Kodi ndichifukwa ninji ndimatenda ati chiwindi chimapanga cholesterol yambiri?

Thupi laumunthu ndi dongosolo langwiro, lopangidwa mwachilengedwe, momwe mulibe chilichonse chowoneka bwino. Zinthu zonse zopangidwa ndi ziwalo zamkati zimagwira ntchito zawo, ndipo ma metabolites omwe amatha Munthu ndi dongosolo loyenera. Nanga bwanji chiwindi chimatulutsa cholesterol yambiri? Kapena mwina sizonse zomwe zili zoipa kwambiri?

Udindo wa cholesterol m'thupi

Cholesterol ndi gawo lofunikira la zimagwira ma cell. Zotsirizazo, ngati mapanelo amchenga, zimakhala ndi gawo mkati ndi kunja kwa phospho- ndi glycolipids ndi dense wandiweyani pakati pawo. Cholesterol ili pakatikati, ikusewera ngati chosindikizira, chosasunthika komanso mtundu wamtundu womwe umalepheretsa kuyenda kwa mamolekyulu ku cell imodzi kupita kwina.

Popeza maselo onse amthupi amakhala ndi ma membala awo a cytoplasmic, cholesterol imapezeka m'matupi onse. Amawapatsa mawonekedwe komanso zotanuka pamtunda wambiri. Komanso ndikofunikira:

• kapangidwe ka mahomoni amtundu wa adrenal tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timagazi,
• kupanga ma asidi a bile, omwe amachititsa kuti chakudya chikhale chogaya m'magazi,
• potenga proitamin D kukhala vitamini wathunthu,
• kukhathamiritsa mayamwidwe otsala mafuta osungunuka.

Amapangidwa makamaka m'chiwindi, ngakhale zimakhala zina (epithelium ya impso, matumbo, gace ya sebaceous) zimagwira nawo ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lina lake limachokera kunja ndi chakudya. Kolesterol ya Exo native kuchokera m'mimba yamagaya imalowetsanso chiwindi. Apa ndipomwe amaphatikiza ndi mapuloteni kuti apange lipoproteins, pomwepo amatengedwa ndi mtsinje wamagazi kupita kumalo ofunikira ndikuchita nawo mbali zosiyanasiyana zamitundu mitundu.

Kusiyana kwa lipoproteins kumangokhala kuchuluka kwa cholesterol kuma protein. Ngati pali mapuloteni ochulukirapo, kukula kwa lipoproteins ndikokulira, ndipo kachulukidwe kakakulu. Zochepetsera zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mapuloteni, zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni othandizira komanso kutsitsa magawo ake akuthupi. Koma zilizonse zomwe zingakhale, ma lipoproteins amawonongeka, ndipo zinthu zowonongeka zimatulutsidwa ndi matumbo, pang'ono, ndi impso ndi khungu.

Ndi lipoprotein yochulukirapo yomwe imakhala ndi cholesterol m'magazi ndi / kapena chokwanira chokwanira cha zinthu zomwe zimawola, chikhalidwe cha hyperlipidemia chimayamba. Sichingakhale chowopsa ngati makhoma amkati a ziwiya sanawonongeke ndi poizoni kapena posintha magazi. Ndipo ndi zaka, chiopsezo chotenga zowonongeka, zomwe zikutanthauza matenda amtima, zimachuluka kwambiri. Izi zimayambitsidwa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, zizolowezi zoipa, kuwonetsa nkhawa.

Ma lipoproteins otsika kwambiri amakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu kuti atseke zolimba zovuta zomwe zikubwera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti alibe "zoipa" m'malingaliro awo. Komabe, popeza kuti palibe kudziletsa! Cholesterol owonjezera amayamba "mokoma" mkati mwa membrane wamaselo a mtima. Komano amadziunjikira osawongolera, kuwawononga, komanso kupitilira kale endothelium - makulidwe a khoma lakale. Chifukwa chake mapangidwe a atherosulinotic amapangidwa, omwe amachepetsa lumen ya mitsempha yamagazi ndipo ndiye gawo lalikulu kwambiri la atherosulinosis.

Ndiye kodi chiwindi ndi cholesterol zimalumikizana bwanji? Chifukwa chiyani hypercholesterolemia imachitika? Ndipo ndi zamatsenga ziti zomwe zimatsogolera pakuwonongeka kwa fayilo yayikulu yathupi?

Kaphatikizidwe wa cholesterol m'chiwindi

Cholesterol yopangidwa m'chiwindi komanso kuchokera kumtunda wam'mimba umamangiriza mapuloteni mkati mwa ma cell a chiwindi. Ntchitoyi imadutsa pamagetsi 20, kuti mumve zambiri zomwe sizikumveka. Chofunikira kumvetsetsa ndikuti lipoprotein yama kachulukidwe kotsika kwambiri imapangidwa (ali ndi cholesterol yambiri komanso mapuloteni pang'ono). Ndipo, m'chiwindi, mothandizidwa ndi michere yapadera, gawo lamafuta limasweka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni amamu amapangira mapuloteni: lipoproteins yotsika imapezeka.

Amalowa m'magazi ndipo amayenda ndi zotumphukira. Maselo osowa amayendetsa cholesterol ndikuigwiritsa ntchito pazolinga zake. Zotsalira za lipoprotein zotsalira zomwe zimakhala ndi cholesterol yotsika komanso kuchuluka kwa protein yambiri kumachotsedwa m'maselo kupita m'magazi. Amatchedwa lipoproteins apamwamba.

HDL imazungulira m'magazi, ndikulowanso m'chiwindi. Theka limodzi la iwo limagwira monga maziko a kapangidwe ka bile acid omwe amapanga bile. Imalowa ndulu ndikuyika pamenepo. Pakudya, bile limaponyedwa m'matumbo ndipo limakhudzidwa ndi chimbudzi. Cholesterol osagwiritsidwa ntchito "amamalizidwa" ndi ma cellorganorganic am'mimba, ndipo ma metabolites omwe amayamba amatsitsidwa mu ndowe. Hafu yachiwiri imayamba mu gawo latsopano la lipid metabolism.

Cholesterol imapangidwa m'chiwindi motsogozedwa ndi kukhazikika kwa magazi: ndi hypercholesterolemia, kaphatikizidwe kamachepa, ndi hypocholesterolemia imathandizira. Ma hepatocytes athanzi amatha kukhalabe ndi cholesterol yathanzi kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale ali ndi moyo wa atherogenic (kudya mafuta ambiri a nyama, kusuta, mowa, kupsinjika, kulephera kuchita zolimbitsa thupi, kunenepa kwambiri).

Koma pali malire pa chilichonse: pali nthawi yomwe chiwindi sichingathenso kuyang'anira cholesterolemia. Kusokonezeka kwa metabolic koteroko m'thupi kumatha kuchitika pazifukwa zazikulu zinayi:

• Kudya mafuta ochulukirapo komanso osalamulika kuyambira kunja,
• kusowa kapena kuchuluka kwa ma cell zolandila ma cell omwe amalanda cholesterol m'magazi,
• kuchuluka kwa mafuta a cholesterol,
• kubereka kosagwira.

Kuchuluka kwa chakudya, matenda a ziwalo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kaphatikizidwe ndi mafuta a cholesterol, mosakayikira adzatsogolera ku kusalinganika kwake, kenako matenda a metabolic. Choyamba, kuti asinthe mu mphamvu ya fupa la bile, yomwe imayambitsa kupangika kwa miyala mu ndulu, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa LDL m'magazi, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi ma atherosranceotic amana mu makoma oimapo. Pamapeto pake, chilichonse chidzatha ndikukula kwa matenda odziyimira pawokha: matenda a gallstone ndi atherosulinosis.

Ngati tizingokhala pa mapangidwe a lipoproteins amodzi, tiyenera kuganizira mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo la "chiwindi ndi cholesterol": Kodi ubale wogwirizana umataya njira yanji?

Ndi matenda ati omwe chiwindi chimapanga cholesterol yambiri

Chizindikiro chofananira cha cholesterol yathunthu imachokera ku 3,6 mpaka 5, 2 mmol / L. Chilichonse kunja kwa malire kumtunda kumatchedwa hypercholesterolemia. Chiwopsezo chokhala ndi matenda a metabolic chimachuluka ndi hypercholesterolemia chifukwa cha otsika osalimba lipoproteins, omwe amatchedwa cholesterol "yoyipa".

Chifukwa chake, ndimatenda ati omwe ma cell a chiwindi amafunika kupanga cholesterol yambiri "yoyipa"?

1. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa lipoproteins yamagazi (cholowa, cholumikizira hypercholesterolemia, hypothyroidism, kapamba kapena kansa ya prostate, matenda a shuga, kulera, adrenal cortical hyperplasia, kulephera kwa impso, komanso mankhwala ena, chiwindi chimagwira kwambiri kuposa mafuta ake a cholesterol. ntchito. Apa sikuti ali ndi mlandu pa chilichonse.
2. Kuwonjezeka kwa zomwe zimakhala zotsika kwambiri za lipoproteins zimawonedwa ndi cholestasis. LDL imayamba kusendayenda m'makoma a ndende yozunguliridwa pambuyo podziunjikira kwa nthawi yayitali ndikufotokozera mwachidule kwa iwo omwe akuzungulira magazi. Zinthu zotere zimayamba ndi cholelithiasis, blockage of the extretory bile ducts mwa volumetric formations, compression ya intrahepatic bile ducts ndi achilendo minofu kukula mu chiwindi.
3. Ndi cirrhosis, cholesterol "yoyipa" imatuluka chifukwa cha hypertrophy yama cell a chiwindi pamagawo oyamba a matendawa. Pambuyo pake, amachepetsa ndipo m'malo mwake amakhala ndi minyewa ya fibrous. Chifukwa chake, magawo omaliza a ndondomekoyi, cholesterol "yoyipa" imakhala yokhazikika, kenako msamba wake umachepa kwathunthu. Potsatira matendawa, cholesterol yathunthu imatha kuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwambiri kwa lipoprotein, chifukwa hepatocytes sangathe kuzisintha.
4. Zomwezi zimachitikanso ndi hepatitis ya etiology iliyonse kapena kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, chifukwa kulephera kwa chiwindi kumafikanso ku cholesterol synthesis. Miyezi yambiri ya cholesterol yokwanira imalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa osalimba a lipoprotein osadyedwa ndi chiwindi chodwala.

Momwe mungayang'anire momwe chiwindi chilili

Nthawi zambiri, wina “wochokera kubuluu” amapita kukayang'ana chiwindi. Kukankha kuti muchitepo kanthu kungakhale zizindikiro zina za chiwindi:

• kusapeza bwino kapena kuwonda mu hypochondrium yoyenera,
• kukulitsa chiwindi, kupezeka mwangozi pofufuza ziwalo zam'mimba kapena kudzifufuza,
• zosasangalatsa, zowawa zambiri, mkamwa,
• Kuchepetsa thupi
• maonekedwe a icteric madontho a sclera kapena khungu.

Pakuwunika koyamba, kusanthula kwamwazi m'magazi kumachitika, komwe kumatchedwanso kuyesa kwa chiwindi. Zimaphatikizanso kutsimikiza kwa kuchuluka kwa ma enzymes ena, kuchuluka kwake ndi mtundu wa bile pigment bilirubin komanso kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndi albumin yopangidwa ndi hepatocytes. Pofuna kudziwa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yomwe imapangidwa m'chiwindi, mbiri ya lipid imapangidwa. Ngati ndi kotheka, akhoza kupita ku maphunziro ena achindoko. Zotsatira zimayesedwa molumikizana ndi kuwunika kwa chithunzi cha ultrasound cha minyewa ya chiwindi.

Ngakhale zili choncho, zizindikiritso zoyenera za chiwindi sizimapatula chitukuko cha hypercholesterolemia pazifukwa zina. Ngakhale chiwalo chofunikira ichi chimafunikiranso kutetezedwa, monga zina zonse.

Ichi ndi chiyani

Cholesterol ndi chinthu chomwe thupi limafunikira kuti minyewa ipangidwe bwino, mapangidwe a mahomoni, kapangidwe ka mavitamini, kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo lamkati lamanjenje ndikupanga maselo.

Zambiri zimapangidwa ndi chiwindi, ndipo gawo laling'ono chabe limapangidwa mu ziwalo zina ndi minyewa. Mthupi la munthu wamkulu, pafupifupi 1 g ya chinthu imapangidwa patsiku, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira bile, kupanga maselo, ndikupanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Pambuyo pa njirazi, ma lipids owonjezera amawachotsa, motero amakhala bwino pakati pakudya ndi pakumwa.

Ntchito mthupi

Koma, kukanika kwa chiwindi kukayamba, kapena munthu akudya mafuta ochulukirapo, kuchuluka kwake kumasokonekera, ndipo lipids yotsika pang'ono imayamba kulowa m'magazi, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a mtima ndi machitidwe ena.

Zomwe zimayambitsa mafuta ochepa osachulukitsa mwina zimatha kumwa mankhwala: mahomoni a steroid, njira zakulera zam'mimba, zotupa ndi kusankha kosayenera kwa mankhwala a shuga.

Zifukwa zina

1. Kudziletsa.
2. Ma adrenal ndi chithokomiro.
3. Kuperewera kwa chromium ndi vitamini E mthupi.
4. Kulephera kwamkati ndi chiwindi.
5. Matenda a kapamba.

Zomwe zimayambitsa izi ndikuwonjezera izi: kudya pafupipafupi zakudya zamafuta, kudya kwambiri, moyo wokhazikika, kukhalapo kwa zizolowezi zoipa. Anthuwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi hepatosis yamafuta - matenda pomwe maselo a chiwindi amasinthidwa ndi lipids.

Ndi kukula kwa matendawa, hepatocytes yodzaza ndi mafuta amayamba kupsa - mafuta a hepatitis, kapena steatohepatitis, amakula. Pakadali pano, maselo a chiwindi amafa ndikuyamba kusinthidwa ndi minyewa yolumikizana, ziwalo zamagetsi zimalephera, zimayambitsa zovuta, matenda a chiwindi kapena khansa.

Cirrhosis wa chiyambi chilichonse nthawi zambiri amakhala limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mafuta m'thupi. Izi ndichifukwa chiwindi sichitha kuthana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa lipids ochulukirapo m'thupi, koma nthawi yomweyo ukupitiliza kupanga zinthuzi. Odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi hepatic pathologies, ma cholesterol amana amayamba kupanga, kukulitsa nthawi ya matendawa.

Njira zolowera mthupi

Chiwindi ndi cholesterol zimalumikizidwa ndikupanga bile. Amachokera ku mamolekyulu a lipid omwe amapezeka mu hepatic ducts omwe ma asidi a bile amapangidwa, omwe, atatha kuphatikiza ndi mapuloteni, amawayamwa m'magazi.

Mafuta ochulukirapo amabwezeretsedwa ku chiwindi, chopukutika, chotsukidwa m'matumbo aang'ono ndikusiya thupi limodzi ndi ndowe. Ndi hepatic pathologies, kaphatikizidwe ndi kuchoka kwa bile kumasokonekera, kusayenda kumapangidwa - zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti cholesterol iwonjezeke m'magazi ndi zimakhala.

Zizindikiro za lipid metabolism

Dyslipidemia kapena mkhutu lipid kagayidwe samakhudzana ndi chiwindi chokha, komanso matupi ena amthupi ndipo amachititsa njira zingapo zovuta kapena zowawa. Ndipo popeza njira zonse ndizolumikizana ndi thupi, cholesterol chizindikiro chimatha kukhudzanso kuchuluka kwa lipids zina: triglycerides, mafuta acids, phospholipids.

Kuphwanya kapangidwe ka lipids kumabweretsa kukula kwa kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zina, koma zolakwika zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri zimawonedwa ngati chiwonjezeko cha triglycerides ndi cholesterol m'thupi.

Zizindikiro zazikulu za dyslipidemia:

1. Mapangidwe a xanthomas ndi xanthelasma pakhungu ndi pamwamba pa tendons.
2. Kunenepa kwambiri.
3. Anakulitsa chiwindi ndi ndulu.
4. Matenda a mahomoni.
5. Zowonongeka kwa impso.

Potsutsana ndi metabolid ya lipid, zizindikiro zamkati zimapezeka zomwe zimatengera kuchuluka ndi kusowa kwa lipids.

Zizindikiro za milingo yambiri ya lipid:

1. Kuthamanga kwa magazi.
2. Kukula kwa atherosulinosis.
3. Kukula kwa mtima zamitsempha.
4. Mutu.
5. Kunenepa kwambiri ndi zovuta.

Ndi matenda ena amtundu, matenda am'mimba komanso kusala kudya kwakutali, dyslipidimia imayamba, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi lipids yosakwanira.

Zizindikiro za milingo yotsika kwambiri:

1. Kutopa kwa thupi.
2. Khungu lowuma, kutuluka misomali.
3. Kuchepetsa tsitsi.
4. Njira zotupa pakhungu, eczema.
5. Nephrosis
6. Zobereka zapantchito.
7. Kusamba kwamwamuna.

Kuperewera kwa lipids kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa kusinthana kwa mavitamini osungunuka mafuta, ku zovuta zamitsempha, kusowa kwa chithokomiro. Ngati milingo yotsika ya lipid yapezeka mwa mwana, ndiye kuti chitukuko chakuthupi ndi chamaganizidwe chimakhudzidwa.

Njira zoyesera

Nthawi zambiri, cholesterol yokwezeka siyimawonetsedwa ndi zizindikiro zowoneka, ndipo imatha kupezeka kokha pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwachipatala. Mawonekedwe awonetsero ake akusonyeza kuti kwa nthawi yayitali thupi limadwala matenda a lipid metabolism. Kuzindikira za mulingo wake, komanso mavuto ena mthupi, kumayamba ndi mbiri yachipatala ndikuwunika wodwalayo.

Zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pakuyang'ana koyambirira:

Kuphunzira mbiri yaumoyo wa wodwala, kuzindikira kwa matenda obadwa nawo.

Kuyesa kosavuta kwambiri komwe kumatha kuwonetsa kuti cholesterol imakwezedwa ndi kuwerengera kwathunthu kwa magazi.Koma kuti mupeze chithunzi cha kuphwanya, ndikofunikira kudziwa mulidi wa lipids onse pogwiritsa ntchito mbiri ya lipid.

Nthawi zambiri, cholesterol yathunthu sayenera kupitirira 5.3-5.4 mmol / L, kukwera kwapakati mpaka 6 mmol / L ndikotheka, chowonjezera china chimawonetsa chiopsezo cha zovuta - kukulira, kukulira kwazomwe zimayambitsa matenda a mtima. Kusantaku kumakupatsani mwayi kuti muwone kuchuluka kwamafuta otsika kwambiri komanso otsika kwambiri, ndipo ma lipids apamwamba kwambiri satenga mbali yapadera, popeza zotsatira zake zimakhala zabwino. Koma kuchuluka kwa LDL sikuyenera kupitilira 3.9 mmol / L.

Kuti mayesowa awonetse zotsatira zoyenera, muyenera kutsatira malamulo otsatirawa:

1. Tsiku lisanafike mayeso, kupatula zakudya zokazinga, zonunkhira komanso mchere wambiri.
2. Musadye kwambiri patsiku loyeserera.
3. Osasuta m'mawa mpaka magazi atatulutsidwa.
4. Tsiku limodzi lisanawunikidwe, yesani kupatula kusautsika kwakuthupi ndi kwamaganizidwe.

Mutha kudziwa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso apadera omwe angagulidwe ku pharmacy. Koma njira zotere sizitsimikizira 100% yazotsatira. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimatha kuyambitsa zizindikiro, mwachitsanzo, kutentha ndi chinyezi. Chifukwa chake, kuti muwunike bwino mulingo wake m'magazi, ndikofunikira kuti mukapimidwe m'mayeso apadera.

Momwe mungasinthire makina ake?

Kuti muchepetse cholesterol, muyenera kuchotsa zinthu zomwe zinayambitsa kuphwanya lamulo. Odwala ayenera kuyang'anira kudya kwawo ndi kulemera kwawo, kulimbitsa zolimbitsa thupi, kusiya mowa. Pamaso pa hepatic pathologies, wina ayenera kuonedwa ndi katswiri ndikutsatira malangizo a chithandizo.

Mankhwala otchuka kwambiri ochepetsa ndi ma statins. Kuchita kwawo ndikufuna kupondereza kupanga enzyme yomwe imakhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka lipoproteins otsika.

Limagwirira a zochita za statins

Komanso, mankhwalawa amatha kusintha magazi m'magazi, kuchepetsa kuthinana kwamitsempha yamagazi, kuletsa mapangidwe amitsempha yamagazi ndi zolembera zamtundu wa cell ndipo ali ndi vuto lodana ndi kutupa. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti ma statins amatha kuchepetsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda am'mimba komanso zotupa za khansa ku hepatitis ya viral.

Pali mibadwo ingapo ya mankhwala m'gululi, koma akatswiri odziwa bwino amapanga mankhwala otetezeka a chiwindi, mankhwala: Simvastatin, Lovastatin, Fluvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Atorvastatin.

Bile acid sequestrants amachita bile, kupangitsa ena mwa iwo kukhala osagwira. Chifukwa cha izi, chiwindi chimagwiritsa ntchito cholesterol yambiri pakupanga asidi. Mankhwalawa ndi monga: Colestipol, Cholestyramine, Kolesevelam. Sequest bile la asidi amalembedwa pafupipafupi, chifukwa kwenikweni samakhala ndi vuto lililonse mthupi.

Bile Acid Sequestrants

Fibates imaphatikizidwanso ndi bile acids - zochita zawo cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kupanga cholesterol ndi triglycerides ndi chiwindi. Kuchita kwa mankhwalawa cholinga chake ndikulimbikitsa ntchito za ma enzyme omwe amawononga kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri. Zimapangika bwino momwe magazi amapangidwira, motero amapatsidwa mankhwala a atherosulinosis komanso kwa odwala omwe samathandizidwa ndi zakudya komanso kulandira chithandizo mwanjira zina. Fibates zikuphatikizapo: gemfibrozil, fenofibrat, bezafibrat.

Hepatoprotectors amayesedwa kuti azigwira bwino ntchito kwa chiwindi ndikuchotsa mafuta ochulukirapo otsika kwambiri m'maselo ake. Amalandira ngati gawo la zovuta mankhwala komanso kwa odwala omwe ali ndi hepatic pathologies. Zothandiza kwambiri: Zofunikira, Ursosan, Essliver, Heptor, Heptral. Yothandiza hepatoprotective zotsatira ali ndi kukonzekera zochokera artichoke ndi dzungu mbewu mafuta.

Mankhwala ena kuchepetsa kaphatikizidwe:

1. Omega 3, Omacor, Mafuta a nsomba - amachulukitsa cholesterol "yabwino", amathandizira magwiridwe antchito amitsempha yamagazi.
2. Lipoic acid - amamutsa chiwindi, amateteza chakudya komanso mafuta kagayidwe.
3. Mavitamini B12, B6, B9, nikotini acid - amachepetsa mulingo wa chinthu m'magazi.

Pali mankhwala ambiri kuti muchepetse kapangidwe ka cholesterol ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwake m'magazi, kotero muyenera kusankha mankhwala ndi dokotala, ndipo nthawi zina mumayesedwe panthawi ya mankhwalawa kuti muwone momwe mankhwalawo amathandizira.

Udindo wazakudya

Pofuna kusintha kagayidwe ka lipid ndi cholesterol yotsika, ndikofunikira kutsatira zakudya. Ndikofunika kutsatira nambala 10 kapena 14. Ndi tebulo liti lomwe likuyenera, muyenera kufunsa dokotala mukamaliza mayeso.

Zakudya zilizonse kuti muchepetse cholesterol zimaphatikizapo kuphatikizidwa kwa zakudya zokazinga, zamafuta, zamchere, zosuta komanso zosankhidwa. Soseji, tchizi zamafuta, broths zolimba zimasiyidwa. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse kumwa maswiti, mkate, nyama yamafuta, nsomba ndi mkaka wokhala ndi mafuta ambiri.

Zinthu zothandiza pachiwindi:

Zinthu zothandiza komanso zovulaza kwa chiwindi

Chiwindi ndichothandiza kwambiri - chili ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza thupi. Ndikwabwino kudya chiwindi cha nkhuku, nkhuku kapena kalulu - chili ndi 40 mpaka 60 mg ya cholesterol. Mu chiwindi cha ng'ombe - mpaka 100 mg, ndi nkhumba - mpaka 300 mg ya cholesterol, chifukwa chake amafunika kuwachotsera chakudyacho kufikira mlingo wa lipids mthupi utakhazikika.

Chiwindi cha nsomba chimakhalanso ndi cholesterol yochuluka: m'chiwindi cha cod chimakhala pafupifupi 250 mg, ndipo m'chiwindi cha burbot - oposa 600 mg. Chifukwa chake, chiwindi cha nsomba sichimakhudzidwa kwathunthu ndi zakudya, ndipo odwala amalangizidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito nsomba, nsomba, halibut, ndi sardine.

Zithandizo zapakhomo

Kuti muchepetse cholesterol yayikulu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achikhalidwe. Tubage imadziwika kuti ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yoyeretsa chiwindi. Njirayi imakulolani kuti muchotse poizoni ndi zinthu zoopsa ku chiwindi, yeretsani ma ducts a bile kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa bilirubin ndi cholesterol, komanso kupewa mapangidwe a miyala a cholesterol.

Kuti muchite njirayi, muyenera kusungunula supuni ya magnesia kapena sorbitol mu kapu yamadzi ofunda mchere osagwiritsa ntchito mpweya ndikumwa njira yothetsera. Kenako muyenera kunama kumanja kwanu, ikani chopondapo pamalo a chiwindi ndikugona kwa maola awiri. Ngati pali zowawa kapena zowawa, ndiye kuti muyenera kusiya njirayi ndikumwa piritsi la No-shpa kapena la Papaverine.

Kutsukidwa kwa chiwindi sikungathandize ngati simutsatira malamulo oyenera azakudya ndikupitiliza kumwa mowa. Kuti muthandizire kututira, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimathandizira magazi ndi mitsempha yamagazi.

Zitsamba zochiritsira za chiwindi zimatha kusintha kagayidwe ka lipid popanda ndalama zilizonse. Zomwe zitsamba zimathandizira:

Ndikofunika kuphika decoction wazitsamba 3-4 - tengani zofanana zitsamba zilizonse, sakanizani ndi supuni yosonkhanitsa, kutsanulira kapu yamadzi, kusamba mphindi 20 kusamba kwamadzi. Imwani kapu theka katatu patsiku.

1. Mu kapu yamadzi, kwezani 90 g wa ufa wa buckwheat, simmer kwa mphindi 10. Imwani 100 g patsiku.
2. Knead 0,5 makilogalamu a zipatso za hawthorn, kutsanulira 100 ml ya madzi ozizira owiritsa, kuyatsidwa moto ndi kutentha mpaka madigiri 40. Pambuyo pozizira, Finyani zipatsozo, imwani msuzi chifukwa cha supuni musanadye.
3. Potozani mutu wotsukidwa wa adyo ndi mandimu 11 mu chopukusira nyama, kuthira madzi owiritsa owiritsa (700 ml) ndikunyamuka kwa sabata, ndikugwedezeka nthawi zina. Wosefa wosakaniza kumwa 30 ml katatu patsiku theka la ola musanadye.

Chithandizo cha anthu sichitha kungochotsa cholesterol yowonjezera ndikusintha ntchito ya chiwindi, komanso kulimbitsa thupi lonse. Kuti mumvetsetse momwe mankhwalawa amasankhidwa, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mwezi umodzi mukalandira chithandizo, perekani magazi ku mbiri ya lipid.

Kusokonezeka kwa lipid kagayidwe mu chiwindi kumachulukitsa njira ya matenda omwe alipo ndikupangitsa kuti mitundu yatsopano ipangidwe. Mavuto akulu kwambiri ndi awa: matenda a mtima, matenda a mtima, mafuta a hepatosis, cirrhosis ndi khansa ya chiwindi. Anthu onenepa kwambiri komanso okalamba ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yamagazi awo ndikuwathandiza kupewa kuwauka.

Mfundo zachikhalidwe

Mwachilengedwe, mankhwala a cholesterol ndi mowa wokhoza kuphatikiza ndi mafuta acids. Imapezeka m'maselo a zolengedwa zonse. Kupanga kwa cholesterol m'chiwindi kumachitika kudzera m'njira zingapo zovuta zamatumbo. Mwa anthu, zomwe zimapanga maunyolo amtunduwu ndizosiyana ndi zina zachilengedwe. Cholesterol chophatikizika chimaphatikizidwa ndi bile acids mu intrahepatic ducts. Zotsatira zomwe zimalowa zimagwirizana ndi njira wamba. Apa bile kuchokera ku chikhodzodzo amawonjezerapo. Pamodzi, amalowa kudzera papilla wamkulu wa duodenal Vater kulowa duodenum. Apa, mafuta a cholesterol mu bile amathandiza kugaya chakudya.

Kodi molekyu ya cholesterol imapangidwa bwanji?

HMG-CoA reductase michere imachepetsa kupanga kwake. Mankhwala omwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa zinthuzi ndi cholinga chofuna kuchepetsa magazi m'thupi. Kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu a cholesterol amapezeka m'magawo angapo:

1. Kudya kwa viniga acetate ndi zinthu zina zofunika pakapangidwe kenakake kuchokera ku magazi.
2. Kupeza mevalonate. Mitundu yowoneka bwino, yosungunuka m'madzi. Ma cell a hepatatic amatulutsa kuchokera ku mchere komanso esters acid.
3. Kaphatikizidwe ka isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Mamolekyu amatuluka kudzera mu phosphorylation.
4. Mapangidwe a squalene. Mamolekyu a isopentenyl pyrophosphate amaphatikizidwa pazinthu 6. Thupi limafanana ndi mtundu wa carotene mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndipo lili ndi zotsalira 30 za kaboni.
5. Mapangidwe a lanosterol. Yopangidwa ndikudula madzi kuchokera ku squalene. Ndi mankhwala apakatikati a cholesterol synthesis.
6. Maphatikizidwe a mamolekyulu a cholesterol. Zimapezeka kuchokera kutsalira la lanosterol mothandizidwa ndi michere ndi mphamvu.
7. Kuphatikiza mamolekyulu a cholesterol ku bile acids. Bile limapangidwa, lomwe limalowa mu duodenum kuti dige chakudya.

Kufalikira mthupi lonse

Kuchokera ku chiwindi, cholesterol imalowa m'mitsempha ya intrahepatic. Pamenepo amaphatikiza ndi ma asidi a bile omwe amayambitsa. Kulowetsa ma ducts owonjezera, zomwe zimapangidwira zimawonjezeredwa ku bile lomwe limasungidwa mu ndulu. Misa kudzera papilla ya duodenum imalowa m'matumbo kuti itenge nawo gawo pakudya. Zosagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosowa zam'mimbamo cholesterol imalowa m'magazi. Izi zimachitika mothandizidwa ndi lipoproteins. Ma mankhwala a cholesterol amatengedwa ku ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe. Atafika ndi chakudya, amazilowetsa m'matumbo, kulowa m'matumbo amitsempha, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita m'mitsempha. Apa, mafuta a cholesterol amawonongeka ndi hydrolysis kupita ku mafuta acids omwe amatengedwa kupita ku minofu ndi minofu ya adipose.

Kodi imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?

Ma mamolekyulu a cholesterol mu bile amatenga nawo gawo la chakudya cham'mimba. Koma izi sizokhazo ntchito zawo. Cholesterol imalimbitsa membrane wa khungu chifukwa cha magawo awiri a phospholipids. Imalimbitsa makhoma a khungu, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yolimba. Cholesterol ndiyofunikira pakaphatikizidwe ka mafuta sungunuka wa calcium cholecalciferol. Amathandizanso pakupanga ma glucocorticosteroids ndi ma grenadal gones komanso ma cell a grenadal glands. Ma mamolekyulu a cholesterol amalimbitsa khoma la maselo ofiira amwazi, kuwateteza ku ziphe za hemolytic. Amatumizira monga othandizira pazinthu zing'onozing'ono zamapangidwe amakanidwe. Cholesterol imaphatikizidwa pakuphatikizidwa kwa molekyulu ya lipoprotein yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu. Omalizawa amatenga gawo lofunikira mu atherogene. Cholesterol yoyipa ndi low-density lipoproteins (LDL) komanso kachulukidwe kwambiri (VLDL). Ngati pali zochuluka za izo, pamakhala chiwopsezo cha zolembera zam'madzi m'matumbo.

High density lipoproteins (HDL) imatsutsana ndi tizigawo tina. Kuphatikizika kwawo kwambiri m'magazi kumakhala ndi prophylactic kwambiri pakusintha kwa atherosulinotic.

Kodi mamolekyulu amamuthira bwanji?

Ngati munthu adya zakudya zamafuta ambiri, chizindikiro cha izi chimalowa m'maselo momwe cholesterol imapangidwira. Kutengera ndi lingaliro la mayankho, zopangidwa zake ndizoletsa. Ngati pali zochulukirapo kwambiri (zochokera kunja) kapena zamkati (zopangidwa ndi thupi) cholesterol, pakufunika kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake. Kwa izi, pali ubale pakati pa mamolekyulu a cholesterol ndi ma chylomicron ma CD omwe amakhala ndi gawo lina kuchokera mthupi. Kutha kwake kumathandizira chifukwa chochita zolimbitsa thupi mokhazikika, kukana zizolowezi, zakudya zoyenera zomwe zimakhala ndi mavitamini ndi michere yambiri yofunikira. Udindo waukulu mu njirayi ndi wa microflora yamatumbo. Mabakiteriya opindulitsa amaphwanya mamolekyulu a cholesterol kukhala magawo osavuta omwe amachotsa mosavuta m'thupi. Mankhwala amalimbikitsa kuchotsedwa kwa ma statins ndi vitamini nicotinamide.

Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za cholesterol

Kupatula kuti ndi gawo lofunika (fluidity stabilizer) la cytoplasmic membrane, yopereka kukhazikika kwa kawiri wosanjika chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwambiri kwa mamolekyu a phospholipid, cholesterol imadziwonetsera yokha ngati gawo loyang'anira kuvomerezedwa kwa makoma a cell, kuletsa magazi hemolysis (mphamvu ya hemorrism. .

Imathandizanso ngati chinthu choyambirira pakupanga mankhwala a gulu la steroid:

• corticosteroid mahomoni
• mahomoni ogonana
• bile acid
• Mavitamini a gulu la D (ergocalciferorol ndi cholecalciferol).

Poganizira kufunika kwa gawo lirilonse la zinthuzi, zimawonekeratu kuvulaza kwa zakudya zopanda mafuta a cholesterol kapena kuchepa kwaposachedwa koyipa kwa chinthu ichi m'magazi.

Chifukwa chosakhazikika m'madzi, chinthuchi chimatha kunyamulidwa ndi magazi kokha molumikizana ndi mapuloteni otulutsa (apolipoproteins), akaphatikizidwa ndi omwe ma lipoprotein amapangidwa.

Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa ma apolipoproteins angapo (kusiyana ndi kulemera kwa maselo, kuchuluka kwa tropism ya cholesterol, komanso chifukwa chakuvuta kwa kupukutika m'magazi, ndi zinthu zosagwirizana ndi cholesterol crystals kupanga mapangidwe a atherosranceotic), magawo a lipoprotein amadziwika:

• kuchuluka kwambiri (HDL, kapena kulemera kwakukulu, kapena HDL-lipoproteins),
• kachulukidwe kakang'ono (LDL, kapena kulemera pang'ono, kapena LDL-lipoproteins),
• kachulukidwe kotsika kwambiri (VLDL, kulemera kotsika kwambiri, kapena gulu la ma lipoproteins a VLDL),
• ma chylomicrons.

Kwa zotumphukira zakumapeto, cholesterol imalowetsedwa ku ma chylomicrons, LDL kapena VLDL, kupita ku chiwindi (ndikuchotsa pambuyo pake m'thupi) - ponyamula ma apolipoproteins a gulu la HDL.

Mawonekedwe

Kuti malo amodzi a atherosulinotic apangidwe kuchokera ku cholesterol (yomwe imakhala "zigamba" zonse pakhoma lowonongeka la mtsempha ndi "ma spacers" am'deralo omwe popanda iwo kuwonongeka kwa minofu kuyenera kukutsogolera - kapena zinthu zina, ziyenera kupangidwa m'thupi m'malo amodzi:

Popeza ma cell a chiwindi (cytosol yawo ndi yosalala endoplasmic reticulum) ndi omwe amapereka othandizira pawiri (mu 50% kapena kuposa), kapangidwe kazinthuzo kamayenera kuganiziridwa ndendende kuchokera kumbali ya momwe zimachitikira zimachitikira.

Kuphatikizika kwa cholesterol kumachitika mu magawo asanu - ndi kupangika kwotsatira:

• kuchuluka
• isopentenyl pyrophosphate,
• squalene
• lanosterol
• kwenikweni cholesterol.

Zosintha zingapo sizingatheke popanda gawo la michere yomwe imapangitsa gawo lililonse la njirayi.

Kanema pa kapangidwe ka cholesterol:

Enzymes nawo pakapangidwe kazinthu

Pa gawo loyamba (lokhala ndi magwiridwe atatu), kupangidwa kwa acetoacetyl-CoA (apa CoA - coenzyme A) imayambitsidwa ndi acetyl-CoA-acetyltrasferase (thiolase) mwa kuphatikiza mamolekyulu a 2 acetyl-CoA. Kuphatikiza apo, kutenga nawo gawo kwa HMG-CoA synthase (hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase), kaphatikizidwe kuchokera ku acetoacetyl-CoA ndi molekyulu ina ya acetyl-CoA ꞵ-hydroxy-ꞵ-methylglutaryl-CoA itheka.

Pambuyo pakuchepetsa kwa HMG (ꞵ-hydroxy-meth-methyl-glutaryl-CoA) ndi kufalikira kwa chidutswa cha HS-CoA ndikuchita nawo gawo la NADP-hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), chinthu choyambirira chapakati, cholesterol prericor. )

Pa gawo la kapangidwe ka isopentinyl pyrophosphate, ntchito zinayi zimachitika. Pogwiritsa ntchito mevalonate kinase (kenako phosphomevalonate kinase), Mevalonate 1 ndi 2 amasinthidwa ndikubwereza kawiri phosphorylation kukhala 5-phosphomevalonate, kenako 5-pyrophosphomevalonate, yomwe imakhala 3-phospho-5-pyrophosphomevalonate mu magawo atatu a phosphorylate. (ndi gawo la enase.

Ntchito yomaliza ndi decarboxylation ndi dephosphorylation ndikupanga isopentinyl pyrophosphate (yoyambitsidwa ndi gawo la enzyme pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase).

Mu kapangidwe ka squalene, isomerization yoyambirira ya isopentenyl pyrophosphate kuti dimethylallyl pyrophosphate imachitika (motsogozedwa ndi isopentyl phosphatisomerase), ndiye isopentenyl pyrophosphate defence ndi dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (mawonekedwe amagetsi amapangidwa pakati pa C₅ woyamba ndi C₅ chinthu chachiwiri) ndi kupangidwa kwa geranyl pyrophosphate (ndi cleavage wa molekyulu ya pyrophosphate).

Mu gawo lotsatira, chomangira chimapangidwa pakati pa C₅ isopentenyl pyrophosphate ndi C₁₀ geranyl pyrophosphate - chifukwa chovunditsidwa koyambirira ndi kwachiwiri, farnesyl pyrophosphate amapangidwa ndipo molekyulu yotsatira ya pyrophosphate imachotsedwa ku C₁₅.

Gawo ili likutha ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa mamolekyulu awiri a farnesyl pyrophosphate mu zone C₁₅- C₁₅ (pamutu mpaka pamutu) ndikuchotsedwa kwa mamolekyulu 2 a pyrophosphate kamodzi. Povumbitsira mamolekyulu onse, zigawo za magulu a pyrophosphate amagwiritsidwa ntchito, imodzi mwa yomwe imapangidwa nthawi yomweyo, yomwe imatsogolera pakupanga kwa presquale pyrophosphate. Panthawi ya kuchepetsa NADPH (ndikuchotsa pyrophosphate yachiwiri), chinthu chapakatikati ichi (motsogozedwa ndi squalene synthase) chimasanduka squalane.

Pali ntchito ziwiri za kapangidwe ka lanosterol: yoyamba imatha ndi kupanga squalene epoxide (wothandizidwa ndi squalene epoxidase), yachiwiri - ndi cyclization ya squalene epoxide mu gawo lomaliza la siteji - lanosterol. Kusamutsa gulu la methyl kuchokera ku C₁₄ mu C₁₃, komanso kuchokera ku C₈ mu C₁₄ amadziwa oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase.

Gawo lomaliza la kaphatikizidwe kamaphatikizidwe ka zochitika zisanu. Zotsatira zake makulidwe a C₁₄ Gulu la methyl la lanosterol limapanga phula lomwe limatchedwa 14-desmethylanosterol. Pambuyo pochotsedwa magulu ena awiri a methyl (mu C₄) thunthu limakhala zymosterol, komanso chifukwa chakuthamangitsidwa kwa chomangira iwiri C₈= C₉ kuyika C₈= C₇ Kapangidwe ka δ-7,24-cholestadienol kumachitika (mothandizidwa ndi isomerase).

Pambuyo posuntha kawiri C₇= C₈ kuyika C₅= C₆ (ndikupanga kwa desmosterol) ndikubwezeretsa kuphatikiza kwapawiri m'mbali mwake, chinthu chomaliza chimapangidwa - cholesterol (kapena m'malo mwake, cholesterol). Enzimu ya "δ" 24-reductase "imatsogolera" gawo lotsiriza la cholesterol synthesis.

Zomwe zimakhudza mtundu wa cholesterol?

Poganizira mphamvu zochepa za lipoproteins (LDL) yocheperako, momwe amathandizira kulimbitsa makhwala a cholesterol (ndi mapangidwe amtundu wa atherosulinosis m'mitsempha yamagazi omwe amachititsa kuti mtima ukhale ndi zovuta zamankhwala komanso mtima), ma lipoprotein amtunduwu amatchedwa "cholesterol yoyipa", pomwe lipoproteins yapamwamba yomwe kulemera kwamankhwala (HDL) yokhala ndi katundu wotsutsana (popanda chiwopsezo cha atherogenicity) imatchedwa cholesterol "yothandiza."

Poganizira kufananirana kwa lingaliro ili (thupi silingakhale chothandiza mwanjira iliyonse kapena zovulaza), komabe, njira zikuperekedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chachikulu cha mtima wam'magazi kuti ateteze ndi kuchepetsa LDL pamlingo woyenera kwambiri.

Ndi chiwerengero pamwambapa 4.138 mmol / l, kusankha zakudya kumalimbikitsidwa kuti achepetse 3.362 (kapena kuchepera), mulingo wapamwamba 4.914 umakhala chisonyezo chofotokozera chithandizo chamankhwala kuti chichepetse kudya kwawo mankhwala.

Kuchuluka kwa kachigawo kakang'ono ka magazi ka "cholesterol yoyipa" kumayamba chifukwa cha zifukwa:

• zolimbitsa thupi (zolimbitsa thupi),
• kudya kwambiri chakudya (kudalira chakudya), komanso zotulukapo zake - kunenepa kwambiri kapena kunenepa kwambiri,
• Zakudya zopanda malire - zokhala ndi mafuta ambiri omata, maswiti, ma muffins) zomwe zimawononga zomwe zili ndi pectin, fiber, mavitamini, michere yama michere, michere ya polyunsaturated mafuta.
• kupezeka kwa zakumwa zozizilitsa kukhosi (kusuta, kumwa mowa mwa mitundu ingapo ya zakumwa zoledzeretsa).

Kukhalapo kwa matenda amtundu wamatenda amodzi kumathandizanso.

• matenda a ndulu
• zovuta za endocrine ndi hyperproduction ya mahomoni a adrenal cortex, kuchepa kwa chithokomiro kapena mahomoni ogonana, kapena matenda ashuga a shuga.
• aimpso ndi kwa chiwindi kusakwanira kwa magawo ena a kapangidwe ka lipoprotein "othandiza" omwe amapezeka mu ziwalo izi.
• cholowa dyslipoproteinemia.

Mkhalidwe wa cholesterol metabolism mwachindunji umatengera mkhalidwe wamatumbo microflora, omwe amathandizira (kapena amaletsa) kuyamwa kwa mafuta azakudya, komanso amatenga nawo gawo pazinthu, kusinthika, kapena kuwonongeka kwa sterols a exo native kapena endo native.

Ndipo mosinthanitsa, kuti muchepetse chizindikiro cha "zoyipa" cha cholesterol chotsogolera:

• maphunziro akuthupi, masewera, kuvina,
• kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi osasuta fodya komanso mowa,
• chakudya choyenera chopanda kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamagetsi chosavuta, chokhala ndi mafuta ochepa a nyama - koma ndi zokwanira za CHIKWANGWANI, mafuta achilengedwe a polyunsaturated, lipotropic zinthu (lecithin, methionine, choline), kufufuza zinthu, mavitamini.

Kanema kuchokera kwa katswiri:

Kodi machitidwe ali bwanji mthupi?

Pafupifupi 20% yokha ya cholesterol yomwe imalowa m'thupi ndi chakudya chomwe imadya - imapanga 80% yotsala yokha; kuphatikiza chiwindi, kaphatikizidwe kameneka kamachitika ndi maselo osavuta a maselo:

• matumbo
• adrenal glands
• impso
• maliseche.

Kuphatikiza pa njira yakale yopangira mamolekyulu a cholesterol omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa, ndizothekanso kuipanga pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopanda mevalonate. Chifukwa chake, imodzi mwazomwe mungasankhe ndikupanga chinthu kuchokera ku glucose (chomwe chimachitika kudzera mu ma enzymes ena komanso pansi pazinthu zina).

Kaphatikizidwe ka Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate

Mapangidwe a mevalonate amapezeka m'magawo atatu.

1. Kupangidwe kwa acetoacetyl-CoA kuchokera mamolekyu awiri a acetyl-CoA wogwiritsa ntchito thiolase enzyme acetoacetyl transferase. Zomwe zimachitikazo ndizosintha. Amachitika mu cytosol.
2. Mapangidwe a β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA kuchokera ku acetoacetyl-CoA ndi molekyulu wachitatu wa acetyl-CoA wogwiritsa ntchito hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMG-CoA synthase). Zomwe zimachitikanso ndizosinthanso. Amachitika mu cytosol.
3. Mapangidwe a Mevalonate mwa kuchepetsa HMG ndi cleavage wa HS-KoA pogwiritsa ntchito NADP-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase). Imapezeka mu GEPR. Uwu ndi njira yoyamba kusinthika mu cholesterol biosynthesis, komanso imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol biosynthesis. Kusinthasintha kwa diurnal pakupanga kwa enzyme kumeneku kunadziwika. Ntchito zake zimawonjezeka ndikumayambitsa ma insulin ndi mahomoni a chithokomiro, amachepetsa ndi njala, kukhazikitsidwa kwa glucagon, glucocorticoids.

Chiwembu:

Pali njira zina zopangira mevalonate.

Kaphatikizidwe ka isopentenyl pyrophosphate edit |