Laser glucometer yopanda mayeso: mtengo, ndemanga pa chipangizo choyeza shuga

Mnzathu wokhulupirika wa odwala matenda ashuga ndi glucometer. Izi sizabwino kwambiri, koma ngakhale zosagwirizana ndi zina zimatha kukhala zosavuta. Chifukwa chake, kusankha kwa chipangizo choyezera uku kuyenera kufikiridwa ndi udindo wina.

Mpaka pano, zida zonse zomwe zimayesa magazi kunyumba kwa shuga zimagawidwa mosagawika komanso zosasokoneza. Lumikizanani ndi zida zowononga - zimatengera magazi, chifukwa chake, muyenera kubaya chala chanu. Glucometer yemwe samalumikizana naye amagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana: amatenga madzi obwera kuchokera pakhungu la wodwalayo - kutulutsa thukuta kumakonzedwa nthawi zambiri. Ndipo kusanthula koteroko kumakhala kopindulitsa kuposa zitsanzo za magazi.

Ndi maubwino ati azidziwitso zosasokoneza

Madzi a glucose mita popanda sampuli ya magazi - odwala matenda ashuga ambiri mwina amalota zida zamtunduwu. Ndipo zinthuzi zitha kugulidwa, ngakhale kuti kugula ndizofunika kwambiri kwachuma kotero kuti si aliyense amene angakwanitse kugula. Mitundu yambiri siyikupezeka kwa wogula misa, chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, sanalandire ziphaso ku Russia.

Monga lamulo, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse pazinthu zina zokhudzana.

Ubwino wake ndiukadaulo wosasokoneza:

  • Munthu sayenera kubaya chala - ndiye kuti, palibe chowopsa, komanso chosasangalatsa kwambiri chokhudzana ndi magazi,
  • Sizitenga kachilomboka kudzera pachilonda,
  • Kusowa kwa zovuta pambuyo pobayira - sipadzakhala chimanga chazovuta, kusokonezeka kwa magazi,
  • Zopanda zowawa zonse za gawoli.

Kupsinjika kusanachitike kusanthula kungasinthe zotsatira za phunzirolo, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala choncho, chifukwa pali zifukwa zambiri zogulira njira yosawonongera.

Makolo ambiri omwe ana awo ali ndi matenda ashuga amalota kugula gluecometer kwa ana osapumira.

Ndipo makolo ochulukirachulukira akutembenukira kwa amzawo kuti akapulumutse mwana pamavuto osafunikira.

Kuti mugwirizane ndi kusankha kwanu, lingalirani za mitundu ingapo yotchuka ya zida zosasukira.

Freestyle Libre Flash

Chipangizochi sichitha kutchedwa kuti chosavulaza, komabe, glucometer iyi imagwira ntchito popanda mikwingwirima, motero, ndi nzeru kuzitchulanso mobwerezabwereza. Chipangizocho chimawerengera data kuchokera kumadzi amadzimadzi. Sensor imakhazikika m'dera lamanja, kenako chinthu chowerengera chimabweretsedwa. Ndipo patatha masekondi 5, yankho limawonekera pazenera: kuchuluka kwa shuga pakadali pano komanso kusinthasintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku.

M'malo aliwonse a Freestyle Libre Flash pali:

  • Wowerenga
  • 2 zomverera
  • Njira yokhazikitsa masensa,
  • Chaja

Ikani sensor yotseka pamadzi ikhoza kukhala yopweteka kwambiri, nthawi yonseyi siyimveka pakhungu. Mutha kupeza zotsatira nthawi iliyonse: chifukwa ichi muyenera kungobweretsa owerenga mu sensor. Sensor imodzi imatumikira masabata awiri. Deta imasungidwa kwa miyezi itatu ndipo imatha kusinthidwa pakompyuta kapena piritsi.

Zida za Glusens

Bioanalyzer iyi ikhoza kuonedwa ngati yatsopano. Ili ndi gadget yokhala ndi sensor yocheperako komanso yowerenga mwachindunji. Kupadera kwa gadget ndikuti imayikidwa mwachindunji mumafuta. Pamenepo, amalumikizana ndi waya wopanda zingwe, ndipo chipangizocho chimatumiza chidziwitso kwa icho. Moyo wa sensor imodzi ndi miyezi 12.

Chida ichi chimayang'anira kuwerengera kwa oxygen pambuyo pa enzymatic reaction, ndipo ma enzymewo amamugwiritsa ntchito ku membrane wa chipangizocho chomwe chimayambitsidwa pansi pa khungu. Chifukwa chake werengani kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa enzymatic ndi kupezeka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Kodi mita ya glucose yanzeru ndi chiyani?

Mtengo wina wosapota ndi Sugarbeat. Kachipangizo kakang'ono kakang'ono kosasunthika kakhazikitsidwa paphewa ngati chigamba chokhazikika. Makulidwe a chipangizocho ali 1 mm basi, chifukwa sichidzapereka zosangalatsa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Shugabit imatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa shuga ndi thukuta. Zotsatira zamapangidwe apang'onopang'ono amawonetsedwa pawotchi yapadera kapena foni yachiyero, pokana mphindi 5.

Amakhulupilira kuti glucometer yosasinthika motero imatha kupitiliza zaka ziwiri.

Palinso chozizwitsa china chofanana ndi ukadaulo chotchedwa Sugarsenz. Ichi ndi chipangizo chodziwika bwino ku America chomwe chimasanthula madzimadzi m'magawo ocheperako. Chogulikacho chimaphatikizika pamimba, chimakhazikika ngati Velcro. Zambiri zimatumizidwa ku smartphone. Wowunikiratu amawunika kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magawo ocheperako. Khungu la pacho limapyoledwa, koma silipweteka konse. Mwa njira, zida zoterezi sizikhala zothandiza osati kwa odwala matenda ashuga okha, komanso kwa iwo omwe amawunika momwe akuwonera komanso akufuna kusintha kusintha kwa glucose pambuyo pamaphunziro akuthupi. Chipangizocho chadutsa mayeso onse ofunikira, ndipo mtsogolomo chidzapezeka kwambiri.

Chipangizo Symphony tCGM

Izi ndizodziwikiratu zodziwika bwino zomwe sizowukira.

Chida ichi chimagwira ntchito chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa transdermal, pomwe umphumphu wa khungu suwonongeka. Zowona, chosanthula ichi chili ndi chopanda chaching'ono: chisanagwiritsidwe ntchito, kukonzekera khungu kumafunika.

Makina anzeru amachita mawonekedwe a khungu m'malo omwe adzayezetsa.

Pambuyo pa ntchitoyi, sensor imalumikizidwa ndi gawo ili la khungu, ndipo patapita kanthawi kachipangizoka kanawonetsa deta: osati zinthu za glucose zokha m'magazi, komanso kuchuluka kwa mafuta kumawonetsedwa pamenepo. Izi zitha kupatsidwanso kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a smartphone.

Oimira American American of Endocrinologists amati: odwala matenda ashuga amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi mphindi 15 zilizonse.

Accu chekeni

Ndipo kusanthula uku kuyenera kukhala chifukwa cha njira zowonongera zochepa. Muyenera kupanga chala chala, koma simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zoyeserera. Tepi yayikulu yopitilira yomwe ili ndi minda yakuyesa makumi asanu imayikidwa mu chipangizochi.

Zomwe zili zodabwitsa ndi glucometer iyi:

  • Pambuyo masekondi 5, okwanira akuwonekera pazenera,
  • Mutha kuwerengera zosinthika,
  • Mukukumbukira gadget ndi 2000 a miyeso yomaliza,
  • Chipangizocho chili ndi ntchito ya siren (ingakukumbutseni kuti muyeza),
  • Njirayi ikukudziwitsani pasadakhale kuti tepi yoyesera ikutha,
  • Chipangizocho chikuwonetsa lipoti la PC pokonzekera ma curve, ma graph ndi zithunzi.

Mamita awa ndiwodziwika kwambiri, ndipo ali gawo laukadaulo wotsika mtengo.

Mitundu yatsopano yamamita yama glucose osagwiritsa ntchito zoopsa

Ma bioanalyser osasokoneza amagwira ntchito pamaukadaulo osiyanasiyana. Ndipo apa malamulo ena akuthupi ndi mankhwala amathandizika kale.

Mitundu ya zida zosasukira:

  1. Zida za Laser. Sichifuna kuboola chala, koma gwirani ntchito chifukwa champhamvu cha kutulutsa kwa laser ikakumana ndi khungu. Palibe malingaliro osasangalatsa, chipangizocho sichabwino komanso chachuma. Zipangazi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kulondola kwakukulu kwa zotsatira, komanso kusowa kwa kufunika kosagula magawo. Mtengo woyerekeza wa zida zotere umachokera ku ruble 10 000.
  2. Glucometer Romanovsky. Amachita poyesa mawonekedwe a khungu. Zomwe zimapezeka phunziroli, ndikukulolani kuyeza kuchuluka kwa shuga. Mukungoyenera kubweretsa katswiri pakhungu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo pamatuluka kutulutsa shuga. Zomwe zimalembedwa, zimawonetsedwa pazenera. Mtengo wa chipangizochi, mwachidziwikire, ndiwokwera - osachepera ma ruble 12,000.
  3. Clock gauge. Pangani mawonekedwe ngati chowonjezera chophweka. Kukumbukira nthawi yotere ndikokwanira 2500 mosalekeza. Chipangizocho chimavalidwa padzanja, ndipo sichimayambitsa kusokoneza kulikonse kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.
  4. Kukhudza zida. China chake monga ma laputopu. Amakhala ndi mafunde owala, omwe amatha kuwonetsa madera a pakhungu, ndikufotokozera zofunikira kwa wolandirayo. Kuchuluka kwa kusinthaku kukuwonetsa zomwe glucose akuchita ndikuwerengera, komwe kuli kale mu pulogalamuyi.
  5. Openda zojambula. Mothandizidwa ndi sipekitiramu yobalalayi, kumasulidwa kwa glucose kumayamba. Kuti mupeze zotsatira zapompopompo, muyenera kuyatsa pang'ono khungu lanu.

Ma analysis omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mbali zingapo nthawi imodzi amakhala ochulukirapo.

Zowona, zida zambiri zamtunduwu zimafunikirabe kuponya chala.

Njira yamakono yokhudza matenda ashuga

Kusankha glucometer wowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso wogwira ntchito sichidali ntchito yayikulu ya munthu amene adaphunzira kuti ali ndi matenda a shuga. Chingakhale cholondola kunena kuti kuzindikira kumeneku kumasintha miyoyo. Tiyeneranso kuganizira nthawi yambiri: njira, zakudya, zolimbitsa thupi.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za chithandizo chamankhwala ndi maphunziro a wodwala (ayenera kumvetsetsa za matendawa, machitidwe ake), kudziletsa (simungathe kudalira dokotala, kukula kwa matendawa kumadalira kwambiri momwe wodwalayo akudziwira), zakudya za odwala matenda ashuga komanso zochita zolimbitsa thupi.

Ndizosachita kufunsa kuti odwala matenda ashuga ambiri ayamba kudya mosiyanasiyana ndilo vuto lalikulu. Ndipo izi zimachitikanso chifukwa cha ma stereotypes ambiri okhudzana ndi zakudya zama carb otsika. Lumikizanani ndi madotolo amakono, ndipo angakuuzeni kuti kudya za anthu odwala matenda ashuga ndi njira yabwino. Koma tsopano zonse ziyenera kudalira mtundu wabwino, ndikuyenera kukondana ndi zinthu zina zatsopano.

Popanda kuchuluka zolimbitsa thupi, chithandizo sichingakhale chokwanira. Ntchito ya minofu ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera njira za metabolic. Izi sizokhudzana ndi masewera, koma maphunziro akuthupi, omwe ayenera, ngati osati tsiku ndi tsiku, ndiye pafupipafupi.

Dokotala amasankha mankhwala payekhapayekha, osagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse.

Ndemanga za ogwiritsa ntchito zosagwiritsa ntchito zida zowononga

Palibe ambiri a iwo pa intaneti - ndipo izi ndizomveka, chifukwa njira yosasokoneza odwala ambiri ashuga siyipezeka pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Inde, ndipo eni ambiri a zida zamagetsi omwe amagwira ntchito popanda singano, amagwiritsirabe ntchito ma glucometer achizolowezi okhala ndi zingwe zoyeserera.

Njira yosasokoneza ndi yabwino chifukwa imakhala yabwino kwa wodwalayo. Zidazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osewera, anthu akhama kwambiri, komanso omwe sangathe kuvulaza zala zawo (mwachitsanzo, oimba).

Ubwino ndi kuipa

Kuunikira zabwino ndi zoipa zomwe mita ili nayo, momwe mungasankhire njira yoyenera - wogula wasankha. Zina mwazomwe wodwala amayang'anitsitsa ndi mitengo yotsika mtengo, zosankha zosunthika, ndi misa yaying'ono. Madzi a shuga panyumba, osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ayenera kukwaniritsa izi:

  • Bweretsani mwiniwake kusapeza bwino,
  • Patulani kwathunthu kapena muchepetse kuyambitsa kwa masensa kapena singano m'thupi la wodwalayo kuti achite milingo.
  • Mfundo za opaleshoni, zomwe glucomet amagwira ntchito popanda kuboola, kuti mupeze shuga siziyenera kuwononga ntchito ya ziwalo zina.
  • Kukhala ndi misa yaying'ono ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, siyani ntchito ina yamagetsi.
  • Mamita a shuga m'magazi azitha kujambula zotsatira zakumbukidwe ka chipangizocho kapena kuthekera kosamutsa deta mosavuta pazida zama media kapena ma PC.

Akatswiri amayamikira zida zomwe, kuwonjezera pa kuyeza molondola kuchuluka kwa shuga, zimapereka chidziwitso pakusinthasintha kwa magazi, kuchuluka kwa mafuta, kapena kusintha kwa kugunda kwa wodwala.

Kuphatikiza pa njirazi, wodwalayo ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa kulondola kwa chida chake.

Mwa zolakwa zomwe ma gluconeter alibe kubaya chala, wina ayenera kutchula mtengo wokwera kwambiri ndi unyinji waukulu wa mitundu inayake. Zina zoyipa za mitundu yina ya endocrinologists zimaphatikizapo kufunikira kwakubwezeretsa zinthu zothandizirana (mizere yoyeserera, zolemba pamakutu ndi zina).

Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani shuga imawonedwa ngati yosachiritsika?

Matenda a shuga nthawi zonse amayambitsa zovuta zakupha. Mwazi wamagazi ochulukirapo ndi woopsa kwambiri.

Lyudmila Antonova adafotokoza za chithandizo cha matenda ashuga. Werengani kwathunthu

Kodi nkhaniyo inali yothandiza?

Voterani mawuwo pamiyeso isanu!

(Palibe mavoti pano)

Ngati mukufunsabe mafunso kapena mukufuna kugawana malingaliro anu, zokumana nazo - lembani ndemanga pansipa.

Njira yosazindikira

Mfundo zakugwira ntchito kwa magazi osagonjetseka a magazi sizitanthauza njira yodziwira magazi pogwiritsa ntchito magazi ake. Izi zimagwirizanitsa zida zonse, ziribe kanthu zomwe zakwera ndi matekinoloje omwe sachititsa kuti chipangizo china chizigwira ntchito. Njira ya thermospectroscopic imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa shuga m'thupi.

  • Njirayi ikhoza kuyang'ana kwambiri pakuyesa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa mitsempha yamagazi.
  • Kuzindikira kumatha kuchitika ndi mawonekedwe a khungu kapena pophunzira kutuluka kwa thukuta.
  • Zambiri za chipangizo chopanga ndi ma sensor sensor zimatha kukumbukiridwa.
  • Kuyesedwa kwa mafuta ochepetsa.
  • Ma Glucometer popanda chala chala amapangidwa, akugwira ntchito chifukwa chakugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yakuwoneka ndi kuwala kwa Raman wobalalika. Misewu yolowera pakhungu, ikupatsani mwayi kuti mufufuze zamkati mwanu.
  • Pali mitundu yomwe imakhazikika makamaka mu minofu ya adipose. Kenako ndikokwanira kubweretsa owerenga kwa iwo. Zotsatira zake ndi zolondola kwambiri.

Glucometer - tsatanetsatane wa mita yamagazi

Chida chilichonse komanso ukadaulo umakhala ndi zake, zomwe zili zoyenera kwa ogula. Kusankhako kungakhudzidwe ndi mtengo wa chipangizocho, kufunikira kochita kafukufuku m'njira zina komanso pafupipafupi. Wina angayamikire kuthekera kowonjezerapo kwa mita pophunzira momwe thupi liliri. Kwa gulu linalake, kuthekera kosangoyang'anira kuchuluka kwa shuga, komanso njira ndi liwiro losamutsira izi ku zida zina ndizofunikira.

Madzi aasi obwera ndi shuga a Omelon

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za ma glucometer osagwiritsa ntchito ndi chipangizo cha Omelon. Kukula kwapadera kwa kupanga kwa Russia, komwe kuphatikiza satifiketi yapakhomo kumavomerezedwa ku United States. Pali zosintha ziwiri za Omelon a-1 ndi b-2.

Gawo lamitengo limayankhula m'malo mwake - mitundu yoyambirira ingagulidwe kwa ma ruble 5,000, kusinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kumawononga ndalama zochepa - pafupifupi ma ruble 7,000. Kwa ogula ambiri, kuthekera kwa chipangizocho kuchita ntchito za polojekiti yozungulira magazi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi chipangizo chotere, mutha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, kuyeza kukakamizidwa ndi kugwedezeka. Deta yonse imasungidwa kukumbukira kukumbukira kwa chipangizocho.

Chidziwitsochi chimapezeka powerengera pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera, zomwe zoyambirira zake zimakhala mamvekedwe amitsempha, kukoka ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi. Popeza glucose amatenga nawo mbali popanga mphamvu zamagetsi, zonsezi zimakhudza momwe zinthu zilili masiku ano.

Malaya opukutidwa-mmwamba amapangitsa kuti ma magazi a m'magazi awonekere ndi zida zomangira. Zizindikiro izi zimakonzedwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala magetsi, omwe amatha kuwonetsedwa monga manambala pawonetsero. Amawoneka ofanana kwambiri ndi polojekiti yoyenda yokha yamagazi. Osati yaying'ono kwambiri komanso yosavuta - imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 400.

Ubwino wosatsutsika umaphatikizapo mawonekedwe amachitidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri:

  • Miyeso imapangidwa m'mawa musanadye kapena maola awiri mutatha kudya.
  • Phunziroli limachitika m manja onse awiri mothandizidwa ndi cuff yemwe wavala pamphumi.
  • Kuti pakhale kudalirika kwa zotsatirapo zake poyezera, kupuma ndi mpumulo ndikofunikira. Simuyenera kuyankhula komanso kusokonezedwa. Opaleshoniyo ndi yachangu.
  • Zizindikiro za digito zimawonetsedwa ndikujambulidwa kukumbukira kukumbukira kwa chipangizocho.
  • Mutha kudziwa munthawi yomweyo kuchuluka kwa shuga, kuthamanga kwa magazi komanso kugunda kwa mtima.
  • Sichifuna kusintha kwa magawo aliwonse munjira yantchito.
  • Chitsimikizo cha wopanga ndi zaka ziwiri, koma kwa zaka pafupifupi 10 chipangizocho chimagwira ntchito mosasamala popanda kukonza.
  • Mphamvu imachokera m'mabati anayi a AA (“mabatani a zala”).
  • Kupanga chomera chowongolera chimathandizira ntchito yaogulitsa pambuyo.

Pali zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito chipangizocho:

  • Kulakwitsa kosakwanira kwa zizindikiro za shuga ndi pafupifupi 90-91%.
  • Kwa odwala matenda ashuga omwe amadalira insulin, komanso omwe ali ndi matenda oyamba, siyabwino, monga momwe timakhalira ndi arrhythmias.

Amapangidwa kuti aziyesa mkhalidwe wa akulu. Mayeso a ana ndizotheka. Onetsetsani kuti mukuyang'anira akulu. Kuti mupeze miyeso yolondola, ndikofunikira kuti musakhale kutali ndi zida zamagetsi.

Chida chapamwamba chopangidwa ku Israeli. Chimawoneka ngati foni kapena wosewera; ndikofunikira kunyamula chipangizocho ngati pakufunika kutero.

Kuyeza m'njira zosagwiritsa ntchito kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezedwa kwa data pogwiritsa ntchito ma ultrasound ndi sensor sensors. Kusanthula kwathunthu kumapereka kulondola kwamphamvu pafupifupi 92-94%.

Njirayi ndiyosavuta ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa muyeso umodzi ndikuwunikira thupi kwakanthawi.

Glucometer Van Touch (Kukhudza Kumodzi)

Ili ndi chidutswa chapadera, chomwe chimakhazikika pamakutu. Mu zoyambira zofunikira pali zitatu za izo. Pambuyo pake, sensor iyenera kusintha. Moyo wamitunduyi umatengera mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito.

Zabwino mwa Glucotrek zimaphatikizapo:

  • kakang'ono - kosavuta kunyamula ndi kuyezetsa pamalo aliwonse odzaza anthu,
  • kuthekera kolipira kuchokera ku doko la USB, kulumikizana ndi zida zamakompyuta, kulanjanitsa ndi,
  • yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu atatu.

Zina zoyipa ndizophatikiza:

  • kufunika kokonza pamwezi - kubwezeretsa,
  • ndikugwiritsa ntchito moyenera, pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mudzasinthira chopumizira sensor,
  • zovuta zautumiki wachitetezo, popeza wopanga amapezeka ku Israeli.

Chipangizocho sichingawonongeke. Zimatanthauzira ku transdermal diagnostic diagnostics. Ngati ndi yosavuta, imapenda timinofu tambiri tam'madzi, "kuifunda" kudzera m'magawo a epithelium, osavulaza khungu.

Musanagwiritse ntchito sensor, makonzedwe apadera a khungu amachitidwa - ofanana ndi mawonekedwe a peeling. Izi ndizofunikira ndicholinga chokweza kutheka kwa mawonekedwe amtundu wa handgument kuti ikuyendetse bwino ma pulows yamagetsi. Zigawo za coarse zapamwamba za epithelium sizimamwa mopweteka. Sizimayambitsa redness komanso sizimakwiyitsa khungu.

Pambuyo pokonzekera, sensor imayikidwa pamalo osankhidwa omwe amayesa mafuta osakanikirana ndikuwunikira pazokhudza kuchuluka kwa shuga m'thupi. Zambiri zimawonetsedwa pazowonetsedwa kwa chipangizocho ndipo chitha kupatsirana foni kapena piritsi.

  • Kudalirika kwa zotsatira kuli pafupifupi 95%. Ichi ndi chisonyezo chokweza kwambiri cha njira yosazindikira.
  • Kuphatikiza pakuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa shuga, imanenanso kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amapezeka.
  • Amaganiziridwa otetezeka. Ma Endocrinologists omwe anayesa chipangizocho akuti ngakhale kafukufuku yemwe wachitika mphindi khumi ndi zisanu ali wodalirika ndipo samapweteka wodwala.
  • Amakulolani kuti muwonetse kuwerengera kwa kusintha kwa shuga m'magazi mu mawonekedwe a graph.
  • Opanga amalonjeza mtengo wotsika wa gululi.

Kusiya Ndemanga Yanu