana. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa ana izi zitha kukhala zovuta zakubadwa zomwe zimafunikira chisamaliro chapadera kuyambira masiku oyamba amoyo wakhanda. Mwana yemwe ali ndi matenda oterewa amafunika kumuunika pafupipafupi ndi dokotala wa ana, endocrinologist, komanso kukonza insulin.

Bajeti yachipatala ya gawo lachitatu ili ndi ndalama zomwe zimapangidwira kuchiza matenda. Ndikofunikira kuti anthu amvetsetse kuti kukhala ndi matenda ashuga si chiganizo, koma matenda amafunika kuwunika mozama pa moyo wawo, zomwe amachita, ndi zakudya zawo. Ndi njira yoyenera ya chithandizo, matenda a shuga sangabweretse mavuto akulu, ndipo kukula kwa zovuta sikungachitike konse.

Pathology ndi mitundu yake

Mtundu wofala kwambiri wamatendawa ndi mtundu wachiwiri, pomwe odwala safunika kuperekanso insulin. Komabe, matenda oterewa amatha kupanikizika ndi kufooka kwa kapamba, ndiye kuti ndikofunikira kupaka jakisoni wochepetsa shuga.

Nthawi zambiri mtundu uwu wa matenda ashuga umachitika munthu wamkulu - patatha zaka 40-50. Madokotala amati matenda osokoneza bongo omwe amadalira insulini ayamba kuchepa, monga kale ankawaganizira kuti ndi matenda okalamba. Komabe, masiku ano zimatha kupezeka osati mwa achichepere, komanso mwa ana amasukulu.

Chimodzi mwa matendawa ndikuti 4/5 mwa odwala ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri kwakumaso ndi mafuta ambiri m'chiuno kapena pamimba. Kulemera kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga.

Chizindikiro china cha matenda a zam'mbuyo ndikuti pang'onopang'ono, kuonekera pang'ono kapena ngakhale kuyambiranso. Anthu mwina sangamve kukhala wotayika, popeza njirayo imachedwa. Izi zimadzetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira kwa matenda amachepetsa, ndipo kupezeka kwa matendawa kumachitika kumapeto, komwe kumatha kuphatikizidwa ndi zovuta.

Kupezeka kwa matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri ndi imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zachipatala. Monga lamulo, izi zimachitika mwadzidzidzi panthawi ya mayeso a akatswiri kapena mayeso chifukwa cha matenda omwe si a shuga.

Mtundu woyamba wa nthendayi umadziwika kwambiri ndi achinyamata. Nthawi zambiri, zimachokera kwa ana kapena achinyamata. Imakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a matenda onse a shuga padziko lapansi, komabe, m'maiko osiyanasiyana chidziwitso chimatha kusintha, chomwe chimalumikiza kukula kwake ndi ma virus obwera ndi matenda, matenda a chithokomiro, komanso kuchuluka kwa nkhawa.

Asayansi amati kubadwa kwa makolo ndi chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimayambitsa matenda. Pozindikira moyenera komanso ngati tili ndi chithandizo chokwanira, momwe moyo wa wodwala umakhalira wabwino, ndipo chiyembekezo chamoyo chimakhala chocheperako poyerekeza ndi cha anthu athanzi.

Chifukwa ndi zovuta

Ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti azimayi amakonda matendawa. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda oterewa ali pachiwopsezo chotukuka kwa zina zambiri zamakono, zomwe zimatha kukhala njira yodzipangira nokha kapena matenda ogwirizana ndi matenda a shuga. Komanso, matenda ashuga nthawi zonse amawakhudza. Izi zikuphatikiza:

1. Ngozi ya mtima - ma ischemic ndi hemorrhagic stroko, myocardial infarction, atherosranceotic mavuto a zombo zazing'ono kapena zazikulu.
2. Mawonedwe akuchepa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka pakapangidwe kakapangidwe kakang'ono ka m'maso.
3. Matenda aimpso chifukwa cha vuto la mtima, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi nephrotoxicity. Odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a nthawi yayitali amakhala ndi vuto la impso.

Matenda a shuga amawonekeranso mosavomerezeka pamagetsi. Odwala ambiri amapezeka ndi matenda ashuga a polyneuropathy. Zimakhudza kutalika kwa mitsempha ya miyendo, ndikupangitsa kutulutsa kosiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana, kuchepa kwa chidwi. Zimayambitsanso kuwonongeka m'mitsempha yamagazi, kutseka zoyipa zamavuto a mtima. Chimodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri za matendawa ndi phazi la matenda ashuga, zomwe zimayambitsa necrosis ya zimakhala zam'munsi. Ngati sanalandiridwe, odwala angafunikire kudulidwa.

Kupititsa patsogolo kuzindikira kwa matenda ashuga, komanso kuyamba kulandira mankhwalawa munthawi imeneyi, kuyezetsa magazi kwa chaka ndi chaka kumayenera kuchitika pachaka chilichonse. Kupewa matendawa kumatha kukhala moyo wathanzi, kukhalabe ndi thupi labwino.