Zomwe zimayikidwa mu cell yokhala ndi matenda amtundu wa 1 amaperekedwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga

Padziko lonse la anthu pafupifupi 422 miliyoni omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, 10% ya iwo ali ndi matenda amtundu 1, momwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimawonongera maselo a chamba omwe amachititsa insulini. Kwa zaka zopitilira 15, asayansi akhala akuyesera kuti apeze njira yogwiritsira ntchito maselo a stem kuti awabwezeretse, koma cholepheretsa cholinga ichi chinali kulephera kuwapanga kugwira ntchito mkati mwa thupi.

Viacyte waku California amakhala akuyang'ana njira zoyendetsera zovuta izi. Kukula kwa kirediti kadi, kachipangizo ka PEC-Direct kamakhala ndi maselo otulutsa minyewa omwe amatha kukhwima m'thupi la munthu kupita ku maselo a islet, omwe awonongeka mu mtundu 1 wa shuga.

Chowikiracho chimayikidwa pansi pa khungu la mkono, mwachitsanzo, ndipo chimayenera kulipilira zokha chifukwa cha kusowa kwa maselo a islet potulutsa insulin poyankha kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi. Pankhani yakukwanira kwa ntchitoyi, izi zimatchedwa othandizira, chifukwa mankhwalawa amayenera kupita ku autoimmune, ndipo maselo a stem pamenepa amalipira kuchepa kwa islet.

Kuwongolera shuga

Chitetezo cha chipangizo chofanana ndi maselo ocheperako chidayesedwa kale mwa anthu 19 omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga. Pambuyo pakuzilowetsa, maselo oyambilira omwe adayikidwa mu chipangizocho amakhala ndi ma islet maselo, koma mowerengera kuchuluka kwa maselo osakwanira kuthandizira kunagwiritsidwa ntchito.

PEC-Direct tsopano yaperekedwa kwa odwala awiri omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, ndipo munthu wina adayikiridwa posachedwa. Matumba a minyewa yakunja ya chipangizocho amalola kuti mitsempha ya magazi izitulutsa mkatikati, ndikupereka magazi ku maselo otsogolera islet.

Kuyembekezeredwa kuti maselo okhwima pambuyo pa miyezi itatu akhoza kuthana ndi shuga wamagazi ndikamasula insulin pazofunikira. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga asiye kuyang'anitsitsa shuga wamagazi ndikulowetsa insulin. Pochita izi, adzafunika kumwa mankhwala a immunosuppress kuti asawononge chitetezo cha maselo achilendo ndi chitetezo cha mthupi.

Mtsogolomo, ngati njirayi imagwira ntchito, njira yochizira matenda ashuga 1 isintha kwathunthu. Pafupifupi zaka 20 zapitazo, adagwiritsanso ntchito njira yofananira, yomwe imakhala ikuphatikiza maselo opereka a kapamba, omwe amathandiza bwino anthu ofunikira jakisoni wa insulin. Koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa opereka, odwala ochepa okha ndi omwe angalandire chithandizo chamtunduwu.

Palibe chovuta kupeza maselo a stem. Zidayamba kupezeka kuchokera ku mluza wopanda pake wa mzimayi yemwe adachita IVF. Ma cell a Embryonic amatha kufalikira mosawerengeka, chifukwa chake, pakuchitika kwa kulowetsedwa, njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwa odwala onse omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1.

"Kupeza insulini yopanda malire kumathandiza kwambiri matenda ashuga," atero James Shapiro, wogwirizana ndi Viacyte pantchitoyi, amenenso adazindikira njira yoberekera zakale zapitazo.

Matenda a shuga

Matenda a shuga, matenda ashuga, matenda ashuga (kuchokera ku Greek 6, _3, ^ 5, ^ 6, ^ 2, `4, _1,` 2, "profuse urination") (malinga ndi ICD-10 - E10-E14) - gulu la endocrine matenda a metabolic omwe amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa shuga (glucose) m'magazi chifukwa cha mtheradi (shuga 2, wodalira insulin, malinga ndi ICD-10 - E10) kapena wachibale (wodwala matenda ashuga 2, osadalira insulini, malinga ndi ICD-10 - E11) kuperewera kwa insulin.

Matenda a shuga amaphatikizidwa ndi kuphwanya lamulo mitundu yonse kagayidwe: chakudya, mapuloteni, mafuta, mchere ndi madzi amchere, ndipo zimatha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa mu matenda a mtima, kulephera kwa impso, kuwonongeka kwa retina, kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, kukanika kwa erectile.

Dinani ndikugawana nkhaniyi ndi anzanu:

Zizindikiro zowoneka bwino za matenda a shuga ndi ludzu (DM 1 ndi DM 2), kununkhira kwa acetone kuchokera mkamwa ndi acetone mu mkodzo (DM 1), kuchepa thupi (DM 1, ndi DM 2 m'magawo apambuyo), komanso kukodza mopitirira muyeso, kuchiritsa koopsa mabala, zilonda zam'miyendo.

Anzanu okhazikika a shuga amakhala ndi shuga mumtsempha (shuga mkodzo, glucosuria, glycosuria), ma ketoni mumkodzo, acetone mu mkodzo, acetonuria, ketonuria), mapuloteni ocheperako wamba mu mkodzo (albuminuria, proteinuria) ndi hematuria (zamatsenga, hemoglobin , maselo ofiira am'madzi mu mkodzo). Kuphatikiza apo, pH ya mkodzo m'matumbo a shuga imasunthira kumbali ya acidic.

Mtundu woyamba wa matenda a shuga 1, matenda a shuga 1, (wodalira insulin, mwana) ndi matenda a autoimmune a endocrine system yodziwika ndi mtheradi kusowa kwa insulini, chifukwa chakuti chitetezo cha mthupi, pazifukwa zosamveka lero, chikuukira ndikuwononga maselo a pancreatic beta omwe amapanga insulin ya mahomoni. Matenda a shuga amtundu woyamba amathanso kukhudza munthu wazaka zilizonse, koma matendawa amakula mwa ana, achinyamata ndi achikulire osakwana zaka 30.

Kusintha kwa khungu

Cell encapsulation ndi ukadaulo womwe umapangitsa maselo kugwiritsa ntchito polimitsa yolumikizira ma polymer yomwe imalola kuphatikizika kwa ma okosijeni a okosijeni, zinthu zomwe zimakula komanso michere yofunikira pakupanga ma cell, komanso kuyambitsa kwakunja kwa zinthu zofunika komanso mapuloteni othandizira. Cholinga chachikulu cha kufalikira kwa maselo ndikuthana ndi kukana kosinthika muukadaulo wa minofu ndipo potero kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ma immunosuppressants atatha kufalikira kwa ziwalo ndi minofu.

Ma polima achilengedwe alisitates, chifukwa chopezeka, kuphatikiza mitundu iwiri komanso kuthekera kosavuta kwa biodegrad (biodegradation), masiku ano amatengedwa kuti ndi zida zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma membrane ochepera.

Kusintha kwa maselo mu ma alginate gels, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asayansi aku America m'maphunziro awo, amatanthauza njira zofewa zofowokeramo - maselo amakhalabe amoyo ndipo amatha kuchita njira za polyenzymatic. Ubwino wa alginate gel osakira ndikuti maselo amatha kutchulukitsa mmenemo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma alginate gels amatha kusungunuka ndikusintha kwa kutentha ndi pH, komwe kumalola kudzipatula kwa maselo ogwira ntchito ndikuthandizira kafukufuku wamagulu awo.

Zolemba

Zolemba ndi kufotokozera kwa nkhani "Maselo omwe aphatikizidwa pochiza matenda a shuga 1."

Njira zamagetsi - dongosolo la ziwalo zomwe zimaphatikiza ziwalo ndi zimakhala zomwe zimateteza thupi la munthu ku matenda, kuzindikira ndikuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso maselo otupa. Chitetezo cha mthupi chimazindikira mitundu ingapo ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - kuyambira mavairasi kupita pa mphutsi za parasitiki, ndikuwasiyanitsa ndi ma biomolecule a maselo awo. Choyambitsa matenda a shuga 1 ndikuti, pazifukwa sizikudziwika masiku ano, ma antibodies oyimbana ndi ma pancreatic cell amayamba kukula mthupi la munthu, kuwawononga.
Selo ya Beta, ^ 6, -Cell - imodzi mwamitundu ya ma cell a endocrine ya kapamba. Ntchito ya maselo a beta ndikusunga insulin yokwanira m'magazi, kuonetsetsa kuti insulin yapangidwa mwachangu, komanso kapangidwe kake, ndikuwonjezera kwambiri shuga. Kuwonongeka ndi kusokonezeka kwa maselo a beta ndizomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa matenda a shuga a mitundu yoyamba (mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga, wodalira insulin) ndi wachiwiri (mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga, osadalira insulini).
Zikondwerero - chida cham'mimba, cholocha chachikulu ndi ntchito za intracretory ndi exocrine. Ntchito ya prancine ya kapamba ndichinsinsi cha madzi a kapamba omwe ali ndi michere ya m'mimba. Popanga mahomoni (kuphatikiza insulini), kapamba amatenga gawo lofunikira pakupititsa patsogolo mapuloteni, mafuta ndi carbohydrate metabolism.
Insulin, insulini ndi mapuloteni okhala ndi chibadwa cha peptide, chomwe chimapangidwa mu maselo a beta a pancreatic a Langerhans. Insulin imakhudzanso kagayidwe kachakudya m'zotupa zonse, pomwe ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuchepetsa (shuga) m'magazi. Insulin imakulanso kupezekanso kwa michere ya plasma ya glucose, imayendetsa michere yofunika ya glycolysis, imalimbikitsa mapangidwe a glycogen mu chiwindi ndi minofu kuchokera ku glucose, ndikuwonjezera kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni ndi mafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, insulin imalepheretsa ntchito za ma enzyme omwe amawononga mafuta ndi glycogen.
Glycemia, "Shuga wamagazi", "glucose" (kuchokera ku Greek wakale ... 7, _5, `5, _4, a3,` 2, "okoma" ndi ^ 5, O91, _6, ^ 5, "magazi") - Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zolamulidwa mwa anthu (homeostasis). Mlingo wa glycemia (shuga wamagazi) zimatengera momwe thupi la munthu lilili, zaka zake, zimatha kusiyanasiyana chifukwa chodya, kupsinjika, zifukwa zina, komabe, mwa munthu wathanzi, nthawi zonse amabwerera kumalire ena.
Maselo a pancreatic, islets of Langerhans - zochuluka za maselo opanga mahomoni (endocrine), makamaka mchira wa kapamba. Pali mitundu isanu ya maselo apakhungu: maselo a Alpha obweretsa glucagon (wogwirizira mwachilengedwe wa insulin), maselo a Beta obisa insulini (ogwiritsira ntchito mapuloteni olowetsa mapuloteni kuyendetsa glucose m'maselo a thupi, kuchititsa kapangidwe ka glycogen mu chiwindi ndi minofu, kuletsa gluconeogenesis), Delta- maselo obisala somatostatin (kuletsa chinsinsi cha tiziwalo tambiri), maselo a PP amatulutsa polypeptide ya pancreatic (zoletsa zobisika za kapamba ndikulimbikitsa chinsinsi cha madzi am'mimba) ndi maselo a Epsilon, secreting ghrelin (chilimbikitso cholimbikitsa). Munkhani "Ma cell ophatikizidwa pochiza matenda a shuga 1", amachedwa maselo a beta omwe amatchedwa cell pancreatic.
Machirowa, immunosuppressants - kalasi ya mankhwala, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati mapiritsi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka ma immunosuppression (ma immunosuppression), makamaka pakupatsidwa impso, chiwindi, mtima, m'mafupa.
Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts University of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT ndi amodzi mwa masukulu otchuka kwambiri ku US ndi dziko lonse lapansi, yunivesite ndi malo othandizira kafukufuku omwe ali ku Cambridge (malo ochepa a Boston), Massachusetts, USA. Sukuluyi, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1860 (maphunziro akhala akupitilira kuyambira 1865), lero (pofika Meyi 2017), ophunzira 13,400 akuphunzira izi: zomangamanga, zamatsenga, zamlengalenga, sayansi, zaumunthu, zamankhwala, zamakono, zamakono masamu, kasamalidwe, physics, chemistry. Mwa omaliza maphunziro a Massachusetts Institute of Technology pali opambana Mphotho 27 za Nobel, komanso akatswiri otchuka azachuma, andale, olemba, osewera, oyimira maumboni ena, kuphatikiza: Mtsogoleri wakale wa Federal Reserve Ben Shalom Bernanke, Mlembi wakale wa UN Kofi Annan, wakale Prime Minister AIsrael Net Nethuhu, woyambitsa mnzake wa Hewlett-Packard (HP) William Reddington Hewlett, woyambitsa mnzake wa Gillette (tsopano ndi gawo la Procter & Gamble) a William Emery Nickerson, anthu ena otchuka.
Chipatala cha ana a Boston, Chipatala cha Boston Children ndi chipatala chotsogolera cha ana (malinga ndi U.S. News & World Report), imodzi mwa zipatala zakale kwambiri ku United States (lotsegulidwa mu 1867), okonzekera kulandira odwala 395 nthawi yomweyo. Pakati pa asayansi odziwika komanso asing'anga omwe mayina awo amagwirizana kwambiri ndi chipatalachi: 1) Virologist, Dr. John Franklin Enders (Mphotho wa Nobel mu Physiology kapena Medicine, 1954), yemwe adawonetsa mtundu watsopano wa pneumococcus polysaccharide omwe adatsimikizira gawo lofunikira lothandizira pa opsonization mabakiteriya okhala ndi ma antibodies ena, omwe anakhazikitsa kuti kachilombo ka poliomyelitis kalibe vuto linalake lothandizira minofu yamanjenje ndipo adapanga njira yachilengedwe yopangira poliomyelitis virus yomwe idapanga katemera wa chikuku rg-transplantologist Joseph Edward Murray (Mphotho wa Nobel mu Physiology kapena Medicine, 1990), yemwe kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya zamankhwala adasinthira impso pakati pa mapasa awiri ofanana, woyamba adachita kulumikizana (kufalitsa impso kwa wodwala kuchokera kwa wopereka wosagwirizana naye), adamugulitsa impso woyamba woperekayo. Murray wakhala mtsogoleri wadziko lonse lapansi poika biology pakugwiritsa ntchito ma immunosuppressants komanso kafukufuku wamakanidwe othandizira kukana.
Kuyankha koyipa - kuphatikiza kwamitundu yambiri, mgwirizano wa chitetezo cha mthupi, choyambitsa ndi antigen omwe amadziwika kale kuti ndi achilendo, ndipo umalimbana ndi kufafaniza. Chodabwitsa cha kuyankha kwamthupi ndi maziko a chitetezo chokwanira.
Ku USA pulofesa, pulofesa (wotsikira) amatchedwa chilichonse mphunzitsi waku koleji, mosasamala kanthu zaudindo. Ndi Pulofesa, Pulofesa (wogwiritsa ntchito chilembo chachikulu) amatanthauza udindo winawake. Maudindo osiyanasiyana ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mutu wa "profesa" amaperekedwa ndi mabungwe apamwamba apamwamba. M'dongosolo la maphunziro aku America, pali nsanamira zitatu (maudindo) atatu omwe ali ndi dzina loti "profesa": Pulofesa wothandizira (pulofesa wothandizira) - "pulofesa wamkulu" - nthawi zambiri udindo woyamba wolandiridwa ndi wophunzira wopambana, Gwirizanani ndi Pulofesa (wothandizira pulofesa) - udindo womwe umaperekedwa pambuyo pake

Zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi za ntchito yopambana ngati profesa wachinyamata, Pulofesa wathunthu (pulofesa wathunthu) - udindo womwe umaperekedwa pambuyo pa zaka 5-6 zogwira ntchito bwino m'mbuyomu, malinga ndi zina zowonjezera.

A Samuel A. Goldblith Career Development Chairman.

David Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research - Center for Cancer Research ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Bungweli limachita kafukufuku woyambira pazomwe zimayambitsa khansa, kuyang'anira matendawa ndi momwe khansa imayankhira pomvera mankhwalawa. Bungwe la Koch silimapereka chithandizo chamankhwala ndipo silichita zoyeserera pachipatala, likugwira ntchito limodzi ndi malo a khansa.

Jocelyn Shuga CenterJoslin Diabetes Center ndiye likulu lofufuzira padziko lonse lapansi, chipatala chachikulu kwambiri cha matenda ashuga padziko lapansi, komanso mtsogoleri wamkulu wadziko lonse wodziwitsa anthu za matenda ashuga, chithandizo ndi kupewa. Dzhoslinsky Diabetes Center imadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zopititsa patsogolo, zomwe zawonjezera kuchuluka kwa ana obadwa ndi amayi omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, zomwe zikuchitika zomwe zachepetsa kuchuluka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, ndi matekinoloje ena atsopano omwe amalimbikitsa kupezeka kwa prediabetes. Jocelyn Diabetes Center, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1949, lero ikugwirizana ndi Harvard Medical School (Harvard Medical School). Center ili ndi othandizira othandizira odwala 46 ku United States, ndi awiri akunja. Likulu la Jocelyn Diabetes Center lili ku Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

JdrfJuvenile Diabetes Research Foundation ndi zachifundo zokhazikitsidwa mu 1970 zomwe zimathandizira maphunziro a matenda ashuga a mtundu woyamba. Likulu la gululi lili ku New York, nthambi zake zili m'maiko ambiri a USA, komanso kunja (ku Australia, Canada, Denmark, Israel, Netherlands ndi Great Britain).

Glucose, shuga, glucose (kuchokera ku Greek wakale ... 7, _5, `5, _4, a3,` 2, - "wokoma") - wopepuka wazopopera, wopanda utoto kapena oyera oyera makhiristo, osanunkhira, okoma ku kulawa, chinthu chomaliza cha hydrolysis cha zotulutsa zambiri ndi ma polysaccharides . Glucose ndiye gwero lalikulu komanso lamphamvu kwambiri kupezeka mphamvu zonse mthupi.

Mapuloteni, mapuloteni, mapuloteni - kulemera kwakukulu kwamankhwala organic zozikidwa pa alpha amino acid. Maamino acid pakuphatikizidwa kwa mapuloteni amaphatikiza ma peptide bond (omwe amapangidwa momwe amino gulu la amino acid amodzi ndi gulu la amino acid ndi kutulutsidwa kwa molekyulu yamadzi). Pali magawo awiri a mapuloteni: mapuloteni osavuta, omwe amasintha kokha kukhala amino acid pa hydrolysis, ndi mapuloteni ovuta (holoprotein, proteinid), omwe ali ndi gulu laopeka (cofactors), pamene mapuloteni ovuta ndi hydrolyzed, kuphatikiza ma amino acid, gawo lopanda mapuloteni kapena zinthu zake zowonongeka zimatulutsidwa. Mapuloteni ma enzymes amachititsa kuti magazi azikhala amathandizidwe, okhala ndi chidwi chachikulu pakapangidwe kazakudya. Mapuloteni amodzi payekhapayekha amachita ntchito yamakina kapena yopanga, ndikupanga cytoskeleton yomwe imasunga mawonekedwe a maselo. Kuphatikiza apo, mapuloteni amatenga gawo lalikulu pama cell ma cell, mu immune system komanso maselo ena. Mapuloteni ndiye maziko opangira minofu ya minofu, maselo, ziwalo ndi minofu mwa anthu.

Maphunziro a postdoctoral, maphunziro a postdoctoral, postdocs - ku Western Europe, North America ndi Australia, kafukufuku wasayansi wochitidwa ndi wasayansi yemwe wangolandira kumene Ph.D. Chifukwa chake, wasayansi yemwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu amatchedwa wophunzira wasukulu.

Maselo a tsinde - maselo osakhazikika (osagwirizana) omwe amatha kudzikonzanso ndikupanga maselo atsopano a stem, amagawanika ndi mitosis, komanso amasiyanitsa maselo ena apadera, ndiko kuti, amasintha kukhala maselo a ziwalo zosiyanasiyana. Ndi maselowa omwe amatenga nawo mbali pomanga timabowo tathupi, magazi ndi chitetezo chathupi chomwe chimapereka thupi lathunthu.

kusakhazikika«>Kusavomerezeka, chitetezo cha mthupi, chitetezo chokwanira - kuthekera kwa thupi kupatsa yankho labwinobwino kwa antigen. Ndiye kuti, awa ndi magwiridwe antchito a chitetezo chathupi, omwe amateteza chitetezo chokwanira mthupi kuchokera kwa othandizira ndi ma cell a chotupa, komanso mankhwala omwe ali ndi antigenic katundu. Kusatetemera kumatanthauza kutsutsana ndi kufooka kapena kufooka kwa chitetezo chathupi.

Triazoles, triazoles - zophatikiza zachilengedwe za kalasi ya heterocycle, mkombero wamagetsi asanu wokhala ndi maatomu atatu a nayitrogeni ndi maatomu a kaboni awiri mu mkombero, kuwonetsa zinthu za acidic komanso zopanda mphamvu. Ma Triazoles amatha kusungunuka mosiyanasiyana m'minyewa yambiri yama michere; ma triazoles osasungunuka amasungunuka m'madzi. Mphamvu zotumphukira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zothandiza pa zochita zosiyanasiyana, kutsitsa mtima, kukhala ndi antispasmodic, hypotensive, antipsychotic ndi antibacterial.

Njira yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo kwambiri yodziwira kusintha kwamkodzo pH ndizisonyezo za pH, ngakhale zizindikiro za ketone ndizoyenera kwambiri kwa matenda ashuga.

Alginic acid, alginic acid, alginate, ndi polysaccharide, zinthu zowoneka ngati mphira, zotengedwa kuchokera ku bulauni, ofiira, ndi algae wobiriwira. Alginic acid ndi heteropolymer wopangidwa ndi zotsalira ziwiri za polyuronic acid (L-guluronic ndi D-mannuronic) mosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimasiyana kutengera mtundu wa algae. Mchere wamchere wa Alginic umatchedwa alisitates. Ma alginate odziwika kwambiri ndi calcium alginate, potaziyamu alginate ndi sodium alginate.

Polemba nkhani kuti asayansi aku America adagwiritsa ntchito maselo osungidwa pochiza matenda a shuga 1, momwe ma alginate gel amagwiritsidwira ntchito ngati membala, zida zidziwitso ndi zolemba pa intaneti, malo a News MIT.edu, Nature.com adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magwero. Diabetes.org, Joslin.org, JDRF.org, ChildrensHospital.org, ScienceDaily.com, EndocrinCentr.ru, RSMU.ru, Cardio-Tomsk.ru, Wikipedia komanso zofalitsa zotsatirazi:

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