21 November, 2024
    Insulin

    Ntchito ya insulin mthupi: timadzi timene timakhala ndi shuga?

    Kwa zaka zambiri osalimbana ndi ma DIABETES?

    Mutu wa Bungwe: “Mudzadabwitsidwa kuti kumakhala kovuta motani kuchiritsa matenda a shuga tsiku lililonse.

    Shuga mellitus ndi matenda omwe amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa katulutsidwe (kapena kusakhalapo kwathunthu) kwa pancreatic insulin. Kuti athandize kufooka kwa timadzi timeneti m'thupi, madokotala amatipatsa jakisoni wa insulin. Koma mwa odwala ena, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo sikumapereka zotsatirapo. Nanga bwanji ngati insulini siyithandiza? Ndipo ndi chiyani chomwe chingasokoneze kugwira ntchito kwake?

    Moyo wa alumali ndi malo osungira

    Pali zifukwa zambiri zosonyeza kuti insulini sithandiza odwala matenda ashuga kusintha shuga. Ndipo choyambirira, ziyenera kudziwika kuti, monga mankhwala ena aliwonse, insulin ili ndi tsiku lotha ntchito, pambuyo pake kugwiritsidwa ntchito sikungopereka zotsatira zabwino, komanso kungavulaze kwambiri thanzi.

    Nthawi yomweyo, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti nthawi ya insulin iyenera kuwerengedwa mutatsegula mankhwalawa. Mwatsatanetsatane za moyo wamatumba

    Komanso, ngakhale masiku atha kukhala abwinobwino, mankhwalawo amatha kutha msanga ngati wodwala satsatira malamulo oti asungidwe. Zinthu zokhala ndi insulini ziyenera kutetezedwa kuti zisazizidwe, kuzizira kwambiri komanso kuyatsidwa ndi dzuwa. Iyenera kusungidwa kutentha kutentha kwa 20 (madigiri 20 mpaka 22) ndi malo amdima.

    Zolemba zogwiritsira ntchito

    Nthawi zambiri, anthu odwala matenda ashuga amapatsidwa jekeseni wambiri wa insulin limodzi ndi insulin. Monga lamulo, mankhwalawa amasonkhanitsidwa mu syringe imodzi ndikuperekedwa nthawi imodzi. Komabe, pankhaniyi ndikofunikira kutsatira malingaliro onse a dokotala. Nthawi zambiri, chithandizo cha odwala omwe amadzipangira okha mankhwalawa kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kukhala ndi insulin ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe jakisoni samathandizira kuti shuga asungidwe.

    Mankhwala omwe akhala akuchita kwa nthawi yayitali amatha kutaya katundu wawo ngati atasakanizidwa ndimankhwala osakhalitsa. Mothandizidwa ndi owongolera, mphamvu zawo zimaponderezedwa, ndipo jakisoni sapereka zotsatira. Pachifukwa ichi, madokotala salimbikitsa kuti apange zisankho zawo pankhani yosakaniza mitundu ingapo ya insulini.

    Kuphatikiza apo, ngati insulin siyithandiza, ndikofunikanso kuwunika momwe kayendetsedwe kake kamayendera. Anthu ambiri amalakwitsa pakubaya, chifukwa chomwe amalephera kuchiritsa matenda awo.

    Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri samvera chidwi ndi kukhalapo kwa mpweya mu syringe. Ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kukhalapo kwake kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni omwe adayambitsidwa ndipo, mwachilengedwe, motsutsana ndi maziko a izi, njira yotsitsa shuga m'magazi imalepheretseka.

    Gawo lofunikanso pakupanga jakisoni ndikusankha kwa malo a jekeseni. Zimakhala zoyipa kwambiri ngati kumayambiriro kumachitika m'chiuno kapena m'mbali mwa khungu pamwamba pa matako. Zingwe ziyenera kupangidwa mwachindunji kumapewa kapena pamimba. Magawo awa ndi oyenera kwambiri kutsata insulin.

    Komabe, jakisoni m'gawo lomwelo amaletsedwa. Ndikofunikira kuti muzitha kuphatikiza magawo a mankhwalawo moyenera, chifukwa magwiridwe akewo amatengera izi. Akatswiri amatanthauzira ma aligoramu angapo pakuyambitsa insulin. Loyamba - kwa mankhwala aliwonse ali ndi gawo lake.Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, ngati wodwala agwiritsa ntchito insulin yochepa, ndiye kuti iyenera kuperekedwa pakhungu pamimba, popeza pano ndiwothandiza kwambiri. Ngati insulin yogwira ntchito yayitali imagwiritsidwa ntchito, iyenera kuyikidwa m'dera la phewa, etc. Zonsezi zimakonzedwa ndi adotolo.

    Algorithm yachiwiri ndikupaka mankhwalawo pamalo omwewo kwa sabata, pambuyo pake dera la jakisoni likusintha. Ndiye kuti, poyamba munthu amatha kupereka jakisoni padera la phewa lamanja, ndipo patatha sabata ayenera kusintha jakisoni, mwachitsanzo, kumadera a ntchafu lakumanzere. Kusintha kwa jakisoni wa insulin kuyenera kuchitika masiku 7 aliwonse.

    Malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi ndendende malamulo amenewa omwe amathandizira kuti adzigwira bwino. Komabe, izi sizinthu zofunikira zonse zofunika kuziganizira mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi insulin.

    Malangizo owonjezera

    Mwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa adipose omwe amakhala osawoneka ndi mfuti. Nthawi yomweyo, odwala samakayikira kupezeka kwawo, kumawazindikira ngati minofu ya adipose, pomwe amaba jakisoni. Mwachilengedwe, munthawi imeneyi, zotsatira za mankhwalawa zimacheperachepera, ndipo nthawi zina palibe zotsatira zake zimawonedwa kuchokera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake.

    Ndipo monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zambiri zimatengera gawo la mankhwalawa. Koma sizinawonetsedwepo kale kuti mukabayidwa ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kwathunthu dera lonse. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mankhwalawo alowetsedwera pambuyo pake, ndiye kuti gawo liyenera kukulitsidwa mpaka kumapeto a inguinal.

    Malo pakati pa nthiti ndi navel amaonedwa ngati malo abwino kwambiri oyendetsera insulin. Kuyika malo opaka jakisoni sikuti kumangowonjezera mphamvu ya mankhwalawo, komanso sikuti kumayambitsa mapangidwe azisindikizo zopweteka zomwe zimachitika, mwachitsanzo, pamene insulin imalowetsedwa m'chigawo cha gluteal.

    Zochitika zomwe zimachitika mankhwala asanakhazikitsidwe zimathandizanso pakuwonekera kwake. Anthu ambiri amathandizira jakisoni wa m'deralo ndi mowa, womwe umaletsedwa mwamphamvu, chifukwa mowa umawononga insulin, ndipo kutha kwake kumachepetsedwa kwambiri.

    Poona izi, ambiri odwala matenda ashuga ali ndi funso lambiri momwe angapangire khungu. Ndipo palibe chomwe chikufunika. Kuopsa kwa kachilombo pobweretsa insulin yamakono ndi ma syringe omwe amagulitsidwa ndizochepa, chifukwa chake, chithandizo chowonjezera pakhungu jakisanachitike. Pankhaniyi, zitha kuvulaza.

    Ndipo musanalowe mankhwalawa, muyenera kupanga khola la khungu, kulikhomera ndi zala zanu ndikukoka pang'ono. Kupanda kutero, mankhwalawa amatha kuyambitsa minofu, yomwe imakhudza zotsatira zake. Potere, silikulimbikitsidwa kuti limasulidwe khungu mpaka mankhwala ataperekedwa kwathunthu.

    Zina zoyambitsa insulin kulephera

    Kuphatikiza pazolakwika za anthu odwala matenda ashuga ndi kuyambitsa insulin, pali zinthu zina zomwe zingayambitse kuchepa kwa ntchito ya mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zikuphatikiza:

    • insulin kukana
    • kukula kwa matenda a Samoji.

    Kuti mumvetsetse chifukwa chake kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya insulini, ndikofunikira kulingalira izi mwatsatanetsatane.

    Kukana insulini

    Ngakhale wodwalayo ataba jakisoni wolondola, sangapereke zotsatira zomwe akufuna. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala kukana kwa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zodabwitsazi mu mankhwala zimatchedwa "metabolic syndrome."

    Zinthu ngati izi zimatha kupangitsa kukula:

    • kupezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa thupi,
    • cholesterol yayikulu magazi,
    • kulumikizana pafupipafupi ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi (matenda oopsa),
    • matenda a mtima
    • polycystic ovary (mwa akazi).

    Ngati wodwala ali ndi metabolic syndrome ndipo akapatsidwa jakisoni wa insulin, ndiye kuti sangapereke chilichonse. Ndipo zonse chifukwa choti maselo amthupi omwe ali munthawiyi amalephera kuyankha mahormoni. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumakwera kwambiri, komwe kapamba amapatsa mphamvu - imazindikira kuchuluka kwa glucose monga kuchepa kwa insulini mthupi, imayamba kutulutsa timadzi tating'ono tomwe, chifukwa chake, maselo ake "amatopa" ndipo kuchuluka kwa insulini m'thupi kumapitirira masiku onse . Zonsezi zimabweretsa kuyipa kwa wodwala.

    Kukana kwa insulini nthawi zambiri kumawonetsedwa ndi izi:

    • kudya magazi,
    • kuthamanga kwa magazi
    • kutsitsa cholesterol "yabwino" m'magazi ndikuwonjezera "oyipawo",
    • kuchuluka kwambiri kwa thupi
    • kuwoneka kwa mapuloteni mumkodzo, komwe kumawonetsa kukula kwa aimpso.

    Ndipo chifukwa choti kukana insulini kumatha kudzetsa mavuto akulu azaumoyo, kusowa kwa zotsatira pambuyo pakupereka mankhwalawa kuyenera kumuchenjeza wodwalayo ndikupangitsa kuti awunikenso, zomwe zingatsimikizire kapena kutsutsa kukula kwa vuto ili. Ngati matendawa atsimikizira, wodwalayo ayenera kulandira chithandizo chokwanira.

    Samoji Syndrome

    Matenda a Samoji amapanga mtundu wa insulin. Amakhala mu mawonekedwe a kuyankha kwa thupi kuukira mwadongosolo kuwonjezeka shuga. Matenda a Samoji amawoneka ndi izi:

    • Masana pali kusinthasintha kwakukuru kwamlingo wamagazi m'magazi, kenako ndikulowera kumalire ena, kumapeto.
    • pafupipafupi kuukira kwa hypoglycemia, komwe kumatha kuwonekera pompopompo posachedwa
    • kuwoneka mumkodzo wa matupi a ketone (wapezeka ndi kutumiza kwa OAM),
    • njala yosalekeza
    • kunenepa
    • Mlingo wa insulin ulikulidwe, matenda akuwonjezeka,
    • ndi chimfine, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi sikusinthika (izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti kachilombokaakalowa m'thupi, pamafunika mphamvu zambiri kuti athetse).

    Odwala ambiri, akangoona kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, amayamba kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa insulin yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, osakambirana ndi adokotala. Koma kuchita izi ndizoletsedwa. M'malo mochulukitsa kuchuluka kwa insulini yoyendetsedwa, muyenera kulabadira zina, monga mtundu wa chakudya chomwe mumadya, masewera olimbitsa thupi (wokhala ndi moyo wangwiro, ndalama zamagetsi ndizochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga) komanso kupezeka kwa kuchuluka kwambiri kugona ndikupumula.

    Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga komanso kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi kwa nthawi yayitali sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito jakisoni wa insulin. Chowonadi ndichakuti kwa munthu aliyense wodwala matenda ashuga pamakhala miyezo yama glucose amomwe amamva bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito insulin pankhaniyi kungayambitse kukula kwa matenda a Somogy komanso kufunikira kwa chithandizo chowonjezera.

    Kuti atsimikizire kupezeka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ambiri a insulin m'thupi, wodwalayo amafunika kufufuza njira zingapo. Chofunikira kwambiri mu bizinesi iyi ndi muyezo wamagulu a shuga wamagazi. Osatinso masana, komanso usiku. Kusanthula kumachitika nthawi zonse. Kuyesa koyambirira kwa magazi kuyenera kuchitika pafupifupi 9 koloko madzulo, miyeso yonse yotsatira iyenera kuchitika maola atatu aliwonse.

    Ndi chitukuko cha matenda a Somogy, kuchepa kwambiri kwa shuga m'magazi kumawonedwa pafupifupi 2 koloko m'mawa.Ndipo ziyenera kudziwika kuti ndi usiku womwe thupi limadya mphamvu zochepa, chifukwa chake, insulin yomwe imayambitsidwa nthawi ya 8-9 pm izichita bwino kwambiri komanso motalika. Kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi a Somoji syndrome nthawi zambiri kumawonedwa m'maola 6.7 m'mawa.

    Ndi njira yoyenera, Somoji syndrome imachiritsidwa mosavuta. Chachikulu ndikutsatira mosamalitsa malingaliro onse a adokotala ndipo musapitirire muyeso wa mankhwala okhala ndi insulin.

    Malangizo pakuwerengera kuchuluka kwa insulin

    Kuchita kwa insulin mwachindunji kumatengera mlingo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati mungalowe mu kuchuluka kosakwanira, kuchuluka kwa shuga kwa magazi kumakhalabe kosasinthika. Ngati mukulitsa kuchuluka, ndiye kuti izi zingapangitse kukula kwa hypoglycemia.

    Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga shuga kuti awerenge molondola kuchuluka kwa insulin. Pankhaniyi, mfundo zotsatirazi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa:

    • Ultra-yochepa-kuchita insulin mlingo kusintha. Nthawi zambiri, anthu omwe samayang'anira zakudya zawo amakumana ndi vuto la postprandial hyperglycemia. Zimachitika ngati wodwalayo asanadye chakudya asanayambitse kuchuluka kwa insulin ndipo nthawi yomweyo amadya mkate wambiri kuposa momwe angafunikire. Zikatero, makonzedwe a insulin mwachangu amakhala okwanira.
    • Kusintha kwa insulin yayitali kwa nthawi yayitali kumadalira shuga m'magazi ndi m'mawa.
    • Ngati wodwala ali ndi matenda a Somoji, muyezo wamankhwala otulutsira m'mawa uyenera kukhala magawo awiri kuposa madzulo.
    • Ngati pali matupi a ketone mu mkodzo, kuchuluka kwa insulin yochepa-mwachidule kumayikidwa.

    Nthawi yomweyo, monga tanena kale, zakudya za wodwalayo komanso zolimbitsa thupi tsiku lonse zimaganiziridwa. Chifukwa chakufunika kuzindikira zonsezi, ndi dokotala yekha yemwe angakhazikitse mlingo woyenera wa insulin, womwe ungagwire ntchito pochiza matenda a shuga.

    Ntchito ya insulin mthupi: timadzi timene timakhala ndi shuga?

    Ma mahormoni amathandizira pakugwira ntchito kwa thupi lonse. Insulin, monga imodzi mwazinthu izi, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

    Ma mahomoni onse opangidwa ndi tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala, koma nthawi imodzimodzi imalumikizidwa ndi chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri - kukhala ndi udindo pakuwongolera kagayidwe kachakudya ka thupi, komanso kagwiridwe kabwino.

    Palibe lingaliro loti ndi liti mwa zinthu zachilengedwe zoyambira, nanga udindo wachiwiri ndi uti. Onsewa amalumikizidwanso mumtambo umodzi wosasinthika, ndipo ngati pali cholumikizira chimodzi, pulogalamu yonse imaphwanyidwa.

    Udindo wamahomoni m'thupi la munthu

    Udindo wamahomoni m'thupi umayamba kuonekera ngakhale munthu asanabadwe, m'mimba, popeza ndi iwo omwe amatenga nawo gawo lonse la zomwe zimachitika pakukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo, zimakhudza kukula kwake ndi mapangidwe ake.

    Ma mahormoni ndi zinthu zofunikira kwachilengedwe zomwe zimalowa m'magazi a anthu ndipo kudzera mu magazi ake zimakhudza kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo zonse zamkati ndi machitidwe. Chifukwa cha zinthu zotere, kagayidwe kachakudya m'thupi kamayendetsedwa, metabolism imathandizira kapena kutsika pang'ono.

    Chimodzi mwamafunso amachitidwe amthupi ndi kusungitsa homeostasis ndi mphamvu ya thupi yogwira ntchito bwino komanso bwino. Ma Horone amakonda kuponderezana kapena kulimbikitsa kukula kwa wina ndi mnzake poletsa kapena kuwonjezera kupanga kwa "abale" awo.

    Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za mahomoni ndi zinthu zokhala ndi mahomoni ndizophatikiza:

    • kukula kwa minofu ndi mafupa
    • ali ndi udindo wa kagayidwe, kagayidwe kazakudya, kayendedwe ka glucose mu thupi glu
    • khazikitsani thupi lamunthu munthawi zosiyanasiyana zadzidzidzi (zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugwedezeka, kulimbana) ꓼ
    • kuyang'anira dongosolo ndi kayendetsedwe ka machitidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha munthuꓼ
    • konzekerani thupi la munthu magawo atsopano a moyo (kutha msinkhu ndi chikhalidwe) ꓼ
    • kukhala ndi udindo wothandizira kubereka komanso kuyendetsa zogonana amuna ndi akaziꓼ
    • muthane ndi njala ndi kukwiya, komanso kumva kuzungulira kwa kuzungulira.

    Ma hormone onse amthupi amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu - wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, ngakhale atakhalapo mwa anthu onse, mosatengera jenda. Kusiyanitsa kokhako ndiko gawo lawo la masanjidwe. Makamaka zinthu ngati izi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutha msinkhu.

    Ma mahoni ogonana achimuna omwe ndi androgens amaphatikizapo testosterone, androsterone, androstenedione, androstenediol.

    Pochizira mafupa, owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito DiabeNot bwino. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

    Mahomoni achikazi, omwe amaphatikiza estrogen ndi gestagen, amaphatikiza estradiol, estrone, ndi estriol.

    Kuphatikiza apo, mahomoni a chithokomiro (makamaka paubwana ndi unyamata) amatenga gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa thupi lonse.

    Makina opanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe zimatengera mphamvu ya zinthu zakunja ndi zakunja. Ma mahomoni ena ayenera kukhala osakhazikika tsiku lonse, popeza momwe zimakhalira zimagwira ntchito kagayidwe kazachilengedwe komanso njira zina zofunika komanso kagayidwe kazinthu zimatengera kuchuluka kwawo.

    Zina mwazinthu izi, makamaka, zimaphatikizapo timadzi tothandiza kutulutsa chithokomiro, chithokomiro cha chithokomiro.

    Hypoglycemic hormone ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito?

    Insulin m'thupi la munthu ndiyo imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Mukuchita izi, amathandizidwanso ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimagwira, monga adrenaline ndi norepinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, corticosterol ndi mahomoni a chithokomiro.

    Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'thupi kumachulukanso munthu akangodya zophatikiza ndi chakudya. Poyankha pazakudya zotere, zikondamoyo zimayamba kupanga kuchuluka kwa insulini, komwe kumayambira njira yogwiritsira ntchito shuga, ndikuwapatsira magazi mthupi lonse.

    Tisaiwale kuti kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi ndikakonzedwa, kupanga kwa insulin, ndi kagwiridwe kabwino ka kapamba, kumayima. Ngati pali vuto pantchito yokhazikika, thupi, ndipo mutatha kupanga kuchuluka kwa shuga, silileka kupanga mahomoni awa.

    Kuchita koteroko kumachitika chifukwa cha zovuta za insulini kulowa m'maselo ndi minyewa ya thupi, yomwe imasokoneza moyenera njira ya metabolic. Pali mawonekedwe oti chidwi cha maselo momwe insulin imathandizira zimadalira thupi la munthu - kuchuluka kwambiri kwa minofu ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta, insulin yabwino imalowera minofu.

    Udindo wa insulin m'thupi la munthu umaonekeranso mu ntchito zina, zosafunikira kwenikweni. Izi zikuphatikizapo kukondoweza kwa kaphatikizidwe kazakudya zomanga thupi mu minofu, kusweka kwamafuta ndi lipids, kutsegula kwa lipogenesis.

    Zokhudza thupi za insulin ndi izi:

    1. Kupereka kwathunthu ndi kupatsa shuga kwa maselo onse amthupi, kuwapatsa mphamvu yofunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, timadzi timene timalimbikitsa kulowa kwake mu ma cellular, ndikukulitsa kupezeka kwa ma membrane a ma cell.
    2. Insulin ndi chothandizira cha kaphatikizidwe ndi kulepheretsa kuchepa kwa glycogen mu minofu minofu ndi chiwindi.
    3. Mosangalatsa zimakhudza njira yodzikundikira lipid ndi kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni.
    4. Insulin imalimbikitsa kuyika kwa lipid mu minofu ya adipose.
    5. Imayambitsa ntchito ya michere yomwe imathandizira kutsika kwa shuga. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu ya anabolic ya momwe insulin imagwirira ntchito.
    6. Insulin imayambitsa zoletsa zina za ma enzyme zomwe zimayambitsa kuthamanga kwa lipids ndi glycogen, zomwe zimawonetsedwa mu mphamvu ya anticatabolic ya mahomoni.

    Ngakhale pali ntchito zambiri, zotsatira zazikulu za insulin m'thupi ndi hypoglycemic.

    Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino

    Insulini ndi mahomoni omwe ali ndi vuto la hypoglycemic.

    Kuperewera kwake kapena kuchuluka kwake kudzadziwonetsa mwa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amitundu.

    Kuyesa kozindikira kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwamahomoni m'thupi kungayang'anitsidwe ndi katswiri wazachipatala kapena kukhala chifukwa chogwirizana ndi zomwe wodwalayo akufuna kudziwa pofuna kupewa.

    Zizindikiro zofunikira za kuchuluka kwa mahomoni zimakhazikitsidwa ndi ma postulate azachipatala pazotsatira zotsatirazi:

    • muubwana, kuchuluka kwa insulin kumakhala kotsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi akulu, ndipo kuyambira magawo atatu mpaka makumi awiri pa sentimita iliyonse
    • mwa amuna ndi akazi, malire omwe amakhazikika mpaka pamtunda wapamwamba kwa mayunitsi makumi awiri ndi asanu
    • momwe ma mahomoni azimayi oyembekezera amakhala ndi zosinthika zazikulu, motero, panthawiyi, kuyambira magawo sikisi mpaka makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu asanu ndi limodzi amadziwika kuti ndi insulin.

    Kuzindikira, komwe kumachitika kuti mupeze insulin (zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa) ndi kuchuluka kwake m'thupi, zimaphatikizapo kusakanikirana kwa magazi a venous.

    Potere, njira zokonzekera zimakhala malamulo oyenera:

    1. Zitsanzo za zinthu zoyeserera zimachitika m'mawa ndipo nthawi zonse pamimba yopanda kanthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu sayenera kudya chakudya ndi zakumwa zingapo (kupatula madzi wamba) osachepera maola eyiti mpaka khumi njira isanachitike.
    2. Kuphatikiza apo, zoletsedwa zimaphatikizanso kutsuka mano anu ndi mano omwe amakhala ndi shuga, kutsuka mkamwa ndi zinthu zapadera zaukhondo, komanso kusuta.
    3. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kumwa mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala kungasokoneze chithunzi chenicheni. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kupatula kulowa kwawo mthupi la munthu asanachitike sampuli ya magazi (pokhapokha ngati mankhwalawo ndi ofunikira kwa munthu), ndiye kuti adotolo amasankha zoyenera kuchita pakadali pano.
    4. Madzulo a njira yodziwikitsa, sikulimbikitsidwa kusewera masewera kapena kudziwonetsa kwambiri thupi molimbitsa thupi.

    Kuphatikiza apo, ngati kuli kotheka, musakhale ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa zina.

    Nthawi yomweyo musanagwiritse ntchito njirayi, muyenera kukhazika mtima pansi ndikupuma pang'ono (mphindi khumi mpaka khumi ndi zisanu).

    Kodi kuchepa kapena kuchuluka kwa mahomoniwo kumawonetsa chiyani?

    Kuchuluka kwakukwana kapena kuchuluka kwa mahomoni m'thupi kumatha kukhala chizindikiro cha kukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda ndikusokoneza thanzi la munthu.

    Chifukwa chake, muyenera kumvetsera thupi lanu mosamala ndipo ngati zizindikiro zikuwoneka, mukayezetsa kuchipatala.

    Ngati zonyansa zikupezeka pazowunikira, muyenera kufunsa uphungu wa endocrinologist.

    Kuchuluka kwa insulin kumathandizira kuwonetsedwa kwa zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

    • anjala yosalamulira yomwe imayenda ndi munthu masana, kulephera kudya, kusowa mtima,
    • kutopa kwa thupi, kumva kutopa kwambiri komanso kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito.
    • kwambiri kumakulitsa thukuta, ngakhale munthu atakhala bata.
    • kupezeka kwamavuto kupuma, mawonekedwe a kupuma movutikira kulimbitsa thupi pang'ono kapena mwamphamvu.
    • kukula kwa mavuto ndi khungu, mawonekedwe a kuyabwa, redness kapena totupa,
    • ngakhale ndi moyo wanthawi zonse komanso zakudya zosasintha, pali phindu lakuthwa, lomwe nthawi zambiri limabweretsa kunenepa kwambiri m'mimba.

    Kuphatikiza apo, munthu amatha kukumbukira kusokonezeka ndi kuchepa kwakachetechete kwakanthawi ndikulephera kulolera. Chizindikiro ichi chikuwonekera kwambiri mwa anthu omwe akuchita ntchito zamaganizidwe.

    Mochulukirapo, zizindikiro za kuchuluka kwa insulin m'magazi zitha kuwoneka ngati kusokonezeka kwa tulo kapena mavuto ndi impso.

    Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mahomoni azikhala ndi nthawi yochepa komanso osatha azitha kusiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina, munthu osazindikira, amakwiya kukula kwa zizindikiritso zabwinobwino, amawononga zinthu zambiri zosavuta zamagulu omwera.

    Zifukwa zazikulu zowonjezera kuchuluka kwa mahomoni m'magazi (zochita za insulin) zitha kuchitika ngati pali zinthu zotsatirazi:

    1. Kulakalaka kuonda, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kutsatira zakudya zopanda "njala" kapena kugwiranso ndi njala kwa nthawi yayitali.
    2. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mopitirira muyeso kapena kuchita zolimbitsa thupi zolimbitsa thupi.
    3. Kuperewera kwa malire pokhudzana ndi "kupumula pantchito" ndi kutopa kwambiri.
    4. Zosokoneza, malingaliro ndi malingaliro.
    5. Kukhalapo kwa kunenepa kwambiri, komwe kumakhudza mitsempha ya magazi ndipo kungayambitse kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe kazinthu zamagazi.
    6. Kuperewera kwakukulu kwama mavitamini ndi michere mthupi m'thupi, makamaka chromium ndi vitamini E.
    7. Wodwala pituitary ndi adrenal cortex.
    8. Njira zokhudzana ndi matenda a impso, mapangidwe a zotupa ndi zotupa mu ziwalo.

    Ntchito ya insulin m'thupi imapangidwa m'njira yoti kupangitsa kwake kosakwanira kukhala harbinger ya mtundu 1 kapena matenda ashuga a 2. Mitengo yotsika mwadongosolo ikhoza kuonekeranso kukhalapo kwa zolephera zotsatirazi:

    • mavuto mu magwiridwe antchito a kapamba,
    • kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu kwa chidaꓼ
    • Nthawi ya matenda opatsirana, makamaka mu mawonekedwe.

    Kuperewera kwa insulin kungachitike chifukwa chodziwitsidwa pazinthu zotsatirazi:

    1. Kukhala ndi moyo wosatopetsa komanso kugwira ntchito.
    2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pafupipafupi ndi zakudya zina zosavuta.
    3. Kupsinjika kwakukulu ndi kupsinjika kwa malingaliro.

    Kuperewera kwa insulin kungayambitsenso masewera olimbitsa thupi.

    Kodi ndi mitundu yanji ya zinthu zopangidwa?

    Kupanga insulin - ndi chiyani?

    Matekinoloje amakono azachipatala amapangitsa kuti zitheke kupeza timadzi tosiyanasiyana tomwe timazigwiritsa ntchito pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana a shuga.

    Masiku ano, pali mitundu ingapo ya insulini yomwe imapangidwa yomwe imalola anthu odwala matenda ashuga kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana.

    Mitundu yamahomoni ena opanga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira jakisoni wamkati ndi:

    1. Zomwe zimadziwika ndi ultrashort ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, omwe amawonetsa ntchito zake mkati mwa mphindi zisanu mutakhazikitsa. Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zochizira zimawonedwa pafupifupi ola limodzi jekeseni. Nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu ya jakisoni imatenga nthawi yochepa.
    2. Insulin yochepa-pang'ono imayamba kugwira ntchito pafupifupi theka la ola pambuyo pake pakhungu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti insulini iyenera kumwa pafupifupi mphindi khumi ndi zisanu asanadye. Poterepa, zitheka kukwaniritsa chithandizo chokwanira kwambiri. Monga lamulo, mahomoni onse ochita kupanga mwachidule amapangidwira kuti asamawonekere ku hyperglycemia, yomwe nthawi zambiri imawonedwa pambuyo chakudya.
    3. Hormone ya nthawi yayitali nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi insulin yochepa. Nthawi yawo, monga lamulo, imatenga maola 12 kapena 12.Kwa wodwala yemwe ali ndi matenda a shuga, ndikokwanira kuchita jakisoni awiri kapena atatu a mankhwalawa tsiku lililonse. The achire zotsatira pambuyo jekeseni wayamba kuwonekera pambuyo maola awiri kapena atatu, ndipo pazipita mumagazi zimawonedwa pambuyo pafupifupi maola sikisi ndi asanu ndi atatu.
    4. Insulin yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi insulin yochepa. Iyenera kuperekedwa kamodzi patsiku, nthawi zambiri m'mawa. Cholinga chachikulu cha insulin yokhazikika ndikukhalabe ndi matenda a glycemia usiku. Kugwira bwino kwa jakisoni wovulalayo kumayamba kuonekera patatha pafupifupi maola asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo zotsatira zake zokha zimatha kukhala maola makumi awiri ndi anayi mpaka atatu ndi atatu.

    Palinso gulu lapadera la mankhwalawa, omwe ndi mitundu iwiri ya mahomoni - achidule komanso osakhalitsa (ayenera kusakanizidwa musanaperekedwe). Monga lamulo, osakaniza a insulini amatengedwa musanadye kawiri pa tsiku.

    Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mankhwala onse amakono a insulin amapangidwa pamaziko a mahomoni amunthu.

    Mfundo za insulin zochita zikufotokozedwa mu kanema m'nkhaniyi.

    Momwe mungachepetse shuga?

    Momwe mungachepetse shuga wamagazi - funsoli nthawi zambiri limafunsidwa ndi amayi ndi abambo omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo a mellitus (DM). Zimasokoneza ma CD angapo amtundu wa glucose. Zotsatira zake, hyperglycemia imapezeka m'magazi a wodwala. Kuti muchepetse shuga m'magazi, mankhwala a pharmacological amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano, zizindikiro za zakudya zimasintha. Njira yodziwika ndi njira zomwe sizachilendo - maphikidwe a mankhwala azikhalidwe. Njira yakuchizira imatsimikiziridwa ndi endocrinologist, poganizira zinthu zambiri (mkhalidwe wodwala, wodwala, mawonekedwe, siteji ndi njira ya matendawa).

    Zizindikiro za shuga

    Zizindikiro zake zolakwika mthupi zomwe zimakhudzana ndikuyenda bwino kwa insulin komanso kuphatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa shuga ndi izi:

    • kumva ludzu komwe kuli kovuta kuzimitsa - impso ziyenera kugwira ntchito molimbika chifukwa chofunikira kukonza shuga wambiri,
    • kukoka pafupipafupi, makamaka usiku,
    • kuyabwa pakhungu, mwa akazi - kuyabwa kwa mucous nembanemba mu perineum,
    • mabala aliwonse, kuwonongeka pakhungu kwa nthawi yayitali kuchira kapena kusachira konse,
    • chizungulire, nthawi yayitali, kutopa komwe sikudutsa ngakhale kupuma - pali magazi ochulukirapo m'magazi, koma samatha kulowa m'maselo ndikupatsanso thupi mphamvu,
    • Kutupa kwa malekezero,
    • mavuto amaso - zowonera akuchulukitsa, kuwala kumawonekera patsogolo pa maso, "chophimba", "chifunga", madontho, ndi zina zambiri,
    • zoonekera, kuwonda msanga.

    Zizindikiro zonsezi ziyenera kumuchenjeza munthuyo, zimakukakamizani kuti mufufuze malangizo a katswiri (endocrinologist), yemwe adzayezetsa mayeso, kupereka mndandanda wa maphunziro ofunikira ndikuuzeni momwe mungawakonzekerere. Chizindikiro ichi nthawi zambiri chimatsimikizira kuti shuga yayamba. Shuga, wopatuka ku chizolowezi, amachititsa kuchuluka kwa uric acid m'magazi, ndipo, nayonso, amayambitsa gout, matenda oopsa, atherosclerosis. Zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi shuga mthupi zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo zosiyanasiyana ndi machitidwe. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuwongolera zizindikiro za glucose mthupi la azimayi ndi abambo.

    Mankhwala

    Momwe mungachepetse shuga yomwe idakwera kwambiri kuchokera ku chizolowezi? Pafupifupi nthawi zonse, chithandizo cha matenda a shuga chimakhala ndikumwa mankhwala kwa amayi ndi abambo. Zakudya, masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi wowerengeka azitsamba zimagwira ngati njira zowonjezera zochizira.

    Dongosolo lamankhwala payekhapayekha limapangidwira wodwala aliyense, poganizira momwe wodwalayo alili, zikuwonetsa ma glucose mu mkodzo ndi magazi. Njira zochiritsira zomwe adokotala adatipatsa ziyenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa.

    Ndi mankhwala ati omwe mungagwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa zimatengera mtundu (shuga) wa shuga, kuopsa kwa maphunzirowo, ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Ndi mtundu 2 wa matenda ashuga, mutha kutsitsa shuga m'magazi ndimankhwala okhala ndi miyala. Pankhani ya matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba 1 komanso matenda ashuga amitundu iwiri, amapita jakisoni wa yankho linalake - insulin, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati mahomoni achilengedwe.

    Chaka chilichonse, mndandanda wa mankhwala omwe mphamvu zawo imachepetsa shuga m'magazi mu mapiritsi amakula.

    Ndalama zimagawika m'magulu:

    • Biguanides. Glucophage, Metamorphine ali m'gulu la mankhwalawa. Amasintha mayamwidwe a glucose mwa minofu ndi lipid metabolism, amakhazikika shuga, mafuta m'thupi, amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa magazi ndi hypoglycemia.
    • Sulfonylureas ofanana nawo. Ali m'gulu lino la mankhwala Glimepiride, Glycvidon, Glibenclamide, omwe amathandizira kupanga mahomoni a insulin. Amakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa - mwayi wokhala ndi hypoglycemia, kuwonda, makamaka mwa akazi.
    • Glitazones. Mutha kuyitanitsa mankhwala ngati Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone. Amatha kuwonjezera chiwopsezo cha timadzi tating'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa ma cell insulin (minofu, hepatic ndi mafuta minofu), koma amalepheretsa kubisalira kwa shuga ndi chiwindi.
    • Ma glinids. Awa ndi Nateglinide, Repaglinide, yomwe imakhudza mwachindunji insulin ya mahomoni, omwe amathandiza kuwongolera glucose mutatha kudya.

    • Ntchito yowonjezera yacincinomimetics (Exenatide) imagwira ntchito poletsa kupanga kwa glucagon komanso kubwezeretsa kupanga kwa insulin ya mahomoni.

    Pazokonzekera zonse za piritsi, pali mndandanda wazotsutsana, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa posankha mankhwala. Mlingo wake umasinthidwa ndi dokotala ngati pakufunika kutero, mutatha kusanthula.

    Ngati ndizosatheka kuchiza matenda a shuga mothandizidwa ndi mapiritsi, insulin imayikidwa - gulu lochulukirapo la mankhwala omwe amachepetsa shuga m'njira yankho. Pali insulin yosavuta komanso yowonekera nthawi yayitali. Mlingo umayezedwa m'magawo, amawerengeredwa ndi dokotala potengera zomwe zili mumagazi amadzimadzi (magazi, mkodzo woyesedwa), jekeseni subcutaneally.

    Zakudya zamankhwala ndizolimbitsa thupi

    Yofunika kuchepetsa shuga imawonedwa ngati chakudya choyenera. Ngati munthu wapezeka ndi matenda a shuga, ndikofunikira kusiya kudya zakudya zamafuta ndi mafuta ndi chakudya. Zinthu izi zimapezeka m'maswiti, chokoleti, confectionery ndi pasitala, kuphika tirigu, mbatata, jamu, vinyo, soda.

    Amuna ndi akazi amaphatikiza zakudya zomwe zimachepetsa shuga. Ichi ndi kabichi, radish, tomato, biringanya, nkhaka, komanso dzungu, katsitsumzukwa. Mutha kudya sipinachi, udzu winawake, nyemba, zukini. Mapulogalamu a "Buckwheat" ndi abwino kubweretsa kuchuluka kwa shuga mwabwinobwino.

    Mutha kusintha maswiti:

    1. Synthetic Saccharin, Aspartame, Sucrasite (nthawi zina amabweretsa kumverera kwanjala).
    2. Uchi wachilengedwe.
    3. Pangani.
    4. Xylitol.

    Funsani kwa dokotala za momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zinthu izi ndikukonzekera.

    Mutha kutsitsa shuga wamagazi ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Amuna ndi akazi omwe adapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda ashuga amalimbikitsidwa kuti asachite zinthu zolimbitsa thupi tsiku lililonse. Amathandizira kuchepetsa shuga. Njira yabwino ndikusambira, kukwera maulendo, yoga, kupalasa njinga. Nthawi yayitali, masewera olimbitsa thupi amakambirana ndi adokotala.

    Maphikidwe a anthu (kunyumba)

    Kuphatikiza pa kukonzekera kwa zamankhwala, ndizotheka kuchepetsa shuga m'magazi mothandizidwa ndi maphikidwe otsimikiziridwa:

    • Kulowetsedwa kwa Blueberry. Kuchokera pa zaluso imodzi. l masamba ndi kapu yamadzi otentha opaka kulowetsedwa (wiritsani kwa maola 0,5, kukhetsa) tikulimbikitsidwa kumwa kapu katatu patsiku. Muyeneranso kudya zipatso zatsopano. Chomera chimakhala ndi myrtillin, chinthu chofanana ndi insulini chomwe chitha kuchepetsa shuga ya magazi.
    • Chinyengo cha Yerusalemu artichoke.Ma tubers angapo amizidwa m'madzi, owiritsa kwa mphindi 20 (ngati zida zouma zaphika, kuphika pafupifupi mphindi 60), kunena, kupsyinjika, kumwa chikho cha ½. 3r / d Mungathenso kudya Yerusalemu artichoke yaiwisi kapena yokazinga, pamimba yopanda kanthu. Mu "peyala m'dothi" muli inulin ndi fructose, kusintha njira kagayidwe kachakudya. Amachotsa poizoni, zosunga ndi slag.
    • Zakumwa zaku chicory. Mmodzi tsp chicory wobala ndi kapu ya madzi otentha, kunena. Amasinthira khofi, tiyi wamba. A decoction of rhizomes amakonzedweranso (1 tsp. Mwa zinthu zosaphika zosaphika komanso kapu ya madzi otentha, kuphika kwa mphindi 10, kukhetsa), yomwe imayikidwa patebulo. supuni musanadye kapena pamimba yopanda kanthu.
    • Madzi a anyezi (amatengedwa patebulo. L. Asanadye) kapena kulowetsedwa: kuwaza anyezi ndi kutsanulira madzi ozizira (omwe anaphikidwa kale), chokani maola awiri. Tengani kulowetsedwa gawo limodzi mwa magalasi atatu / tsiku. Anyezi amathanso kuphika ndikudya.
    • Ground horseradish. Muzu wa chomeracho umatsukidwa moyenera, kuzikongoletsa pa grater, kuthiridwa ndimkaka wowawasa (osati kefir!) 1:10. Gwiritsani 1 tbsp. l 3 r / d. pamimba yopanda kanthu asanadye. Chachilendo cha horseradish ndikuti pang'onopang'ono chimachepetsa shuga. Izi zimalepheretsa kugwa lakuthwa kwambiri.
    • Mizu ya Dandelion imakhala ndi inulin 40%. Supuni ya tiyi ya zinthu zoponderezedwa imathiridwa ndi madzi otentha, wokhomeredwa kwa mphindi 20, umasefedwa. Gwiritsani ntchito chikho cha ¼ m'magawo angapo.
    • Ndikwabwino kutenga decoctions ndi teti kuchokera pa clover, wort wa St. John, masamba a birch, oats, nettle, chitsamba chowawa.
    • Bay tsamba - brew masamba 10 a mbewu (madzi - 300 ml). Pambuyo maola 24, kupsyinjika. Idyani mamililita 50 theka la ola musanadye.

    Pochiritsa maphikidwe apanyumba, muyenera kutsatira malamulo ena ofunikira.

    Onetsetsani kuti mukukambirana za mankhwalawa ndi endocrinologist - mwina adokotala athetse mlingo wa mankhwala a hypoglycemic.

    Ndizosavomerezeka kuti ndizoletsedwa kuletsa njira zomwe adokotala adaletsa, zomwe adalimbikitsa kuti azichiritsa matenda ashuga, kuti mulingo wa mahomoni azigwirizana nthawi zonse. Muyenera kuyeza glucose nthawi zonse pogwiritsa ntchito glucometer.

    Matenda a shuga ndi matenda ovuta. Ndipo shuga wambiri amathanso kugwa. Ndikofunikira kudziwa zizindikiro za shuga wambiri. Njala, miyendo yanjenjemera, chizungulire chikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa shuga m'munsi mwabwinobwino. Mukufuna kena kake kakudya, kudya maswiti. Kenako nthawi yomweyo funsani kwa dokotala.

    Kodi insulin imagwira ntchito bwanji: chifukwa chiyani imafunikira ndipo imagwira ntchito bwanji?

    Madzi a protein a insulini ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu kagayidwe kazinthu zonse zathupi la munthu, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri monga kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

    Komabe, magwiridwe antchito a insulin ndi ophatikizidwa kwambiri, chifukwa amakhudza mitundu yonse ya njira za metabolic mthupi laumunthu ndipo sikuti amangoletsa kayendedwe kabwino ka chakudya.

    Kuphwanya kapangidwe ka insulin ndi zotsatira zake pa minofu ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa vuto la pathological - shuga mellitus.

    Kapangidwe ka insulin

    Biosynthesis ya mapuloteni awa ndimapangidwe ovuta, omwe ali ndi magawo angapo achilengedwe ovuta.

    Choyamba, mawonekedwe osagwira ntchito a molekyulu a insulin, omwe amatchedwa proinsulin, amapangidwa m'thupi.

    Prohormone iyi, yomwe imayambitsa insulini, ndi chofunikira pakuwonetsa pancreatic ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, pakupanga, pambuyo pa kusintha kwamitundu, proinsulin imayamba kugwira ntchito.

    Kupanga kwa insulin mwa munthu wathanzi kumachitika tsiku lonse ndi usiku, komabe, kupangira kofunikira kwambiri kwa timadzi timeneti ta peptide kumawonedwa mukangomaliza chakudya cham'mawa.

    Insulin, monga yogwira pophika yomwe imapangidwa ndi kapamba, imakulitsa katulutsidwe kake chifukwa cha njirazi:

    • Anakweza magazi seramu shuga pa gawo la matenda ashuga. Pambuyo pake, kutsika kwa insulin kudzakhala mwachindunji ndikukula kwa shuga.
    • Mkulu mafuta a asidi aulere. Poyerekeza zakumbuyo kokulirapo kwamafuta amthupi (kunenepa kwambiri), pamakhala kuchuluka kwakukulu kwamafuta amwazi m'magazi. Njira izi zimasokoneza thanzi la munthu, zimayambitsa kubisalira kwambiri kwa timadzi timene timachepetsa shuga, timawonongera ma cell a minofu, komanso timathandizira pakupanga ma pathologies owopsa.
    • Zotsatira za amino acid, makamaka arginine ndi leucine. Ma organic awa amathandizira kupanga insulin kuchokera ku kapamba. Ma amino acid ochulukirapo m'thupi, amapanga insulin kwambiri.
    • Kuchuluka kwa calcium ndi potaziyamu. Kuchuluka kwa zinthuzi kumawonjezera kubisika kwa mapuloteni-peptide, omwe amatulutsidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwakuthwa mikhalidwe yazachilengedwe.
    • Kuwonetsedwa kwa mahomoni opangidwa ndi maselo am'mimba ochita kupukusa ndi kapamba. Mahomoni oterewa amaphatikizapo: gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin ndi ena. Zinthu zoterezi zimapangitsa kuti insulini itulutsidwe pang'ono ndipo amapangidwa ndi maselo am'mimba atatha kudya.
    • Matupi a Ketone ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa ndi chiwindi ndipo ndi zinthu zapakatikati zamachitidwe a metabolic: chakudya, mapuloteni ndi mafuta. Zizindikiro zowonjezera za zinthuzi m'thupi, zimawonetsa kusokonezeka kwa kagayidwe kazakudya ndipo, monga chotulukapo, chitetezo chokwanira cha insulin.

    Njira zopsinjika zimachitika motsutsana ndi maziko a kulumpha lakuthwa m'magazi amwazi, omwe ali machitidwe achindunji kuti thupi lipulumuke pangozi. Pali lingaliro - kupsinjika kwa hyperglycemia, mphamvu ya mahomoni, yomwe imadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi panthawi yamavuto amanjenje.

    Micro-kulowetsedwa insulin pampu - mawu atsopano pa matenda a shuga

    Carbohydrate kagayidwe

    Mphamvu ya insulin, pamenepa, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya ma cell a glucose.

    Komanso, mahomoni a peptide-protein amalimbikitsa mapangidwe ndi kulimbitsa kaphatikizidwe kameneka wofunika - glucokinase, potero amafulumizitsa njira ya kufalikira kwa glucose m'maselo (glycolysis).

    Kuphatikiza apo, insulini imachulukitsa ntchito ya mapuloteni ofunikira a glycolysis, komanso imawonjezera chiwerengero chawo. Kuchepetsa shuga kumapangitsa kuti gluconeogenesis apangidwe, omwe amadziwika ndi kupanga mamolekyulu a shuga m'magazi ndi impso kuchokera pazinthu zopanda mafuta.

    Kusinthana Kwama protein

    Kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwa insulin mu kagayidwe kazakudya ndizopangitsa kuti ntchito ya amino acid ikhale m'matumbo a chiwindi ndi chiwindi. Mothandizidwa ndi mahomoni a peptide, kapangidwe ka mapuloteni m'matumbo am'mimba ndi ziwalo zamkati zimakulitsidwa, komanso, zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni m'thupi. Insulin imathandizira kukula kwa zigawo za intracellular, imalimbikitsa kubereka ndi kugawa maselo.

    Mafuta kagayidwe

    Insulin imachepetsa kuchepa kwa mafuta (lipolysis) mu minofu ya adipose ndi chiwindi.

    Komanso, ma protein a protein amatha kuyambitsa kuphatikizika kwamafuta osagwiritsidwa ntchito m'thupi (triacylglycerols) mu minofu ya adipose ya thupi la munthu.

    Insulin imatha kupititsa patsogolo kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zamafuta acid, ndikulepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka matupi a ketone mu minyewa ya chiwindi. Kuchulukitsa kwa matupi a ketone kumawonetsa kusagwira bwino ntchito ndi kusintha kwa matenda a chiwindi.

    Magazi a shuga

    Amayendedwe a kukhazikitsa shuga m'magazi mwa anthu athanzi amatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zina. Pomwe anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amatha kumwa mankhwala ena kuti athandizire kuwongolera shuga.

    Kuwongolera kwa kagayidwe kazachilengedwe kumachitika pamagulu osiyanasiyana a mabungwe a zinthu zachilengedwe: ma cell, minofu, chamoyo ndi chamoyo.Kuwongolera kwa glucose kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo, momwe mkhalidwe waumoyo wa wodwala, kupezeka kwa ma pathologies ena, kakhalidwe ndi moyo wake ndizofunikira kwambiri.

    Hyperglycemia ndi hypoglycemia

    Hyperglycemia ndi hypoglycemia ndi njira ziwiri zomwe zimapangika motsutsana ndi maziko a shuga m'magazi. Izi pathologies zimatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zowawa kwambiri kwa wodwala, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti muthe kulabadira zizindikiro za zovuta zamtunduwu pakapita nthawi ndikuwongolera chithandizo chamankhwala chofunikira kwambiri!

    Hyperglycemia ndi mkhalidwe womwe umadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga wa plasma.

    Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga, zinthu zotsatirazi zimatha kuyambitsa kukula kwa hyperglycemia: kudya kwambiri, kudya zakudya zovulaza, kuphwanya malamulo a kudya, kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi pang'ono, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo chifukwa cha nkhawa, kapena kubaya jakisoni wa insulin panthawi yake.

    Timalimbikitsanso kuti muzidziwitsa nokha: mitundu ndi kusankha kwa insulin.

    Zizindikiro za izi:

    • Kumva ludzu kwamphamvu.
    • Kukodza pafupipafupi.
    • Mutu ndi kuwonongeka kwa ndende.
    • Kudziona kuti wagwira ntchito yambiri.
    • Maonekedwe a "nyenyezi" patsogolo pa maso.

    Pochiza matenda a hyperglycemia, cholinga chimayang'aniridwa mosamala ndi zizindikiro za shuga, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera, komanso kutsatira mosamalitsa chithandizo chamadokotala. Komanso, dotolo amatipatsa mankhwala omwe amachepetsa shuga m'magazi.

    Hypoglycemia

    Njira yachilengedwe yomwe ikuchitika motsutsana ndi maziko a kutsika kwa shuga m'magazi.

    Nthawi yomweyo, machitidwe onse amthupi la munthu amavutika ndi njala, koma ntchito zamaubongo zimasokonezeka.

    Hypoglycemia imatha kupezeka pazifukwa zingapo: kuchuluka kwambiri kwa insulini mu kapamba, insulin yayikulu mthupi, kusokonezeka kwa kagayidwe kazakudya mu chiwindi, kapena kugwira bwino ntchito kwa ma adrenal glands.

    Mawonetsero wamba a hypoglycemia:

    • Malingaliro owonjezereka a nkhawa ndi nkhawa.
    • Kupweteka m'mutu, kukondoweza.
    • Kugwedezeka ndi kusakwiya.
    • Kumva njala mosalekeza.
    • Kumva kutentha komanso kusapeza bwino mu dzenje la m'mimba.
    • Kutikita minofu.
    • Arrhythmia ndi tachycardia.

    Syringe ya insulin - malangizo, mitundu, cholembera

    Njira yochizira matendawa imatengera gawo la chitukuko cha matenda. Pa gawo loyambirira la matendawa, wodwalayo amawonetsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zomwe zili ndi shuga wambiri. Wodwala amatha kutumikiridwa jakisoni wa Levemir insulin, yomwe imatha kuletsa kukula kwa matendawa ndi pafupifupi 70%, chifukwa cholowa pang'onopang'ono m'magazi.

    Mtundu woyamba wa shuga

    Matenda a shuga a Type 1 ndi autoimmune endocrine pathology yolumikizidwa ndi kusowa kwathunthu kwa insulin mthupi. Zodzipanga zokha za mapuloteni-peptide pafupifupi zimakhala zitasiya.

    Chofunikira pakukula kwa matendawa ndichisokonezo cha chitetezo chamthupi cha munthu. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu uwu wa matenda ashuga umayamba chifukwa chakhumudwa kwambiri kapena chifukwa cha chibadwa chamunthu.

    Odwala amamva kuphatikizidwa kwazovuta za matendawa: kuchepa kwambiri kwa thupi, kuwonongeka msanga mu thanzi, kusabala, khungu lowuma, mabala osachiritsika. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi am'mimba amachitika chifukwa cha kukoka pafupipafupi, komwe kumapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi ludzu pafupipafupi.

    Anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amafunikira chithandizo cha insulin tsiku lililonse. Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti matenda amtundu wa 1 sangathe kuchiritsidwa, chifukwa palibe mankhwala amodzimodzi omwe angatsitsimutse maselo omwe amwalira panthawi yayikuluyi.

    Kuyang'anira shuga ndi magazi kwambiri ndi njira zokhazo zochizira matendawa.

    Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwenikweni kwa mankhwala a insulin m'thupi la wodwalayo, adokotala amatiuza za insulin ya anthu mwachindunji, monga Novorapid.

    Izi zimapangitsa kuti insulini ya ultrashort iyambe pakatha mphindi 10 kuchokera pakukonzekera, pomwe insulini yochepa yaumunthu imayamba kuposa theka la ola. Kuwonetsedwa kwamitundu yamtundu wa insulin kumatenga pafupifupi maola asanu.

    Type 2 shuga

    Izi matenda amayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri kwazomera za seramu. Kusokonezeka kwa chiwopsezo cha minyewa ndi maselo amthupi kupita ku insulin ndi chikhalidwe cha matenda amtunduwu. Mtundu wa matenda amtunduwu umapezeka kwambiri pakati pa odwala. Omwe amayambitsa matendawa ndi:

    • Kunenepa kwambiri
    • Zakudya zoperewera.
    • Hypodynamia ndi moyo wongokhala.
    • Kupezeka kwa abale apamtima omwe ali ndi matenda ofanana.
    • Zovuta kwambiri.

    Chimachitika ndi chiani mthupi la munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda ashuga a 2?

    Pambuyo pachakudya chokhazikika, pamakhala kuchuluka kowonjezereka kwa shuga, pomwe kapamba sangathe kumasula insulin, yomwe imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga.

    Chifukwa cha njirayi, chidwi cham'manja chomwe chimapangitsa kuti timadzi totsika timene timakhala ndi shuga sichitha.

    Vutoli limatchedwa insulin kukana, kukana kwa membrane wa cell kukakamizidwa ndi insulin.

    Zizindikiro

    Kuti muzindikire matendawa, maphunziro otsatirawa amachitika:

    1. Laboratory magazi mayeso.
    2. Kudziwitsa glycosylated hemoglobin level. Zizindikiro zake zimaposa kwambiri anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.
    3. Mayeso a kulolera a glucose.
    4. Urinalysis ya shuga ndi ketone mankhwala.

    Kulephera kuchitapo kanthu pozindikira komanso kusapezeka kwa njira yoyenera yodwala matenda a shuga 2 kungamuthandize wodwalayo kukumana ndi zovuta zambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayamba ndi chitukuko cham'tsogolo.

    Mavuto omwe amatchuka kwambiri ndi monga: kuperewera kwa vuto la impso, kuthamanga kwa magazi (matenda oopsa), kuwonongeka kwa maonedwe ndimatumbo, kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo zam'munsi komanso mapangidwe a zilonda zam'mimba.

    Kanema: Chifukwa chiyani insulin ikufunika ndipo imagwira bwanji?

    Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kukula kwa matenda amtunduwu wa endocrine ndikuyesetsa kuti muchepetse kukula kwa matendawa, kudzera pakuzindikira koyambirira, njira yabwino yothandizira ndi malangizo okhwima a zakudya. Kupanda kutero, njira za shuga zomwe zimayambitsa matenda am'mimba zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zomwe sizingasinthe chifukwa cha thanzi la munthu.

    Kodi insulin - ntchito ndi chizolowezi m'magazi, algorithm ya makonzedwe ndi kuwerengetsa Mlingo wotsika

    Mulingo woyenera wa mahomoni ndiye maziko a kukula kwathunthu kwa thupi la munthu. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'thupi la munthu ndicho insulin.

    Kuperewera kwake kapena zochulukirapo kumabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa.

    Matenda a shuga ndi hypoglycemia ndi magawo awiri olimbitsa thupi omwe amakhala osasangalatsa a thupi, omwe amanyalanyaza chidziwitso cha insulin ndi kuti mulingo wake uyenera kukhala wotani.

    Hormone insulin

    Ulemu wopanga ntchito zoyambirira zomwe zidapanga njira yodziwitsira matendawa ndi wa wasayansi waku Russia Leonid Sobolev, yemwe mu 1900 adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito kapamba kuti apeze mankhwala opatsirana ndipo adapereka lingaliro la insulin.

    Zoposa zaka 20 zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pakufufuza kwina, ndipo pambuyo pa 1923 kupanga insulini ya mafakitale kudayamba. Masiku ano, maholide amaphunziridwa bwino ndi sayansi. Amatenga nawo gawo la kuwonongeka kwa ma carbohydrate, omwe amayambitsa matenda a metabolism komanso mafuta.

    Zikondamoyo, komwe ma bunge a B-cell amapezeka, amadziwika ndi sayansi ngati zilumba za Lawrence's kapena chilumba cha pancreatic, amagwira ntchito monga insulin yopanga insulin. Mphamvu yokhudza maselo ndiyochepa ndipo imangokhala 3% yokha ya kuchuluka kwa kapamba.Kupanga kwa insulini kudzera m'maselo a beta kumachitika, gawo laling'ono la proinsulin limasungidwa ndi timadzi.

    Kodi subtype ya insulin siyikudziwika mokwanira. Hormayo imodzimodzi, isanatenge mawonekedwe omaliza, imalowa mu chipinda cha cell cha Golgi, pomwe chimatsirizidwa kukhala boma la mahomoni athunthu.

    Mchitidwewo umatha pomwe mahomoni amayikidwa m'miyala yapadera ya kapamba, komwe amasungidwa kufikira munthu atadya.

    Mphamvu za B-cell ndizochepa ndipo zimatha msanga munthu akamagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zosavuta za carbohydrate, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga.

    Kodi insulin ya hormone ndi iti - iyi ndiye yofunika kwambiri kuyang'anira metabolic. Popanda izi, shuga wolowa m'thupi kudzera mu chakudya sangalowe mu khungu.

    Hormayo imachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa ma membrane a maselo, chifukwa chake glucose amalowetsedwa m'thupi la selo.

    Nthawi yomweyo, timadzi timene timalimbikitsa kusintha kwa glucose kukhala glycogen, polysaccharide yomwe ili ndi malo osungirako mphamvu, omwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thupi laumunthu ndikofunikira.

    Ntchito za insulin ndizosiyanasiyana. Amapereka minofu yamasamba ntchito, kukhudza njira za mapuloteni ndi mafuta kagayidwe. Ma hormone amatenga gawo lazidziwitso za ubongo, zomwe malinga ndi zolandilira zimazindikira kufunikira kwa chakudya chamafuta othamanga: ngati pali zambiri zake, ubongo umazindikira kuti maselo amafa ndi njala ndipo ndikofunikira kupanga zosungira. Zotsatira za insulin thupi:

    1. Zimalepheretsa ma amino acid kuti asagonjetsedwe kukhala shuga wophweka.
    2. Amasintha kaphatikizidwe wa mapuloteni - maziko a moyo.
    3. Simalola mapuloteni m'misempha kuti asokonezeke, amalepheretsa minyewa ya atrophy - anabolic.
    4. Amachepetsa kudzikundikira kwa matupi a ketone, ochulukirapo omwe amapha anthu.
    5. Imalimbikitsa kuyendetsa kwa potaziyamu ndi ion ya magnesium.

    Kusowa kwa mahomoni kumalumikizidwa ndi matenda omwe amatchedwa shuga. Omwe akudwala matendawa amakakamizika kupaka jekeseni wowonjezera m'magazi. Choyipa china ndi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni, hypoglycemia.

    Matendawa amapangitsa kuti magazi azithanso kuchepa komanso kuchepa kwa mtima.

    Kuchulukitsa kuwonjezeka kwa insulin katulutsidwe ndi glucagon ya mahomoni opangidwa ndi ma alpha maselo a pancreatic a Langerhans.

    Minofu yodalira insulin

    Insulin imathandizira kupanga mapuloteni m'misempha, popanda minofu minofu sangathe kupanga. Kupanga kwa minofu ya adipose, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri, ndizosatheka popanda mahomoni. Odwala omwe amayamba matenda a shuga amakumana ndi ketoacidosis, mtundu wa vuto la metabolic lomwe limapangitsa kuti njala yayambike.

    Madzi a insulin

    Ntchito za insulin zimaphatikizapo kuthandizira kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi, kuyang'anira kagayidwe ka mafuta ndi mapuloteni, kusintha michere minofu. Nthawi zonse pamakhala zotsatirazi.

    • kapangidwe kazakudya zomanga thupi,
    • mulingo wa kagayidwe ndi katemera amasungidwa,
    • imapangitsa kaphatikizidwe ka glycogen, kamene kamakulitsa kupirira ndikusintha kwamisempha minofu,
    • ma amino acid, shuga, potaziyamu amalowa m'maselo.

    Mafuta a insulin amayeza mu µU / ml (0,04082 mg wa mankhwala a kristalo amatengedwa ngati gawo limodzi). Anthu athanzi amakhala ndi chizindikiro chofanana ndi 3-25 pamaudindo otere. Kwa ana, kuchepa mpaka 3-20 μU / ml ndikuloledwa. Mwa amayi apakati, chizolowezi chimakhala chosiyana - 6-27 mkU / ml, mwa anthu achikulire opitilira 60 chizindikiro ichi ndi 6-35. Kusintha kwazomwe zikuchitika kukuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa matenda oopsa.

    Wokwera

    Kuchulukitsa kwotalikirapo kwamapulogalamu amtundu wa insulin kumawopseza kusintha kwosasintha kwa matenda. Vutoli limachitika chifukwa cha kutsika kwa shuga. Mutha kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa insulin ndende ndi zizindikiro: kunjenjemera, thukuta, palpitations, kugwidwa mwadzidzidzi ndi njala, nseru, kukomoka, chikomokere. Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mahomoni:

    • zolimbitsa thupi,
    • kupsinjika kwakanthawi
    • Matenda a chiwindi ndi kapamba,
    • kunenepa
    • kuphwanya kukana kwa maselo ku chakudya,
    • ovary polycystic,
    • Kulephera kwa ntchito yamatumbo
    • khansa ndi chotupa chinyezi cha adrenal gland.

    Kutsitsidwa

    Kuchepa kwa ndende ya insulin kumachitika chifukwa cha kupsinjika, kulimbitsa thupi kwambiri, kutopa kwambiri, tsiku lililonse kumwa mafuta ambiri oyeretsedwa.

    Kuperewera kwa insulin kumalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa shuga, ndikuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwake. Zotsatira zake, pamakhala ludzu lamphamvu, nkhawa, kugwidwa mwadzidzidzi ndi njala, kusakwiya, komanso kuyamwa pafupipafupi.

    Chifukwa cha zofanana ndi insulin yotsika komanso yayikulu, kuzindikira kwake kumachitika ndi maphunziro apadera.

    Zomwe insulin imapangira odwala matenda ashuga

    Nkhani ya zida zopangira mahomoni ndi yofunika kwa odwala ambiri. Insulin yomwe ili m'thupi la munthu imapangidwa ndi kapamba, ndipo mitundu yotsatirayi imapezekanso:

    1. Nkhumba kapena bovine - zochokera nyama. Zopangira zikondamoyo zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kukonzekera kwa zopangira nkhumba kumakhala ndi ma proinsulin, omwe sangathe kulekanitsidwa, amakhala magwero azinthu zoyipa.
    2. Biosynthetic kapena nkhumba yosinthidwa - kukonzekera kwapawiri kumapangidwa ndikusintha ma amino acid. Zina mwazabwino ndi kuphatikiza thupi la munthu komanso kusowa kwa ziwengo. Zowonongeka - kuperewera kwa zopangira, zovuta za ntchito, mtengo wokwera.
    3. Genetic engineering recombinant - imatchedwa "insulin yaumunthu" mwanjira ina, chifukwa imafanana kwathunthu ndi mahomoni achilengedwe. Thupi limapangidwa ndi ma enzyme a yisiti tizilombo toyambitsa ndi kusinthidwa kwamtundu wa E. coli.

    Malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito insulin

    Ntchito za insulin ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa thupi la munthu. Ngati muli ndi matenda ashuga, mumalandira chithandizo kuchokera kwa dokotala komanso mankhwala malinga ndi momwe mankhwalawo amaperekedwa kwaulere m'mafakitala kapena zipatala. Pakufunika kwachangu zitha kugulidwa popanda mankhwala, koma muyeso uyenera kuonedwa. Popewa bongo wambiri, werengani malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito insulin.

    Zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa ntchito

    Malinga ndi malangizo omwe aphatikizidwa phukusi lililonse la kukonzekera kwa insulin, zomwe zikuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mtundu wa 1 shuga mellitus (wotchedwanso insulin) ndipo, mwanjira zina, lembani matenda ashuga a 2 a mellitus (osadalira insulini). Zinthu zotere zimaphatikizira kusalolera kwa othandizira a hypoglycemic, kukula kwa ketosis.

    Makulidwe a insulin

    Dokotalayo amakupatsirani mankhwalawa pambuyo popezeka ndi kuyezetsa magazi. Zochizira matenda a shuga gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi yochepa: yayifupi komanso yayitali. Chisankho chimatengera kuopsa kwa matendawa, momwe wodwalayo alili, kuthamanga kwa kuyambika kwa mankhwala:

    1. Kukonzekera kwakanthawi kochepa kumapangidwira kwa subcutaneous, intravenous kapena intramuscular management. Imakhala yofulumira, yochepa, yochepetsa shuga, imaperekedwa kwa mphindi 15-20 musanadye kangapo / tsiku. Zotsatira zimachitika mu theka la ola, pazofunikira - mu maola awiri, maola pafupifupi asanu ndi limodzi okha.
    2. Kuchita nthawi yayitali kapena kupitilira apo - kumakhudza maola 10-36, kungachepetse jakisoni tsiku lililonse. Zoyimitsidwa zimaperekedwa kudzera mwa intramuscularly kapena subcutaneally, koma osati kudzera m'mitsempha.

    Ma syringe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kulowetsedwa ndi kutsata mlingo. Gawo limodzi limafanana ndi ziwerengero zingapo. Malangizo a insulin

    • sungani zokonzekera mufiriji, ndipo zomwe zimayambira firiji, konzekerani mankhwala musanalowe, chifukwa ozizira ndi ofooka.
    • ndibwino kubaya mahomoni osakhalitsa pakhungu la m'mimba - jekeseni mu ntchafu kapena pamwamba pa matako mumagwira pang'onopang'ono, moyipa kwambiri phewa.
    • mankhwala ogwira ntchito yayitali adalowetsedwa kudzanja lamanzere kapena lamanja,
    • jekeseni aliyense m'malo osiyanasiyana,
    • jekeseni wa insulin, gwira gawo lonse lathupi lathunthu - kuti mupewe kuwawa ndi zisindikizo.
    • kutali ndi jakisoni womaliza osachepera 2 cm,
    • musagwire khungu ndi mowa, mumawononga insulin,
    • ngati madziwo akutuluka, singano idayikidwa molakwika - muyenera kuigwira pakhale madigiri 45-60.

    Zotsatira zoyipa

    Ndi subcutaneous makonzedwe a mankhwala, kukula kwa lipodystrophy pamalo jakisoni ndikotheka. Osowa kwambiri, koma amawoneka ngati thupi lawo siligwirizana. Ngati zikuchitika, monga chithandizo chamankhwala ndi wogwirizira zimafunikira. Zoyipa zotsutsana ndi:

    • hepatitis pachimake, matenda amkati, jaundice, kapamba,
    • nephritis, urolithiasis,
    • mtima wowonongeka.

    Mtengo wa insulin

    Mtengo wa insulin umatengera mtundu wa wopanga, mtundu wa mankhwalawa (nthawi yayitali / yayitali, chochita chodyetsa) komanso kuchuluka kwa ma CD. Mtengo wa 50 ml ya insulinum ya mankhwala pafupifupi ma ruble 150 ku Moscow ndi St. Insuman yokhala ndi cholembera - 1200, Protafan yoimitsidwa ili ndi mtengo pafupifupi ruble 930. Mlingo wa mankhwala amakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa insulin.

    Kodi insulin ndi ntchito yanji mthupi la munthu, ntchito ya timadzi tamadzi

    Dongosolo la munthu la endocrine (mahomoni) limayimiridwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri, timene timagwira ntchito zofunika mthupi. Zomwe zimaphunziridwa kwambiri ndi insulin.

    Ndi mahomoni okhala ndi peptide (zakudya), ndiye kuti ali ndi mamolekyulu angapo amino acid. Timadzi timene timathandizira kuchepetsa shuga m'magazi potengera ziwalo zonse za thupi.

    Malinga ndi mtundu wa database ya PubMed, ma netizens adafunsa kuti insulin ndi ntchito yanji mthupi, nthawi pafupifupi 300,000. Chiwerengerochi ndi mbiri yonse pakati pa mahomoni.

    Anaphatikizidwa insulin m'maselo a endocrine a mchira wa pancreatic. Derali limatchedwa chilumba cha Langerhans polemekeza wasayansi yemwe adazindikira. Ngakhale kufunika kwa mahomoni, ndi gawo limodzi lokha la thupi lomwe limapanga 1-2% yokha.

    Synthesized insulin malinga ndi algorithm otsatirawa:

    • Poyamba, prroinsulin imapangidwa mu kapamba. Ndiye insulin yayikulu.
    • Nthawi yomweyo, signept peptide imapangidwa, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati prestinsinsulin. Adzaunikiranso gawo la insulin m'maselo a endocrine, pomwe amasinthidwa kukhala proinsulin.
    • Wotsogola wotsiriza amakhala mu ma cell a endocrine (mu zida za Golgi) kwa nthawi yayitali kuti athe kukwaniritsa kusasinthika kwathunthu. Gawo ili likamalizidwa, limagawidwa mu insulin ndi C-peptide. Otsiriza a iwo akuwonetsa ntchito ya endocrine ya kapamba.
    • Zinthu zopangidwa zimayamba kuyanjana ndi zinc ion. Kutulutsa kwake kuchokera ku maselo a beta kulowa m'magazi a anthu kumachitika pokhapokha ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga.
    • Pofuna kupewa syntulin, insagonist, glucagon, amatha. Kupanga kwake kumachitika m'maselo a alpha pazilumba za Langerhans.

    Kuyambira 1958, insulini yakhala ikuyezedwa m'magawo azinthu zosiyanasiyana (MED), komwe gawo limodzi ndi ma micrograms 41. Kufunika kwa insulin kwamunthu kumaonekera m'magawo a carbohydrate (UE). Kukula kwa mahomoni pamsana ndi motere:

    • Makamaka:
      • pamimba yopanda kanthu kuchokera kumayunitsi atatu,
      • mutatha kudya mpaka 20 mayunitsi.
    • Akuluakulu:
      • pamimba yopanda kanthu yochepera 3 mayunitsi,
      • mutatha kudya yoposa 25 mayunitsi.
    • Okalamba:
      • pamimba yopanda kanthu kuchokera kumagawo 6,
      • mutatha kudya mpaka 35.

    Kuphatikizidwa kwa molekyulu ya insulini kumaphatikizapo maunyolo awiri a polypetid, omwe ali ndi mapuloteni a 51 monomeric, omwe amaperekedwa mwa mitundu ya zotsalira za amino acid:

    • Chingwe - maulalo 21,
    • B-unyolo - 30 maulalo.

    Maunyolo amalumikizidwa ndi ma cell awiri osasokoneza kudutsa zotsalira za alpha-sulfure amino acid (cysteine). Mlatho wachitatu umangokhazikitsidwa ku ma chain a A-chain.

    Udindo wa mahomoni m'thupi

    Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilengedwe amakulu a mahomoni, sangathenso kuzunzidwa ndi chakudya. Kupanda kutero, insulin, monga mapuloteni ena aliwonse, ikhoza kugayidwa popanda vuto lililonse pakhungu.

    Zomwe insulin ikufunika ikhoza kumveka poyang'ana m'ndandanda wazomwe zimagwira:

    • kusintha malowedwe a shuga kudzera mwa zimagwira ma cell,
    • kutsegula kwa michere ya glycolysis (glucose oxidation),
    • kukondoweza kwa kupanga glycogen ndi chiwindi ndi minofu minofu,
    • kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi mapuloteni,
    • kufooketsa zotsatira za zinthu zomwe zimaphwanya glycogen ndi mafuta.

    Ntchito zolembedwa za insulin ndizofunikira. Mutha kuwona zolinga zake zachiwiri pansipa:

    • kukonza mayamwidwe amino acid ndi maselo,
    • kuchuluka kwa calcium ndi magnesium kulowa m'maselo,
    • kukondoweza kwa kapangidwe ka mapuloteni,
    • kusintha mapangidwe a esters.

    Chifukwa cha kunyamula kwa glucose m'maselo a thupi, insulin imapatsa thupi mphamvu yofunikira. Ndi mahomoni okhawo omwe amatsitsa shuga. Kusintha kwakukulu kotereku kumakupatsani mwayi zotsatirazi:

    • Kukula kwa minofu. Udindo wa insulin m'thupi la munthu suyerekezedwa ndi ntchito zazikulu zokha. Minofu yonse yamatenda pansi pake imayamba kukulira. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mahomoni pazinthu zosapanga membrane wa cell yamoyo (ribosomes). Chomwe chimapangitsa ndi kuphatikiza mapuloteni ofunikira kuti minofu ikule. Ichi ndichifukwa chake omanga matupi nthawi zambiri amadya mapuloteni, omwe ndi anzawo ochita kupanga.
    • Kupanga kwa glycogen. Mutha kudziwa chifukwa chake insulini imafunikira m'thupi poyang'ana mphamvu ya ma enzyme yomwe yapatsidwa mahomoni. Zochita zake zimachulukirachulukira. Makamaka mukayang'ana kapangidwe ka glycogen. Ngakhale insulin ndiwotsutsana nayo, kupanga kwawo kulumikizanitsidwa ndipo chinthu chimodzi ndichopanga bwino, ndipamenenso chikhala china.

    Momwe mahomoni amagwirira ntchito

    Kusanthula mawonekedwe a insulin, muyenera kuyang'anira momwe amagwirira ntchito. Maziko ake ndi kutengera kwa maselo omwe amafunikira shuga. Chofunikira kwambiri mmenemo ndi adipose ndi minofu minofu.

    Zosafunika kwenikweni ndi shuga kwa chiwindi. Maselo omwe akuyembekezerako amamwa glucose momwe amafunikira ndikusunga zochuluka. Stock imaperekedwa ngati glycogen.

    Njala yamphamvu ikayamba kulowa, glucose amamasulidwa ndikukutumiza ku magazi, komwe kuzungulira kwake kumabwereza.

    Mulingo woyenera wa insulin ndi shuga m'magazi umatsimikiziridwa ndi wotsutsana naye - glucagon. Ngati pali vuto lina la kupanga mahomoni ena, ndiye kuti munthu amadzuka (hyperglycemia) kapena madontho (hypoglycemia) shuga. Mavuto aliwonsewa amatha kupweteketsa mtima, kuphatikizapo kukomoka komanso kufa.

    Zowononga thanzi la munthu

    Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga komwe kumayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri kwa insulin kumatchedwa hypoglycemia. Munthu amakhala ndi zofooka zazikulu, mpaka amayamba kuzindikira.

    Muzovuta kwambiri, kufa ndi kukomoka kwa hypoglycemic ndikotheka. Mosiyana ndi izi, pali hyperglycemia yomwe imayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kapena kuchepa kwa chakudya m'mimba.

    Imadziwoneka yokha mu mtundu wa shuga. Matendawa ndi amitundu iwiri:

    • Mtundu woyamba umatchedwa insulin-wodalira chifukwa choti munthu wafunikira jakisoni wa insulin. Pali matenda chifukwa chophwanya ntchito za kapamba. Mankhwalawa akuphatikiza jakisoni wa mahomoni ndi kukonza moyo.
    • Mtundu wachiwiri umatchedwa insulin-Independent, popeza mahomoni amapangidwa ndi kapamba, koma osakwanira kapena ma cell omwe amawukonda amawona kuti akuipiraipira. Matendawa ndi amodzi mwa anthu opitilira zaka 40, makamaka omwe akudwala kunenepa kwambiri. Chofunika cha kumwa mankhwalawa ndikumwa mankhwala omwe amathandizira kuzindikira kwa mahomoni ndi kusintha kwa moyo.

    Insulin, insulin secretion, insulin yopanga zovuta

    Insulin - mahomoni opangidwa ndi katulutsidwe wamkati wa kapamba poyankha kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi. Ntchito yayikulu iyi imasinthasintha glucose m'magazi kuti izikhala yachilendo ndikupereka shuga m'magulu amisempha, omwe amathandizira kupanga mphamvu mthupi.

    Insulin imawonedwa ngati timadzi timene timapanga mafuta, chifukwa imapereka m'masitolo a shuga m'maselo, ndipo ikaunjikira kwambiri, imayamba kuisintha kukhala mafuta, omwe amayikidwa mu mafuta osunthika.

    Kuchokera pazomwe tafotokozazi, sizovuta kunena kuti zakudya zokhala ndi shuga zimakhudza kukwera kwa glucose m'magazi ndikupangitsa kupangika kwa timadzi timeneti. Chifukwa chake, malo ogulitsa mafuta m'thupi amakula.

    Insulin imamaliza kugwira ntchito yake patatha tsiku limodzi, koma sikuti aliyense amadziwa za kufunikira kwa timadzi tambiri ndi mphamvu zake pa thanzi.

    Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, mu mtundu 1 wa shuga, mahomoni amaleka kupangidwa mthupi, ndipo mu mtundu 2 wa matenda ashuga, kukana kwa insulin kumayamba pamene ziwalo ndi ma cell sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika. Pakadali pano, kusowa kwa mahomoni ndi owopsa kwa thupi, chifukwa kuchepa kwake kumasokoneza masisitimu ena.

    Izi zimatha kuwonetsedwa ndikumakhala ndi njala nthawi zonse, ngakhale mutadya kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1 amayenera kupanga jakisoni wokhazikika.

    Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda a shuga, monga tanena kale, kukana insulini kumayamba, nthawi zambiri m'magazi a odwala mulingo wokwanira wa timadzi timeneti. Ngakhale izi, maselo sachitapo kanthu chifukwa cha insulini, kapena kufooka, kotero glucose samamwa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukonzekera kwa insulin imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangitsa shuga m'magazi.

    Kukonzekera kwa insulin

    Ma insulin osakhalitsa pang'ono amakhala osakanikirana ndi chakudya. Amayamba kuchitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo, kapena pakatha mphindi 15. Amaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo chakudya chisanachitike, kuchuluka kwa gawo limodzi kumatsimikiziridwa. Mlingo amawerengedwa poganizira kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Insulin yotere imagwira ntchito kwa maola 4. Chiwopsezo cha kuchitapo kanthu ndi 1 - 1.5 mawola kukhazikitsa.

    Ma insulin omwe amangokhala osakhalitsa amakhalanso ndi mankhwala: Humalog, Novorapid.

    Kuchita mwachidule ma insulin kapena ma insulin osavuta amakhala ndi pang'onopang'ono. Zoyambitsidwa ndi mphindi 20 - 40. musanadye.

    Ndikofunikira kuti nsonga ya zotsatira zake igwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, chifukwa chake muyenera kudya chakudya chofotokozedwa mosamalitsa chomwe mlingo wa mankhwalawa unapangidwira.

    Pakati pa chakudya, zokhazokha ziyenera kumwedwa, monga chakudya chamasana ndi chakudya chamadzulo. Chiwopsezo cha kuchitapo kanthu ndi maola 2 mpaka 4 pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa.

    Ma insulin omwe amagwira ntchito mwachidule ndi monga mankhwala: Actrapid NM, Humulin Regular, Insuman Rapid GT.

    Ma insulin omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azikhala ndi shuga wokwanira pakati pa chakudya komanso usiku. Yovomerezeka maola 1 mpaka 3 atatha kukhazikitsa. Kutalika kwa ntchito ndi maola 10 mpaka 14.

    Amaperekedwa kawiri pa tsiku: m'mawa asanadye kadzutsa komanso madzulo asanadye. Nthawi yowonetsera zimatengera mlingo. Mukalowetsa muyezo waukulu, udzatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa mlingo waung'ono.

    Chiwopsezo cha kuchitikacho chimachitika patatha maola 6 mpaka 8 pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa.

    Ma insulin omwe akhala akuchita kwa nthawi yayitali ali ndi mankhwala: "Humulin NPH", "Protafan NM", "Insuman Bazal"

    Ma insulini osakhala ocheperako kapena okhalitsa amaperekedwa kamodzi pa tsiku nthawi iliyonse. Izi zimaphatikizapo mankhwala: "Lantus", "Lemevir."

    Mankhwalawa onse ndi mankhwala osakanizika a insulin mosiyanasiyana komanso nthawi yayitali yogwirira ntchito.

    Gulu la insulin

    Malinga ndi gulu lawo, ma insulini amatha kukhala amtundu umodzi ndikuphatikizidwa. Mitundu yamtundu umodzi imakhala ndi pancreatic yotulutsa yamtundu umodzi, mwachitsanzo, ng'ombe kapena nkhumba. Zophatikizidwa zimakhala ndi zotulutsa za zikondamoyo za mitundu ingapo ya nyama, koma masiku ano insulini zotere sizikufunika.

    Mwa mitundu, amasiyanitsa: anthu, ng'ombe, nkhumba ndi insulin ya whale.

    Ndi muyeso wa kuyeretsa amatha kukhala achikhalidwe, ochita monopic ndi monocomponent.

    Momwe insulin imagwirira ntchito

    Insulin ikalowa m'chiwindi, ntchito ya maselo a chiwalochi imayendetsedwa ndipo kusintha kwa ma hormone kumayamba.Insulini ikakhudzana ndi maselo, shuga amawonjezera. Mahomoniwa amasintha kukhala mafuta ndi glycogens. Chifukwa chake, insulin imachepetsa kupanga shuga m'maselo a chiwindi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amathandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

    Kwa insulin kulowa mthupi, mapampu a insulini, ma syringes, ma syringes amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma syringe otayika a insulin makonzedwe akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana. Wodwalayo amatha kubayira mankhwala enaake m'magazi kudzera mu singano. Ma cholembera a syringe amapangidwira kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza.

    Wowongolera wapadera, wopezeka pa cholembera, amathandiza kudziwa kuchuluka kwa insulini yoyenera. Wodwala amayiyika pabowo ndikuilowetsa m'magazi kudzera ndi singano. Mapampu a insulin omwe ali ndi catheter amawaika m'mitsempha, pampu imalumikizidwa ndi lamba.

    Wodwala amakonza chipangizocho moyenera kuchuluka kwa insulini, yomwe imalowa m'thupi tsiku lonse.

    Zomwe muyenera kudziwa za insulin

    Pali mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zimakweza shuga m'magazi ndikuyambitsa insulin yolimba:

    - zinthu zonse zokhala ndi shuga, komanso shuga m'mawonekedwe ake abwino,

    - ufa (makeke, pasitala ndi ena),

    - mpunga woyera wopukutidwa.

    Zipatso, zipatso kupatula zipatso za malalanje, mphesa ndi nthochi ndi zina mwa zakudya zabwino. Zogulitsa zimasinthira mbewu monga chimanga. Mpunga Woyera uyenera kusinthidwa ndi bulauni kapena wakuda (zakutchire). M'malo mbatata, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kolifulawa.

    Sinthani kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kungathandize chromium - mchere womwe umapezeka kwambiri mu broccoli. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama, nyemba, chimanga, chinangwa, ndi chiwindi zili ndi ma chromium ambiri.

    Zochititsa Chidwi za Insulin

    Ochita masewera amatcha insulin kukhala mahomoni a anabolic. Pochita, ndi anabolic osavomerezeka, omwe onse amatha kudziunjikira mafuta ndikuwonjezera minofu.

    Komabe, sizoyenera kumuimba mlandu chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri, chifukwa amangogwira ntchito yake, kukhalabe ndi magazi otetezeka, osasunthika a 80-100 mg / desilita.

    Mwazi ukakhala wopitilira muyeso, mahomoni "amachotsa" shuga owonjezera m'magazi ndikuwasintha kukhala minofu ya adipose, glycogen ya chiwindi, kapena minofu ya glycogen.

    Insulin ndi kufunikira kwake kwa thupi

    Mahomoni amawongolera ntchito zofunika kwambiri za thupi lathu, amagwira ntchito kudzera m'magazi ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati makiyi "otsegulira zitseko". Insulin ndi timadzi tomwe timapangidwa ndi kapamba, ndiye mtundu wapadera wamaselo - maselo a beta.

    Ma cell a β-amapezeka m'malo ena a kapamba, omwe amadziwika kuti ma islets of Langerhans, omwe kuphatikiza ma β-cell mulinso ma α-cell omwe amapanga timadzi ta glucagon, δ (D) - maselo omwe amapanga somatostatin ndi ma F-cell omwe amatulutsa polypeptide (ntchito yake osamvetseka bwino).

    Zikondazo zilinso ndi ntchito ina yofunika, zimatulutsa ma enzyme omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi chimbudzi. Ntchito yapachikondichi sichimaletsa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.

    Maselo a Beta ali ndi mita yamagazi m'magazi omwe amalemba pomwe kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumakwera ndikuyankhana potumiza kuchuluka kwa insulini m'magazi.

    Anthu opanda matenda a shuga akamadya chakudya, kuchuluka kwa insulini m'magazi kumawonjezeka kwambiri, izi ndizofunikira kuti magazi asungidwe omwe amapezeka m'maselo.

    Mwa anthu otere, shuga wa m'magazi nthawi zambiri samakula kuposa 1-2 mmol / l atatha kudya.

    Insulin imatumizidwa ndi magazi kupita ku maselo osiyanasiyana amthupi ndipo imamangirira pamwamba pake ndi ma cell apadera a insulin, chifukwa chake maselo amakhala ovomerezeka kwa glucose. Koma si maselo onse amthupi omwe amafunikira insulini kuti azitha kuyendetsa glucose.

    Pali maselo "odziyimira pawokha"; amamwa glucose popanda kutenga insulin, molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

    Amapezeka muubongo, mafupa am'mitsempha, mafinya, impso komanso ma adrenal gland, komanso mu khoma lamitsempha yama cell ndi ma cell (magazi ofiira).

    Zitha kuwoneka ngati zosagwirizana kuti ma cell ena safuna insulin yotumiza shuga.

    Komabe, m'malo omwe thupi limakhala ndi shuga wochepa, kupanga kwa insulini kumayima, potero kusungirako shuga kwa ziwalo zofunika kwambiri.

    Ngati muli ndi matenda ashuga komanso kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi anu ndi okwera kwambiri, maselo osadalira insulini amatenga shuga wambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake amawononga maselo motero, kugwira ntchito kwa chiwalo chonse.

    Thupi limafunikira insulini yocheperako ngakhale pakudya komanso pakati pausiku kuti lisinthe glucose yochokera ku chiwindi. Izi zimatchedwa "basal" insulin secretion.

    Mwa anthu opanda matenda a shuga, kuchuluka kwa insulin kumeneku ndi 30-50% ya insulin tsiku lililonse.

    Palinso "insimuyamu" yobisika ya insulin, yomwe imapangidwa ndikudya.

    Mafuta ambiri omwe amabwera kwa ife ndi chakudya amasungidwa m'chiwindi monga glycogen (ndi chakudya chamagulu omwe amatha kuwola msanga kupanga shuga).

    Ngati munthu adya zoposa zomwe amafunikira, ndiye kuti zochuluka zamafuta zimasinthidwa kukhala mafuta, omwe amasungidwa mu minofu ya adipose. Thupi laumunthu liri ndi kuthekera kopanda malire kwa kuchuluka kwa mafuta.

    Mosiyana ndi izi, mapuloteni (amino acid) amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi, koma alibe malo osungirako. Chiwindi chimatha kupangira shuga osati kuchokera ku glycogen, komanso ku amino acid, mwachitsanzo, ngati simunadye kwa nthawi yayitali. Koma nthawi yomweyo, kuwonongeka kwa minofu kumachitika, popeza thupi lilibe depo ya amino acid (mkuyu. 1).

    Mkuyu 1. Zakudya zomanga thupi mthupi (R. Hanas "Mtundu woyamba wa shuga mu ana, achinyamata ndi achinyamata", buku la 3d, kusindikiza kwa Class, London, 2007).

    Zikondwerero

    Chikondamoyo ndi gawo lopanda manja la kanjedza lomwe lili kumapeto kwa m'mimba pafupi ndi m'mimba. Imagwira ntchito ziwiri zazikulu: imapanga ma enzyme omwe amathandizira kugaya chakudya, ndipo imatulutsa insulin yomwe imathandizira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa glucose.

    Ma enzymes am'mimba kuchokera ku kapamba amalowa m'matumbo kudzera pancreatic duct. Amalowa mu duodenum limodzi ndi duct ya bile, yomwe imachotsa bile ku chiwindi ndi chikhodzodzo. Mu kapamba, pali zilumba pafupifupi 1 miliyoni za Langerhans.

    Insulin imapangidwa ndi maselo a islet beta ndipo imatulutsidwa mwachindunji m'mitsempha yaying'ono ya magazi yomwe imadutsa kapamba.

    Selo yathanzi

    Shuga kuchokera ku chakudya amalowetsedwa m'matumbo ndipo amalowa m'magazi mu mawonekedwe a shuga (dextrose) ndi fructose. Glucose ayenera kulowa m'maselo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mphamvu kapena njira zina za metabolic.

    Madzi a insulin ndi ofunika kuti "titsegule chitseko", ndiye kuti, kuti zitheke kutulutsa shuga m'maselo kudzera pa khoma la cell. Glucose atalowa mu cell, amasinthidwa mothandizidwa ndi oksijeni kukhala mpweya woipa, madzi ndi mphamvu.

    Carbon dioxide kenako imalowa m'mapapu, pomwe imasinthidwa ndi oksijeni (mkuyu. 2).

    Mkuyu. 2.Umagazi a shuga a magazi (R. Hanas "Mtundu wa 1 wa shuga ana, achinyamata ndi achinyamata", buku la 3d, kufalitsa kwa Class, London, 2007).

    Mphamvu ndizofunikira kuti maselo azigwira ntchito moyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, shuga mu mawonekedwe a glycogen amasungidwa m'chiwindi ndi minofu kuti agwiritsenso ntchito mtsogolo.

    Ubongo, komabe, sungathe kusunga glucose monga glycogen. Chifukwa chake, kudalira kosalekeza pamlingo wamagazi.

    Munthu akakhala ndi njala, magazi a shuga amachepa. Pankhaniyi, chitseko chotsegulidwa ndi insulin sichichita bwino. Mwa anthu opanda matenda a shuga, kupanga insulin kumatha pafupifupi pomwe misempha ya m'magazi yatsika.

    Ma cell a pancreatic alpha amazindikira glucose wotsika ndipo amapanga glucagon m'magazi.Glucagon imagwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro kuti maselo a chiwindi atulutse shuga m'magulu awo a glycogen.

    Pali mahomoni ena omwe amatha kupangidwanso munthu akakhala ndi njala (monga adrenaline, cortisol, ndi kukula kwa mahomoni).

    Koma ngati njala ikupitilirabe, thupi limagwiritsa ntchito njira yotsalira yotsatira kuti magazi azisungunuka pamagulu oyenera a glucose pamlingo woyenera. Mafuta amaphulika kukhala mafuta acids ndi glycerol.

    Mafuta acids amasinthidwa kukhala ma ketoni mu chiwindi, ndipo glucose amapangidwa kuchokera ku glycerol.

    Izi zimachitika ngati muli ndi njala kwanthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, mukasala kudya) kapena mukudwala kwambiri kuti simungathe kudya (mwachitsanzo, ndi gastroenteritis) (mkuyu. 3).

    Maselo onse mthupi lathu (kupatula ubongo) amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta monga mafuta gwero lamphamvu. Komabe, minyewa, mtima, impso ndi ubongo zokha zomwe zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma ketones ngati gwero lamphamvu.

    Pakusala kwakanthawi, ma ketoni amatha kupatsa 2/3 zamphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. Ma ketones amapanga ana mwachangu ndipo amafikira kwambiri kuposa achikulire.

    Ngakhale kuti maselo amatulutsa mphamvu inayake kuchokera ku ma ketones, akadali ocheperako pogwiritsa ntchito shuga.

    Ngati thupi lakhala lopanda chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti mapuloteni ochokera ku minofu minofu amayamba kusweka ndikukhala glucose.

    Mkuyu. 3. Kusamalira glucose pakusala (R. Hanas "Type 1 Shuga wa ana, achinyamata ndi achinyamata", buku la 3d, Class Class, London, 2007).

    Mtundu woyamba wa shuga ndi kuperewera kwenikweni kwa insulin. Matenda a matenda - njira zofunikira kuti timvetse

    Matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba ndi matenda omwe alibe insulini. Zotsatira zake, glucose sangathe kulowa m'maselo. Maselo oterewa amakhala ngati ali mu gawo losala kudya lomwe tafotokozazi.

    Thupi lanu lidzayesa kukweza kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kuti likhale lamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa limakhulupirira kuti chifukwa choperewera ndi glucose mkati mwa maselo ndi shuga wotsika wamagazi.

    Ma mahormone monga adrenaline ndi glucagon amatumiza chizindikiro kuti amasulidwe a shuga chiwindi (yambitsa kuwonongeka kwa glycogen).

    Panthawi imeneyi, njala imachitika nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti, magazi ambiri. Thupi limakhala lovuta kuthana ndi mpweya wambiri, ndipo limayamba kutuluka ndi mkodzo.

    Pakadali pano, mafuta acids amapangidwa mkati mwa maselo, omwe amasinthidwa kukhala ma ketoni mu chiwindi, nawonso amayamba kuthira mkodzo.

    Munthu akapatsidwa insulini, maselo ake amayamba kugwira ntchito mokhazikika ndipo bwalo loipa limayima (mkuyu. 4).

    Mkuyu. 4. Kuperewera kwa insulini ndi mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga (R. Hanas "Mtundu wa 1 wa matenda ashuga mwa ana, achinyamata ndi achinyamata", buku la 3d, kufalitsa kwa Class, London, 2007).

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