Mapazi amwazi- Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino yofufuzira odwala ndi madokotala. Ngati mukudziwa bwino zomwe kusanthula kwachilengedwe kumawonetsa magazi Kuchokera pamitsempha, koyambirira kumatha kuzindikira zovuta zingapo, pakati pawo - virus hepatitis, matenda ashuga, neoplasms yoyipa. Kuzindikira koyambirira kwa matendawa kumapangitsa kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera mankhwalawa ndikuwachiritsa.

Namwino amatulutsa magazi kuti awerengere pasanathe mphindi zochepa. Wodwala aliyense ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti njirayi sikubweretsa vuto. Yankho la funso loti magazi amatengedwa kuti aunikiridwe ndi losiyana: kuchokera mu mtsempha.

Polankhula za kuyesedwa kwamwazi wamagazi ndi zomwe zimaphatikizidwamo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa ndi mtundu wa mawonekedwe a momwe thupi liliri. Komabe, kuyesa kudziimira pawokha ngati kusanthula kwabwinobwino kapena pali zopatuka kuchokera pa mtengo wabwinobwino, ndikofunikira kuti mumvetsetse kuti LDL ndi chiyani, CPK (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), kuti mumvetsetse urea (urea) ndi chiyani, ndi zina zambiri.

Zambiri pazakuwunika kwamwazi wamagazi - zomwe zili ndi zomwe mungadziwe mukamayendetsa, mupeza kuchokera pa nkhaniyi. Kodi kusanthula koteroko kumawononga ndalama zingati, kumatenga masiku angati kuti mupeze zotsatira, muyenera kudziwa mwachindunji malo ochitiramo kafukufuku komwe wodwalayo akufuna kuchititsa phunziroli.

Kodi kukonzekera kusanthula kwamitundu iwiri kumachitika bwanji?

Musanapereke magazi, muyenera kukonzekera bwino njirayi. Iwo amene akufuna kudziwa momwe angakwaniritsire kusanthula moyenera ayenera kulingalira zinthu zingapo zosavuta:

• perekani magazi kokha pamimba yopanda kanthu
• Madzulo, patsiku lachiwonetsero chomwe chikubwera, simungamwe khofi wamphamvu, tiyi, kudya zakudya zamafuta, zakumwa zoledzeretsa (zotsalazo ndi bwino osamwa kwa masiku atatu),
• kusuta osachepera ola limodzi chisanachitike kusanthula,
• tsiku lisanafike mayeso, sikuyenera kuchita masewera aliwonse otentha - kupita ku sauna, bafa, komanso munthu sayenera kudzipereka kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi,
• muyenera kupititsa mayeso a labotale m'mawa, musanagwiritse ntchito njira zamankhwala zilizonse,
• munthu amene akukonzekera kusanthula, atabwera ku labotale, ayenera kukhazikika pang'onopang'ono, kukhala kwa mphindi zochepa ndikugwira mpweya,
• Yankho lafunso ndikuti ngati kuli kotheka kutsuka mano musanayambe kuyesa: kuti mupeze shuga moyenera, m'mawa musanayambe kuphunzira, muyenera kupewa njira zamtunduwu, komanso osamwa tiyi ndi khofi.
• sayenera kumwedwa musanatengere magazi maantibayotikimankhwala a mahomoni, okodzetsa, etc.,
• masabata awiri musanayambe phunziroli, muyenera kusiya kumwa mankhwala omwe amakhudza lipidsm'magazi makamaka ma statins,
• ngati mukufuna kupatsanso kusanthula kwathunthu, izi ziyenera kuchitika nthawi yomweyo, labotale iyeneranso kukhala yomweyo.

Decoding of biochemical magazi mayeso

Ngati kuyezetsa magazi kwachipatala kunachitika, kutanthauzira kwa zizindikiro kumachitika ndi katswiri. Komanso, kutanthauzira kwa kuzindikiritsa kwa magazi kwamomwe amachitika m'magazi kumatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito tebulo lapadera lomwe limawonetsa zizindikiritso zabwinobwino mwa akulu ndi ana. Ngati chizindikiro chilichonse chimasiyana ndi chizolowezi, ndikofunikira kulabadira izi ndikuyang'ana kwa dokotala yemwe "amatha kuwerenga" bwino zotsatira zonse ndikupereka malangizo. Ngati ndi kotheka, kuphatikiza kwamwazi kumayikidwa: mbiri yowonjezera.

Decoding tebulo la biochemical kusanthula magazi akulu

ma globulins (α1, α2, γ, β)

21.2-34.9 g / l

Chifukwa chake, kuyezetsa magazi osiyanasiyana kumapangitsa kuti athe kufufuza bwino za ntchito zamkati. Kuunikira zotsatira kumakupatsaninso "kuwerenga" mokwanira mavitamini, macro- ndi ma microelements, michere, mahomoni thupi limasowa. Kuphatikiza kwa magazi kumatha kuzindikira kupezeka kwa ma pathologies kagayidwe.

Ngati muona molondola zomwe mwapeza, ndizosavuta kuzidziwikitsa. Biochemistry ndi kafukufuku wambiri kuposa OAC. Zowonadi, kusindikiza kwa zomwe zikuwonetsa kuyesedwa kwa magazi ambiri sikuloleza kupeza tsatanetsataneyu.

Ndikofunika kwambiri kuchititsa maphunziro ngati mimba. Kupatula apo, kusanthula kwathunthu panthawi yapakati sikupereka mwayi wopeza chidziwitso chonse. Chifukwa chake, biochemistry mwa amayi apakati ndi mankhwala, monga lamulo, m'miyezi yoyambirira ndi wachitatu trimester. Pamaso pa pathologies ena komanso thanzi labwino, kuwunika kumeneku kumachitika pafupipafupi.

M'mabotolo amakono, amatha kufufuza ndi kuwunikira zizindikiro zomwe zapezeka kwa maola angapo. Wodwalayo amapatsidwa tebulo momwe zimasonyezedwera zonse. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kuyang'anira palokha kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa magazi omwe ali abwinobwino mwa akulu ndi ana.

Onse piritsi lokhazikika loyezetsa magazi ambiri mwa akulu ndi kuwunika kwamankhwala osokoneza bongo amapangidwanso kuti azikumbukira zaka ndi jenda la wodwala. Kupatula apo, muyezo wamaubongo wamagazi, monga chizolowezi chowunika magazi, amatha kusiyanasiyana mwa azimayi ndi abambo, mwa achinyamata ndi achikulire odwala.

Hemogram- Uku ndi kuyezetsa magazi kwa akulu ndi ana, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wofufuza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse zamagazi, komanso momwe zimapangidwira, maselo oyerazili hemoglobin ndi ena

Popeza biochemistry yamagazi ndi kafukufuku wovuta, amaphatikizanso kuyesa kwa chiwindi. Kuwongolera kusantaku kumakupatsani mwayi wofufuza ngati chiwindi chikugwira bwino. Hepatic indices ndikofunikira pakudziwitsa matenda a pathologies a chiwalo ichi. Zotsatira zotsatirazi zimapangitsa kuyesa kuyang'ana ndi kakhalidwe ka chiwindi: ALT, GGTP (chizolowezi cha GGTP mwa akazi ndizotsika pang'ono), michere alkaline phosphatase mulingo bilirubin ndi mapuloteni onse. Kuyesa kwa hepatatic kumachitika ngati kuli kofunikira kukhazikitsa kapena kutsimikizira matenda.

Cholinesteraseofunitsitsa kudziwa zovuta kuledzera ndi chiwindi, komanso ntchito zake.

Mwazi wamagazi mtima wofufuza ntchito za endocrine dongosolo. Dzinalo loyesedwa magazi limapezeka mwachindunji mu labotale. Mawonekedwe a shuga amatha kupezeka mufomu yazotsatira. Kodi shuga amawonetsedwa bwanji? Amadziwika ndi mawu akuti "glucose" kapena "GLU" mu Chingerezi.

Zofunikira ndizofunikira CRP, popeza kulumpha mu izi zikuwonetsa kukula kwa kutupa. Chizindikiro AST ikuwonetsa njira za pathological zogwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa minofu.

Chizindikiro MIDmu kuyezetsa magazi kumatsimikiziridwa pakuwunikiridwa kawirikawiri. Kuchuluka kwa MID kumakupatsani mwayi wofotokozera chitukuko chifuwa, matenda opatsirana, kuchepa magazi, etc. Chizindikiro cha MID chimakupatsani mwayi wofufuza momwe chitetezo cha m'thupi chimagwirira ntchito.

ICSUChizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa anthu hemoglobin mu khungu lam magazi ofiira. Ngati ICSU ndi yokwera, zifukwa zake zimachitika chifukwa chosowa Vitamini B12 kapena folic acidkomanso prgenital spherocytosis.

MPV - kuchuluka kwa voliyumu yoyesedwa kuchuluka kwa mapulateleti.

Lipidogramimapereka kufotokozera kwa ziwonetsero zathunthu cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides. Mawonekedwe a lipid amatsimikiza kuti athe kuzindikira zovuta za lipid metabolism m'thupi.

Norm ma electrolyte amwazi imawonetsa njira yokhazikika ya kagayidwe kachakudya mthupi.

SeromucoidNdi kachigawo kakang'ono ka mapuloteni magazi a m'magazizomwe zimaphatikizapo gulu la glycoproteins. Polankhula za seromucoid ndizomwe zili, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti ngati minofu yolumikizayo iwonongedwa, itasokonekera kapena kuwonongeka, ma seromucoids amalowa m'madzi a m'magazi. Chifukwa chake, ma seromucoids atsimikiza kuneneratu za chitukuko chifuwa chachikulu.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) Ndiye chidwinawo oxidation wa shuga ndi kupanga lactic acid.

Kafukufuku pa osteocalcinkuchitikira matenda matenda a mafupa.

Tanthauzo Mapuloteni othandizira (CRP, PSA) mu wamkulu ndi mwana zimapangitsa kudziwa kukula kwa pachimake parasitic kapena bakiteriya matenda, njira yotupa, neoplasms.

Kusanthula pa ferritin(protein protein, main intracellular iron depot) imagwiridwa ndi hemochromatosis, matenda osakhazikika komanso matenda opatsirana, zotupa.

Kuyesa kwa magazi kwa ASO ndikofunikira kuzindikira zovuta zingapo mutatha kutenga matenda a streptococcal.

Kuphatikiza apo, zizindikiro zina zimatsimikiziridwa, ndikutsatira kwina kumachitika (protein electrophoresis, etc.). Chiyeso choyesa cha biochemical cha magazi chimawonetsedwa m'matafura apadera. Imawonetsa chizolowezi cha kuyesa kwamwazi m'mwazi mwa akazi, tebulo limaperekanso chidziwitso cha kuchuluka kwa abambo. Komabe, za momwe mungadziwire kuyesa kwa magazi ndi momwe mungawerengere zamomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zamankhwala osiyanasiyana, ndibwino kufunsa katswiri yemwe atiunikize zotsatira zake mu zovuta ndikupereka mankhwala oyenera.

Kulingalira zamankhwala amwazi mu ana kumachitika ndi katswiri yemwe adayambitsa maphunziro. Pazomwezi, tebulo limagwiritsidwanso ntchito momwe chikhalidwe cha ana onse amasonyezera.

Mu mankhwala Chowona Zanyama, palinso miyeso yamagazi ammagazi a agalu ndi amphaka - mawonekedwe a biochemical a magazi a nyama akuwonetsedwa pama tebulo.

Zomwe Zizindikiro zina zimatanthawuza kuyezetsa magazi zimakambidwa mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.

Kodi ndi ziti zomwe zimawonetsera kuchuluka kwa magazi

Magazi ndi minofu yapadera ya thupi la munthu. Kapangidwe kake ndi kuphatikiza zinthu ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimadyetsa thupi. Ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo ndi sayansi, madotolo aphunzira kuzindikira zodetsa nkhawa zomwe zimapangidwa m'magazi ndikuzindikiritsa matenda ambiri ndi iwo. Nthawi zambiri kuzindikiridwa kwamtunduwu kumapereka mpata wodziwitsa matenda kumayambiriro kwambiri, pakakhala kuti palibe zizindikiro zenizeni. Masiku ano, kapangidwe ka magazi kumatha kudziwa matenda amtundu uliwonse wamkati, omwe amathandizira kwambiri kuzindikira ndi chithandizo.

Kodi kuyezetsa kwamwazi wamagazi kumawonetsa chiani, ndipo malingaliro awa ndi otani? Inde, kuwerengetsa magazi kumasintha ndi ukalamba kapena pamaso pa matenda ena. Komanso Zizindikiro zina zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi moyo wa wodwala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena. Kodi kuyesedwa kwa magazi pamagazi ndi chiyani? Magazi amatengedwa kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwa magazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kudziwa ntchito ya ziwalo zonse za anthu. Kusanthula kumaphatikizapo kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'magazi.

Monga zisonyezo zapakati mwa akulu zimatengedwa kuti ndi:

Kodi zopatuka kuzomwezi zikuimira chiyani?

Chilichonse mwazinthu izi zikuwonetsa mkhalidwe wa chinthu china. Ngati zizindikirozo zitha kapena kutsitsidwa, akatswiri amatha kudziwa momwe cholephera kudachitikira. Potere, njira zowonjezera zowunikira zimayikidwa, ndikuwunika mozama kumachitika. Kodi zopatukazo zikutanthauza chiyani:

Glucose Anthu amatcha kuti shuga. Chizindikiro ichi ndichofunikira kwambiri pakupezeka kwa matenda ashuga. Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumatha kusiyanasiyana ndi zaka. Kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo kungawonetse kukhalapo kwa matenda monga:

• Matenda a shuga.
• Kupsinjika kwakuthupi kapena kutengeka.
• Thirotooticosis.
• Pheochromocytoma.
• Kuchulukitsa mahomoni.
• Cushing's Syndrome.
• Pancreatitis
• Matenda a chiwindi ndi impso.

Mwazi wachepa kwambiri ukhoza kuonetsa kukula kwa matenda otsatirawa:

• Kutopa kwa thupi.
• Kuchuluka kwa insulin.
• Matenda a kapamba.
• Matenda a oncological.
• Mankhwala olakwika a endocrine.

Bilirubin. Mafuta a utoto wa lalanje. Vutoli limapangidwa m'chiwindi ndipo likakulitsidwa, wodwalayo amayesedwa kaye kuti adwale matenda a jaundice. Milingo yokwezeka ya bilirubin imatha kupezeka m'matenda otsatirawa:

• Hepatitis.
• Cirrhosis.
• Hemolytic anemia.
• Miyala mu chikhodzodzo.
• Malungo

AST. Enzyme yopangidwa ndi maselo a chiwindi ndi minofu. Munthu wathanzi amatha kukhala ndi magazi ochepa. Kukula kwa AST ndi chiyani? Choyamba, ngati akuphwanya mulingo wa AST, madokotala azindikira matenda amtima. Zizindikiro izi zitha kuchuluka m'matenda monga:

• Cirrhosis.
• Hepatitis.
• Kulephera kwa chiwindi.
• Myocardial infaration.
• Kulephera kwa mtima.
• Matenda ena a mtima ndi chiwindi.

ALT. Enzyme yopezeka m'maselo a chiwindi. Angalowe m'magazi nthawi yakufa kwamaselo a chiwindi. Chifukwa chiyani ALT imayesedwa? Ndi ALT yowonjezereka, madokotala amayang'ana chiwindi makamaka matenda oopsa omwe amafotokozedwa ndi cell necrosis. ALT imawonjezeka ndi:

• Matenda a chiwindi.
• Mankhwala poyizoni a chiwindi.
• Khansa ya chiwindi
• Hepatitis ya chiyambi chilichonse.
• Matenda a mtima.

Gamma GT. Enzyme yomwe imapangidwa m'chiwindi ndi kapamba. Kodi kuchuluka kwa ma enzyme m'mwazi kumatanthauza chiyani? Kuchuluka kwa Gamma-GT kukuwonetsa matenda awa:

• Matenda aliwonse a chiwindi.
• Matenda a kapamba.
• Oncology a kapamba.
• Uchidakwa wambiri
• Kuledzera.

Phosphotase. Enzyme yopezeka mu ziwalo zonse za anthu. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa enzyme, madokotala choyamba ayang'anireni wodwala matenda a chiwindi ndi mafupa.

Cholesterol. Ndi gawo lalikulu la lipids yamagazi. Amapangidwa ndi maselo a chiwindi ndipo amalowa m'thupi ndi chakudya. Kuwonjezeka kwa cholesterol nthawi zambiri kumawonetsa kudya kosayenera kwa wodwala.

Kukula kumakhala kowopsa chifukwa cha matenda a mtima.

Mapuloteni Chizindikiro cha mapuloteni okwanira m'magazi ndichofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsa matenda a magazi, chiwindi, impso ndi njira yotupa. Ndikofunikanso kuyang'anira osati kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni onse, komanso zigawo zake.

Potaziyamu Madokotala nthawi zambiri amazindikira kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu m'magazi, zomwe zikuwonetsa matenda a impso. Chizindikiro chofananira ndikuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mkodzo. Kutsika kwa potaziyamu kumatha kuchitika ndi kudya kwa nthawi yayitali, kutsegula m'mimba, kusanza, kuwonongeka kwaimpso.

Sodium. Zizindikiro za sodium ndizofunikira pakuwonetsa matenda am'magazi, matenda a minofu, zotupa za mitsempha, komanso kusokonekera kwa kagayidwe kamadzi m'thupi.

Urea Izi ndizophulitsa mapuloteni. Chifukwa chiyani chizindikirochi chikufunika? Urea amuchotsa mkodzo. Kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimapezeka m'magazi kumapereka madokotala chifukwa chokayikira kuti ayamba kugwira ntchito. Zitha kuchuluka ndi matenda otsatirawa:

• Glomerulonephritis.
• Kulephera kwa mtima.
• Pyelonephritis.
• Zowotcha kwambiri.

Chuma Chinthu chofunikira pakupanga magazi. Ndikusowa kwa chinthu ichi, matenda osiyanasiyana amitundu yonse komanso minofu imatha kuonedwa. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa chitsulo mwa amayi apakati, chifukwa kusowa kwake kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zazikulu pakubereka.

Uwu si mndandanda wathunthu wa zomwe zaphunziridwazo; chifukwa cha kusanthula, mutha kuwona chithunzi chathunthu, malinga ndi pomwe adotolo athe kumaliza.

Kusanthula uku kukonzedwa liti

Kuyesedwa kwa magazi kwa biochemistry kumaperekedwa kwa odwala onse omwe adandaula kuchipatala. Komanso, kuwunikirako ndikofunikira kwa amayi apakati, okalamba ndi anthu omwe amatumizidwa kukalandira chithandizo. Kusanthula komwe kukuwonetsedwa kuyenera kuchitika, chifukwa ndi koyamba kuzindikira pamene akuyendera akatswiri.

Kuwona zizindikiro zazikulu, dokotalayo adzazindikira kuyipa kwa gawo limodzi kapena chinthu china, kudziwa njira zobisika zotupa ndikuwunika momwe wodwalayo alili. Popanda kafukufukuyu, sizingatheke kuzindikira matenda a ziwalo zamkati. Pokhapokha malinga ndi zotsatira za mayesowo, adotolo amatha kupereka mayeso owonjezera a ziwalo momwe amakayikira matenda.

Kusanthula kumeneku sikungowonetsa matendawa, komanso kuperewera kwa mavitamini ndi michere, ndiye adotolo amakupatsani mankhwala a vitamini. Anthu ambiri amanyalanyaza kusowa kwa vitamini wina. Komabe, kuchepa kwakumapeto kwa chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimatha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa, mwachitsanzo, kusowa kwa potaziyamu kumayambitsa matenda a mtima, kuchepa kwa calcium kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa mafupa ndi minofu, etc.

Momwe mungasinthire

Anthu ambiri amasokoneza kuyesa kwamagazi ndi amodzi. Awa ndi malingaliro osiyana kwambiri ndipo zitsanzo za magazi zimachitika mosiyanasiyana. Kodi zamankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi chiyani? Uku ndi kuwunika kwazinthu zomwe zimatengedwa m'mitsempha ya wodwala. Njirayi ndi yosavuta, koma kwa ambiri osangalatsa.

Pambuyo pakupereka sampuli, magaziwo amatumizidwa ku labotale, komwe, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera, mapangidwe amwazi amatsimikiza.

Kuyesedwa kwa magazi kuchokera m'mitsempha kumayenera kutengedwa pamimba yopanda kanthu m'mawa. Wodwala aliyense ayenera kudziwa zomwe zingakhudze magazi enieni ndikupatula zinthu izi. Madokotala sangathe kudziwa zopatuka pokhapokha ngati pali zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Kudya kwa maola 8 musanapendeke.
• Kumwa mowa kwa masiku 7 kusanachitike.
• Kumwa tiyi ndi khofi musanatenge magazi.
• Zochita zolimbitsa thupi masana musanayambe kusanthula.
• Kusuta musanapereke magazi.
• Kumwa mankhwala.

Mapazi amwazi

Kusanthula kwamwazi m'mwazi - njira yothandizira matenda yantchito yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wowunika ntchito ya ziwalo zamkati (chiwindi, impso, chikhodzodzo, chikhodzodzo, etc.), pezani chidziwitso cha kagayidwe kazinthu (metabolism of lipids, protein, carbohydrate), onani kufunikira kwa zinthu.

Kusanthula

• Kuwunikira zaumoyo (osachepera 1 pachaka). Ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti mchaka chonse kuchuluka kwa magazi omwe amachotsedwa kwa munthu, kuphatikiza pazolinga zakuzindikira, sikupitirira kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe a maselo ofiira a m'magazi.
• Matenda opatsirana akale kapena a somatic.

Kusanthula

Musanapange kafukufuku wamwazi wamunthu, njira zoyenera zokonzekera zimachitika. Chikondwerero chapadera chimayikidwa pa mkono pamwamba pa chopondera. Tsamba lamasamba a magazi limayesedwa ndi antiseptic kupewa matenda. Singano imalowetsedwa mu mtsempha, ndipo mutatha kudzaza mtsempha wa ulnar ndi magazi, magazi amakokedwa. Ngati sikungatheke kupanga zitsanzo zamagazi kuchokera m'mitsempha ya ulnar, kuyamwa kwa magazi kumachitika kuchokera ku mitsempha ina yomwe ikupezeka kuti ikupimidwa ndi kukonza. Mwazi umathiridwa mu chubu choyesedwa ndikutumizidwa ndikutumizidwa ku labotore yamankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Momwe mungasinthire kuwunikira

Odwala ambiri, atalandira zotsatira za kusanthula, amasankha kudzipanga okha, koma sachita izi molingana ndi momwe alili, koma malinga ndi chidziwitso pa intaneti. Komabe, izi ndizosavomerezeka. Katswiri wodziwa ntchito yekha ndi amene angayerekeze deta yonse ndikuzindikiritsa matenda anu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti zotsatira za aliyense payekha zingatanthauze matenda osiyanasiyana, kupenda kwathunthu kumapereka chithunzi chonse cha thanzi lanu.

Kutengera ndi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pazomwe zimachitika munthu atha kukhala pokhapokha pakufufuza matenda ena. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, mutha kuwongolera pawokha magazi anu munthawi yamankhwala. Mukazindikira, ndikofunikira kuganizira zaka za wodwalayo, jenda komanso kupezeka kwa matenda osachiritsika kapena obadwa nawo.

Masiku ano, madokotala amaumiriza kuti kuphatikiza magazi ndi njira yovomerezeka yopezera kachilombo koyambirira ndikuwunika momwe wodwalayo alili. Ngati mwapatsidwa kusanthula uku, yesetsani kutsatira malamulo onse kuti aperekedwe. Izi zimalola akatswiri kuti azitha kudziwa bwino zaumoyo wanu komanso kuchiritsa matenda am'masiku moyenera. Kuyesedwa kwa magazi kwa biochemistry kumatengedwa ku chipatala chilichonse cha anthu kapena kumalo opima matenda ozindikira. Samalirani thanzi lanu ndipo tsatirani malangizo a dokotala.

Mapuloteni athunthu a seramu, zigawo zonse za mapuloteni

Mapuloteni amatanthauza zambiri mthupi la munthu, chifukwa zimatenga gawo polenga maselo atsopano, kayendedwe ka zinthu ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zochititsa manyazi chitetezo chokwanira.

Mapuloteni ali ndi 20 zofunikira ma amino acid, mulinso zinthu zopanda pake, mavitamini, lipid ndi zotsalira za chakudya.

Gawo lamadzi limakhala ndi mapuloteni pafupifupi 165, kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kake ndi gawo lawo m'thupi ndizosiyana. Mapuloteni amagawika magawo atatu osiyana a protein:

Popeza kupanga mapuloteni kumachitika makamaka m'chiwindi, msambo wawo umawonetsa ntchito zake zopanga.

Ngati proteinogram ikusonyeza kuti thupi limawonetsa kuchepa kwa mapuloteni onse, izi zimadziwika kuti hypoproteinemia. Zomwezi zimachitikanso mu milandu yotsatirayi:

• ndi njala yamapuloteni - ngati munthu akuwona zina chakudyakuchita zamasamba
• ngati pali kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni mu mkodzo - ndi proteinuriamatenda a impso mimba,
• ngati munthu wataya magazi ambiri - ndikutuluka magazi, nthawi yayitali,
• pakuwopsa kwambiri,
• ndi exudative prurisy, exudative pericarditis, ascites,
• ndi kukula kwa neoplasms yoyipa,
• Ngati mapangidwe a mapuloteni amakhala osalimba - matenda amatsengachiwindi
• ndi kuchepa mayamwidwe a zinthu - ndi kapamba, prick, enteritis, etc.,
• pambuyo kugwiritsa ntchito glucocorticosteroids nthawi yayitali.

Kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni m'thupi hyperproteinemia. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mtheradi ndi hyperproteinemia.

Kukula kwamapuloteni kumayamba ngati madzi atayika m'madzi am'madzi. Izi zimachitika ngati kusanza kosalekeza kumavutitsidwa ndi kolera.

Kuwonjezeka kwathunthu kwa mapuloteni kumadziwika ngati njira zotupa zimachitika, myeloma.

Mphamvu za thunthu ndi 10% zimasintha ndikusintha kwa thupi, komanso munthawi ya masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani magawo a protein amapezeka?

Zigawo zamapuloteni - ma globulins, albin, fibrinogen.

Bioassay yofunikira ya magazi sikutanthauza kutsimikiza kwa fibrinogen, yomwe imawonetsa njira yopanga magazi. Coagulogram- kusanthula komwe chizindikirocho chikutsimikiziridwa.

Kodi magawo azigawo za mapuloteni amakwera liti?

Mlingo wa Albumini:

• Ngati kuchepa kwamadzi kumachitika pa matenda opatsirana,
• Ndi zoyaka.

Ma-globulins:

• ndi zokhudza matenda matenda a connective minofunyamakazi, dermatomyositis, scleroderma),
• ndi purulent kutupa mu pachimake mawonekedwe,
• Kutentha mkati mwakukonzanso,
• nephrotic syndrome odwala glomerulonephritis.

Β- ma globulins:

• ndi hyperlipoproteinemia mwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga, atherosulinosis,
• wokhala ndi zilonda zam'mimba m'mimba kapena m'matumbo,
• ndi nephrotic syndrome,
• at hypothyroidism.

Ma globulins a Gamma amakhala okwera m'magazi:

• ndimatenda a bacteria ndi bacteria,
• ndi zokhudza matenda matenda a connective minofu (nyamakazi, dermatomyositis, scleroderma),
• ndi chifuwa
• chifukwa cha kuyaka
• ndi nkhondo ya helminthic.

Kodi kachigawo kakang'ono kamapulogalamu kamachepetsedwa?

• makanda chifukwa chakukula kwa maselo a chiwindi,
• at edema mapapu
• pa mimba
• ndi matenda a chiwindi,
• ndi magazi
• vuto la plasma m'mitsempha yathupi,
• Ndi zotupa zoyipa.

Nitrogen metabolism level

Mu thupi sikuti ndimapangidwe amaselo okha. Zimawonongeka, ndipo maziko a nayitrogeni amadziunjikira. Mapangidwe ake amapezeka m'chiwindi cha munthu, amathandizidwa kudzera impso. Chifukwa chake, ngati zizindikironayitrogeni kagayidwe kukwera, mwina imalepheretsa chiwindi kapena impso ntchito, komanso kuwonongeka kwamapuloteni ambiri. Zizindikiro zazikulu za metabolism ya nayitrogeni - creatinine, urea. Chomwe chimatsimikiziridwa kwambiri ndi ammonia, creatine, nitrogen yotsalira, uric acid.

Urea (urea)

Zifukwa zakuchulukira:

• glomerulonephritis, pachimake komanso aakulu,
• nephrossteosis,
• pyelonephritis,
• poyizoni wazinthu zosiyanasiyana - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, mchere wa zeb,
• ochepa matenda oopsa
• matenda amisala
• polycystic kapena chifuwa chachikuluimpso
• kulephera kwa aimpso.

Zifukwa zochepetsera:

• kuchuluka kwamkodzo
• shuga makonzedwe
• kulephera kwa chiwindi
• hemodialysis,
• kutsika kwa kagayidwe kachakudya,
• kusala
• hypothyroidism.

Zifukwa zakuchulukira:

• kulephera kwa aimpso mu mawonekedwe owopsa komanso aakulu,
• zopindika matenda ashuga,
• hyperthyroidism,
• acromegaly
• matumbo,
• minofu dystrophy
• amayaka.

Uric acid

Zifukwa zakuchulukira:

• khansa
• gout,
• Vitamini B-12 akusowa
• matenda opatsirana pachimake,
• Matenda a Wakez
• matenda a chiwindi
• shuga yayikulu
• matenda a pakhungu,
• poizoni wa monoxide, barbiturates.

Glucose imawerengedwa kuti ndiyo chisonyezo chachikulu cha kagayidwe kazachilengedwe. Ndiye chinthu champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chimalowa m'chipindacho, chifukwa ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya selo imatengera mpweya komanso glucose. Munthu akadya, glucose amalowa m'chiwindi, ndipo pomwepo amawagwiritsa ntchito mwa mawonekedwe glycogen. Sinthani njirazi mahomoni kapamba - insulinndi glucagon. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi, hypoglycemia imayamba, kuphatikiza kwake kumaonetsa kuti hyperglycemia imachitika.

Kuphwanya kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumachitika motere:

Hypoglycemia

• ndi kusala kudya kwanthawi yayitali,
• vuto malabsorption wa chakudya - tsabola, enteritis, etc.,
• ndi hypothyroidism,
• ndi matenda a chiwindi
• ndi matenda acrenal cortex osakwanira,
• ndi hypopituitarism,
• vuto la mankhwala osokoneza bongo a insulin kapena hypoglycemic omwe amakamwa pakamwa,
• at meningitis, encephalitis, insuloma, meningoencephalitis, sarcoidosis.

Hyperglycemia

• ndi matenda a shuga a mitundu yoyamba ndi yachiwiri,
• ndi chithokomiro,
• vuto la chotupa zodabwisa,
• ndi kukula kwa neoplasms ya adrenal kotekisi,
• ndi pheochromocytoma,
• mwa anthu omwe amachita glucocorticoid chithandizo,
• at khunyu,
• Zovulala ndi zotupa za muubongo,
• ndi chisangalalo cha m'maganizo,
• ngati poyizoni wa carbon monoxide wapezeka.

Kusokonezeka kwa pigment kagayidwe m'thupi

Mapuloteni ena achikuda ndi ma peptides omwe amakhala ndi zitsulo (mkuwa, chitsulo). Awa ndi myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, cerulloplasmin, etc. BilirubinNdi chinthu chotsiriza cha kuwonongedwa kwa mapuloteni amenewa. Pamene kukhalapo kwa erythrocyte kumapazi kumatha, bilirubin reductase imapangidwa ndi biliverdin reductase, yomwe imatchedwa yosalunjika kapena yaulere. Bilirubin uyu ndi poizoni, motero, imapweteketsa thupi. Komabe, popeza kulumikizana kwake mwachangu ndi albumin ya magazi kumachitika, poyizoni wa thupi samachitika.

Nthawi yomweyo, mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la cirrhosis, hepatitis, palibe kulumikizana ndi glucuronic acid mthupi, chifukwa chake kuwunikira kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwa bilirubin. Kenako, bilirubin yosalunjika imamangidwa ndi glucuronic acid m'maselo a chiwindi, ndipo imasandulika kukhala bilirubin (DBil) yomangidwa, kapena yopanda poizoni. Mulingo wake wapamwamba umadziwika pa Matenda a Gilbert, biliary dyskinesia. Ngati kuyesedwa kwa chiwindi kumachitidwa, kuzizindikira kumatha kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwambiri kwa bilirubin ngati maselo a chiwindi awonongeka.

Komanso bile bilirubin imatengedwa kuchokera ku ma hepatic ducts kupita ku ndulu, ndiye kupita ku duodenum, komwe mapangidwe amachitika urobilinogen. Nawonso, umatengedwa m'magazi kuchokera m'matumbo aang'ono, mpaka impso. Zotsatira zake, mkodzo umakhala wachikasu. Gawo lina la chinthu ichi m'matumbo amadziwika ndi ma enzymes, amasandulika serkobilinMadontho ndowe.

Jaundice: bwanji zimachitika?

Pali njira zitatu zachitukuko mthupi la jaundice:

• Kusweka kwambiri kwa hemoglobin, komanso mapuloteni ena a pigment. Izi zimachitika ndi hemolytic anemia, kulumidwa ndi njoka, komanso kufooka kwa mafupa a ndulu. Munthawi imeneyi, kupanga bilirubin kumachitika mwachangu, kotero chiwindi sichikhala ndi nthawi yopanga bilirubin yambiri.
• Matenda a chiwindi - cirrhosis, zotupa, chiwindi. Kupanga kwamatumba kumachitika modabwitsa, koma ma cell a chiwindi omwe amafika pamatendawa sangathe kugwira ntchito yochepa.
• Kuphwanya kwa kutuluka kwa bile. Izi zimachitika mwa anthu omwe ali ndi cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, pachimake cholangitis, etc. Chifukwa chokakamira kwa biliary, kutuluka kwa ndulu m'matumbo kumatha, ndipo kumadzikomera m'chiwindi. Zotsatira zake, bilirubin imalowa m'magazi.

Kwa thupi, zinthu zonsezi ndizowopsa, ziyenera kuchitidwa mwachangu.

Ma bilirubin athunthu mwa amayi ndi abambo, komanso magawo ake, amawunikira motere:

Lipid metabolism kapena cholesterol

Pa ntchito yachilengedwe, maselo ndi ofunika kwambiri. lipids. Amagwira nawo ntchito yomanga khoma la maselo, pakupanga mahomoni ambiri ndi bile, vitamini D. Fatty acids ndi gwero lamphamvu kwa minofu ndi ziwalo.

Mafuta m'thupi amagawika m'magulu atatu:

• triglycerides (zomwe triglycerides ndi mafuta opanda mbali),
• wamba cholesterol ndi zigawo zake,
• phospholipids.

Lipids m'magazi amatsimikiza mawonekedwe a mankhwala awa:

• ma chylomicr (m'mapangidwe awo makamaka triglycerides),
• HDL (HDL, lipoproteins yapamwamba kwambiri, cholesterol "yabwino"),
• LDL (VLP, lipoproteins otsika, "cholesterol" yoyipa),
• VLDL (lipoproteins otsika kwambiri).

Mphamvu ya cholesterol imakhalapo pakuwunika kwa magazi ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngati kuwunika kwa cholesterol kumachitika, kusindikiza kumakhala ndi zisonyezo zonse, komabe, zisonyezo za cholesterol yathunthu, triglycerides, LDL, ndi HDL ndizofunikira kwambiri.

Kupereka magazi a biochemistry, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ngati wodwalayo adaphwanya malamulo okonzekera kusanthula, ngati adya zakudya zamafuta, zikuwonetsa kuti sizolondola. Chifukwa chake, ndizomveka kuyang'ananso cholesterol. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kuganizira momwe mungapereke bwino mayeso a magazi a cholesterol. Kuti achepetse kugwira ntchito, dokotala adzalembanso dongosolo labwino la mankhwala.

Chifukwa chiyani lipid metabolism imalephera ndipo imatsogolera?

Cholesterol chonse chimakwera ngati:

C cholesterol chonse chimachepetsedwa ngati:

• matenda amatsenga
• mitundu ya chiwindi
• nyamakazi,
• kusala
• Matenda a chithokomiro komanso matenda a parathyroid,
• COPD
• malabsorption wa zinthu.

Triglycerides achulukitsidwa ngati:

• matenda oledzeretsa,
• matenda a chiwindi,
• uchidakwa
• biliary cirrhosis
• cholelithiasis
• kapamba, pachimake komanso matenda,
• kulephera kwa aimpso,
• matenda oopsa
• Matenda a mtima wa Ischemic, myocardial infaration,
• matenda a shuga, hypothyroidism,
• matenda am'mimba,
• mimba
• gout
• Down syndrome
• pachimake porphyria.

Triglycerides amachepetsa ngati:

• chithokomiro,
• COPD
• malabsorption wa zinthu
• kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi.

• pa 5.2-6.5 mmol / l pali kuchuluka pang'ono kwa cholesterol, komabe, pali chiwopsezo chotenga atherosulinosis,
• pa 6.5-8.0 mmol / L, kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi kumakhazikika, komwe kumatha kusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zakudya,
• 8,0 mmol / L kapena kuposerapo - mitengo yayikulu yomwe chithandizo chofunikira, chiwembu chake chotsitsa cholesterol, adokotala amatsimikiza.

Madigiri asanu a dyslipoproteinemia amatsimikiza kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa metabolidi a lipid. Matendawa ndi harbinger wa kukula kwa matenda oopsa (atherosulinosis, shuga, etc.).

Ma enzyme a magazi

Lilabotale yamtundu uliwonse imapanganso ma enzymes, mapuloteni apadera omwe amalimbikitsa kusintha kwa thupi mthupi.

Ma enzymes akulu a magazi:

• aspartate aminotransferase (AST, AST),
• alanine aminotransferase (ALT, ALT),
• gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT, LDL),
• zamchere phosphatase (zamchere phosphatase),
• creatine kinase (QC),
• alpha amylase.

Zinthu zomwe zalembedwazo zimapezeka mkati mwa ziwalo zosiyanasiyana, m'magazi awo ndizochepa kwambiri. Enzymes m'magazi amayeza mu U / L (mayunitsi apadziko lonse lapansi).

Aspartate aminotransferase (ACAT) ndi alanine aminotransferase

Enzymes omwe amasunthira aspartate ndi alanine mu zochita zamtundu wa mankhwala. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ALT ndi AST chimapezeka m'misempha ya mtima, chiwindi, ndi mafupa. Ngati pali kuwonjezeka kwa AST ndi ALT m'magazi, izi zikuwonetsa kuti maselo a ziwalo awonongedwa. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwambiri kwa michere iyi ndi gawo la magazi a munthu, maselo ambiri amafa, motero, kuwonongeka kwa chiwalo chilichonse. Momwe mungachepetse ALT ndi AST zimatengera kupezeka kwa dokotala komanso mankhwala omwe madokotala amapereka.

Madigiri atatu a kuchuluka kwa michere atsimikiza:

• Nthawi 1.5-5 - kuwala,
• Nthawi 6-10 - pafupifupi,
• 10 nthawi kapena kuposerapo - kukwera.

Ndi matenda ati omwe amatsogolera pakuwonjezeka kwa AST ndi ALT?

• myocardial infarction (zambiri ALT zadziwika),
• pachimake viral hepatitis (zambiri AST),
• zotupa zoyipa ndipo ma metastasesmu chiwindi
• kuwonongeka kwa maselo a chiwindi,
• matenda amisala.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Enzyme iyi imatsimikiza kuchotsedwa kwa phosphoric acid pazinthu zama mankhwala, komanso kuperekera phosphorous mkati mwa maselo. Mafupa ndi chiwindi mitundu ya zamchere phosphatase ndi otsimikiza.

Mlingo wa enzyme umakwera ndi matenda otere:

• myeloma
• nyamakazi sarcoma,
• lymphogranulomatosis,
• chiwindi
• mafupa metastasis
• mankhwala owopsa a chiwindi,
• njira yochiritsa
• osteomalacia, mafupa am'mimba,
• matenda a cytomegalovirus.

Gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT, glutamyl transpeptidase)

Tiyenera kudziwa, pokambirana za GGT, kuti chinthu ichi chimakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe ka mafuta, chimanyamula triglycerides ndi cholesterol. Kuchuluka kwa enzyme kumeneku kumapezeka mu impso, prostate, chiwindi, kapamba.

Ngati GGT imakwezedwa, zomwe zimayambitsa nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda a chiwindi. Enzyme gammaglutamine transferase (GGT) imakwezekanso mu shuga mellitus. The enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase imachulukanso pamene matenda mononucleosiskuledzera kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la mtima. Zambiri za GGT - ndi chiyani, auza katswiri yemwe amatsutsa zotsatira za kusanthula kwake. Ngati GGTP ikukweza, zomwe zimayambitsa izi zimatha kutsimikiziridwa ndikuchititsa maphunziro owonjezera.

Creatine kinase (kupangaine phosphokinase)

Iyenera kuganiziridwanso mukamayesa magazi a CPK kuti iyi ndi puloteni yomwe yozama kwambiri imayang'anidwa m'matumbo otupa, mu myocardium, gawo yaying'ono ili mu ubongo. Ngati pali kuwonjezeka kwa enzine phosphokinase enzyme, zomwe zimayambitsa kuchuluka zimayenderana ndi matenda ena.

Enzyme iyi imakhudzidwa pakupanga kutembenuka kwa metaboline, komanso imawonetsetsa kuti kagayidwe kamphamvu mu cell. Ma subtypes atatu a QC amatanthauziridwa:

• MM - minofu,
• MV - mu minofu ya mtima
• BB - muubongo.

Ngati magazi a creatine kinase achulukitsidwa, zifukwa za izi nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa maselo a ziwalo zomwe zalembedwa pamwambapa. Ngati creatine kinase m'magazi adakwezedwa, zomwe zimayambitsa zingakhale motere:

Alpha amylase

Ntchito ma amylase- kugawa zakudya zovuta kukhala zosavuta. Amylase (diastasis) amapezeka mu malovu ndi kapamba. Mukamayesa mayeso pa intaneti kapena ndi dokotala, chidwi chimakopeka ndikuwonjezera ndikuchepetsa chizindikirochi.

Alfa amylase imawonjezereka ngati tanena:

• pachimake kapamba
• khansa ya kapamba
• mumps
• matenda a chiwindi,
• pachimake aimpso kulephera
• kumwa kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso glucocorticosteroids, mchiyama.

Alfa amylase yafupika mukazindikira:

• myocardial infaration
• thyrotoxicosis,
• toxicosispa mimba
• wathunthu pancreatic necrosis.

Ma elekitironi pamagazi - ndi chiyani?

Sodium ndi potaziyamu ndiye ma electrolyte apamwamba m'magazi a anthu. Palibe mankhwala amodzi mthupi omwe amatha popanda iwo. Magazi ion - kusanthula, pomwe zovuta zamagazi m'magazi zimatsimikiziridwa - potaziyamu, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, ndi zina zambiri.

Ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga kagayidwe kazakudya ndi michere.

Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuyendetsa zikutulutsa zamagetsi mumtima. Chifukwa chake, ngati chikhalidwe cha chinthuchi mthupi chaphwanyidwa, izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu atha kukhala wopanda ntchito myocardial. Hyperkalemia ndi mkhalidwe momwe milingo ya potaziyamu imakwezedwa, hypokalemia imachepa.

Ngati potaziyamu adakwezedwa m'magazi, katswiri ayenera kupeza zifukwa ndikuzichotsa. Kupatula apo, zinthu ngati izi zitha kuwopseza kukula kwa zinthu zoopsa mthupi:

• arrhythmias(intracardiac block, atrive fibrillation),
• kuphwanya zamkati
• kugwa HERE,
• zimachitika kuchepetsa
• chikumbumtima.

Zinthu zoterezi ndizotheka ngati mulingo wa potaziyamu ukuwonjezeka kufika pa 7.15 mmol / L kapena kupitilira. Chifukwa chake, potaziyamu mwa amayi ndi abambo amayenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi ndi nthawi.

Ngati magazi a bioassay atulutsa potaziyamu osakwana 3.05 mmol / L, magawo otere amakhalanso ovulaza thupi. Mwanjira imeneyi, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zidadziwika:

• kusanza ndi kusanza
• kuvutika kupuma
• kufooka kwa minofu
• kufooka kwa mtima
• kutaya kwamadzi pachimake ndi ndowe.

Ndikofunikanso kuchuluka kwa sodium m'thupi, ngakhale kuti chinthuchi sichikhudzidwa mwachindunji. Sodium ali mu madzi akunja kwama madzi. Imasunga kupanikizika kwa osmotic ndi pH.

Sodium amuchotsa mkodzo, njirayi imawongolera aldosterone - mahomoni a adrenal cortex.

Hypernatremia, ndiye kuti, mphamvu zambiri za sodium, zimayambitsa chidwi cha ludzu, kusakwiya, kugwedeza kwa minofu ndi zopindika, kugwidwa ndi kuperewera.

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

Muli chiwindi ndi impso, minofu minofu (mtima, chigaza). Zikawonongeka, zimalowa m'magazi, mulingo wake umachuluka. Ichi ndi chizindikiro:

• hepatitis - tizilombo, mankhwala, poyizoni, uchidakwa,
• zotupa za chiwindi kapena matenda enaake,
• jaundice
• kufooka kwa minofu ya mtima (dystrophy), kutupa (myocarditis), kugunda kwamtima,
• kulephera kwazungulira
• kuwonongeka kwa kapamba - kapamba, kapamba,
• minofu minofu kuvulala, kuyaka.

Amachepa ndi kukomoka kwathunthu kwa chiwindi, kuchepa kwa vitamini B6.

Aspartic Aminotransferase (AST)

Kudzikundikira kwake koyambirira kumachitika mu myocardium, maselo ofiira a m'magazi. AST imapezekanso mu chiwindi, minofu, ndi ulusi wamitsempha. Mwa amuna, zochitika ndizochulukirapo kuposa akazi. Ndi infrction ya myocardial, kukula kwa AST ndiye chizindikiro choyamba, chimapezeka ngakhale ECG isintha. Kuphatikiza apo chiwonongeko chowonjezereka, chikukwera kwake.

Ngati palibe kuchepa kwa mulingo patsiku lachitatu, izi zikutanthauza kufalikira kwa kuwonongeka kwa mtima, zovuta, mawonekedwe a foci atsopano.

Gamma Glutamine Transferase (GGT)

Pali zambiri mu bile ducts, impso ndi chiwindi. Amachulukana ndimatenda otere:

• kutupa kwa biliary dongosolo (ducts, ndulu), miyala,
• chiwindi
• uchidakwa
• poyizoni
• kuwonongeka kwa impso - glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis,
• kapamba
• Khansa ya prostate, kapamba, chiwindi.

Alkaline phosphatase

Zochita zake zimawonetsa momwe impso, chiwindi, ducts ndi minofu ya fupa. Kuchuluka ndi:

• miyala m'miyeso,
• zotupa za chiwindi, matenda am'mimba, chiwindi,
• kuwonongeka kwa mafupa panthawi ya kuwonongeka, kufewetsa, kuwonjezeka kwa kupangika kwa mahomoni a parathyroid.

Kuchita zinthu zochepa kumachitika ndi kuchepa kwa magazi, kuthana ndi magazi, kusowa kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro, kuchepa kwa phosphorous, zinki ndi magnesium.

Amapangidwa makamaka nthawi ya hemoglobin ikasweka. Amalowa m'magazi amtundu wa mawonekedwe a poizoni - osadziwika. Ndi ntchito yabwino, chiwindi chimaphatikizana ndi mapuloteni, chifukwa chomwe chosalozera chimasandulika mwachindunji, chosawopsa. Kuchulukitsa kwachindunji kapena kwina kumatchedwa bilirubin kwathunthu. Zosakwezedwa molunjika ndi:

• kuphwanya kwa erythrocyte - jaundice mwa akhanda, maselo osalongosoka (nembanemba amawonongeka mosavuta), kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi, enzymatic, kuwonongeka, poyizoni,
• kuchepa kwa puloteni yomwe imalepheretsa bilirubin (matenda a Gilbert),
• matenda a chiwindi - hepatitis, hepatosis, chotupa, metastases kuchokera ku ziwalo zina, matenda amitsempha.

• kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi ndi mowa, mankhwala, khansa, hepatitis, mononucleosis (matenda),
• zovuta mukutuluka kwa ndulu (mu ndulu ya chiwindi kapena ndulu ya ndulu) - jaundice wokhala ndi blockage mwala, chotupa, kupindika kwa cicatricial pambuyo pa kutupa, kubadwa kwa syndromes (Rotor, Johnson).

• hemolytic (chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi),
• parenchymal (cholowa chiwindi ntchito),
• makina (kutupa kapena kufalikira kwa ducts ya bile ndi mwala, chotupa).

Amadzipaka ndi zakudya zamafuta (shuga, ufa, zipatso, uchi). Ndi kusowa kwa insulin (mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga) kapena kuphwanya zomwe zimachitika (mtundu 2 shuga, kunenepa kwambiri), magazi amawonjezeka. Mitengo yotsika imachitika ndi mankhwala ochulukitsa a shuga (omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi jakisoni wa insulin), njala, zotupa za pancreatic.

Mapuloteni onse

Chizindikiro ichi chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa albhamuin ndi globulin. Kuyesa kwa magazi kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa izi:

• kusowa kwamadzi - kusanza, kuphipha kwamkodzo ndi matenda a shuga insipidus, ketoacidosis wodwala matenda ashuga,
• kutupa - matenda owopsa, kuchulukitsa kwa matenda osachiritsika, matenda a autoimmune (dermatomyositis, nyamakazi yamatumbo, periarteritis, chithokomiro),
• kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni osokoneza bongo a myeloma, Waldenstrom syndrome,
• kunjenjemera ndi kuwotcha kwakukulu,
• kutupa kwambiri kwa peritoneum (peritonitis).

Mapulogalamu ochepa a magazi ndi chizindikiro cha:

• zoletsa mapangidwe mu chiwindi (matenda enaake, zoopsa, mankhwala, mowa, hepatitis),
• malabsorption amino acid kuchokera m'matumbo,
• kusowa kwa michere ya pancreatic yomwe imayambitsa chakudya,
• Kutayika kwa mkodzo mu matenda a impso (glomerulonephritis, nephropathy mu shuga, polycystic)
• kuvunda kwa mamolekyulu opangidwa - mahomoni owonjezera a adrenal gland, zotupa za khansa, zotupa, zotupa, mabala, mantha, magazi poyizoni (sepsis),
• kusintha kwa mapuloteni kuchokera ku magazi kupita kumkono - kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi m'mimba (ascites), pericardial sac (pericarditis), pakati pa ziwalo za pleura zam'mapapu (pleurisy).

Alkaline phosphatase

Zochita zake zimawonetsa momwe impso, chiwindi, ducts ndi minofu ya fupa. Kuchuluka ndi:

• miyala m'miyeso,
• zotupa za chiwindi, matenda am'mimba, chiwindi,
• kuwonongeka kwa mafupa panthawi ya kuwonongeka, kufewetsa, kuwonjezeka kwa kupangika kwa mahomoni a parathyroid.

Kuchita zinthu zochepa kumachitika ndi kuchepa kwa magazi, kuthana ndi magazi, kusowa kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro, kuchepa kwa phosphorous, zinki ndi magnesium.

Amapangidwa makamaka nthawi ya hemoglobin ikasweka. Amalowa m'magazi amtundu wa mawonekedwe a poizoni - osadziwika. Ndi ntchito yabwino, chiwindi chimaphatikizana ndi mapuloteni, chifukwa chomwe chosalozera chimasandulika mwachindunji, chosawopsa. Kuchulukitsa kwachindunji kapena kwina kumatchedwa bilirubin kwathunthu. Zosakwezedwa molunjika ndi:

• kuphwanya kwa erythrocyte - jaundice mwa akhanda, maselo osalongosoka (nembanemba amawonongeka mosavuta), kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi, enzymatic, kuwonongeka, poyizoni,
• kuchepa kwa puloteni yomwe imalepheretsa bilirubin (matenda a Gilbert),
• matenda a chiwindi - hepatitis, hepatosis, chotupa, metastases kuchokera ku ziwalo zina, matenda amitsempha.

• kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi ndi mowa, mankhwala, khansa, hepatitis, mononucleosis (matenda),
• zovuta mukutuluka kwa ndulu (mu ndulu ya chiwindi kapena ndulu ya ndulu) - jaundice wokhala ndi blockage mwala, chotupa, kupindika kwa cicatricial pambuyo pa kutupa, kubadwa kwa syndromes (Rotor, Johnson).

• hemolytic (chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi),
• parenchymal (cholowa chiwindi ntchito),
• makina (kutupa kapena kufalikira kwa ducts ya bile ndi mwala, chotupa).

Amadzipaka ndi zakudya zamafuta (shuga, ufa, zipatso, uchi). Ndi kusowa kwa insulini (mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga) kapena kuphwanya zomwe zimachitika (mtundu 2 wa shuga, kunenepa kwambiri), magazi amawonjezeka. Mitengo yotsika imachitika ndi mankhwala ochulukitsa a shuga (omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi jakisoni wa insulin), njala, zotupa za pancreatic.

Mapuloteni onse

Chizindikiro ichi chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa albhamuin ndi globulin. Kuyesa kwa magazi kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa izi:

• kusowa kwamadzi - kusanza, kuphipha kwamkodzo ndi matenda a shuga insipidus, ketoacidosis wodwala matenda ashuga,
• kutupa - matenda owopsa, kuchulukitsa kwa matenda osachiritsika, matenda a autoimmune (dermatomyositis, nyamakazi yamatumbo, periarteritis, chithokomiro),
• kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni osokoneza bongo a myeloma, Waldenstrom syndrome,
• kunjenjemera ndi kuwotcha kwakukulu,
• kutupa kwambiri kwa peritoneum (peritonitis).

Mapulogalamu ochepa a magazi ndi chizindikiro cha:

• zoletsa mapangidwe mu chiwindi (matenda enaake, zoopsa, mankhwala, mowa, hepatitis),
• malabsorption amino acid kuchokera m'matumbo,
• kusowa kwa michere ya pancreatic yomwe imayambitsa chakudya,
• Kutayika kwa mkodzo mu matenda a impso (glomerulonephritis, nephropathy mu shuga, polycystic)
• kuvunda kwa mamolekyulu opangidwa - mahomoni owonjezera a adrenal gland, zotupa za khansa, zotupa, zotupa, mabala, mantha, magazi poyizoni (sepsis),
• kusintha kwa mapuloteni kuchokera ku magazi kupita kumkono - kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi m'mimba (ascites), pericardial sac (pericarditis), pakati pa ziwalo za pleura zam'mapapu (pleurisy).

Amapangidwa m'misempha ndikuchotsa impso. Amawerengedwa ngati chinthu chomaliza cha mapuloteni kagayidwe. Magazi a biochemistry amawonetsa chidziwitso chowonjezeka mu matenda aimpso:

• pyelonephritis,
• nephropathy ya matenda ashuga, pakati,
• glomerulonephritis,
• amyloidosis
• chifuwa chachikulu
• urolithiasis,
• kutupa kwa impso.

Pafupipafupi, kuwonongeka kwa minofu ulusi (rhabdomyolysis) kumakhala:

• kuvulala, kupsinjika kwanthawi yayitali,
• myocardial infaration,
• dermatomyositis (autoimmune matenda),
• zovuta zamagazi,
• kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuti muchepetse cholesterol.

Zizindikiro pamwamba pazomwe zimapezekera m'matenda awa:

• thymoma (chotupa cha thymus),
• khansa, kuphatikizapo magazi,
• chapamimba, magazi amatumbo, matumbo
• mantha chifukwa cha kuvulala, kuyaka,
• owonjezera adrenal cortisol, mahomoni a chithokomiro, amatenga mawonekedwe awo.

Amapangidwa nthawi yakusokonekera kwa mapuloteni. Chizindikirocho chikuwonetsa momwe amapangira mapuloteni komanso mawonekedwe a impso. Amamera ndimatenda amtundu womwewo monga creatinine. Zowonjezera ndi:

• Zakudya zomanga thupi, makamaka zopatsa mchere,
• kusowa kwam'madzi, kuchuluka kwa okodzetsa,
• matenda oopsa
• amayaka
• dziko lodzidzimutsa
• matumbo,
• matenda a shuga
• myocardial infaration
• adrenal kusowa.

Amachepa ndi kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, kusowa kwa chakudya, zakudya zamasamba, zotupa za pituitary ndi kupangika kwakukulu kwa mahomoni okula ndi vasopressin.

C cholesterol chonse

Zimabwera ndi chakudya (mafuta a nyama), koma zochuluka (80%) zimapangidwa ndi maselo a chiwindi. Kuchulukitsidwa ndi:

• matenda a impso (nephrotic syndrome),
• chiwindi chifukwa cha uchidakwa, mankhwala, mavairasi, poizoni,
• kusayenda kwa bile.

Zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pakuphatikizidwa kwazinthu zamwazi zamwazi

Kafukufuku wapamwamba wa biochemistry yamagazi amalembedwa ngati zonyansa zimapezeka pang'onopang'ono, dokotala angalimbikitse kuyesa koyambirira kwa magazi, ngati pakufunika kumveketsa ntchito yamtundu uliwonse wa machitidwe a thupi:

• electrolyte metabolism - potaziyamu, calcium, sodium, chlorine (kuchepa kwamadzi, kusintha kwa mavuto, kusintha kwa mtima, matenda a impso, kusintha kwa mahomoni),
• chitsulo chamwazi (ndi magazi m'thupi, kuchepa kwa magazi),
• lipids - mulingo wa lipoprotein maofesi otsika, okwera komanso otsika kwambiri, ma triglycerides amaphunziridwa atherosulinosis, matenda oopsa, matenda a shuga, angina pectoris, kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, kusuta,
• amylase - wofunikira pa matenda a pachimake kapamba (pancreatitis),
• lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) - yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunika kwa myocardial kapena pulmonary infarction, kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi (hemolytic anemia).

Mbiri yomwe imakulitsidwa imaphatikizanso fibrinogen. Mapuloteni awa akuwonetsa momwe magazi amayangidwira, komanso mwayi wotupa. Potsirizira pake, zizindikiro zikuwunikidwa pamodzi ndi mapuloteni a C-reactive ndi antistreptolysin-O, chinthu chodutsitsa. Gulu lazosinthazi limatchedwa kuti rheumatic tata.

Chifukwa chiyani perekani magazi kuti apange biochemistry

Amayezetsa magazi ku biochemistry kuti adziwe:

• ntchito ya maselo a chiwindi,
• kusefera kwa impso
• kukhalapo kwa zotupa ndi ntchito zake,
• kapangidwe ka michere yokumba ndi timadzi timene timene timayambitsa ma insulin,
• mayamwidwe m'mimba,
• chiopsezo cha atherosulinosis, matenda ashuga, angina pectoris,
• kufunikira kwa mchere
• kuwonongeka kwa mtima ndi mtima.

Mitundu yamitsempha yamagazi

Kuphatikiza pa gulu lowonjezereka komanso locheperako, adokotala amatha kusankha magulu azizindikiro zomwe zimafotokozera ntchito ya chinthu chilichonse kapena dongosolo lililonse. Chifukwa chake, pali mitundu yapadera ya kusanthula kwamwazi kwamwazi:

• kuyesa kwa impso - creatinine, urea, mapuloteni onse,
• kuyesa kwa chiwindi - bilirubin (ambiri, mwachindunji), michere (AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase),
• mbiri ya lipid - cholesterol, lipoprotein zovuta, triglycerides,
• pachimake gawo kutupa - C-yogwira mapuloteni, fibrinogen.

Kodi kuyezetsa kwamwazi wamagazi kumachitika bwanji?

Kusanthula kwa zamankhwala am'mimba kumachitika kokha mwa magazi a venous, ndikudziwitsa momwe matendawa akukhudzidwira kuti atenge m'mawa. Kukonzekera ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika uku, popeza mayeso ambiri amayankha kusintha kwa zakudya, moyo ndi mankhwala. Chifukwa chake, tikulimbikitsidwa kutsatira malamulo awa:

• Masiku 3-5 kuti mufunsane ndi dokotala kuti mumwe mankhwala, ngati nkotheka kusokoneza njira zamankhwala, mankhwala onse akufotokozedwa pa fomu yolowetsa,
• kupatula kudya mavitamini, zakudya zowonjezera pakadutsa masiku 2-3,
• Maola 48 kusiya mowa, ndipo patsiku kuchokera ku mafuta, okazinga ndi zakudya zonunkhira, khofi, tiyi wamphamvu,
• dzulo lake, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kukhumudwa kwambiri, kusamba koyaka, kukhala m'nyumba yosamba, sauna ndizoletsedwa,
• Kutentha ndi matenda owopsa, ndi bwino kuchedwetsanso mayeso, ngati izi sizinagwirizane ndi adokotala.
• samalani nthawi yayitali kuchokera pakudya chomaliza kukafika ku labotale - maola 8 mpaka 12, m'mawa madzi okhaokha akumwa ndi omwe amaloledwa,
• Ngati mayeso othandizira adalembedwa (x-ray, tomography), physiotherapy, ndiye kuti amapita pambuyo pakupereka magazi,
• nthawi yomweyo musanazindikire matenda a labotale, kusuta sikuloledwa mu theka la ola, zovuta zowopsa ziyenera kupewedwa.

Buku lothandizira

Zakudya zoyenera komanso zopatsa thanzi ndiye chinsinsi cha moyo wathanzi. Si chinsinsi kuti chakudya chimakhudza mwachindunji momwe thupi liliri. Zotsatira za kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi zitha kukhala zokwanira.

Directory> Zakudya Zolemba Pazakudya: Marina Stepanyuk

Iwo omwe amalimbikitsa kusala kudya ngati njira yochiritsira moyenera nthawi zambiri amalankhula za maubwino ake. Ubwino wosala kudya ndikuti ndi imodzi mwanjira zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala.

Directory> Zakudya Zolemba Pazakudya: Marina Stepanyuk

Kuti thupi lizigwira ntchito moyenera, komanso kuti munthu akhale wathanzi komanso wathanzi, ayenera kudya moyenera. Pakadali pano, alipo ambiri kwambiri.

Directory> Zakudya Zolemba Pazakudya: Marina Stepanyuk

Nthawi zambiri, chikhodzodzo chimakhala chowumbidwa ndi peyala, chimasiyanitsa pansi (mbali yakumapeto kwa chiwalo), thupi ndi khosi (gawo lochepetsetsa). Chiwalochi ndi chosungira cha bile (chimakhala ndi 40-60 ml), chomwe.

Leukocyturia ndichinthu chachilendo chakuchulukirachulukira kwa zomwe zili m'maselo oyera a magazi - leukocytes mu urinalysis. Nthawi zambiri, mwa akulu, kutengera jenda, leukocytes mwa amuna amapezeka.

Matenda> Matenda a genitourinary system Wolemba: Daria Sloeveranyuk

Odwala omwe ali ndi madandaulo a kutentha kwa mtima ndi kusasangalala pamene akudutsa chakudya kudzera kummero amapezeka ndi GERD. Ichi ndi chiyani Chidule ichi chimayimira gastroesophageal Reflux.

Matenda> Matenda ogwiritsa ntchito m'mimba Zolemba: Vladimir Konev

Ogasiti 18, 2018

Kunenepa kwambiri (lat. Obesitas - chidzalo, kunenepa) ndi matenda osakhazikika omwe amadziwika ndi kudzikundikira kwa minofu ya adipose m'thupi la munthu, komwe kumabweretsa kulemera.

Zizindikiro> Zizindikiro Zizindikiro ndi Zizindikiro Wolemba: Eugene Yankovsky

Kuwona chidwi ndi chithunzi chomwe chimawonekera m'maganizo ndipo sichikugwirizana ndi chilimbikitso chakunja. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuyembekezera kumatha kukhala kutopa kwambiri, matenda ena amisala.

Zizindikiro> Kuzindikira ndi Kuchita Zolemba: Eugene Yankovsky

Ngati mapazi a munthu akumazizira, monga lamulo, pang'onopang'ono izi zimachitika kwa iye, ndipo sazindikira izi ngati chinthu choopsa. Monga lamulo.

Zizindikiro> Zizindikiro ndi zolemba Zambiri Wolemba: Marina Stepanyuk

Kapangidwe ka ma milliliters a 100 a madontho amaso a Okomistin ali ndi mankhwala othandizira othandizira benzyldimethyl ammonium chloride monohydrate mu 10 mg. Madzi oyeretsedwa ndi chloride.

Miramistin imakhala ndi yogwira - Benzyldimethyl ammonium chloride monohydrate - 100 mg, komanso madzi oyeretsedwa. Zinthu zina siziphatikizidwa ku Miramistin. Fomu.

Mankhwala> Ma Antiseptics Wolemba: Marina Stepanyuk

Kapangidwe ka kapisozi kamodzi pakakonzedwe kamlomo kamaphatikizira mabakiteriya a Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 kuchuluka kwa madigiri 10 mpaka 9 CFU. Mulinso zowonjezera.

Mtanthauzira mawu Medical

Aseptic ndi magawo omwe amafunidwa kuti aletse kulowetsedwa kwa ma virus m'magulu am'mimba ndikukula kwa matenda opatsirana chifukwa cha izi.

Mavitamini ndi michere yosavuta yazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Kutenga gawo lalikulu la zochita zamthupi zomwe zimachitika mthupi, zimagwira ntchito zowonetsera.

Bacteremia ndi kupezeka kwa mabakiteriya m'magazi. Kulowerera m'magazi a michere yakunja kumachitika kudzera mucous nembanemba, malo amkhungu, komanso ndi pathological.

Mayi aliyense wongobadwa kumene yemwe wangobwera ndi maloto a kumangitsa thupi ndikubwerera kumitundu yomwe idamukondweretsa panthawi ya kubereka.

Zambiri pazakhungu la nkhope limakhala likuwululidwa nthawi zonse - izi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chizigwiritsa ntchito, komanso zotsatirapo za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosalekeza.

Zambiri Hemorrhoids ndi njira yodutsitsa matupi oopsa a rectum, osasintha. Poona kusokonezedwa kotuluka ndipo.

Anna: Ndakhala ndikukula kwa msana kwazaka 12. Maphunzirowa amangothandiza.

Vladimir: Marina, moni! Ndizodabwitsa kuti palibe ndemanga patsamba lanu! Ndipo mutu wake ndi.

Kira: Koyamba ndimva kuti pambuyo pa Alflutop amapeza ma kilogalamu 15))) Mtundu wina wopanda pake. Izi siziri.

Anna Perova: Ndimatenganso Angiorus, mankhwala abwino komanso okwera mtengo. Ndili ndi gawo loyamba mpaka pano.

Zipangizo zonse zomwe zimaperekedwa patsamba lino ndizachidziwitso komanso maphunziro okha ndipo sizingaganizidwe ngati njira ya chithandizo kapena kufunsira wokwanira kokhazikitsidwa ndi dokotala.

Oyang'anira tsamba ndi olemba nkhani sakhala ndi vuto pazotayika zilizonse komanso zomwe zingachitike mutagwiritsa ntchito malowa.

Kuyesa kosavuta

Kuyesa kosavuta- kuyesedwa kwathunthu kwa magazi a immunochemical, komwe kumaphatikizapo kafukufuku kuti adziwe rheumatoid factor, kuwunika kozungulira kwa mawonekedwe a chitetezo cha immune, kutsimikiza kwa ma antibodies a o-streptolysin. Kuyeserera kwa rheumatic kumatha kuchitika palokha, komanso gawo la maphunziro lomwe limakhudza ma immunochemistry. Kuyeserera koyeserera kuyenera kuchitika ngati pali zodandaula za kupweteka m'malo.

Chifukwa chake, kuyezetsa kwatsatanetsatane kwamagazi owerengeka ndizofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza. Ndikofunikira kuti iwo amene akufuna kuchita kuchuluka kwa magazi kapena kuyezetsa magazi ku polyclinic kapena ku labotale kuti azindikire kuti labotale lililonse limagwiritsa ntchito ma reagents, owunikira komanso zida zina. Chifukwa chake, muyezo wazizindikiro ungasiyane, womwe uyenera kukumbukiridwa mukamawunika zomwe mayeso azachipatala amaonetsa. Musanawerenge zotsatirazi, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti mawonekedwe omwe amaperekedwa ku chipatala amawonetsa zomwe ayenera kudziwa kuti adziwe zoyenera molondola. Chikhalidwe cha UAC mwa ana chimawonetsedwanso pamafomu, koma adotolo ayenera kuwunika zotsatira zake.

Ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi: fomu yoyesa magazi 50 - ndi chiyani ndipo ndichifukwa chiyani ndiyenera kuyamwa? Uku ndikuwunikira kuti muwone ma antibodies omwe ali mthupi ngati ali ndi kachilomboka. HIV. Kuwunikira kwa f50 kumachitika zonse limodzi ndikukayikira za HIV komanso cholinga chopewa munthu wathanzi. Ndikofunikiranso kukonzekera phunzirolo moyenera.