Ma pancreatic mahomoni ndi ntchito zawo mthupi

Chikhansa ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukonza chakudya chamunthu. Ndiyewofalitsa wamkulu wa ma enzymes, popanda zomwezi ndizosatheka kugaya bwino mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya. Koma kutulutsidwa kwa madzi a pancreatic sikungokhala ndi zochita zake. Zida zapadera za gland ndi zisumbu za Langerhans, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ya endocrine, kubisa insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pypreatic polypeptide, gastrin ndi ghrelin. Ma hormone a pancreatic amakhudzidwa ndi mitundu yonse ya kagayidwe, kuphwanya kupanga kwawo kumabweretsa kukula kwa matenda oopsa.

Gawo la endocrine la kapamba

Maselo a pancreatic omwe amapanga zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu ma cell amatchedwa insulocytes. Amapezeka pazitsulo ndi masango - zilumba za Langerhans. Unyinji wonse wa ma islets ndi 2% yokha ya kulemera kwa chiwalo. Mwapangidwe, pali mitundu ingapo ya ma insulocytes: alpha, beta, delta, PP ndi epsilon. Mtundu uliwonse wamaselo umatha kupanga ndi kubisa mtundu wina wa mahomoni.

Kodi ma kapamba amapanga mahomoni ati?

Mndandanda wamahomoni apancreatic ndiwowonjezereka. Zina zimafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane, pomwe zomwe ena sanaphunzirepo zokwanira. Yoyamba ndi insulini, yomwe imawerengedwa ngati mahomoni ophunziridwa kwambiri. Oyimira zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwe, omwe amaphunzira mosakwanira, amaphatikiza polypeptide ya pancreatic.

Maselo apadera (maselo a beta) a zisumbu za Langerhans za kapamba amapanga mahomoni a peptide otchedwa insulin. Kuwonekera kwa zochita za insulin ndikotakata, koma cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi am'magazi. Zokhudza kagayidwe kazakudya zimazindikira chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa insulin:

gwiritsani ntchito kuchuluka kwa shuga kulowa mu khungu mwakukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zimimba,
amalimbikitsa kukoka kwa glucose kudzera m'maselo,
yambitsa mapangidwe a glycogen mu chiwindi ndi minofu minofu, yomwe ndiyo njira yayikulu yosungirako shuga.
letsa njira ya glycogenolysis - kuwonongeka kwa glycogen ku glucose,
ziletsa gluconeogeneis - kapangidwe ka shuga kuchokera pama protein ndi mafuta.

Koma osati kagayidwe kazakudya kokha ndimasewera a mahomoni. Insulin imatha kukopa mapuloteni ndi mafuta metabolism kudzera:

kukondoweza kwa kapangidwe ka triglycerides ndi mafuta acids,
kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka glucose mu adipocytes (mafuta maselo),
kutsegula kwa lipogenesis - kaphatikizidwe wamafuta a glucose,
kuletsa kwa lipolysis - kuwonongeka kwa mafuta,
zoletsa zakusokonekera kwa mapuloteni,
kukulitsa kupezeka kwa khungu kwa ma amino acid,
kukondoweza kwa kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni.

Insulin imapereka minofu yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Mphamvu yake ya anabolic imatsogolera pakuwonjezeka kwa depot ya mapuloteni ndi lipids mu cell ndikuwona gawo mu kayendetsedwe ka kukula ndi chitukuko. Kuphatikiza apo, insulini imakhudza kagayidwe kamchere wamadzi: imathandizira kudya kwa potaziyamu m'chiwindi ndi minofu, ndikuthandizira kusunga madzi m'thupi.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakupangika ndi katulutsidwe wa insulin ndi kuwonjezeka kwaminyewa ya seramu. Mahomoni amathandizanso kuwonjezeka kwa insulin synthesis:

cholecystokinin,
glucagon,
shuga-wodalira insulinotropic polypeptide,
estrogens
corticotropin.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa maselo a beta kumabweretsa kuchepa kapena kusowa kwa insulini - matenda a shuga 1 amayamba. Kuphatikiza pa kudziwikiratu kwamtundu, matenda amtundu wamavuto, zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa, komanso zolakwika zazakudya zimathandizanso kupezeka kwamatenda amtunduwu. Kusagwirizana ndi insulin (chitetezo chochepa cha minyewa) chimayambitsa matenda a shuga a 2.

Peptide yopangidwa ndi maselo a alpha a pancreatic islets amatchedwa glucagon. Zomwe zimakhudza thupi la munthu ndizosemphana ndi insulini ndipo zimachulukitsa shuga. Ntchito yayikulu ndikukhazikitsa glucose yokhazikika pakati pa chakudya, chochita ndi:

kuphwanya kwa glycogen mu chiwindi mpaka glucose,
kapangidwe ka shuga wama protein ndi mafuta,
chopinga wa shuga oxidation njira,
kukondoweza kwa kuchepa kwamafuta,
mapangidwe a matupi a ketone kuchokera pamafuta acids m'maselo a chiwindi.

Glucagon imakulitsa contractility ya minofu ya mtima osakhudza chisangalalo chake. Zotsatira zake ndikuwonjezereka kwa kukakamizidwa, mphamvu ndi kugunda kwa mtima. Panthawi yovuta komanso nthawi yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, glucagon imathandizira kuti minofu ifike kumapeto kwa mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuwongolera magazi awo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mtima.

Glucagon imapangitsa kutulutsa insulin. Pankhani ya kusowa kwa insulini, zomwe zimakhala ndi glucagon nthawi zonse zimachulukitsidwa.

Somatostatin

Hormone ya peptide somatostatin yopangidwa ndi maselo a delta a zisumbu za Langerhans imakhalapo mwa mitundu iwiri yogwira. Imalepheretsa kapangidwe ka mahomoni ambiri, ma neurotransmitters ndi ma peptides.

Hormone, peptide, enzyme amene kaphatikizidwe kake kamachepetsedwa

Gland Wapamwamba

Gastrin, secretin, pepsin, cholecystokinin, serotonin

Insulin, glucagon, veptidal peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, bicarbonates

Kukula kwa Insulin-1

Somatostatin, kuwonjezera, amachepetsa kuyamwa kwa shuga m'matumbo, amachepetsa kubisalira kwa hydrochloric acid, gastric motility ndi secretion ya bile. Kuphatikizika kwa somatostatin kumachulukanso ndi kuchuluka kwa glucose, amino acid ndi mafuta acids m'magazi.

Gastrin ndi mahomoni a peptide, kuwonjezera pa kapamba, amapangidwa ndi maselo am'mimba. Mwa kuchuluka kwa amino acid omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake, mitundu ingapo ya gastrin imasiyanitsidwa: gastrin-14, gastrin-17, gastrin-34. Zikondazo zimakonda kubisa. Gastrin imakhudzidwa ndi gawo logaya thupi ndipo imapangitsa kuti matumbo azikhala ndi:

kuchuluka katulutsidwe wa hydrochloric acid,
kukondoweza kwa kupanga kwa puloteni ya proteinolytic - pepsin,
kuyambitsa kutulutsa mabicarbonate ndi ntchofu ndi kufinya kwamkati,
kuchuluka kwam'mimba ndi matumbo,
kukondoweza kwa katulutsidwe ka matumbo, mahomoni a pancreatic ndi ma enzymes,
onjezerani magazi ndikuyambitsa kubwezeretsa kwa mucosa.

Imathandizira kupanga gastrin, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kuchepa kwa chapamimba pakudya, zakudya zama protein, mowa, khofi, geptrin-yotulutsa peptide yotulutsidwa ndi mitsempha khoma la m'mimba. Mlingo wa gastrin ukuwonjezeka ndi Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (chotupa cha kapangidwe kake ka kapamba), kupsinjika, kumwa mankhwala osapweteka a antiidal.

Mlingo wa gastrin umatsimikizika pakuwunika koyambitsa zilonda zam'mimba ndi matenda a Addison-Birmer. Matendawa amatchedwanso kuti magazi m'thupi. Ndi iye, hematopoiesis ndi zizindikiro za kuchepa magazi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chitsulo, zomwe ndizofala, koma chifukwa chosowa vitamini B12 ndi folic acid.

Ghrelin amapangidwa ndi ma pancreatic epsilon maselo ndi maselo apadera a mucosa. Hormayo imayambitsa njala. Amalumikizana ndi malo a ubongo, ndikulimbikitsa kubisala kwa neuropeptide Y, yomwe imayambitsa chidwi cholimbitsa. The kuchuluka kwa ghrelin asanadye kuchuluka, ndipo pambuyo - amachepetsa. Ntchito za ghrelin ndizosiyanasiyana:

imapangitsa secretion ya kukula kwa mahomoni - kukula kwa mahomoni,
timapitiriza kugwira ntchito mosamala ndikukonza chakudya chogaya,
kumawonjezera contractility yam'mimba,
imayang'anira ntchito zachinsinsi za kapamba,
kuchuluka kwa shuga, lipids ndi cholesterol m'magazi,
amaongolera thupi
zimakulitsa chidwi cha kununkhira kwa zakudya.

Ghrelin amagwirizanitsa zofunikira zamthupi ndipo amatenga nawo gawo pazoyang'anira psyche: zovuta komanso zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azikhala ndi chidwi chofuna kudya. Kuphatikiza apo, imathandizira kukumbukira, luso la kuphunzira, kugona ndi kugona. Magulu a Ghrelin amawonjezeka ndi njala, kuchepa thupi, zakudya zochepa za kalori komanso kuchepa kwa shuga wamagazi. Ndi kunenepa kwambiri, mtundu 2 matenda a shuga, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa ma ghrelin kumadziwika.

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Pancreatic polypeptide ndi mankhwala apangidwe a maselo a pancreatic PP. Ndizoyang'anira zamalamulo azakudya. Zochita za pancreatic polypeptide pakugaya ndi motere:

chimalepheretsa exocrine pancreatic ntchito,
amachepetsa kupanga ma enzyme a kapamba,
Imafooketsa gallbladder motility
amalepheretsa gluconeogenesis m'chiwindi,
kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mucous nembanemba wa m'mimba yaying'ono.

Kubisala kwa pancreatic polypeptide kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zakudya zama protein ambiri, kusala, masewera olimbitsa thupi, kutsika kwakuthwa kwa shuga m'magazi. Somatostatin ndi shuga amawongolera kudzera mu mtima amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa polypeptide yomwe imatulutsidwa.

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwabwino kwa thupi kumafunikira mgwirizano wogwirizana wa ziwalo zonse za endocrine. Matenda obadwa nawo komanso otengera kapamba amachititsa kuti khungu lizisokoneza. Kuzindikira udindo wawo munthawi yamalamulo a neurohumoral kumathandiza kuthana bwino ndi ntchito zodziwitsa komanso kuthandizira.

Tikukupatsani kuti muwone kanema pamutu wankhani.

Mapangidwe ndi ntchito

Kasitomala ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pakati pa endocrine. Ili pamakina opindulira. Mu kapangidwe kake, amasiyanitsa: mutu wozungulira, thupi lonse komanso mchira wotalikilapo. Mutu ndiye gawo lotalika kwambiri, lozunguliridwa ndi minyewa ya duodenum. Nthawi zambiri, m'lifupi mumafika masentimita asanu, makulidwe ndi 1.5 cm.

Thupi - lili ndi nkhope zakumbuyo, kumbuyo ndi pansi. Kutsogolo moyandikana ndi chapambuyo pake pamimba. Mphepete m'munsi imafika ku vertebra yachiwiri. Kutalika ndi 1.75-22,5 cm. Gawo la mchira limalunjikitsidwa poseri kwake ndi kumanzere. Pokhudzana ndi ndulu, adrenal gland ndi impso kumanzere. Kutalika konse kwa kutalika kwake ndi 16-23 cm, ndipo makulidwe amatsika kuyambira masentimita atatu mutu mpaka 1.5 cm mchira.

Pamphepete mwa thumbo ndiye pakati (Virsungiev) duct. Pompo, chimbudzi chimbudzi chimalowa mwachindunji mu duodenum. Kapangidwe ka parenchyma kamakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zazikulu: exocrine ndi endocrine. Amasiyana mu makulidwe othandizira ndi kapangidwe kake.

Exocrine - imakhala ndi 96% ya kuchuluka, imakhala ndi alveoli ndi dongosolo lovuta la ma ducts, "omwe ali ndi udindo" wopanga ndi kubisala kwa michere m'mimba yamagetsi kuti iwonetsetse kugaya chakudya m'matumbo. Kuperewera kwawo kumawonekera kwambiri pakupanga mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya. Gawo la Endocrine - lopangidwa ndi kudzikundikira kwa maselo mabungwe apadera a Langerhans. Apa ndipamene katulutsidwe ka mahomoni ofunikira m'thupi limachitika.

Mawonekedwe a mahomoni apachifinya

Tiona ntchito zazikuluzikulu zamahomoni mu kapangidwe kake, momwe mamembala ndi minofu yathupi la munthu limapangidwira.

Imatembenuza kapangidwe ka polypeptide. Kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi maunyolo awiri amino acid omwe amalumikizidwa ndi milatho. Zachilengedwe zinapangidwa mofanananira ndi insulin yaumunthu mu nkhumba ndi akalulu. Nyama izi zidakhala zoyenera kwambiri kuti zikhale zofunikira kukonzekera zakukonzekera kwa mahomoni azunguzi. Horm imapangidwa ndi maselo a beta kuchokera ku proinsulin polekanitsa c-peptide. Kapangidwe kamawululidwa komwe njirayi imachitikira - zida za Golgi.

Ntchito yayikulu ya insulin ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi mothandizidwa ndi kulowa kwake mu minofu yamafuta ndi minofu ya thupi. Insulin imalimbikitsa kuyamwa kwamphamvu kwa glucose (kumawonjezera kupezeka kwa ma membrane a maselo), kuphatikiza kwake mu mawonekedwe a glycogen mu minofu ndi chiwindi. Malo osungirako magawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thupi ndi kuwonjezeka kwambiri kwa mphamvu yamagetsi (kuwonjezera zolimbitsa thupi, matenda).

Komabe, insulin imalepheretsa izi. Zimalepheretsanso kuwonongeka kwa mafuta ndikupanga matupi a ketone. Imathandizira kaphatikizidwe ka mafuta acids kuchokera ku zinthu zamatumbo a carbohydrate. Amachepetsa cholesterol, amalepheretsa atherosulinosis. Ma mahormoni amatenga gawo lofunikira mumapuloteni a metabolism: imayambitsa kumwa kwa ma nucleotide ndi ma amino acid kuti apange DNA, RNA, michere acid, ndikuchedwa kutha kwa mapuloteni.

Njira izi ndizofunikira kuti pakhale chitetezo chokwanira. Insulin imalimbikitsa kulowa kwa amino acid, magnesium, potaziyamu, ndi phosphates m'maselo. Kuongolera kuchuluka kwa insulin yofunika kutengera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Ngati hyperglycemia ikapangidwa, ndiye kuti kupanga mahomoni kumachuluka, ndipo mosemphanitsa.

Mu medulla oblongata pali zone yotchedwa hypothalamus. Ili ndi nyukiliya, yomwe imalandira chidziwitso cha glucose owonjezera. Chizindikiro chobwerera chimadutsa mu ulusi wamanjenje kupita ku maselo a beta a kapamba, ndiye kuti mapangidwe a insulin amawonjezeka.

Ndi kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi (hypoglycemia), maukono a hypothalamus amalepheretsa zochitika zawo, motero, insulin secretion amachepetsa. Chifukwa chake, malo apamwamba a mitsempha ndi endocrine amawongolera kagayidwe kazinthu. Kuchokera ku dongosolo la mantha a autonomic, mitsempha ya vagus (imalimbikitsa), achifundo (midadada) imakhudza kayendedwe ka insulin.

Zatsimikiziridwa kuti glucose amatha kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji pama cell a beta a islets a Langerhans ndikutulutsa insulin. Chofunika kwambiri ndi ntchito ya enulinme yowononga insulin. Imakhala kwambiri mu chiwindi parenchyma komanso minofu minofu. Ndi gawo la magazi kudzera m'chiwindi, hafu ya insulin imawonongeka.

Hormayo, monga insulin, ndi polypeptide, koma kapangidwe ka molekyuyo pali gawo limodzi lokha la ma amino acid. Ndi ntchito zake zimawoneka ngati zotsutsa insulin. Amapangidwa m'maselo a alpha. Kufunika kwakukulu ndikuphwanya kwa lipids mu minofu ya adipose, kuwonjezereka kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Pamodzi ndi mahomoni ena omwe amapangitsanso chikhansa, mahomoni okula ndi ma adrenaline (cortisol ndi adrenaline), amateteza thupi ku kutsika kwakuthwa kwa mphamvu ya zinthu zamagulu (glucose). Kuphatikiza apo, gawo ndilofunikira:

potukula magazi a impso,
sinthanso mafuta m'thupi,
kutsegula kwa mphamvu ya chiwindi minofu kusintha,
pochotsa sodium m'thupi (kumachepetsa kutupa).

Limagwirira zake ntchito mogwirizana ndi zolandirana ndi cell membrane. Zotsatira zake, ntchitoyo komanso kuchuluka kwa magazi a enzyme adenylate cyclase kumawonjezera, komwe kumapangitsa mphamvu ya glycogen kuwonongeka kwa glucose (glycogenolysis). Katulutsidwe kamayendetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Ndi chiwonjezeke, kupanga shuga kumalepheretsa, kuchepa kumayambitsa kupanga. Zoyipa zapakati zimapangidwa ndi chida chamkati.

Polypeptide

Kumangiriza kwake kumachitika pang'onopang'ono. Momwe ma polypeptide amathandizira pa metabolic phenomena sanadziwikebe. Pamene polypeptide imayang'aniridwa ndi magwiridwe antchito a thupi, imayamba kubwezeretsanso zochita za kapamba, kukankhira zipatso zamadzi m'mimba.

Poyang'anitsitsa kapangidwe ka thupi pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, chinsinsi chomwecho muyezo woyenera sichingachitike.

Gastrin imathandizira kupanga haidrojeni chloride, imawonjezera zokolola zam'madzi za m'mimba ndi maselo akuluakulu a chiwalo, imapanga ndikuwonjezera ntchito ya mabicorbates ndi ntchofu mu mucosa wa m'mimba, chifukwa chotsatira chomwe membrane wa membala amathandizira chifukwa cha zovuta za pepsin ndi hydrochloric acid.

Mahomoniwa amachedwetsa ntchito yotulutsa m'mimba.Izi zimapereka kutalika kwa mphamvu ya pepsin ndi asidi pa chyme chofunikira pa chakudya cham'mimba. Ndipo amatha kuwongolera machitidwe a kusinthana kwa chakudya chamafuta, chifukwa chake, amathandizira kupanga peptide ndi mahomoni ena.

Zinthu zina zogwira ntchito

Ma mahomoni ena apachifwamba apezeka.

Lipocaine - amatha kuchititsa kuti pakhale mafuta komanso makulidwe amtundu wa aliphatic monobasic carboxylic acid, amateteza chiwindi ku steatosis.
Centropnein - imakhudza mosangalatsa malo apakati a ubongo, amathandizira kupumula kwa minofu ya bronchial.
Vagotonin - kumawonjezera ntchito ya nyini

Kodi mankhwalawa ndi mahomoni a pancreatic

Zofunikira zimayesedwa ngati mankhwala a insulin, omwe amapangidwa ndi makampani osiyanasiyana azamankhwala. Mankhwala a pancreatic amasiyanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro.

Mwa chiyambi, mankhwalawa ndi:

mankhwala achilengedwe - Actrapid, Monotard MC, tepi ya Insulin GPP,
kapangidwe - Homofan, Humulin.

Mwa kuthamanga, nthawi yayitali:

Kuthamanga komanso kwakanthawi, mankhwala amawonetsa mphamvu zawo pakatha ola limodzi pambuyo pa kuperekedwa, mankhwalawa ndi pafupifupi maola 8 - Insuman mwachangu, Actrapid,
Nthawi yayitali ya kukopa, akuwonekera patatha maola awiri atagwiritsidwa ntchito, zotsatira za mankhwalawa mpaka tsiku - Tepi la Humulin, Monotard MC,
kuchuluka kwa nthawi ya insulin ndi kufupikitsika, kuyambika kwa theka la ola - Actrafan HM.

Ma mahormoni ndi ofunikira pakuwongolera kayendetsedwe kazomwe thupi limachita, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudziwa kapangidwe ka chiwalo, chomwe ma pancreatic mahomoni amakhala ndi ntchito zawo.

Ma pathologies okhudzana ndi njira yogaya chakudya amawoneka, dokotala amakulemberani mankhwala othandizira. Mayankho a dokotala a kapamba angathandize kumvetsetsa zomwe zidayambitsa matendawa komanso momwe angachiritsire.

Maselo a pancreatic ndi zinthu zomwe amapanga

Zikondwererozi zimakhala ndi magawo awiri:

exocrine kapena exocrine,
endocrine.

Mayendedwe akuluakulu a momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito:

endocrine malamulo a thupi, omwe amapezeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinsinsi zambiri,
chimbudzi cha chakudya chifukwa cha ntchito ya michere.

Kukalamba kwa thupi kumathandizira kuti pakhale kusintha kwamphamvu m'thupi, zomwe zimayambitsa kusinthana kwa ubale womwe wakhazikitsidwa pakati pazigawo zake.

Gawo la exocrine limaphatikizapo lobules yaying'ono yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku pancreatic acini. Awo ndiye ma membala ofunika kwambiri a ziwalo.

Kapangidwe ka acini kamayimiriridwa ndi ma ducts ang'onoang'ono okhudzana, komanso magawo omwe amagwira omwe amapanga michere yambiri:

Gawo la endocrine limapangidwa kuchokera ku ma pancreatic islets omwe ali pakati pa acini. Dzina lawo lachiwiri ndi zisumbu za Langerhans.

Iliyonse ya maseloyi imakhala ndi vuto lopanga zinthu zina zogwira ntchito:

Glucagon- imapangidwa ndi maselo a alpha. Zimakhudza chiwopsezo cha glycemia.
Insulin. Maselo a Beta ndi amene amachititsa kuti pakhale mahomoni ofunika kwambiri. Insulin imathandizira kugwiritsira ntchito glucose ochulukirapo ndipo imasunga mulingo wabwinowu m'magazi.
Somatostatin. Amapangidwa ndi ma cell a D. Ntchito yake imaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa ntchito zachinsinsi komanso zamkati za gland.
Vasoactive matumbo peptide - Imakhala yopangidwa chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwa maselo a D1.
Pancreatic Polypeptide. Kupanga kwake kumaphatikizidwa m'gawo la maselo a PP. Imawongolera njira ya katulutsidwe ka bile ndipo imalimbikitsa kusinthana kwa zinthu zama protein.
Gastrin ndi somatoliberinomwe ali gawo la maselo ena amtunduwu. Zimakhudza mtundu wamadzi am'mimba, pepsin ndi hydrochloric acid.
Lipocaine. Chinsinsi chotere chimapangidwa ndi maselo amiyendo ya chiwalo.

Limagwirira a mahomoni zochita ndi ntchito

Kufunika kwa thupi pakukula kwachilengedwe kwa mahomoni ofanana ndikofunikira popereka mpweya ndi zakudya.

Ntchito zawo zazikulu:

Kubadwanso kwa maselo komanso kukula.
Chilichonse mwazinthu izi zimakhudza kusinthana ndikulandila mphamvu kuzakudya zomwe zalandira.
Kusintha mulingo wa calcium, glucose ndi zinthu zina zofunika kufufuza zomwe zili m'thupi.

Thupi la mahomoni C-peptide ndi gawo la molekyulu ya insulini, munthawi yomwe limalowa mkati mwa kayendetsedwe kazinthu, kuzungulira khungu lamunthu. Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili m'magazi, mtundu wa matenda a shuga, kupezeka kwa ma neoplasms ndi ma cell a chiwindi amapezeka.

Kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kapena, mosiyana, kusowa kwa mahomoni kumabweretsa kukula kwa matenda osiyanasiyana. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuwongolera kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zotere.

Chinsinsi ichi chimatenga malo chachiwiri chofunikira kwambiri pakati pamahomoni m'zungu. Glucagon amatanthauza ma polypeptides otsika kwambiri. Muli 29 amino acid.

Magulu a glucagon amawonjezeka chifukwa cha kupsinjika, shuga, matenda, impso, komanso kuchepa chifukwa cha chotupa cha pancreatis, kapamba kapena chifuwa cha pancreatic.

Katswiri wotsogola wa chinthu ichi ndi proglucagon, yemwe ntchito yake imayamba motsogozedwa ndi michere ya proteinolytic.

Matupi omwe amakhudzidwa ndi glucagon:

chiwindi
mtima
minofu yolimba
minofu ya adipose.

Zimawonjezera kukwezedwa kwa kusweka kwa glycogen m'maselo omwe amapanga minofu ya mafupa ndi hepatocytes.
Zimalimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga wa seramu.
Imalepheretsa glycogen biosynthesis, kupanga malo osungira a mamolekyulu a ATP ndi chakudya.
Imaphwanya mafuta osaloledwa omwe amapezeka mumafuta acids omwe amatha kuchita ngati mphamvu, komanso amasintha kukhala matupi ena a ketone. Ntchitoyi ndiyofunika kwambiri ku matenda ashuga, chifukwa kuperewera kwa insulin nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya glucagon.

Zotsatira zomwe zaphatikizidwa ndi polypeptide zimathandizira kukwera msanga kwa mfundo zamagazi.

Hormone iyi imawonedwa ngati chinthu chachikulu chogwira ntchito chachitsulo. Kukula kumachitika mosalekeza, mosasamala kanthu za chakudya. Kuchuluka kwa glucose kumakhudza insulin biosynthesis. Mamolekyu ake amatha kulowa momasuka m'maselo a beta, ndikupanga makutidwe ena ochulukirapo ndikupanga kukhazikitsidwa kwa ATP pang'ono.

Chifukwa cha njirayi, maselowo amalipiritsa ma ayoni abwino chifukwa cha mphamvu yomwe yatulutsidwa, motero amayamba kutulutsa insulini.

Zinthu zotsatirazi zimathandizira kuti pakhale mahomoni ena:

Kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi.
Kudya zakudya zomwe zilibe chakudya chambiri.
Zotsatira za mankhwala ena.
Amino zidulo.
Kuchuluka kwa calcium, potaziyamu, komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta acid.

Kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kumachitika motsutsana ndi maziko a:

kuchuluka somatostatin,
kutsegula kwa alpha adrenergic zolandilira.

imayendetsa kagayidwe kazinthu,
imayendetsa glycolysis (kuthamanga kwa shuga),
mitundu yamafuta osungira
timalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka shuga,
imayambitsa mapangidwe a lipoprotein, asidi apamwamba kwambiri,
imalepheretsa kukula kwa ma ketoni, kukhala ngati poizoni wa thupi,
amatenga nawo mbali pa mitundu yambiri ya mapuloteni,
imaletsa kulowa kwa mafuta acids m'magazi, potero kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha atherosulinosis.

Kanema wokhudza ntchito ya insulin mthupi:

Polypeptide

Chinsinsi chimakhala ndi ma amino acid a 36. Hormone secretion imapangidwa ndi maselo okhala ndi malo kapamba mu mutu, komanso zigawo za endocrine.

Amachedwa exocrine ntchito chifukwa kuchepa mu ndende ya trypsin, komanso ma enzyme ena omwe ali mu duodenum.
Zimakhudza mulingo ndi mawonekedwe a glycogen opangidwa m'maselo a chiwindi.
Amamasula minofu ya ndulu.

Kuwonjezeka kwa mahomoni kumachitika motsogozedwa ndi zinthu monga:

kusala kudya kwanthawi yayitali
zakudya zama protein
zolimbitsa thupi
achina,
matumbo dongosolo lamahomoni.

Kuchepa kwa mulingo kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyambitsa kwa shuga kapena motsutsana ndi maziko a somatostatin.

Izi zimagwira osati pancreas, komanso m'mimba. Muwulamuliro wake, pali zinthu zonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito pakukumba. Kusokera pakupanga kwake kwachulukirachulukira kusagwira ntchito kwa m'mimba thirakiti.

Gastrin yayikulu - ili ndi ma amino acid 4 omwe amapezeka.
Micro - imakhala ndi ma amino acid 14.
Zochepa - 17 amino acid zilipo mu nthawi yake.

Mitundu ya mayeso a mahomoni

Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa mahomoni, kuyesa kosiyanasiyana kumachitika:

Kuzindikira awiriawiri. Kuyesedwa kwa magazi kumachitika osati kungodziwa zinthu zofunikira zomwe zimapangidwa mu ziwalo, komanso kufotokozera bwino zomwe zimachitika mu mahomoni a pituitary.
Kuyesa kwa kukondoweza, kutanthauza kuyambitsa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kutseguka kwa ziwalo zomwe zakhudzidwa. Kusakhalapo kwa kukula kwa mahomoni kumatanthauza kukulitsa kuwonongeka kwa chiwalo palokha.
Mayeso opondereza, omwe akuphatikizira kuyambitsa kwa ma gland blockers m'magazi. Kutembenuka pantchito ya kutulutsa zala kumbuyo kwa zomwe zachitika kuti ziwonetsere zimawonetsa kusintha kwa mahomoni.
Biochemistry, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi kuti muwone milingo yazizindikiro zambiri, kuphatikizapo calcium, potaziyamu, chitsulo.
Kuyesa kwa magazi kwa ma enzymes.

Kuphatikiza pa mayeso omwe ali pamwambawa, mayeso owonjezera amatha kuperekedwa kwa wodwala, kukulolani kuti mupange kuzindikira koyenera (ultrasound, laparotomy ndi ena).

Kodi kapamba ndi chiyani?

Ndi iye yemwe ali chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu mthupi. Zikondazo zimagwira ntchito zonse zakunja ndi zamkati. Yoyamba ndi kupangidwa kwa michere yokugaya yomwe imathandiza kugaya chakudya. Gulu lachiwiri la ntchito limaphatikizapo kupanga mahomoni omwe amakhudzidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana za metabolic. Muli chitsulo m'matumbo am'mimba, pafupifupi pafupi navel.

Kodi ndiyenera kusamala nthawi ziti?

Mavuto akabwera ndi chiwalochi, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimawonekera:

kupweteka kwambiri kumanzere komwe kumachitika mutatha kudya,
kutaya kwathunthu kapena pang'ono pang'ono,
kusirira ndi kusanja.

Ngati zizindikirozi zikuchitika, pitani kuchipatala. Alembe zopita ku labu kuti ayesedwe. Chachikulu ndikuzindikiritsa matendawa nthawi yake kuti pasapezeke zovuta.

Zikondamoyo, mahomoni ndi ntchito

Ma hormone onse amapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo a endocrine:

Maselo A ndi omwe amayambitsa kuwoneka kwa ma glucagon mahomoni kapena "mahomoni a njala". Muli 20% yonse. Hormayo imachita gawo lalikulu pakuwonjezera shuga wamagazi.
Cell B imatulutsa insulini ya mahomoni. M'maselo a endocrine, unyinji wake. Ntchito yayikulu ndikuchepetsa glucose ndikuisunga mwapadera.
Cell C imatulutsa timadzi tam'mimba. Ndi 10% yonse. Hormone iyi imayang'anira ndikugwirizanitsa ntchito zakunja ndi zamkati za kapamba.
Maselo a PP ndiwo amachititsa kuti ma polypeptide azigoneka. Zikondazo zimatulutsa timadzi tating'onoting'ono. Itha kupezeka mumapuloteni kagayidwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka bile.
Maselo a G amatulutsa timadzi tam'magazi tating'ono. Gwero lake lalikulu la mawonekedwe ake ndi mucosa wam'mimba. Amakhudzanso mawonekedwe a madzi am'mimba, komanso amawongolera zomwe zili pazinthu zake.

Uwu si mndandanda wonse wa zinthu zotulutsidwa. Zikondazo zimasunga mahomoni C-peptide, omwe ndi gawo la insulin ndipo amapezeka mu kagayidwe kazachilengedwe. Kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwake, magazi amatengedwa kuti akafufuze. Kutengera ndi zotsatira zake, zimatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi insulin yochuluka bwanji yomwe imapangidwa ndi gland. Mwanjira ina, khazikitsani kuchepa kapena kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe mukufunsidwa.

Ma mahomoni ena opangidwa ndi kapamba amapezeka ndizochepa. Kuchuluka kwawo kofunikira kumapangidwa ndi matupi ena. Chitsanzo ndi mahomoni a thyroliberin, otulutsidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi hypothalamus.

Monga tanenera kale, insulin ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Imakhala ndi gawo lapadera pazolemba zamankhwala. Kuphatikiza apo, ilipo mu kusintha kwamphamvu komwe kumachitika m'moyo wonse. Ntchito zazikulu:

Kuwongolera kagayidwe ka shuga. Hormoniyo imatengedwa kupita ku minofu yosiyanasiyana ndikuletsa kuyambika kwa glycemia.
Kuwonetsa ntchito yofunikira ya thupi podzaza chiwindi ndi minofu ina.
Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa glucose komanso momwe amaphatikizira glycogen m'chiwindi ndi minofu.
Kuthamanga kwa mawonekedwe a lipids ndikuchita nawo lipid metabolism.
Kuphatikiza kwa kagayidwe kazakudya zomanga thupi. Imalimbikitsa kaphatikizidwe kakang'ono ka ma amino acid, omwe amachititsa kuti maselo azitha kukula mwachangu.

Ntchito yayikulu ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi ndikusamutsa kuchuluka kwa ziwalo, minofu ndi minyewa. Homoni wopangidwa ndi kapamba, insulin, amasintha glucose kukhala glycogen. Wotsirizirayo, amadziunjikira m'chiwindi ndipo amathandizira pakuchita zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakachitika ngozi. Mndandanda wazabwino za insulin sutha pamenepo. Kuperewera kwa timadzi timeneti kumabweretsa mavuto a metabolic.

Hormone glucagon

Kuchuluka kwa glucagon m'magazi, poyerekeza ndi mahomoni am'mbuyomu, kumakhala kocheperako kangapo. Komabe, kagayidwe kazakudya sikokwanira popanda iyo, komanso ndi thandizo lake, kayendedwe ka glucose kamatsimikiziridwa. Glucagon ndi mankhwala a insulin, chifukwa chake, amalimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Komabe, iyi ndi imodzi yokha mwa ntchito za mahomoni. Amatenga nawo mbali zina:

amathandizira kuphwanya mafuta ndikuwongolera cholesterol
amatenga kagayidwe ka magnesium ndipo amathandizanso thupi owonjezera sodium ndi phosphorous,
amathandizira mtima,
zimakhudza kupanga kwa insulin ndi maselo a B,
imawongolera kuchuluka kwa cholesterol ndikuyipangitsa kukhala yabwinobwino,
imabwezeretsa malo owonongeka a chiwindi,
kuchuluka mopitirira muyeso kumachitika, magazi ambiri amalowa m'magazi, omwe, akamagwiritsa ntchito adrenaline, amaperekanso mphamvu zowonjezera.

Maselo A amatulutsa glucagon potsatira izi:

shuga wamagazi ochepa
zolimbitsa thupi
kuperewera kwa zakudya m'zakudya zosiyanasiyana,
kuchuluka,
kulowa m'magazi ndi kuchuluka kwa adrenaline.

Kuperewera kwa mahomoni m'mwaziwu kumawonetsa matenda osiyanasiyana, monga kapamba. Glucagon owonjezera amawonetsa kupezeka kwa glucagon (chotupa). Poterepa, mulingo wa zinthu umakwera kwambiri. Komanso, shuga wambiri amawonetsa matenda a shuga, kapamba ndi matenda amisempha.

Hormone somatostatin

Homoni wina wofunika kwambiri ndi somatostatin. Amapangidwa ndi ma cell a C mu kapamba ndi matumbo. Kuphatikiza apo, ili pamndandanda wa mahomoni opangidwa ndi hypothalamus. Dzinalo "somatostatin" ndicholinga chake chachikulu. Amachepetsa kupanga mahomoni ena ndi michere yomwe imapezeka m'thupi la munthu.

Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za somatostatin:

kuchepetsa shuga
kuletsa kupanga mahomoni akuluakulu ndi zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'thupi,
zimakhudza mapangidwe a gastrin ndi hydrochloric acid,
imayendetsa magazi m'mimba,
Kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa shuga mu chakudya,
zotsatira za kapangidwe kazakudya.

Pofufuza mahomoni a pancreatic ndi mawonekedwe awo, asayansi adatha kupanga mankhwala.

Mankhwala okhala ndi Insulin

Kukonzekera kwa ma pancreatic kungapangike kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe komanso zopangidwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda omwe akusowa insulin kumawonedwa. Pochita, mitundu itatu imagwiritsidwa ntchito: nkhumba, ng'ombe ndi munthu. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu woyamba umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala onse amakhala osasankhidwa bwino. Zotsatira zake, ma crystalline, monopic ndi monocomponent othandizira amapangidwa. Masiku ano, insulin imapezeka kuchokera ku zoseweretsa za nyama, komanso njira zina:

kuchokera ku mankhwala
kuchotsera kwa zinthu kapamba,
kugwiritsa ntchito ma semi-synthetics,
opangidwa mwabadwa.

Zochita kupanga komanso njira ya jini zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi. Mtundu woyamba wa mahomoni umapezeka kuchokera ku insulin ya nkhumba. Pankhaniyi, ma alanine amino acid amaloledwa ndi threonine. M'tsogolomu, mankhwalawa onse amapangidwa ndi mainjiniya.

Pofika nthawi ya mahomoni ndi:

Zosavuta - nthawi yochepa yochita, zinthu zimakhala mthupi kwa maola atatu. Ma insulini oyenera awa amaperekedwa mosavuta.
Kutalika kwakutali - Ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa insulin yokhala ndi nthaka yayitali ya zinc.
Zotsatira zosakanikirana ndizinthu zamakristali zozikidwa pa insulin ndi zinc, zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku insulin ya ng'ombe.

Mankhwala a Glucagon

Mahomoni a pancreatic opangidwa ndi maselo A ndi B amagwirizana kwambiri. Zotsirizazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'thupi. Chifukwa cha zovuta zake antispasmodic, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda osokoneza bongo, komanso matenda amisala. Mankhwalawa amatha kuperekedwa ndi njira iliyonse: kudzera m'mitsempha, intramuscularly komanso subcutaneous.

Mankhwala a Somatostatin

Muzolemba zamankhwala muli mayina ena a mahomoni awa: modastatin ndi stylamine. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zilonda zam'mimba, mavuto am'mitsempha, gastritis ndi matenda ena omwe amachepetsa magazi. Somatostatin ndiyofunikira kuti munthu apangidwe ndi zilonda zam'mimba ndi zina mwa kapamba, matumbo ndi chikhodzodzo.

Mankhwala amalowa mthupi ndi khunyu. Inayambitsidwa m'masiku ochepa.

Gwiritsani ntchito

Mankhwala onse omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku mahomoni a pancreatic samalimbikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito okha. Choyamba muyenera kukayezetsa kuchipatala ndikupereka mayeso ofunikira. Mankhwala a mahomoni amasankhidwa ndi endocrinologist malinga ndi zotsatira za phunziroli. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amachititsa zambiri. Ndi insulin yochulukirapo m'thupi, kuchuluka kwa glucose kumatsika. Imawopseza ndi chikomokere kapena kufa.

Kuyika ntchito

Ma hormone a pancreatic amagawidwa kudzera m'magazi kudzera mu ziwalo limodzi ndi mpweya ndi michere ya michere. Amagwira gawo lofunikira mthupi la munthu.

Ma pancreatic mahomoni amagwira ntchito zotsatirazi:

Kukula kwa minyewa ndi kukonza.
Kutenga mbali mu kagayidwe kachakudya njira.
Kuwongolera shuga, calcium ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka mthupi.

Mahomoni a pancreatic amatha kukhala osakwanira kapena ochulukirapo. Izi zimabweretsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Kuzindikira chomwe chimayambitsa ndikuchiritsa ndi ntchito yovuta yomwe imafuna kulimbikira. Kuzindikira kumachitika ndi endocrinologist kutengera maphunziro ndi mayeso a labotale. Onetsetsani kuti mumapangira magazi ndi kuwunika kwa ma cell.

Matenda ofala kwambiri ndi matenda ashuga. Zikondamoyo zimayenera kutetezedwa, chifukwa pali matenda ena akuluakulu omwe amakhudza kwambiri moyo wa munthu.

Pancreatitis

Matenda enanso ndi kapamba. Kuti muchiritse, muyenera kutsatira zakudya - ili ndiye lamulo lalikulu. Ngati sichionedwa, matendawa amatha kudwala.

Ndi kapamba kapena matenda ena a kapamba, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimawonedwa:

kupweteka mbali yakumanzere
thukuta
khungu lakhungu ndi mapuloteni amaso,
kufooka
kusanza
kutsegula m'mimba
kutentha kwambiri.

Kuti mupewe mavuto ndi kapamba, muyenera kutsatira malamulo angapo. Choyamba, tsatirani zakudya zina. Sizoletsedwa kudya fodya, zonunkhira, zakudya zamchere, komanso kusiya zizolowezi zoipa. Zakudya ziyenera kukhala zazing'ono Mlingo 5-6 pa tsiku.

Zofunika! Zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku ziyenera kulipira mtengo wolimbitsa thupi.

Tsoka la kapamba limatengera munthu. Ngati mukuzindikira zovuta za matenda amtunduwu, wodwalayo adzakhala ndi mwayi wopulumutsa chiwalo chofunikira. Kuphwanya kumachitika mu gawo lililonse. Chachikulu ndikuti muzindikire ndikuyamba kulandira chithandizo pa nthawi yake.

Zofunika! Kudzichitira nokha mankhwala nkoletsedwa.

Kudzichitira nokha mankhwala kwakhala kovulaza thanzi. Inde. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kwa akatswiri ndi mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri kuposa kumangirira zingwe zomaliza za moyo.