Zomwe insulin imapangidwira odwala matenda ashuga: kupanga zamakono ndi njira zopezera

Insulin ndiye mankhwala othandizira matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukhazika mtima pansi wodwalayo ndikuwongolera moyo wake wamtundu wachiwiri wa matenda. Izi ndi chilengedwe chake ndi mahomoni omwe amatha kuthana ndi kagayidwe kazachilengedwe mu milingo yaying'ono.

Odwala matenda ashuga ayenera kudziwa! Shuga ndiwense kwa aliyense. Ndikokwanira kumwa makapisozi awiri tsiku lililonse musanadye ... Zambiri >>

Nthawi zambiri, kapamba amapanga insulin yokwanira, yomwe imathandizira kukhala ndi shuga m'thupi. Koma ndi zovuta zazikulu za endocrine, mwayi wokhawo wothandiza wodwalayo nthawi zambiri ndi jakisoni wa insulin kwenikweni. Tsoka ilo, ndizosatheka kuzipeza pakamwa (mwanjira yamapiritsi), popeza zimawonongeka kwathunthu m'mimba ndikugaya mtengo wake wachilengedwe.

Zokonzekera zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku zopangira zachilengedwe

Kulandila timadzi ta nkhanu ndi ng'ombe ndi ukadaulo wakale womwe sugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala ochepa omwe adalandiridwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zina komanso kuyeretsa kosakwanira. Chowonadi ndi chakuti popeza mahomoni ali ndi mapuloteni, amakhala ndi ma amino acid ena.

Kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, pamene mankhwala ofananawo analibe, ngakhale insulin yotereyi inali yopambana pamankhwala ndikulola kutenga chithandizo cha odwala matenda ashuga kupita nawo kumalo ena atsopano. Ma Horoni omwe adapangidwa ndi njirayi amachepetsa shuga m'magazi, komabe, nthawi zambiri ankayambitsa zovuta komanso chifuwa. Kusiyana pakapangidwe ka amino acid ndi zosafunika zamankhwala zimakhudza mkhalidwe wa odwala, makamaka m'magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha odwala (ana ndi okalamba). Chifukwa china chosalolera bwino za insulin yotereyi ndi kupezeka kwa kuyamwa kwa mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito (proinsulin), komwe sikunali kotheka kuti athetse kusiyanasiyana kwa mankhwalawa.

Masiku ano, pali ma insuge apamwamba apamwamba omwe alibe zoperewera. Zimapezeka kuchokera kapamba wa nkhumba, koma zitatha zimayatsidwa ndikuwonjezera kuyeretsa. Zili ndi mitundu yambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi zotuluka.

Mankhwalawa amaloledwa ndi odwala bwino ndipo samayambitsa mavuto, samachepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi ndipo amachepetsa shuga la magazi. Bovine insulin sikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala masiku ano, chifukwa chifukwa chakunja kwake kumakhudza chitetezo chathupi komanso machitidwe ena a thupi.

Katswiri wa Majini a Insulin

Insulin yaumunthu, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati odwala matenda ashuga, pamsika wamafuta amapezeka m'njira ziwiri:

• ntchito enzymatic mankhwala a porcine insulin,
• kugwiritsa ntchito majini osinthika amtundu wa Escherichia coli kapena yisiti.

Ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala a physico-cell, mamolekyulu a porcine insulin pansi pa michere yapadera amakhala ofanana ndi insulin yaumunthu. Kapangidwe ka amino acid kamakonzedwe kotsatira sikusiyana ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa m'thupi la munthu. Panthawi yopanga, mankhwalawa amayeretsedwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake samayambitsa zovuta kapena mawonekedwe ena osayenera.

Koma nthawi zambiri, insulin imapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosinthika (genetically modified). Pogwiritsa ntchito njira za biotechnological, mabakiteriya kapena yisiti amasinthidwa m'njira yoti iwonso atulutse insulin.

Pali njira ziwiri zopangira insulin. Yoyamba mwa izo idakhazikitsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana. Iliyonse imapangika gawo limodzi lokha la mamolekyule a ma DNA (pali awiri okha, ndipo amapindika molunjika). Kenako maunyolo awa amalumikizidwa, ndipo mu njira yotsatila ndikothekanso kupatulira mitundu yogwira insulin kwa iwo omwe alibe phindu lililonse kwachilengedwe.

Njira yachiwiri yomwe mungalandire mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito Escherichia coli kapena yisiti zimatengera kuti microbe yoyamba imapanga insulin (ndiye kuti, preinsor yake ndi proinsulin). Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito enzymatic chithandizo, fomu iyi imayatsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala.

Njira zonsezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamagalimoto, mpweya ndi mawonekedwe onse polumikizana ndi ma ampoules ndi mbale sizowoneka bwino, ndipo mizere yokhala ndi zida ndiyosindikiza.

Njira za biotechnology zimathandizira asayansi kuti aganizire njira zina zothanirana ndi shuga. Mwachitsanzo, pakadali pano, maphunziro oyamba opanga ma cell a pancreatic beta akuchitika, omwe amatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira majini. Mwina m'tsogolomu adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zomwe zimachitika m'thupi mwa wodwala.

Zosiyanasiyana

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kwamakono kumasiyana m'njira izi:

• Gwero loyambira
• Kutalika kwa chochita
• pH yankho (acidic kapena ndale)
• Kukhalapo kwa zoteteza (phenol, cresol, phenol-cresol, methyl paraben),
• Kuchuluka kwa insulin ndi 40, 80, 100, 200, 500 IU / ml.

Zizindikiro izi zimakhudza mtundu wa mankhwalawo, mtengo wake komanso kuchuluka kwake kwa thupi.

Kutengera ndi gwero, kukonzekera kwa insulin kumagawika m'magulu awiri:

Nyama. Zimapezeka kuchokera kukapanda kwa ng'ombe ndi nkhumba. Amatha kukhala osatetezeka, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amayambitsa mavuto ambiri osagwirizana. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa bovine insulin, yomwe imakhala ndi ma amino acid atatu osapangika kwa munthu. Insulin ya nkhumba ndiyabwino kuposa momwe imasiyanirana ndi amino acid imodzi. Chifukwa chake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pochiza matenda ashuga.

Wamunthu Ndi amitundu iwiri: ofanana ndi anthu kapena opanga pang'ono, omwe amapezeka ku porulin insulin mwa kusintha kwa enzymatic komanso DNA yaumunthu kapena yobwerezabwereza, yomwe imatulutsa mabakiteriya a E. coli chifukwa cha kukwaniritsa umisiri. Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumeneku ndi kofanana ndendende ndi mahomoni omwe amapangidwa ndi kapamba amunthu.

Masiku ano, insulin, anthu komanso nyama, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza matenda ashuga. Kupanga kwamakono kwa insulin ya nyama kumaphatikizanso kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa kwamankhwala.

Izi zimathandiza kuti tichotse zosafunika monga proinsulin, glucagon, somatostatin, mapuloteni, ma polypeptides, omwe angayambitse zovuta zina.

Mankhwala abwino kwambiri opezeka ndi zinyama amadziwika kuti ndi amtundu wamakono wa monopic, ndiye kuti amapangidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa "nsonga" ya insulin.

Kutalika kwa nthawi

Kupanga kwa insulin kumachitika molingana ndiukadaulo wosiyanasiyana, womwe umalola kuti pakhale mankhwala osiyanasiyana olimbitsa thupi, omwe ndi:

• kopitilira muyeso kochepa
• zochita zazifupi
• kuchitapo kanthu kwanthawi yayitali
• nthawi yayitali yochitapo
• kuchitapo kanthu kwa nthawi yayitali
• kuphatikiza pamodzi.

Ultrashort insulin. Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumeneku kumakhala kosiyanasiyana chifukwa amayamba kuchita jakisoni atangolowa jakisoni ndikufika pachimake patatha mphindi 60-90. Kutalika kwawo konse kocitila sikupitilira maola 3-4.

Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya insulin yotsalira-yayifupi - Lizpro ndi Aspart. Kupanga kwa insulin ya Lizpro kumachitika ndikukonzanso zotsalira ziwiri za amino acid mu molekyulu ya mahomoni, yomwe ndi lysine ndi proline.

Chifukwa cha kusinthaku kwa molekyu, ndizotheka kupewa mapangidwe a hexamers ndikufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwake kukhala ma monomers, zomwe zikutanthauza kukonza mayamwidwe a insulin. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi insulin yokonzekera yomwe imalowa m'magazi a wodwalayo katatu kuposa insulin yamunthu.

Insulin ina yayikulu kwambiri ndi Aspart. Njira zopangira Aspart insulin zili m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi kupangika kwa Lizpro, pokhapokha, proline imasinthidwa ndi aspartic acid yoyipa.

Komanso Lizpro, Aspart imasweka mwachangu mu ma monomers ndipo chifukwa chake imalowa m'magazi pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo. Makonzedwe onse a insulin osakhalitsanso pang'ono amaloledwa kutumizidwa musanadye kapena mutangomaliza kudya.

Kuchita zinthu mwachidule. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma insulin asakhale osagwirizana pH njira zoyambira (6.6 mpaka 8.0). Amalimbikitsidwa kuti azitha kutumizidwa ngati insulin mosakakamira, koma ngati kuli kotheka, jakisoni wamkati kapena ma dontho amaloledwa.

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumeneku kumayamba kugwira ntchito mkati mwa mphindi 20 kuchokera pakulowetsedwa. Zotsatira zake zimakhala motalikirapo - osaposa maola 6, ndipo zimafikira patatha maola awiri.

Ma insulin omwe amagwira ntchito mwachidule amapangidwa makamaka kuti athandize odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga kuchipatala. Amathandiza odwala odwala matenda ashuga komanso chikomokere. Kuphatikiza apo, amakulolani kuti muzindikire molondola kuchuluka kwa insulin kwa wodwala.

Kutalika kwapakatikati. Mankhwalawa amasungunuka kwambiri kuposa kusungunulira pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, amalowa m'magazi pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimawonjezera kwambiri mphamvu ya hypoglycemic.

Kupeza insulin ya sing'anga nthawi yochitapo kanthu imatheka poyambitsa kupangidwaku kwapadera - zinc kapena protamine (isophan, protafan, basal).

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kotereku kumapezeka mwa mawonekedwe a kuyimitsidwa, ndikukhala ndi ziwerengero zingapo zamakedzedwe a zinc kapena protamine (nthawi zambiri protamine Hagedorn ndi isophane). Prolongers imakulitsa kwambiri nthawi ya kuyamwa kwa mankhwalawa kuchokera ku minofu yaying'ono, yomwe imachulukitsa nthawi ya insulin kulowa m'magazi.

Kuchita insulini kwa nthawi yayitali. Ichi ndiye insulin yamakono kwambiri, kukonza kwake komwe kunatheka chifukwa cha luso laukadaulo wa DNA. Kukonzekera koyamba kwa insulini kunali Glargin, womwe ndi muyezo wofanana wa mahomoni opangidwa ndi kapamba amunthu.

Kuti mupeze, kusintha kwamankhwala amtundu wa insulin kumachitika, komwe kumakhudza kusintha kwa sparagine ndi glycine ndikuwonjezeranso zotsalira ziwiri zotsalira za arginine.

Glargin ikupezeka mu njira yankho lomveka bwino lomwe lili ndi acid pH ya 4. PH iyi imalola kuti insulin hexamers ikhale yokhazikika ndipo potero pakuonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawa atenga nthawi yayitali m'magazi a wodwala. Komabe, chifukwa cha acid pH, Glargin samalimbikitsidwa kuti aphatikizidwe ndi ma insulin omwe amangokhala osakhalitsa, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi pH yosaloledwa.

Kukonzekera kwambiri kwa insulin kumakhala ndi "gawo lochita", pomwe amafikira momwe amapangira insulin yambiri m'magazi a wodwalayo. Komabe, gawo lalikulu la Glargin ndikuti alibe chidziwitso chowonekera.

Jekeseni imodzi yokha ya mankhwala patsiku ndi yokwanira kupatsa wodwalayo njira yodalirika yopanda chiwopsezo kwa maola 24 otsatira. Izi ndichifukwa choti Glargin amatengedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zowerengeka pamlingo womwewo nthawi yonse yochitapo kanthu.

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kwa nthawi yayitali kumapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo kumatha kupatsa wodwalayo vuto lofika mpaka maola 36 motsatana. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa jakisoni wa insulin patsiku ndipo motero kumachepetsa kwambiri moyo wa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Glargin akulimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito pokhapokha pobayira zija za subcutaneous ndi mu mnofu. Mankhwala si abwino zochizira comatose kapena zokomera odwala odwala matenda a shuga.

Mankhwala osakanikirana. Mankhwalawa amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a kuyimitsidwa, omwe amakhala ndi yankho la insulin lomwe lingachitike mwachidule komanso osokoneza bongo omwe amakhala ndi isofan.

Mankhwalawa amalola wodwalayo kubaya insulin ya nthawi zingapo mthupi lake ndi jakisoni imodzi, zomwe zikutanthauza kupewa jakisoni wowonjezera.

Zida zophera tizilombo

Kudzipha kwa mankhwala a insulin ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti wodwalayo atetezeke, chifukwa amalowetsedwa m'thupi lake ndipo amatengedwa kudzera m'magazi kupita ziwalo zonse zamkati ndi ziwalo.

Bactericidal inayake imakhala ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimawonjezeredwa pakupanga insulin osati monga mankhwala opha tizilombo, komanso ngati mankhwala osungira. Izi zimaphatikizapo cresol, phenol ndi methyl parabenzoate. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchulidwa kwa antimicrobial zotsatira kumadziwikanso ndi ma zinc a ion, omwe ndi gawo la mayankho ena a insulin.

Chitetezo cha multilevel ku matenda a bakiteriya, omwe amakwaniritsidwa ndikuwonjezera chitetezo ndi ma antiseptic othandizira, amatha kuletsa kukula kwa zovuta zambiri zazikulu. Inde, kuyambitsanso mobwerezabwereza kwa singano ya singano mu vial ya insulin kungayambitse matenda a bakiteriya okhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Komabe, mabakiteriya a yankho amathandizira kuwononga ma virus oyipa ndikusunga chitetezo chake kwa wodwalayo. Pachifukwa ichi, odwala matenda a shuga amatha kugwiritsa ntchito syringe yomweyo kupanga jekeseni wa insulin mpaka nthawi 7 motsatana.

Ubwino wina wa kukhalapo kwa mankhwala osungidwa pakapangidwe ka insulin ndi kusowa kwa kufunika kopha matenda pakhungu jakisoni. Koma izi ndizotheka ndi ma syringe ena apadera omwe ali ndi singano yochepa thupi kwambiri.

Tikuyenera kudziwa kuti kukhalapo kwa mankhwala osungidwa mu insulin sikukhudza malo omwe mankhwalawo ndi otetezeka kwathunthu kwa wodwalayo.

Mpaka pano, insulin, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pancreas ya nyama komanso njira zamakono zopangira ma genetic, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala ambiri.

Ambiri omwe amakonda mankhwala a insulin tsiku lililonse amayeretsedwa kwambiri m'matumbo a anthu, omwe amadziwika ndi ma antigenicity otsika kwambiri, chifukwa chake samayambitsa zovuta zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo a insulin yaumunthu ndi apamwamba kwambiri komanso otetezeka.

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumagulitsidwa m'mabotolo amgalasi osiyanasiyana, otsekeka ndi zotsekemera za mphira komanso zokutira ndi aluminiyamu. Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kugulidwa mu ma syringes apadera a insulin, komanso zolembera za syringe, zomwe ndizabwino kwambiri kwa ana.

Njira zatsopano za insulin zikukonzekera, zomwe zimayambitsidwa m'thupi ndi njira yolowerera mkati, ndiye kuti kudzera m'mphuno.

Zidapezeka kuti pophatikiza insulini ndi chowongolera, muthanso kukonzanso aerosol komwe kumakwaniritsa kukhazikika kwa magazi a wodwalayo mwachangu ngati jakisoni wovomerezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonzekera kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa insulin kumapangidwira komwe kumatha kumwa.

Mpaka pano, mitundu iyi ya insulini ikadali yopanga chitukuko kapena ikuyesa mayeso othandizira odwala. Komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti posachedwa padzakhala kukonzekera kwa insulin komwe sikungafunikire kuvulazidwa ndi syringes.

Zinthu zaposachedwa kwambiri za insulin zizipezeka mwanjira yopopera, zomwe zimangofunika kuthira kumaso kwa mphuno kapena pakamwa kuti zithetse bwino kufunika kwa insulini.

Kufotokozera za mankhwalawa

Insulin Lizpro (Humalog) ndi mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu yochepa omwe amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale popanga shuga kwa odwala azaka zosiyanasiyana. Chida ichi ndi chidziwitso cha insulin yaumunthu, koma ndikusintha kakang'ono m'mapangidwewo, omwe amakupatsani mwayi wofikitsa mwachangu thupi.

Chipangizocho ndi njira yokhala ndi magawo awiri, yomwe imayambitsidwa m'thupi kudzera mkati, mwamitsempha kapena kudzera m'mitsempha.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zake, Insulin Lizpro amafanana ndi mankhwala ena okhala ndi insulin. Zigawo zomwe zimagwira zimalowa mthupi la munthu ndikuyamba kuchita ziwonetsero zama cell, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti glucose ayambe.

Mphamvu ya mankhwalawa imayamba pakadutsa mphindi 15-20 pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wowgwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji pakudya. Chizindikirochi chimatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera malo ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa.

Fomu yoyamba ndi hyperinsulinemia nthawi imodzi ndi kutsika kwa glucose. Mtunduwu umatchulidwanso kuti pancreatic hyperinsulinism, chifukwa matenda amatsutsana motsutsana ndi maziko osakanikira a insulin antagonist hormone glucagon (chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa glucagon hyposecretion). Imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa insulini ndipo pamene kupanga glucagon kulephera, palinso insulin yambiri.

Fomu yachiwiri ndi hyperconcentration ya insulin nthawi yomweyo monga yachilengedwe kapena shuga. Izi matenda limodzi ndi dysfunctions mu chapakati mantha dongosolo ndi kuphatikiza synthesis wa zinthu:

1. Corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic mahomoni),
2. Kukula kwa mahomoni ndi mahomoni okula (ophatikizidwa m'matumbo a pituitary),
3. Glucocorticosteroids (mahomoni onse a adrenal cortex).

Pali zifukwa zingapo zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti insulini yambiri ipangidwe mwa munthu. Popeza njira yopanga timadzi tomweyiyo sikunaphunziridwe bwino, ndizovuta kudziwa zovuta zonse za hyperinsulinemia. Nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri amadziwa zochitika zingapo, chifukwa choti insulin yambiri imalowa m'magazi kuposa momwe iyenera.

Njira za tumor mu kapamba zimapangitsanso hyperinsulinemia. Maphunziro amatha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana a thupi, kuphatikizanso zisumbu za Langerhans (pancreatic). Zikatero, opaleshoni ndiyo njira yokhayo yovomerezeka.

Pokonzekera koyamba ndi insulin mu 1 ml yankho limakhala ndi 1 UNIT yokha. Ndi nthawi yokhayo yomwe kuchuluka kwa ndende kunawonjezeka. M'magawo a Russian Federation, mabotolo okhala ndi zisonyezo ndizofala - U-40 kapena 40 mayunitsi / ml. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mu 1 ml yankho limakhazikika 40 PISCES.

Ma syringe amakono amakwaniritsidwa ndi kuwerengera komwe kumaganiziridwa bwino, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mupeze mlingo wofunikira, kupewa kupewa chiopsezo cha mankhwala osayembekezereka. Malingaliro onse okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma syringe ndi calibration amafotokozedwa ndi adokotala, kusankha mankhwalawo kwa odwala matenda ashuga koyamba kapena panthawi yokonzanso njira yakale yothandizira.

Kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya insulin

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amasiyana pazinthu zambiri:

1. Kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa
2. Source (kupanga insulini kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito anthu ndi nyama),
3. Kukhalapo kwa zida zothandizira,
4. Yogwira pophika
5. PH yankho
6. Mwayi wotheka kuphatikiza mankhwala angapo nthawi imodzi. Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuphatikiza insulin yocheperako komanso yayitali m'mankhwala ena achire.

Padziko lapansi chaka chilichonse, makampani opanga mankhwala otsogolera amapanga timadzi tambiri tambiri "tating'onoting'ono". Opanga insulin ku Russia athandizanso kuti ntchitoyi ipangidwe.

Insulin ndi mankhwala omwe amathandiza anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga kukhala ndi moyo wathunthu. Mpaka pano, msika wogulitsa mankhwala umapereka mankhwala ambiri a odwala matenda ashuga. Ngakhale ali ndi zotsatira zofananira, komabe ali ndi gawo losiyanitsa:

• Acid-base solution yotsalira
• Yogwira pophika
• Kukhalapo kwa zida zowonjezera
• Source (insulin imapezeka pothandizidwa ndi anthu kapena nyama)
• Kuyeretsa mulingo.
• Limagwirira ntchito (yayitali, yapakatikati nthawi yayifupi, yochepa, yochepa kwambiri ya insulin).

M'pofunika kuganizira kuti kuphatikiza mankhwala angapo ndizotheka. Ndi zovuta kuchita kuphatikiza jekeseni yochepa komanso yochepa pochita ndi njira yodziwika yochizira. Mankhwalawa amayenera kumwedwa ndi wina aliyense moyang'aniridwa ndi dokotala.

Dziwani zambiri zamitundu ya insulin pano.

Gulu

Munthawi yovomerezeka, kapamba amatulutsa 50-100 magawo a zochitika za mahomoni, omwe malinga ndi kulemera kwa thupi ndi 0.5-1 pa kilogalamu imodzi. Chigawo chimodzi chogwira ntchito chimakhala pafupifupi ma 34 gulogalamu. Pafupifupi theka la ndalamazi ndizoyambira.

Imawongolera kagayidwe kazakudya kunja kwa chakudya. Gawo lachiwirili limatchedwa chakudya, kuchuluka kwake kumadalira mafuta omwe amapezeka ndi chakudya.

Nthawi zosiyanasiyana masana, mapangidwe a insulini osiyanasiyana amapangidwa, ambiri thupi limafunikira itatha kadzutsa, ndipo osachepera onse m'mawa.

Mitundu yamakono ya insulini ndi momwe zimasinthira nthawi yayitali, kapangidwe ka gene, komanso mawonekedwe a amino acid. Amagawidwanso malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsedwa:

• zachikhalidwe
• monocomponent
• zophatikiza zambiri.

Nthawi yodziwika bwino yaphatikiza:

• kopitilira muyeso
• kakafupi (chakudya)
• sing'anga komanso nthawi yayitali (basal).

Apidra ali ndi njira yayifupi kwambiri (m'maiko ena amatchedwa Epidera), Humalog. Zochita zazifupi mu mankhwala a Actrapid, Humodar R, Farmasulin N, Insuman R.

Kuchita kwapakatikati kapena kwanthawi yayitali kumadziwika m'mankhwala omwe nthawi zambiri amadziwikidwa pamodzi ndi ma insulin aafupi - Protafan, Lantus, Insuman B, Farmasulin HNP, Insuman B

Mankhwala a insulini amatha kuchitika ndi ma insulin ophatikizidwa, nthawi zambiri kufunikira kotere kumachitika ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda a insulin.

Insulin yochepa-yochepa idapangidwa kuti muchepetse glycemia mwachangu. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumakhala koyenera pazinthu zowopsa, monga encephalopathy, kapena zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Iyenera kutumikiridwa musanadye. Kutalika kwa ntchito ndi maola 4-6, kuchuluka kwa zochitika kumachitika pakadutsa mphindi 60-90 pambuyo pa kutsata. Oyimira odziwika ndi awa:

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kwamakono kumasiyana m'njira izi:

• Gwero loyambira
• Kutalika kwa chochita
• pH yankho (acidic kapena ndale)
• Kukhalapo kwa zoteteza (phenol, cresol, phenol-cresol, methyl paraben),
• Kuchuluka kwa insulin ndi 40, 80, 100, 200, 500 IU / ml.

Zizindikiro izi zimakhudza mtundu wa mankhwalawo, mtengo wake komanso kuchuluka kwake kwa thupi.

Zolemba za insulin yothandizira ana ndi amayi apakati

Amayi oyembekezera, amayi oyamwitsa, ndi ana osakwana zaka 12 omwe amapezeka ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda osokoneza bongo amawapeza ndi mankhwalawa chifukwa amalephera.

Ana ali ndi jekeseni wa insulin, poganizira izi:

• kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa jakisoni tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikiza jekeseni, komwe kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa kwa nthawi yayitali komanso yapakati kumasankhidwa payekha,
• Mankhwala othandizira amalimbikitsidwa kuti atchulidwa atakwanitsa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri,
• Pakusintha kwachilengedwe mosiyanasiyana, anaphunzitsa kusintha kosiyanasiyana pakati pa jakisoni wam'mbuyo ndi wotsatira kuti agone mu 1.0 ... 2.0 IU.

Pochita maphunziro a insulin azimayi apakati, ndikofunikira kutsatira malamulo awa:

• jakisoni wa mankhwala m'mawa, m'mawa musanadye chakudya cham'magazi, shuga ayenera kukhala m'mitundu 3.3-5.6 mmol / lita,
• mutatha kudya, kuphatikizika kwa glucose m'magazi kuyenera kukhala kosiyanasiyana mamilimita 5.6-7.2 mamililita / lita,
• kupewa matenda am'mawa ndi masana hyperglycemia mu mtundu woyamba wa I ndi mtundu wa II, pamafunika jekeseni awiri,
• musanadye chakudya choyambirira komanso chotsiriza, jakisoni amachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma insulin achidule komanso apakati,
• kupatula usiku ndi "kudziwiratu" hyperglycemia, imalola jakisoni wa mankhwala a hypoglycemic musanadye chakudya, jekeseni musanalowe.

Chithunzithunzi

Ndi insulin yowonjezereka, odwala onse amakumana ndi zotsatirazi:

1. Kaya mumadya kangati komanso mokwanira, mumakhala ndi nkhawa nthawi zonse,
2. Mumatopa msanga
3. Ngakhale mutanyamula katundu wambiri, mumatha kutuluka thukuta ndi kupumira,
4. Khungu lanu limakhala likusunthidwa nthawi zonse,
5. Mabala amachiritsa pang'onopang'ono,
6. Myalgia kwambiri (kupweteka kwamisempha ndi kukokana).

Choyambitsa mawonetsedwe oterowo sichingakhale kuchuluka kwa insulini kokha, amathanso kuphimbidwa m'matenda ena. Ngati zizindikiro zotere zapezeka, munthu sayenera kuyeserera.

Ndikwabwino kukaonana ndi dokotala yemwe angadziwe chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa ndikupereka njira zoyenera zochiritsira.

Mawonekedwe a kusanthula

Magazi a Venous amasonkhanitsidwa mu chubu choyesera chopanda ndi gel yolekanitsa. Tsamba la jakisoni limapinidwa ndi mpira wa thonje kuti magazi asiye kutuluka. Palibe kukonzekera kovuta kwa phunziroli komwe kumafunikira, koma, monga mayeso ena ambiri, ndibwino kupereka magazi m'mawa.

Pali malingaliro angapo:

1. Kuchokera pachakudya chotsiriza mpaka kukaperekedwa kwa zinthu zosapindulitsa, pafupifupi maola 8 ayenera kudutsa,
2. Zakumwa zokhala ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa, zonunkhira komanso zakudya yokazinga siziyenera kulekedwedwa m'zakudya pafupifupi tsiku limodzi,
3. Dokotala angalimbikitse kukana kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi,
4. Simungathe kusuta ola limodzi musanalandire,
5. Ndiosafunika kumwa mosiyanasiyana mukamamwa mankhwala ndikutsata njira zolimbitsa thupi.

Ngati kusanthula kukufunika kuwongolera zizindikiro muzazowunikira, ndiye kuti nthawi iliyonse ziyenera kuchitika chimodzimodzi.

Kwa odwala ambiri, ndikofunikira: payenera kukhala ndi antibodies ena a insulin konse. Zabwinobwino ndi mulingo womwe kuchuluka kwawo kumachokera ku 0 mpaka 10 mayunitsi / ml. Ngati pali maselo ochulukirapo, ndiye kuti titha kungoganiza kupangika kwa mtundu 1 wa shuga; komanso:

• Matenda omwe amadziwika ndi kuwonongeka kwa autoimmune ku gland ya endocrine,
• Autoimmune insulin syndrome,
• Chiwopsezo cha jekeseni wa insulin.

Ndi kuchuluka kwa ma antibodies ku insulin, titha kulingalira kukhalapo kwa matenda ena a autoimmune: lupus erythematosus, matenda a dongosolo la endocrine. Chifukwa chake, asanapangire kuti adziwe matenda ndikupereka mankhwala, dotolo amatenga zonse zokhudzana ndi matendawa komanso zamkati, ndikuchita njira zina zodziwonera.

Zizindikiro zomwe zingayambitse kukayikira kwa matenda amtundu wa 1 ndi:

1. Ludzu lalikulu
2. Kuchulukitsa mkodzo
3. Kuchepetsa thupi
4. Kuchulukitsa chilakolako
5. Kuchepetsa maonedwe owoneka ndi ena.

Madokotala akuti 8% ya anthu athanzi amakhala ndi antibodies. Zotsatira zoyipa sizizindikiro kuti matendawa palibe.

Kuyesedwa kwa insulin sikulimbikitsidwa ngati kuyesa matenda a shuga 1. Koma kuwunikiraku ndikothandiza kwa ana omwe ali ndi cholowa chovuta. Odwala omwe ali ndi zotsatira zoyesedwa zabwino komanso osadwala, abale omwe ali pachiwopsezo ali ndi vuto lofanananso ndi maphunziro ena pagulu lomwelo.

Insulin pa matenda a shuga

Chithandizo chapadziko lonse lapansi cha matenda onse a carbohydrate metabolism ndi insulin. Mankhwala a mahomoni awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda ashuga:

• Mtundu 1
• Mitundu iwiri
• machitidwe
• kapamba
• mitundu ina.

Nthawi zonse, mankhwala a insulini amapereka chokhazikika. Ndi matenda a pancreatogenic ndi mtundu 1, yankho lake ndiye njira yokhayo yodzithandizira. Nthawi zina, insulin imagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi mawonekedwe, yokha kapena yophatikiza ndi njira zina.

• regimen yonse (mitundu iwiri ya insulin),
• regimen imodzi ya insulin (nthawi zambiri imakhala ya insulin, yomwe imakhala yofanana kwambiri ndi insulin ya postprandial)
• kuphatikiza mapiritsi ndi insulin (basal insulin ndi mapiritsi omwe amakulitsa chinsinsi cha maselo a beta).

Ndi matenda a mtundu 2, insulin imayenda bwino ndi metformin. Mapiritsi amawerengedwa kwa odwala otero ngakhale ndi chiwembu chonse (ngati palibe contraindication).

Ndondomeko ndi Mlingo wake amasankhidwa ndi adokotala kuchipatala. Wodwalayo amaphunzitsidwa m'makalasi apadera ku School of Diabetes. Wodwala ayenera kudziwa njira ya jakisoni ndi mfundo za kusintha kwa mlingo.

Mbiri yakale

Kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga anali matenda oopsa. Madokotala sakanatha kupereka chithandizocho. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira mphindi zowerengeka za matenda mpaka pomwe wodwala afa, miyezi ingapo idapita.

Zaka 20 zapitazi, madokotala aku Canada adachitapo kanthu posintha matenda ashuga. Amasiyanitsa chinthu chomwe chitha kutsitsa magazi.

Madokotala adalandira yankho kuchokera kuzinthu zanyama (pancreas ya ng'ombe). Kutengera zomwe zili poyera, mankhwala oyamba ochizira matenda a shuga adapangidwa pambuyo pake.

Kuyambira pamenepo, madotolo adapatsidwa mwayi wopereka chithandizo chamankhwala cha mahomoni kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matendawa.

• khalani ndi mbiri yosayikira,
• tsitsani Hypo- ndi hyperglycemic zinthu,
• chifukwa kukana insulini,
• thandizirani kukulitsa zovuta zakumudzi (lipohypertrophy),
• Nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa matupi awo sagwirizana.

Mu makumi asanu azaka za zana la 20, makampani ogulitsa mankhwala adayamba kupanga kukonzekera kwatsopano kwa ma pancreatic hormone. Njira zoterezi zidapezeka ndi mainjiniya.Ma insulini oterewa amapangidwa ndi magulu osakanikirana a mabakiteriya kapena bowa.

Ma microorganic ali m'malo abwino ndipo amatulutsa timadzi tambiri tambiri. Kenako yankho lake limatsukidwa, kusungidwa ndi kulongedza. Ngati ndi kotheka, mapuloteni kapena zinc zimawonjezeredwa pokonzekera.

Mankhwala awa amasintha mawonekedwe a mankhwalawo.

Pakadali pano, m'maiko ambiri a padziko lapansi, kukonzekera kwa nyama kwa maholide a chamba sikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma insulin opangira ma genet ndiwotchuka kwambiri. Ndipo fanizo la mahomoni amunthu limagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono (chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera).

Insulin imodzi yokha imagwira ntchito m'thupi la munthu. Amapangidwa ndi maselo a pancreatic beta. Gawo la insulin limalowa nthawi yomweyo m'magazi, lina - limadziunjikira ndipo limasungidwa pambuyo pake. Maselo a Beta amatha kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Amayankhanso pazinthu zina.

M'malo opanda phokoso, munthu akapumula, zikondamoyo zimayenda kapena kugona, zimatulutsa insulin yaying'ono m'magazi. Kubisa kwamtunduwu kumatchedwa basal. Pafupifupi, ndizofanana ndi magawo a 0.5-1,5 pa ola limodzi mwa munthu wamkulu.

Munthu akadya, maselo a beta amatulutsa masitolo a insulin. Madzi ochuluka kwambiri nthawi yomweyo amalowa m'magazi. Kubisa kwamtunduwu kumatchedwa postprandial (mutatha kudya).

Kupezeka kwa mahomoni ambiri kumawonedwa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a metabolic komanso magawo oyamba a matenda a shuga a 2.

Mkuyu. 1 - Kutulutsa kwachilengedwe kwa insulin katulutsidwe.

Cholinga cha mankhwala obwezeretsa insulin ndikutsata mitundu yonse ya zobisika. Izi zimatheka moyenera mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yochita.

Pali mitundu inayi ya mankhwala:

• yochepa (yosavuta) insulini,
• insulin yochita pakati
• insulin
• insulin yayitali.

Kuphatikiza apo, makampani opanga mankhwala amapanga kukonzekera kosakanikirana (amakhala ndi insulin nthawi yomweyo m'mitundu iwiri).

Gome 1 - Kutalika kwa zochita za insulin yomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito (malingaliro osavuta).

Kodi chimayambitsa matenda a shuga ndi chiyani?

Kwa zaka zambiri osalimbana ndi ma DIABETES?

Mutu wa Bungwe: “Mudzadabwitsidwa kuti kumakhala kovuta motani kuchiritsa matenda a shuga tsiku lililonse.

Pancreatic hormone insulin imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri pazomwe zimapangidwa mu metabolic pafupifupi minofu yonse. Ndiwo mahomoni okhawo m'thupi amene amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Insulin imapangitsa kuti membala wam'magazi azikhala wambiri mu glucose, amathandizira kapangidwe ka glycogen polysaccharide, njira yayikulu yosungirako glucose.

Kuphwanya kwazinsinsi za mahomoni kumapangitsa kusowa kwake mthupi.

Kuperewera kwenikweni kwa insulin ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa matenda a shuga 1 a matenda a shuga.

Odwala omwe ali ndi mtundu wa shuga wachiwiri, amakhala ndi vuto la insulin, lomwe limadziwonetsa pokhapokha ngati akusokoneza zochita za timadzi timeneti.

Mitundu ya Insulin Kukwanira

Pali mitundu iwiri ya kusowa kwa insulin:

• Pancreatic (chifukwa cha kusintha kwa maselo a kapamba).
• Osakhala kapamba (wosagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusachita bwino kwa kapamba).

Odwala omwe alibe mawonekedwe a pancreatic, insulin imapangidwa modabwitsa komanso nthawi zina mowonjezera, komabe, mwina zochitika zake zokha zimasokonezeka, kapena kuzindikira kwake pamaselo a cellular ndi minofu.

Maselo a Beta ndi gawo la ma pancreatic islets (ma islets of Langerhans) kapena kuphatikiza m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kuwonongeka kwa maselo a beta ndi chifukwa cha njira za autoimmune komanso zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga.

Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa

Zomwe zimayambitsa kusowa kwa insulini ndi:

• Kukhazikika kwa vuto la kubadwa kwa thupi, zatsopano za beta-cell receptors.
• Kutupa kwa kapamba kapena chikhodzodzo.
• Opaleshoni yamapazi, zowawa zake.
• Kusintha kwa ziwisi m'matumbo (kumayambitsa zovuta kuzungulira kwa kapamba, zomwe zimayambitsa kuperewera kwa ntchito zake).
• Kuphwanya kapangidwe ka michere.
• Matenda, matenda osachiritsika omwe amachititsa kuti chitetezo cha m'thupi chichepe.
• Kuperewera kwa insulin ndi mavuto amanjenje, kupsinjika. Poterepa, shuga wamagazi amawonjezeka.
• Kulephera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena, mwamphamvu, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kuchita mopitirira muyeso komanso kusachita zolimbitsa thupi kumapangitsa kuti shuga azithamanga komanso kuchepa kwa kaphatikizidwe ka insulin.
• Kukhalapo kwa zotupa mu kapamba.

Kudya mapuloteni osakwanira ndi zinki palimodzi ndi kuchuluka kwamafuta kungayambitsenso kuchepa kwa insulin. Izi ndichifukwa chakuti nthaka, limodzi ndi zinthu zina, zimathandizira kuti insulin ikwere ndi kuyendetsa magazi.

Zimathandizira pakukula kwa insulin yokwanira zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi ma cyanides (manyuchi, yam, mizu ya chinangwa).

Pathophysiology

Kuperewera kwa insulini (onse mtheradi ndi wachibale) kumayambitsa matenda a shuga, omwe amachititsa hyperglycemia (shuga yayikulu magazi - nkhani pamenepa).

Hyperglycemia imachulukitsa colloid osmotic kuthamanga kwa plasma ya maselo ndi ma elekitirodi amagetsi, chifukwa chomwe "madzi ochulukirapo" amatengedwa kuchokera kuzinthu kupita magazi. Minofu imasowa madzi, ndipo munthu amakhala ndi ludzu, amadandaula khungu lowuma komanso mucous nembanemba.

Ndi hyperglycemia, shuga amapezeka mkodzo (izi zimachitika kwa odwala matenda ashuga), ndipo limodzi nawo kuchuluka kwamadzi ndi mchere kumamasulidwa (glucose "drags" madzi pamodzi ndi iyo).

Kuperewera kwa insulin kumawonekera mu mawonekedwe a zizindikiro zingapo:

• Kuchulukitsa kwa shuga wamagazi (hyperglycemia).
• Kuchulukitsa kwa diuresis (makamaka usiku), chifukwa shuga amathandizira kuchotsa madzimadzi m'thupi (polyuria).
• W ludzu (polydipsia). Zimachitika chifukwa chakuti thupi limayesetsa kulipirira madzi atayika mkodzo.

Njira zochizira

Chithandizo cha kuperewera kwa insulin cholinga chake ndicho kukhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa insulini, kuti kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kukhale kovomerezeka.

Njira zazikulu zothetsera kuchepa kwa insulin mu shuga ndi mankhwala a insulin komanso zakudya zoyenera.

Dokotala atha kukulemberani mankhwala:

• Civilil (imalimbikitsa kusinthika kwa maselo a pancreatic), mankhwalawa amachokera pazitsamba.
• Livitsin (vasodilator) ndi Tingafinye wa hawthorn, mamawort, duwa m'chiuno, peppermint.
• Medcivin (wogwiritsa ntchito immunomodulatory wothandizila).

Kuti mulipirire bwino kuperewera kwa mahomoni, kumwa mankhwala kungaphatikizidwe ndi physiotherapy, electrophoresis.

Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi moyenera kumathandizira pakupanga insulin. Panthawi yophunzitsa zolimbitsa thupi komanso masewera, kuchuluka kwa glucose amalowetsa minofu minofu kumawonjezeka, ndipo zomwe zimakhala m'magazi zimachepa.

Zakudya zamankhwala

Chofunika kwambiri pakuperewera kwa insulin ndi zakudya. Zakudya zochepa zimalimbikitsidwa (kudya kangapo 5 patsiku m'magawo ang'onoang'ono).

Carbohydrate katundu ndi kalori ziyenera kugawidwa wogawana pakati chakudya.

Ndingadye chiyani ndi vuto la insulin:

• Pali zoletsa pa kudya shuga, mankhwala a ufa, maswiti. M'malo mwa shuga, m'malo mwa shuga mumagwiritsidwa ntchito (sorbitol, xylitol, stevia, ndi zina).
• Ndiosafunika kugwiritsa ntchito msuzi wowonda, wamphamvu nyama. Kudya mafuta ochepa.
• Zakudya zothandiza zomwe zimakhala ndi mavitamini A, B, C.
• Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi zakudya zokhala ndi mapuloteni muzakudya zanu.
• Zinthu zopatsa mphamvu za kapamba ziyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi zakudya: nyama yopanda mphamvu, maapulo, mabulosi abulu, parsley, kefir.

Kutsatira zakudya za anthu odwala matenda ashuga limodzi ndi kumwa mankhwala ndi zina zowonjezera pakudya kumapangitsa kuti insulin ipangidwe mthupi ndikulipira kuchepa kwake.

Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani shuga amatha magazi kupatula shuga?

Glucose ndiye gwero lalikulu lamphamvu mthupi. Amapangidwa ndi ma enzymes omwe amapezeka kuchokera kuzakudya. Magazi amawanyamula pama cell onse amthupi.

Kuphwanya kutembenuka kwa chakudya, komanso njira yolekerera shuga kungapangitse kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Kutembenuka kwa chakudya chamagulu m'thupi la glucose kumachitika mwa njira zingapo zachilengedwe, insulin ndi mahomoni ena amathandizira pazomwe zili m'thupi. Kuphatikiza pa matenda ashuga, zifukwa zomwe chiwopsezo cha shuga m'magazi zingakhale zina.

Mitengo yamagazi

Mulingo wa shuga wamagazi sakhala wokhazikika, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudza kufunika kwake. Zomwe zimadziwika ndizizindikiro za 3.5-5,5 mmol / lita. Magazi otengedwa kuchokera kumunwe amakhala ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa a venous.

Chizindikiro chokhazikika mwa ana ndi 2.8-4.4 mmol / lita.

Pamwamba pa malire ovomerezeka mwa okalamba, komanso azimayi oyembekezera. Magazi a shuga amasintha tsiku lonse komanso chakudya. Mikhalidwe ina ya thupi imatha kubweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa shuga (hyperglycemia), pali matenda ena osati matenda a shuga, omwe amadziwika nawo.

Kukula kwachilengedwe

Zambiri zimatha kuyambitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga.

Izi zitha kuchitika mwa munthu wathanzi labwino pazochitika zotsatirazi:

1. Ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi chokwanira chamafuta. Mu thupi lathanzi, kuwonjezereka kwa chisonyezo kudzakhala kwakanthawi, insulini ibwezere zonse mwazonse. Ndi kukonda kwambiri maswiti, nkoyenera kuganizira za kusatha kwa kunenepa kwambiri, kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha yamagazi.
2. Mukamamwa mankhwala ena ake. Izi ziyenera kuphatikizapo osagwiritsa ntchito beta-blockers, ma diuretics, glucocorticoids.
3. Kupsinjika, kupsinjika kwamthupi komanso m'maganizo kumapangitsa kuti magazi asamayende bwino, kusokonekera kwa mahomoni ndi kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kazinthu. Amadziwika kuti mwachisangalalo ndi kupsinjika, kupanga kwa glucagon, wotsutsana ndi insulin, kumakulanso.
4. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mosakwanira (kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi) kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa metabolic.
5. Ndi ululu waukulu, makamaka, ndikuwotcha.

Mwa akazi, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kungaphatikizidwenso ndi premenstrual syndrome. Kuledzera kumadzetsa vuto la hyperglycemia.

Kanema pazomwe zimayambitsa kuchuluka kwa glycemia:

Zoyambitsa zazomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi

Glucose wopezedwa mu ziwalo zogaya samangolowa mu ma cell, komanso amadziunjikira m'chiwindi ndi mbali ya impso. Ngati ndi kotheka, amachotsedwa ziwalo ndipo amalowa m'magazi.

Kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa glucose kumachitika ndi manjenje, endocrine, maselo a adrenal, kapamba ndi gawo la ubongo - dongosolo la hypothalamic-pituitary. Chifukwa chake, nkovuta kuyankha funso lomwe ndi chiwalo chiti chomwe chimayang'anira index ya shuga wamkulu.

Kulephera kwa njira zovuta zonsezi kungayambitse matenda.

• Matumbo am'mimbamo omwe ma carbohydrate samasweka m'thupi, makamaka, zovuta za postoperative,
• zotupa zamagulu osiyanasiyana zomwe zimaphwanya kagayidwe,
• kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi (hepatitis ndi ena), posungira glycogen,
• kuyamwa kwa shuga m'magazi a m'magazi,
• zotupa ndi matenda ena a kapamba, tiziwalo timene timatulutsa muubongo, ubongo,
• kuvulala kwa hypothalamus, kuphatikizapo komwe kumapezeka pakunyenga kwachipatala,
• kusokonezeka kwa mahomoni.

Kukula kwakanthawi kochepa kwa chizindikirochi kumachitika ndi kugwidwa khunyu, kugunda kwa mtima komanso kuukira kwa angina pectoris. Ngati kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kukwera kwambiri kuposa izi, sizitanthauza kuti matenda ashuga nthawi zonse.

Pochizira mafupa, owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito DiabeNot bwino. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

Anthu ena ali ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa glucose. Komabe, mtengowu sufika pamawonekedwe omwe matenda a shuga amapezeka. Vutoli limatchedwa kuchepa kwa kulolera kwa shuga (kuyambira 5.5 mpaka 6.1 mmol / l).

Vutoli lidasankhidwa kale ngati prediabetes. Mu 5% ya milandu, zimatha ndi mtundu 2 shuga. Pangozi amakhala anthu onenepa kwambiri.

Zizindikiro za Hyperglycemia

Kodi ndingamvetse bwanji ngati munthu ali ndi shuga wambiri?

1. Kuchulukitsa pokodza ndi mkodzo.
2. Mawonedwe otsika.
3. Kulakalaka kumamwa nthawi zonse, kamwa yowuma. Kufunika kumwa ngakhale usiku.
4. Kholingo ndi mutu.
5. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kulakalaka ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe mumadya. Potere, kulemera kwa thupi kumachepa, nthawi zina kwambiri.
6. Lethargy ndi kugona, kufooka kosalekeza komanso kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro.
7. Khungu lowuma komanso kusenda, kuchiritsa pang'onopang'ono mabala ndi kuvulala, ngakhale kocheperako. Mabala nthawi zambiri amakula, furunculosis imayamba.

Amayi omwe ali ndi shuga ochulukirapo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotupa za kumaliseche, zomwe ndizovuta kuchiza. Nthawi zina pamakhala kuyamwa kosabisalira kumaliseche ndi mucous nembanemba. Amuna amakhala opanda mphamvu.

Kuwonjezeka kwakuthwa kwa chizindikirocho (mpaka 30 mmol / L) kumabweretsa kuwonongeka msanga. Kutembenuka, kutayika kwa mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe amawonedwa. Ntchito yamtima ikuipiraipira, kupuma kwabwinobwino nkosatheka. Kukomoka kumabwera.

Odwala nthawi zambiri samamvetsetsa, chifukwa cha zomwe zimakhala zowonongeka mu thanzi. Tsekani nthawi zina kusintha kooneka bwino komwe kumachitika mwa munthu.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire matendawa?

Zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zizindikiro zamagazi am'magazi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesedwa kwa labotale kotchedwa kuyeserera kwa glucose test (TSH). M'mawa pamimba yopanda kanthu amatenga magazi kuti adziwe chizindikiro. Pambuyo pake, njira ya shuga imaperekedwa kwa munthuyo, pambuyo pa maola awiri kuyesedwa kwachiwiri kwa magazi kwachitika.

Nthawi zambiri amangopatsa madzi otsekemera. Nthawi zina shuga amaperekedwa kudzera m'mitsempha. Kuyesa kumachitika mu biochemical Laboratories. Palinso mwayi wophunzitsira ndi glucometer wanyumba.

Pamaso pa njirayi, kukonzekera kwapadera ndikofunikira, chifukwa zinthu zambiri zaumoyo ndi zakudya zitha kupotoza chithunzi cholondola.

Kuti mupeze zotsatira zophunzitsira, muyenera:

• yang'anani pamimba yopanda kanthu, simungathe kudya kwa maola 8-12, osapitirira 14,
• osamwa mowa masiku angapo, osasuta musanayambe kuphunzira,
• tsatirani zakudya zomwe mwalimbikitsa kwakanthawi,
• Pewani katundu wambiri komanso nkhawa,
• kukana kumwa mankhwala - mahomoni, kuwotcha shuga ndi ena.

Mutatha kumwa shuga, muyenera kuthera maola awiri musanatenge sampuli yotsatira yopuma. Phunziro silimachitika ngati kuyesa kosavuta kwa magazi kukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga oposa 7.0 mmol / L. Kulemba kwakukulu kumawonetsa kale shuga.

Phunziroli silimapangidwira matenda owopsa a somatic ndipo ngati kuli koyenera, kudya kosalekeza kwa mankhwala ena, makamaka, okodzetsa, glucocorticosteroids.

Norm11>11.1

Mavuto a kagayidwe ka glucose amathanso kudziwa zomwe zimapangidwira zina zomwe zingathandize kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake panali kuwonjezeka kwa shuga:

• amylin - amawongolera kuchuluka kwa glucose pamodzi ndi insulin,
• incretin - imayang'anira kupanga insulini,
• glycogemoglobin - akuwonetsa kupanga kwa glucose kwa miyezi itatu,
• glucagon ndi mahomoni, wotsutsana ndi insulin.

Chiyeso chololerako ndichopindulitsa, koma chikufunika kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo onse amakhalidwe asanafike pakupereka magazi.

Njira zochepetsera mtengo

Ngati matenda a shuga sapezeka, ndikofunikira kuzindikira zomwe zikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga. Ngati mavuto amayamba chifukwa chmwa kumwa mankhwala, dokotala ayenera kusankha njira zina zochizira.

Kwa matenda am'mimba, chiwindi kapena vuto la m'mimba, njira zamankhwala zimapangidwa kuti, pamodzi ndi chithandizo cha matenda oyambitsidwa, khazikitsani shuga ndikuyipangitsa kukhala yabwinobwino. Ngati ndizosatheka kutsika mtengo, insulin kapena mankhwala omwe amawotcha shuga amapatsidwa.

Njira zochepetsera shuga ndizakudya zosankhidwa mwapadera, zolimbitsa thupi ndi mankhwala.

Kukula kwa zakudya kumathandizira kuti magazi akhale ophatikizika, ndipo nthawi zina kuthetseratu vutoli. Kuti muthe kukhazikika kwa glucose, zakudya No. 9 zimafotokozedwa. Simuyenera kufa ndi njala. Zogulitsazo zikuyenera kuwongolera index ya glycemic ndi calorie.

Mutha kudya nyama zamafuta ochepa, nkhuku ndi nsomba. Zakudya zokhala ndi CHIKWANGWANI ndizothandiza. Ndikofunikira kupatula mowa.

Pali magulu a zinthu zomwe siziyenera kuphatikizidwa pamenyu, zina - kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso mosamala.

• soseji (zonse, kuphatikizapo soseji wophika ndi masoseji),
• Magulu, masikono,
• maswiti, shuga, zoteteza,
• nyama zamafuta, nsomba,
• batala, tchizi, mafuta ophikira kanyumba.

Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera, kuchepetsa gawo ndi nthawi 2:

• buledi, buledi
• zipatso, zomwe zimakonda kukoma kwa wowawasa,
• pasitala
• mbatata
• phala.

Madokotala amalimbikitsa kudya zamasamba ambiri mwanjira yatsopano, yophika komanso yotentha. Kuchokera ku phala ndizofunikira kusiya semolina ndi mpunga. Chofunika kwambiri ndi phala la barele. Pafupifupi tirigu onse angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Komabe, simungathe kudya njere za pompopompo, granola, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zokhazokha.

Msuzi wolemera umaphatikizidwa, ndibwino kudya masamba. Nyama zamafuta ochepa ndi nsomba zimatha kuwiritsa padera ndikuwonjezera msuzi. Ngakhale zili zoletsa zambiri, mutha kudya zosiyanasiyana.

Kanema wokhudza mfundo za zakudya:

Maphunziro akuthupi

Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi moyenera pamasewera osangalatsa kumathandizira kukonza machitidwe a metabolic m'thupi. Izi siziyenera kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro.

Muyenera kusankha njira yosangalatsa komanso yovuta:

• Kuyenda
• kusambira - M'chilimwe m'madzi otseguka, nthawi zina padziwe,
• kukwera paulendo, njinga, mabwato - malinga ndi nyengo ndi chidwi,
• Kuyenda kapena ku Sweden
• Yoga

Makalasi sayenera kukhala achangu kwambiri, koma okhazikika nthawi zonse. Kutalika - kuchokera theka la ola mpaka theka.

Kusankhidwa kwa mankhwala ochepetsa glucose kumachitika ngati kuli kofunikira ndi dokotala.

Phytotherapy

Zomera zina, zipatso ndi mizu zimathandizira kutsitsa shuga:

1. Mapepala a laurel (zidutswa 10) amathira mu thermos ndikutsanulira 200 ml ya madzi otentha. Siyani kwa maola 24. Imwani kapu ya по ofunda 4 pa tsiku.
2. 1 tbsp. supuni ya horseradish wosankhidwa imathiridwa ndi 200 ml ya yogati kapena kefir. Tengani supuni katatu patsiku musanadye.
3. 20 magalamu a walnut kugawa makoma amawiritsa mu kapu yamadzi kwa ola limodzi pamoto wochepa. Phwando - supuni katatu patsiku musanadye. Mutha kusunga msuzi kwa masiku angapo mufiriji.
4. Zipatso ndi ma buliberries zimapereka zotsatira zabwino. 2 tbsp. supuni ya zopangira kutsanulira kapu ya madzi otentha, kunena ola limodzi. Tengani kapu ya ½ musanadye.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pambuyo pazochitika zoyambirira za mawonekedwe a matenda, muyenera kuyang'anira shuga nthawi zonse. Kuyendera kwa dokotala komanso ku labotale kuyenera kukhala kokhazikika. Chizindikirochi ndichofunika kudziwa kukhazikika ndi kulondola kwa njira za metabolic m'thupi. Kuchulukitsa kwakukulu kapena kutsika kwa shuga kumabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa kwa wodwalayo.

Zomwe insulin imapangidwira odwala matenda ashuga: kupanga zamakono ndi njira zopezera

Insulin ndi timadzi tomwe timagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri kuti thupi lathu lizigwira ntchito moyenera. Amapangidwa ndi maselo apachifinya ndipo amalimbikitsa kuyamwa kwa glucose, komwe ndi gwero lalikulu lamphamvu komanso chakudya chachikulu kuubongo.

Koma nthawi zina, pazifukwa zingapo, kubisirana kwa insulini m'thupi kumachepera kapena kusiya, momwe mungakhalire ndi momwe mungathandizire. Izi zimabweretsa kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa kagayidwe kazakudya ndikukula kwa matenda owopsa monga matenda a shuga.

Popanda chithandizo chanthawi yake komanso chokwanira, matendawa amatha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa, kuphatikizapo kutayika m'maso ndi miyendo. Njira yokhayo yoletsera kutukuka kwa zovuta ndi jakisoni wokhazikika wa insulin.

Koma kodi insulin imapangidwira chiyani kwa odwala matenda ashuga ndipo imakhudza bwanji thupi la wodwalayo? Mafunso awa ndiwokondweretsa kwa anthu ambiri omwe amapezeka ndi matenda a shuga. Kuti mumvetsetse izi, muyenera kuganizira njira zonse zopezera insulin.

Zowonjezera zina

Kupanga kwa insulin popanda maipi mu masiku amakono kuli kovuta kulingalira, chifukwa amatha kusintha zinthu zake zamankhwala, kuwonjezera nthawi yofunikira ndikuchita zoyera kwambiri.

Mwa zomwe ali nazo, zosakaniza zina zonse zitha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

• prolongators (zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka nthawi yayitali ya mankhwala),
• mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
• olimbitsa, chifukwa chomwe acidity yoyenera imasungidwa mu yankho la mankhwalawa.

Kupitiliza Zowonjezera

Pali ma insulin omwe amagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali omwe zochita zake zimakhala kwa maola 8 mpaka 42 (kutengera gulu la mankhwalawo). Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha kuwonjezera pa zinthu zapadera - zotambuzira ku yankho la jakisoni. Nthawi zambiri, imodzi mwamafuta awa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi:

Mapuloteni omwe amalimbitsa nthawi ya mankhwalawa amayeretsedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndipo amakhala otsika pang'ono (mwachitsanzo, protamine). Mchere wamchere wa zinc sukhudzanso zochita za insulin kapena thanzi la munthu.

Madera okhathamiritsa

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapangira insulini ndikofunikira kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tisachulukane panthawi yosungirako ndikugwiritsa ntchito momwemo. Zinthu izi ndizosungirako komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawo amasungidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati wodwala amapereka mahandawo kuchokera kwa iye yekha, ndiye kuti mankhwalawo amatha kwa masiku angapo. Chifukwa cha ma antibacterial apamwamba kwambiri, sangakhale ndi mwayi wotaya mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa choganiza kuti zitha kubereka mwanjira yankho la ma virus.

Zinthu zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera majeremusi popanga insulin:

Popanga mtundu uliwonse wa insulini, zinthu zina zoyambitsa matenda zimakhala zoyenera. Kuchita kwawo ndi mahomoni kuyenera kufufuzidwa pamlingo woyeserera koyambirira, popeza osungirako sayenera kusokoneza zochita za insulin kapena kusokoneza katundu wake.

Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osungirako nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti timadzi timadzi timene timatulutsa pakhungu popanda kulandira mankhwala asanachitike ndi mowa kapena antiseptics (wopanga nthawi zambiri amatanthauza izi pamalangizo). Izi zimathandizira kukhazikitsa kwa mankhwalawa ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa pokonzekera jakisoni wokha. Koma malingaliro awa amangogwira ntchito ngati yankho limaperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito syringe imodzi ya insulini ndi singano yopyapyala.

Olimbitsa

Olimba amafunika kuti pH yothetsera vutoli ikhalebe yokhazikika. Kusungidwa kwa mankhwalawa, ntchito zake ndi kukhazikika kwa katundu wamafuta zimadalira kuchuluka kwa acidity. Popanga mahomoni a jakisoni kwa odwala matenda ashuga, ma phosphates nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi.

Kwa insulin yokhala ndi zinc, njira zothetsera kukhazikika sizofunikira nthawi zonse, chifukwa zitsulo zazitsulo zimathandizira kukhalabe koyenera. Ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti mitundu ina ya mankhwala imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa phosphates, popeza kuphatikiza kwa zinthu izi kumabweretsa kupendekera ndi kusakwaniritsidwa kwa mankhwalawo. Chuma chofunikira chomwe chikuwonetsedwa kwa okhazikika onse ndi chitetezo ndi kulephera kulowa pazosintha zilizonse ndi insulin.

A endocrinologist wokhoza bwino ayenera kuthana ndi kusankha kwa majakisoni obwera ndi shuga kwa wodwala aliyense payekhapayekha. Ntchito ya insulin sikuti kungokhala ndi shuga wambiri m'magazi, komanso osati kuvulaza ziwalo zina ndi machitidwe ena. Mankhwalawa ayenera kukhala osalowerera m'thupi, otsika pang'ono komanso oyenera kugula. Ndiwothekanso kosavuta ngati insulin yosankhidwa ikhoza kusakanizidwa ndi mitundu yake ina kutengera nthawi yochitapo kanthu.