Pancreatitis ndi shuga > Chithandizo ndi kupewa

Matenda a shuga ndi kagulu ka matenda a metabolic omwe amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa glucose m'magazi chifukwa chobowoleza insulin. Mu matenda ashuga, kuwonongeka kwa ma cell a beta a kapamba kumachitika, chifukwa chomwe chiwalo chimataya ntchito yake ya endocrine.

Matenda a shuga ndi kagulu ka matenda a metabolic omwe amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa glucose m'magazi chifukwa chobowoleza insulin.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya matenda ashuga, koma yofala kwambiri ndi matenda amtundu 1 shuga ndi mtundu 2 shuga.

Ndi mtundu uwu, maselo a pancreatic islet amawonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwathunthu kwa insulin mthupi. Matenda a shuga amtundu woyamba amakhala ndi vuto la chibadwa. Nthawi zambiri, ana ndi achinyamata amadwala.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya matenda ashuga, koma yofala kwambiri ndi matenda amtundu 1 shuga ndi mtundu 2 shuga.

Matenda a shuga amayamba chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa insulini komanso minyewa - inshuwaransi yomwe timadzi timene timalumikizira timaselo chifukwa cha kuchepa mphamvu kwake. Matendawa amakhudza anthu azaka zapakati komanso zakale.

Ndi kapamba

Nthawi zambiri, matenda ashuga amapezeka motsutsana ndi maziko a pancreatitis omwe alipo. Ma pancreatic ducts omwe ali ndi vuto lolephera kukwaniritsa ntchito yawo pochita ma enzyme okumba m'matumbo. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma enzymes, gland imawonongeka, ndipo ma cell omwe amagwira ntchito amasinthidwa ndi minyewa yolumikizana ndi adipose. Zotsatira zake ndi kuthekera kwa insulin katulutsidwe, kuchuluka kwa shuga kumakwera, ndikuwonongeka kwa ziwalo zonse zamkati. Matenda a shuga omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kapamba amatchedwa pancreatogenic.

Kuphatikiza pa zodandaula zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha matenda ashuga, wodwalayo amasamala za mseru komanso kusanza.

Kuphatikiza pa zodandaula zomwe zimachitika ngati munthu ali ndi shuga, wodwalayo akhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwa mtima ndi kupindika, nseru, kusanza, kuchepa thupi, kulimbitsa thupi kudya, kutsekula m'mimba, kusinthana ndi kudzimbidwa.

Matenda a shuga a kapamba ali ndi zotsatirazi:

Munthawi yamtunduwu, zovuta zam'matumbo ndi ketoacidosis (vuto la metabolic lomwe limadza chifukwa chosowa insulini, lomwe limayambitsa kusowa kwamadzi, glycemia ndi chikomokere) ndizosowa.
Kuthamanga glucose kumatha kukhala kwacibadwa. Mukatha kudya, makamaka omwe amakhala ndi chakudya chamagulu ambiri, kuchuluka kwa glucose kumakwera kwambiri.
Odwala amakhala ndi chizolowezi chotsika kwambiri m'magazi a shuga, omwe amatha kuyambitsa kukomoka kwa hypoglycemic.
Matenda a shuga amatha kukhala ngati akutsatira zakudya zamafuta ochepa.
Kufunika kwa insulin mu matenda a shuga a pancreatogenic ndizochepa kwambiri. Mu magawo oyamba a matendawa, kulandira mankhwala omwe ali ndi vuto la pakamwa hypoglycemic ndikotheka.

Kugwirizana pakati pa hyperglycemia yayitali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha oncology kwatsimikiziridwa. Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga, khansa ya kapamba, chiwindi, ndi ziwalo za m'mimba zimapezeka kawiri konse.

Chithandizo cha carcinoma chimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amphamvu omwe amakhudza ziwalo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda a shuga.

Khansa imakulitsa shuga. Nthawi zambiri, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la mapangidwe am'mimba amawonongeka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa maso, impso, mitsempha yamagazi, minyewa yamitsempha. Chithandizo cha carcinoma chimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amphamvu omwe amakhudza ziwalo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda a shuga.

Komanso, pa chemotherapy, kuchuluka kwa glucose ndikotheka, komwe sikumakhala kotheka pakuwongolera kuchipatala.

Ngati opaleshoni ikuchitidwa chifukwa cha matenda a oncological, kuchiritsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi minofu ndikukula kwa matenda opatsirana chilondacho chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magazi m'magazi ndikotheka.

Kulowa mafuta

Ndi shuga wowola, chiwindi chimawonongeka, chifukwa cha chomwe mafuta amayikidwa m'maselo ake. Vutoli limatchedwa mafuta kulowa mkati, kapena steatosis. Chiwindi chimataya ntchito zake, chiwalocho chimawonongeka pang'onopang'ono. Wodwalayo amamva kufooka, kusowa kwa chakudya, nseru. Kudera nkhawa za ululu mu hypochondrium yoyenera, chiwindi chimakulanso kukula, hepatosis imayamba. Mlingo wa shuga m'magazi umakulanso, chomwe ndicho chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa ketoacidotic chikomokere ndi imfa. Kulephera kwa hepatatic kungayambitsenso imfa.

Ndi shuga wowola, chiwindi chimawonongeka, chifukwa cha chomwe mafuta amayikidwa m'maselo ake.

Zomwe zimachitika

Matenda a shuga omwe amadalira insulin amayamba chifukwa cha zotsatira za ma autoantibodies pama cell a pancreatic beta.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga, kuchuluka kwa insulin komwe kumapangidwa sikungachitike. Hyperglycemia imayamba chifukwa chosagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi maselo amthupi. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amapezeka mwa anthu onenepa kwambiri.

Wodwalayo amakhala ndi nkhawa chifukwa cha pakamwa youma, ludzu, kukodza kwambiri, kuyabwa khungu, kuchepa kwa masomphenya, kupweteka kwamiyendo. Wodwalayo ndi wofooka komanso wowopsa, amachepetsa thupi. Chifukwa cha zovuta za kagayidwe kachakudya, wodwala matenda ashuga amakula. Matenda a shuga a Type 1 amadziwika ndi kuyamba kwakanthawi, pomwe mtundu 2 wa shuga umadziwika ndi kuyamba kwanthawi yayitali komanso asymptomatic.

Zizindikiro

Njira zamakono zimalola kupezeka kwa shuga. Pazotsatira, njira zothandizira ndi zothandizira ma labotale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu woyamba wa 1, kapamba pazaka zingapo zoyambira zam'mimba alibe kusintha komwe kungatsimikizidwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ultrasound. Pambuyo pazaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, chipangizocho chimatenga mawonekedwe ngati riboni, mawonekedwe achinyengowo amasinthidwa.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga, kapamba amakulitsidwa, madera omwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi mafuta ndi zotumphukira zimakhala.

Ngati mukukayikira shuga, muyenera kupereka magazi kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwa shuga. Kuzindikira kumachitika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa shuga osala kuposa 6.1 mmol / L m'magazi a capillary komanso pamwamba pa 7 mmol / L mu venous. Ngati, mwakutsimikiza mosadukiza, kuchuluka kwa glucose kupitirira 11.1 mmol / L, kuzindikira kwanu kungawonedwe ngati kosatsutsika.

Muzochitika zokayikitsa, kuyesedwa kwa glucose kolocha pakamwa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito: wodwalayo amatengedwa pamimba yopanda kanthu, ndiye kuti amamwa yankho la glucose ndipo patatha maola 2 kuwunikanso kumachitidwanso.

Njira yatsopano yodziwira matenda a shuga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti hemoglobin ndi glycated. Chizindikiro ichi chikuwonetsa pafupifupi glycemia m'miyezi itatu yapitayo. Mlingo wa hemoglobin wa glycated wofanana ndi 6.5% kapena kupitilira adasankhidwa monga njira yodziwira matenda ashuga.

Pali njira zambiri zochizira matenda ashuga. Kusankha kwa njira zamankhwala kumadalira mtundu wa kuphwanya kwawo, zaka za munthu, kupezeka kwa matenda amtunduwu, komanso shuga m'magazi kumayambiriro kwa matendawa.

Poyambirira matendawa, kumuika pancreatic kumapereka chothandiza. Zisonyezo za opaleshoni ndi:

kufooka kwawofatsa mankhwala,
kupezeka kwa zovuta za matenda ashuga,
kukulira kwa kukana kwambiri kwa insulin, komwe milingo yayikulu ya insulin imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni chili ndi contraindication:

matenda oncological
zamaganizidwe am'mutu.

Poyambirira matendawa, kumuika pancreatic kumapereka chothandiza.

Opaleshoni adzafuna wopereka thandizo lazachilengedwe. Kupindika kwapakati kumapangidwa khoma lakunja lam'mimba la wodwalayo. Chiwalo chopereka chimayikidwa pafupi ndi chikhodzodzo, pomwe zikondwerero za wodwalayo sizichotsedwa, chifukwa zimapitilizabe kutenga nawo mbali mu kagayidwe ka metabolic. Zilondazo zimasungidwa ndipo bandeji imayikidwa m'malo omwe amagwiridwapo ntchito.

Pambuyo pa opaleshoni, wodwalayo ayenera kulandira chithandizo cha immunosuppressive. Wodwala akapanda kumwa mankhwala, ma antibodies amayamba kupanga motsutsana ndi chiwalo chogalitsidwayo. Zotsatira zake ndi kukana kwa wopereka ndi thupi.

Popeza kuti gland ndiyofowoka, madokotala ochita opaleshoni amagwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba kwambiri pochita zinthu zina, ndipo mtengo wa chithandizo chotere ndiwokwera.

Mankhwala

Pali mankhwala ambiri ochizira matenda a metabolism.

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga, chithandizo chimachitika kokha ndi insulin. Malinga ndiumboni, amatha kuwerengetsa matenda a shuga 2. Endocrinologist amasintha kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawo mosiyanasiyana, kutengera zosowa za wodwalayo.

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga wambiri, chithandizo chimachitika kokha ndi insulin.

Matenda a shuga a Type 2 amathandizidwa makamaka ndi mapiritsi. Mankhwala ochepetsa shuga amachepetsa glucose munthawi yochepa kwambiri.

Odwala a shuga a Type 1 safuna zakudya zapadera. Ndikofunika kuti musagwiritse ntchito mafuta osavuta othandizira, ndipo ngati izi zidachitikabe, muyenera kupaka insulin mu mlingo woyenera kuti mupewe hyperglycemia.

Kudya kwa matenda a shuga a 2 sikuti kumangolepheretsa kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu, komanso kungapangitse matenda a shuga m'magazi komanso kuchepetsa kunenepa.

Thanzi liyenera kukhala lokwanira komanso loyenera. Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zamafuta ndi mafuta mosavuta ziyenera kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kuzakudya. Muchepetse michere yambiri pochepetsa kudya kawiri kawiri kuchuluka kwake.

Zothandiza kwambiri ndizakudya za fiber: masamba ndi zipatso zopanda zipatso. Kudya pang'ono kwamapuloteni a nyama mu mitundu yosakhala mafuta a nyama, nkhuku ndi nsomba ndizololedwa.

Zakudya zopatsa thanzi za matenda a shuga a 2 ziyenera kukhala zokwanira komanso zopatsa thanzi.

Zithandizo za anthu

Njira zakuchipatala zachikhalidwe sizitha kusintha njira zachikhalidwe. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha kuwonjezera pa othandizira a pharmacological, popanda contraindication.

Ndikofunika kumwa ma decoctions a St. John wa wort, lunguzi, hawthorn, dandelion, chifukwa amathandizira kuti matendawa azikhala mwamtundu wina.

Ndi thupi kwambiri, mutha kutikita minofu m'malo ovuta, chitani masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Mawonekedwe

Kapamba mu shuga akusintha kwambiri.

Komabe, matendawa amatengera osati kuwonongeka kwa chiwalo, komanso pazinthu zina zambiri.

Nthawi zambiri, njira ya matenda azimayi ndi yabwino. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi kulangidwa kwawo kwakukulu: amayendera adotolo panthawi yake ndikukwaniritsa mokhulupirika malangizo onse. Kuphatikiza apo, odwala m'mbuyomu amafunsira katswiri zizindikilo zikaonekera.

Njira yamatendawa azimayi ndiyabwino, chifukwa amayendera dokotala panthawi yake ndikukwaniritsa mokhulupirika malangizo onse.

Momwe mungabwezeretsere kapamba ndikusintha ntchito yake mu shuga

Mu shuga, ndikofunikira kuthandiza zikondamoyo kuthana ndi nkhawa zowonjezereka. Ndizosatheka kubwezeretsanso ntchito zake, komabe, ndikofunikira kusamalira maselo omwe agwira ntchito powona zakudya zoyenera komanso kukana mowa kwathunthu. Izi zimathandizira kuti magawo azigaya bwino komanso momwe wodwalayo alili.

Kukana mowa kwathunthu kumakongoletsa njira za chimbudzi ndi momwe wodwalayo alili.

Mavuto

Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga zovuta zazikulu:

matenda ashuga retinopathy - kuwonongeka kwa maso,
matenda a shuga - nephropathy
matenda a mtima
matenda a shuga a ketoacidotic,
hypoglycemic coma,
matenda osokoneza bongo: sitiroko, ngozi yamisala.

Ndi chithandizo choyenera komanso chapanthawi yake, zovuta za matenda a shuga zimatha kupewedwa.

Pancreatitis yayitali ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kupweteka kwa kapamba, yemwe amadziwika ndi nthawi yayitali ya matenda, ndikusintha kosasintha komwe kumachitika m'maselo ndi minyewa yake. Woopsa pancreatitis, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa minofu ya limba yokhala ndi mafuta kapena minofu yolumikizidwa. Zotsatira zake, kusakwanira konseko, komwe kumafotokozeredwa pakuperewera kwa michere, komanso vuto lochepa kwambiri, lomwe limayamba kulolerana ndi shuga m'maselo a thupi, kenaka limayambitsa matenda osokoneza bongo. Mtundu wa matenda amtunduwu umatchedwa pancreatic kapena chizindikiro, kumachitika monga chizindikiro cha matenda apathengo kapamba.

Komabe, makina awa siwokhazikika. Odwala ambiri omwe ali kale ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba kapena wachiwiri amakhala ndi kapamba. Ndipo anthu omwe atapezeka kuti ali ndi kutupa kwa kapamba amatha kupewa izi.

Limagwirira kukula kwa kapamba matenda ashuga

Kupanga kwa Symbellatic shuga mellitus kungatchulidwe mwachidule ndi kuphatikiza kwa ma syndromes - kupweteka, kugaya chakudya, matenda ashuga. Ndipo ngati titha kuyandikira nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane, ndiye kuti zam'tsogolo zimachitika molingana ndi chochitika chotsatira:

Gawo loyambirira la kapamba wokhala ndi nthawi yochotsa ndi kufalikira kwa kufalikira kwamatumbo, limodzi ndi ululu wamphamvu komanso kutengera kwanyumba, kumatenga pafupifupi zaka khumi.
Pambuyo pake, zizindikilo za kusokonekera kwa chimbudzi zimabwera koyamba: kusefukira kwamkati, kutentha kwa mtima, kutsegula m'mimba, kuchepa kwa chilakolako cha kudya. Mu mawonekedwe a hypoglycemic, kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa metabolism ya carbohydrate kumawonekera. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kutulutsidwa kwa insulin ndi maselo a beta okwiyitsa kuchokera kwa wodwala wokhala ndi pancreatic pancreatitis.
Momwe ma pancreatitis aakulu amafalikira, maselo a kapamba amawonongedwa, kulolerana kwa shuga kumapangidwa. Kuthamanga kwa shuga m'magazi ndikwabwinobwino, ndipo mukatha kudya kumakhala kwambiri, komanso nthawi yovomerezeka ya hyperglycemia.
Gawo lomaliza ndi matenda a shuga, omwe amapitilira odwala opitilira 30% omwe ali ndi mbiri ya pancreatitis ya nthawi yayitali. Matenda ofanana a etiology osiyana amapezeka mwa odwala kangapo.

Lingalirani za matenda a shuga a pancreatitis aakulu. Matenda a shuga a pancreatic amadziwika ndi amunthu omwe amaw kusiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina:

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kugwa kwa glucose m'magazi, chifukwa cha hypoglycemia,
Ketoacidosis - kuphwanya kagayidwe kazakudya kamene kamayambitsa kuperewera kwa insulin, chizindikiro ichi sichizindikiro cha matenda amtundu,
Kugonjetsedwa kwa ziwiya zapakati ndi mitsempha yayikulu (macroangiopathy), komanso ma arterioles ndi capillaries (microangiopathy) ndizofala kwambiri kuposa matenda omwe ali ndi mtundu woyamba kapena wachiwiri,
Mu gawo loyambirira la matenda "shuga", mapiritsi ochepetsa shuga amagwira ntchito. M'tsogolomu, mankhwalawa sagwira ntchito. Kufunika kwa mankhwala a insulin ndi kochepa
Matendawa amasamalidwa bwino ndi mankhwala a gulu la sulfonylurea, zolimbitsa thupi ndi kudya.

Kapamba mu mtundu 2 shuga

Nthawi zambiri, motsutsana ndi maziko a kapamba, matenda monga mtundu wachiwiri wa shuga amachitika, pomwe kukula kwa kutupa kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Kukula kwa matendawa kumayendera limodzi ndi kupweteka kwam'mimba komanso m'mimba.

Akatswiri amati magawo angapo amakula matendawa:

Kuchulukitsa kwa kapamba ndi chikhululukiro (kusinthana wina ndi mnzake).
Kusokonezeka kwa kagayidwe kazakudya chifukwa ma cell a beta amakhudzidwa.
Kukula kwa matenda a shuga.

Pafupifupi 35-40% ya anthu, motsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa kapamba, amakhala ndi matenda ashuga.Matenda onsewa amalimbikitsa kukopa kwa wina ndi mzake mthupi la munthu. Pankhaniyi, odwala pancreatitis omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a 2 sayenera kumangopeza chithandizo choyenera, komanso kutsatira zakudya.

Zikondwerero za matenda ashuga

Matenda a shuga akayamba, kapamba amasintha kwambiri. Poterepa, pali dystrophic lesion ya zisumbu za Langerhans. Kusintha kwa ma islet kumachitika, maselo a endocrine amakhala ochepa kukula. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lina la maselo limafa.

Kupitilira apo, pali njira ziwiri zomwe zingatheke pakusintha kwa ma cell a pancreatic. Yoyamba imakhala pakupanga kapamba, ndipo chachiwiri, zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zachisoni, chifukwa thupi limaleka kugwira ntchito. Izi ndichifukwa choti m'malo mwa maselo omwe amwalira, minyewa yolumikizana imakula, kufinya maselo abwinobwino, omwe amabweretsa kufa kwawo. Titha kudziwa kuti matenda a shuga sangangopanga kusintha kowononga pakugwira ntchito kwa kapamba, komanso kungawonongere chiwalochi.

Chithandizo cha kapamba ndi shuga

Ngati wodwalayo akudwala kapamba komanso matenda a shuga nthawi yomweyo, chithandizo chimakhala chovuta. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osinthira osati kukhazikitsa chakudya, komanso kuti muchepetse kuchepa kwa enzymatic. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera a enzymatic ndi mahomoni. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi kukonzekera sikubweretsa zotsatira zabwino.

Ndichofunikanso kwambiri pancreatitis ndi shuga mellitus kutsatira zakudya zoyenera, kuchotsa zinthu zomwe zimapweteka kapamba pazakudya. Pokhapokha ngati pali zinthu ziwiri - chithandizo ndi zakudya, mutha kuthana ndi matendawa.

Zakudya za kapamba ndi shuga

Pancreatitis ndi matenda a shuga ndi matenda a kapamba omwe amafunikira kudya mosamalitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kusiya zakudya zamafuta ndi zonunkhira ndikuchepetsa zakudya zophika mkate ndi maswiti pazakudya zanu. Kuphatikiza apo, msuzi wa nyama, maapulo, kabichi, mayonesi ndi masuzi sayenera kudyedwa, popeza chakudya chotere chimakhumudwitsa matumbo epithelium.

Zikadachitika kuti matenda awiriwa amachitika nthawi imodzi, akatswiri amalimbikitsa kutsatira zakudya zotsatirazi:

masamba ndi zipatso (300-400 g.),
kuvala chakudya (60 g),
chakudya chama protein (100-200 g).

Kugwirizana ndi zakudya zomwe zili pamwambazi kudzathandiza kapamba kuti ayambirenso ntchito yake, ndipo mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo umakhazikika. Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuchitira mankhwala oyenera matenda.

Mapaipi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la munthu, popanda momwe chimbudzi chambiri sichingatheke. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa kwambiri ku vuto la matenda a gland iyi, chifukwa zotsatira zake zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri.

Ntchito ya pancreatic

Udindo wa kapamba ndi wokulirapo

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kapamba amachita ntchito zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa cha momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito momwe liyenera kuchitira. Ntchito zazikulu zomwe chitsulo chimachita ndikuphatikizapo:

Kupanga kwa ma enzyme, ndiye kuti, kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu pantchito yokumba. Ngati ma enzyme osachepera imodzi apangidwa yaying'ono kapena yayikulu, izi zimatha kudzetsa njira zosasinthika, chifukwa chomwe thupi limakhala ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu
Malangizo mu kagayidwe, monga kupanga maselo a insulin

Pomwe vuto litabuka ngakhale ndi ntchito imodzi mwazomwe zatchulidwa, kugaya ndi metabolism kumasokonekera, ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kuibwezeretsa chifukwa chomwe kuphwanya sikungawoneke nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi zambiri, amapezeka pomwe palibe chomwe chingachitike.

Kuti muwonetsetse kuti ntchito za kapamba ndizochita zake, muyenera kudya moyenera. Chakudya choyenera komanso chabwino chomwe chimakhudza kupanga kwa michere yonse yofunikira.

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za matenda apamba

Samalirani thanzi lanu - sungani cholumikizacho

Nthawi zambiri, anthu amanyalanyaza mawonekedwe aliwonse opweteka m'mimba, poganiza kuti izi zidzangochitika zokha. Koma, mwatsoka, ululu uliwonse, ngakhale wosakhalitsa, siwofala, zikuwonetsa kuti pali zovuta zina ndi kapamba. Chimodzi mwazizindikiro zazikuluzikulu zakuti matenda amisempha akupanga kuchepa thupi, ndiye kuti munthu akadya mwachizolowezi osatsatira zakudya zilizonse.

Zina mwazizindikiro zazikulu zamatenda, kuvutitsa chifukwa chosokoneza bongo, komanso kusanza, kumonekeranso momveka bwino. Kwa munthu wathanzi labwino kwambiri, izi zidzakhala zodabwitsadi ndipo zimakupangitsani kuti muzidziyang'anira nokha. Maonekedwe a nseru akuwonetsa kuti njira za kugaya zimasokonekera, ndipo pomwepo kusanza kapena mseru kumayambitsa. Pali matenda ambiri a kapamba omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zawo zapadera. Zizindikiro zazikulu za mawonetsedwe zimaphatikizapo:

Ululu womwe umawoneka kwambiri kwambiri ndipo wapezeka pafupifupi m'chigawo cha nthiti zam'munsi, komanso kuchokera kumbuyo
Ululu wamtunduwu. Zimakhala zosalephera mphindi iliyonse, ndipo munthu sangathe kusuntha
Kupezeka kwa Refresh Reflex, komwe kumawonekera makamaka panthawi yapamwamba kwambiri. Pakadali pano, munthu amatha kusanza kopitilira kamodzi, ndipo kusanza kumakhala ndi fungo lonunkhira, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuphwanya chilengedwe chamchere m'mimba
Kulakalaka. Munthu amatha kusiya zakudya zomwe amakonda komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zakudya patsiku, chifukwa sangafune kudya
Kutentha kwa thupi, komwe kumachitika ndi kutupa kwambiri kwa kapamba
Ululu umachepa ngati munthu akutsamira. Zowawa zimatha kudukiratu kapena kuchepa mpaka pomwe munthu adzakhale momwemo

Nthawi zina, Zizindikiro zimayamba mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti munthu samamvetsetsa zomwe zidachitika. Zikakhala choncho, muyenera kuyimbira ambulansi nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri pamafunika chithandizo chambiri kuchipatala.

Ndemanga

Matenda a shuga - Zimamveka zodabwitsa komanso ngati sizowopsa. Nchiyani chimayambitsa dzinali? Tsoka ilo, matenda a shuga (matenda ashuga- "osati shuga" konse: potengera kutaya kwakukulu kwamadzimadzi, odwala amakhala ndi ludzu pafupipafupi, ndipo ambiri amaphunzira za matenda awo atangosiya matenda a shuga. Mwa zina mwa zovuta za matenda osokoneza bongo a shuga, kuwonongeka pafupipafupi kwa maso, impso, mitsempha ndi mtima, chifukwa chake nthendayi ndivuto lalikulu kwambiri mdera lathu.

Matenda a autoimmune

Timapitiliza kuzungulira kwa matenda a autoimmune - matenda omwe thupi limayamba kulimbana nawo lokha, ndikupanga autoantibodies ndi / kapena autoaggressive ma cell a lymphocyte. Timalankhula za momwe chitetezo chathupi chimagwirira ntchito komanso chifukwa chake nthawi zina chimayamba "kuwombera imodzi". Matenda ena odziwika kwambiri amayankhidwa m'mabuku osiyana. Kuti tisasinthe, tinapempha kuti akhale woyang'anira ntchito yapadera, Doctor of Biological Science, Corr. RAS, Pulofesa wa Department of Immunology, Moscow State University Dmitry Vladimirovich Kuprash. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhani iliyonse imakhala ndi wolemba wake, amene amawerengera mfundo zonsezo mwatsatanetsatane.

Wowunikiranso nkhaniyi anali Pavel Yurievich Volchkov, wamkulu wa MIPT Laboratory ya Genomic Engineering.

Omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi ndi Mikhail Batin ndi Aleksey Marakulin (Open Longevity / "Finvo Legal Joint Consultants").

Madokotala akale a ku India, Aiguputo Akale ndi Achi Greek akale adalemba za "matenda akumva ludzu komanso kutaya madzi". Dzina lake lenileni ndi διαβαινω (chomwe m'Chi Greek chimatanthawuza "Ndikuwoloka, ndikuwoloka") - idawoneka m'zaka za zana lachitatu BC, makamaka mwa zolembedwa za Apollo kuchokera ku Memphis. Zinawonetsa malingaliro amasiku amenewo zokhudzana ndi matendawa: wodwalayo, pomwe amakakamizidwa kuti achotse madzi ndikuwathira madzi, anakumbutsa ena za siphon yomwe madzi amayenda "nthawi zonse". Mafotokozedwe oyamba atsatanetsatane a zomwe timatcha tsopano matenda ashuga, i.e. shuga mellitus, adapereka Areteus waku Kapadokiya.

Masiku ano, matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba ndi wachiwiri amakhudza pafupifupi 8.5% ya anthu padziko lapansi, ndiye kuti, mmodzi mwa anthu khumi ndi awiri mwa iwo. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga umakhudza anthu okhala m'maiko otukuka, koma ziwopsezo zake zikukwera kwambiri m'malo otukuka. Ziwerengero zophatikizidwa ku United States zikuwonetsanso mtundu wa ma heterogeneity amtunduwu pokonzekera matenda a shuga: mwachitsanzo, matenda a shuga amapezeka pafupifupi pafupifupi zisanu ndi chimodzi za India kapena Alaskan Eskimo ndipo “oyera” khumi ndi atatu aliwonse okhala ndi mizu yopanda Spain. Pa kufalikira kotero, matendawa amapeza, kuwonjezera pa zamankhwala, kufunika kwa chikhalidwe. Ingoganizirani zomwe zingachitike ngati mayiko ataperewera ndalama zopanga insulin kapena kuphunzitsa madokotala - akatswiri a shuga! Chifukwa chake, mayiko otukuka amalipira chidwi ndi matendawa, kupanga malo othandizira odwala ndikupereka ndalama kwa asayansi kuti afufuze matenda ashuga.

Chithandizo choyambirira cha mankhwala ochizira matenda a shuga (makamaka, chizindikiro chake chachikulu ndicho polyuria, kapena kukodza mwachangu) kunapezeka komwe kunachokera zaka za m'ma 1600 BC - Ebers papyrus. Mwinanso, m'dera la m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC, dokotala waku India Sushrut adapanga njira yodziwira matenda ashuga, omwe tanthauzo lake silinasinthebe mpaka pano. Zachidziwikire, "zida" zasintha: ku India wakale, matendawa adatsimikizidwa malinga ndi kukoma kwa mkodzo wa wodwalayo. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, zizindikiro zina zidafotokozedwa: chizolowezi cha kunenepa kwambiri, ludzu lokwanira, komanso matenda osokoneza bongo. Madokotala anzeru kwambiri azaka zambiri adayesetsa kuthana ndi matendawa, komabe, ngakhale anali ndi "zaka" zolimba pofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za matenda ashuga, sizidapambane.

Chithunzi 1. Chithunzi cha Ebers.

Kodi insulini imatilonjeza chiyani?

Kodi chimasweka ndi chiani mthupi lathu chokongoletsa komanso chosiririka kotero kuti chimayamba kupweteka kwambiri? Matenda a shuga angayambitse wodwalayo kugona ndi kufa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nthabwala sizili bwino ndi iye, ndipo muyenera kudziwa komwe zimachokera.

Aliyense ali ndi chinthu insulin- koma si aliyense amene amadziwa kuti ndi chiyani. Insulin ndi peptide, kapena ndendende, mahomoni a peptide. Imasungidwa m'magazi a anthu ndi maselo a timakhwawa tachilumba cha Langerhans cha kapamba. Zilumba izi zidatsegulidwa mu 1869 ndi wophunzira wazaka 22 wazachipatala wa Langerhans, yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala katswiri wazambiri zodziwika bwino ku Germany komanso anatomist (mkuyu. 2koma) Atayang'anitsitsa pang'onopang'ono pama kacroscope, adapeza ma cell omwe ali ndi ma cell (mkuyu. 2b), yomwe, pambuyo pake, ikuwunikira zinthu zofunika pakugaya. Zilumba za Langerhans zimakhala ndi mitundu itatu yamaselo:

Ma cell a cy-ochepa ndi ochepa (pafupifupi 20%), amatulutsa timadzi tambiri glucagon - wotsutsana ndi insulin,
β maselo ndi ochulukirapo, amabisalira insulin - mahomoni akuluakulu opanga shuga mthupi la munthu,
pali ma cell ochepa kwambiri (pafupifupi 3%), amasokoneza mahomoni somatostatinzomwe zimalepheretsa kubisika kwa tiziwalo tambiri.

Chithunzi 2a. Paul Langerhans (1849-1888).

Chithunzi 2b. Langerhans Islands (masiselo amnyumba) mu kapamba.

Ntchito yomweyo ya insulini ndikuthandizira omwe amamwa omwe amapezeka m'maselo omwe amawafunikira.

Insulin imamangirira awiri omwe amapanga insulin receptor yomwe ili mu membrane wa cell, amawalumikiza ndi gawo. Ma gawo okhudzana ndi insulin receptor ndi tyrosine kinases (i.e. michere yomwe imalumikiza zotsalira za phosphate ku tyrosine amino acid) yomwe imayambitsa katemera wokhudzana ndi phosphoryular phosphorylation. Phosphorylation, imayambitsa kulowerera kwa glucose mu cell, chifukwa mapuloteni am'magazi a glucose amasunthira kuchoka m'malo achilengedwe kupita ku membrane. Mwa njira, tyrosine kinases yokhudzana ndi insulin receptor ndi banja lochulukirapo la masensa omwe amayankha pazinthu za kukula, mahomoni ngakhale ndi alkaline pH (!).

Chithunzi 3. Mapangidwe a zochita za insulin. Kumangidwa kwa insulin kumayambitsa zovuta za phosphorylation ya mapuloteni amkati, zomwe zimapangitsa msonkhano wama glucose kupititsa nembanemba ndikulowa kwa mamolekyulu a shuga kulowa mu cell.

Shuga ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'thupi. Chifukwa cha shuga shuga ubongo wathu wovuta komanso waluntha umagwira ntchito: glucose akasweka, amalandira mphamvu chifukwa cha ntchito yake. Maselo a ziwalo zina amafunanso glucose kwambiri - ndiye gwero lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chiwindi chathu chimapanga shuga m'magawo a glycogen - ma polima a glucose, - ndipo patsiku lamvula imatha kukonzedwa ndikusungidwa monga ma deposits a mafuta. Komabe, kuti mulowe mkati mwa maselo a minyewa ina, glucose amafunika insulini. Zovala zoterezi zimatchedwa wodwala insulin. Choyamba, zimaphatikizapo minofu ya chiwindi, minofu ndi mafuta. Palinso insulin yodziyimira payokha minofu - wamanjenje, mwachitsanzo - koma iyo ndi nkhani ina yonse.

Pankhani ya tinthu timene timadalira insulin, shuga sangathe kulowa m'maselowo payekha - amafunika wochititsa, yemwe ndi insulin. Glucose ndi insulin amalowa mokha m'selo ya ziwalo kudzera "pazitseko" zamagazi. Kenako, insulin imalumikizana ndi cholandirira chake pamselo ndikutsegula gawo la glucose.

Chizindikiro chachikulu choti insulin ilowe m'magazi ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga. Koma pali zolimbikitsanso zina: mwachitsanzo, katulutsidwe ka insulin kumatheka osati kokha ndi chakudya, komanso ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi chakudya - amino acid ndi mafuta acids aulere. Mchitidwe wamanjenje umathandizanso: pamene mauthenga ena alandiridwa, atha kupereka lamulo kuti achulukitse kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa insulin m'magazi.

Ndinu ambiri, koma ine ndekha

Zikuwoneka kuti kusowa kwa mahomoni ofunikira monga insulin ndi tsoka lalikulu kwa odwala ndi madokotala. Koma ayi, vuto la matenda ashuga limakhala lakuya kwambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pali mitundu iwiri yake, yosiyana pazifukwa zosakwanira.

Kunena zolondola kwathunthu, osatinso awiri, koma koposa, sikufala kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, LADA (latent autoimmune dshuga mu amaudindo) - matenda a shuga a autoentmune a akulu, kapena lembani 1.5 shuga . Pankhani yazizindikiro, ndizofanana ndi matenda a shuga a 2, komabe, makulidwe ake amtundu ndiwosiyana: ma antibodies opaka pancreatic β-cell ndi glutamate decarboxylase enzyme imawoneka m'thupi. Mtundu wina wa matenda ashuga ndi IMODI (mkukhazikika onset dmatenda a shuga a young); Dzinalo la monogenic, lobadwa mwa mtundu wamphamvu kwambiri wamatenda, matenda amayamba chifukwa chakuti limayamba ali aang'ono, koma limapitilira modekha, monga mtundu wa shuga wa "wamkulu", pomwe kuchepa kwa chidwi cha insulin sikungachitike.

Type 2 shuga (amatchedwanso insulin-sukulimbana) ndizofala kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina yonse ya matendawa: imapezeka mwa anthu pafupifupi 80% odwala matenda ashuga. Chofunikira chake ndikuti chidwi cha maselo pakuchita insulin amachepetsa kwambiri, ndiye kuti, insulini imataya mphamvu yake yoyambitsa glucose mu minofu.Zikondazo nthawi yomweyo zimalandira chisonyezo chakuti insulini sikokwanira, ndikuyamba kuzipanga mwamphamvu. Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira, maselo a β-amakhala atatha nthawi, ndipo munthu amayenera kupanga jakisoni wa insulin. Koma odwala omwe ali ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa shuga ali ndi mwayi wochepetsera mawonetsedwe ake: ndikulimbitsa thupi mokwanira, kudya komanso kuwonda, kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumachepa, kagayidwe kazakudya kagayidwe kake ka metabolism kamafalikira.

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga wapezeka mu 5-10% ya odwala matenda ashuga, komabe, kudwala kumeneku kumalonjeza chiyembekezo chodwala. Ndi autoimmune matenda, kutanthauza kuti, thupi pazifukwa zina amadzizunza okha, chifukwa chomwe insulin yomwe ili m'magazi imayamba kukhala zero. Ma cell a pancreatic a pancreatic a Langerhans awukiridwa (mkuyu. 2b).

Ngakhale zizindikiro za matenda awiriwa zimafanana, chikhalidwe chawo chimasiyana. Mtundu woyamba wa shuga ndi matenda oteteza thupi, pomwe oyambitsa matenda amtundu wa 2 amakhala matenda a metabolic. Amasiyana mu "mtundu" wa odwala: matenda amtundu wa 1 amakonda kwambiri achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka 30, ndipo wachiwiri - anthu azaka zapakati komanso achikulire.

Palibe opulumuka. Makina a chitukuko cha autoimmune shuga

Njira zazikulu zowonongera ziwalo zathupi zathupi lanu zolimbitsa thupi zanenedwa kale m'nkhani yoyamba ya projekiti yathu yapadera ya matenda a autoimmune ("Chitetezo chokwanira: kulimbana ndi alendo komanso. awo"). Pofuna kuphunzira mosavuta zomwe zimachitika mthupi panthawi ya matenda ashuga, timalimbikitsa kwambiri kuti tiziwerenga.

Kodi chikuyenera kuchitika ndichani kuti thupi liziwombera maselo a kapamba ake? Nthawi zambiri, izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti maselo chitetezo chathupi Othandizira a T dutsa magazi chotchinga magazi - cholepheretsa pakati pa mitsempha yamagazi ndi ubongo, zomwe zimalepheretsa zinthu zina ndi ma cell a chitetezo chathu kugwira ntchito ndi ma neurons. Zolepheretsa izi zikavutika, ndi mitundu iwiriyi ya maselo ikakumana, zimachitika Katemera maselo oteteza thupi. Malinga ndi limagwirira lofananalo, matenda ena amakula - angapo sclerosis (MS), komabe, ndi MS, Katemera ndi ma antigen ena a ma cell amitsempha amachitika. Pogwiritsa ntchito T-cell receptor yawo ndi CD4 receptor yowonjezera, othandizira a T amathandizana ndi MHC-II - peptide zovuta pamaselo a antigen omwe amapezeka muubongo ndikupeza mwayi wodziwa ma antigen omwe ali m'maselo a mitsempha. Othandizira oterowo amadziwa kale mtundu wa "chida" chomwe adzafunikire ngati akakumana ndi "antijeni" omwewo ngati omwe ali m'maselo aubongo, ndipo ali okonzeka kale kulimbana nawo. Tsoka ilo, zovuta za MHC mwa anthu ena "kwambiri" zimapereka ma antigen a pancreatic β-cell, ofanana kwambiri ndi omwe ali m'maselo a mitsempha, ndipo izi zimayambitsa kuyankha kwamphamvu kwa chitetezo chamthupi.

Antigen yofunikira kwambiri ya neural yomwe imawonetsedwa pamtundu wa β-cell ndi molekyuli yokunamatira N-cam. Maselo amitsempha yamagazi amafunikira molekyuyi kuti ikule ndikugwirizana. Pancreas, N-CAM imagwira ntchito yomatira ndipo imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'gulu la zigawo,.

Othandizira T azindikira posachedwa ma antijeni β-cell, ayamba kuwaukira ndipo, tsoka, nthawi zambiri amapambana. Chifukwa chake, mu mtundu 1 wa shuga, insulin mwa odwala imasiya kupangidwa kwathunthu, chifukwa maselo onse omwe adatha kuyipanga amawonongeka ndi ma immunocytes. Chokhacho chomwe chitha kulangizidwa kwa odwala oterewa ndi kupaka insulin m'magazi mwanjira, jakisoni. Ngati izi sizichitika, ndiye kuti shuga imayambitsa "chiwonongeko" chachikulu m'thupi.

Insulin pazolinga izi zimapezeka ndi ma genetic engineering. Choyamba, mabakiteriya omwe amapanga mapuloteni enaake okhala ndi ma proinsulin a anthu amapangidwa - Escherichia coli BL21 / pPINS07 (BL07) kapena Escherichia coli JM109 / pPINS07. Kenako, ma cell mabacteria amawonongeka ndipo matupi ophatikiza omwe amakhala ndi mapuloteni osakanizidwa amalekanitsidwa. Kenako, kutsuka koyambirira kwa matupi kumachitika, mapuloteniwo amasungunuka nthawi yomweyo ndipo zomangira zosagwirizana zimabwezeretsedwamo, zimasinthidwa ndipo mapuloteni osakanizidwa amayeretsedwa ndi ion-exchange chromatography. Cleavage ya proinsulin imachitika ndi kuphatikiza hydrolysis ya trypsin ndi carboxypeptidase B. Kutsuka kwa chinthu chomaliza, insulin, kumachitika ndi hydrophobic chromatography kapena kusintha gawo lalikulu lamadzimadzi amadzimadzi otsatiridwa ndi kusefedwa kwa gel. Choyipidwachi chimasiyanitsidwa ndi crystallization pamaso pa mchere wa zinc.

Matenda a shuga amakhudza ziwalo zambiri. Hyperglycemia (kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi) imaphatikizira glucosuria (mawonekedwe a shuga mumkodzo), polyuria (kukodza pokodza), polydipsia (ludzu lalikulu), chilimbikitso chowonjezereka ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa thupi, ndipo kuwonjezera pake kumatopa . Mitsempha (microangiopathy) ndi impso (nephropathy), dongosolo lamanjenje (ma neuropathy) komanso minyewa yolumikizana imakhudzidwanso, ndipo matenda a shuga amayamba.

Popeza minofu yomwe imafunikira kwambiri m'madzi a m'magazi (gluyose), chiwindi, minofu ndi mafuta) imaleka kugwiritsa ntchito shuga, magazi ake amathanso msanga: imayamba hyperglycemia. Vutoli limayambitsa mavuto ena, kuphatikizapo kutsegula kwa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni ndi mafuta mu minofu ndi mafuta minofu, motsatana, ndipo, chifukwa chake, kumasulidwa kwamafuta acid ndi ma amino acid kulowa m'magazi ndikuwonjezera mapangidwe a matupi a ketone. Ubongo ndi ziwalo zina mumikhalidwe yanjala (kuperewera kwa chakudya) zimakakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito matupi awa kupeza mphamvu. Madzi amachotsedwa mthupi mothandizidwa, chifukwa glucose m'magazi "amatenga" madzi kuchokera m'matumbo ndikuwupangitsa kukhala mkodzo. Zotsatira za njirazi zonse ndizosasangalatsa: thupi limakhala lopanda madzi, limasowa mchere wofunikira komanso gwero lalikulu lamphamvu, minofu ndi mafuta minofu limayamba kulowa mkati mwake.

Mapangidwe a matupi a ketone chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya adipose amachititsa zomwe zimatchedwa ketoacidosis. Matendawa ndi owopsa chifukwa matupi a ketone (makamaka, acetone) okhala mozama kwambiri ndi oopsa kwambiri, ndipo ngati sanayimitse pakapita nthawi, akhoza kudwala matenda ashuga.

Popeza kuwonongedwa kwa mitsempha ndi mitsempha yamagazi kumayambira shuga, zovuta monga matenda ashuga a m'mimba ndi encephalopathy, nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa paresis, ziwalo, matenda amisala.

Chizindikiro chimodzi chodziwika bwino komanso chowopsa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe, kapena diabetesic ophthalmopathy, - amakula chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa retina. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito ya impso imasokonekera kwambiri, mafupa amayamba kupweteka ndikuwuma kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe kuyenda kwa wodwala kumavutika.

Mawonetsedwe ndi zovuta za matendawa ndizowopsa, koma zomwe asayansi akwanitsa zimatha kukonza zomwe zachitika. Asayansi ndi madotolo amadziwa kale zambiri za matendawa ndipo amatha kuyang'anira nthawi yake. Komabe, kuti mupeze fungulo la kuchiritsa kapena kupewa matenda ashuga, muyenera kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa.

Simungathe kulembanso zifukwa zonse.

Zolinga ndi zifukwa zopititsira patsogolo matenda ovuta ngati matenda ashuga, kwambiri. Sizingatheke kuti odwala onse adziwe chimodzi, chomwe chimayambitsa matenda onse ndikuchotsa matenda ashuga.

Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, madokotala sanalingalirepo zomwe zingayambitse matenda ashuga. Komabe, pofika nthawi imeneyo anali atapeza chiwerengero chachikulu cha mawerengero, kuti malingaliro ena amvetse. Pambuyo pofufuza zambiri za anthu odwala, zidadziwika kuti pali matenda ashuga chibadwa ,. Izi sizitanthauza kuti ngati mutakhala ndi mitundu ya mitundu, mudzadwala. Koma chiwopsezo chikuwonjezeka. Ndi okhawo omwe alibe majini omwe amathandizira kuti matenda a shuga athe kupuma modekha.

Matenda a shuga a Type 1 amayanjana makamaka ndi majini Mtundu wachiwiri wa histocompatibility tata (HLA II) - ma molekyulu zovuta zomwe zimagwira gawo lofunikira pakuyankha kwa chitetezo chathupi. Izi ndizosadabwitsa, chifukwa ndi kulumikizana kwa HLA ndi T-cell receptor komwe kumapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya chitetezo cha mthupi ikhale yolimba. Mitundu ya HLA imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana (mitundu yamajini). Ma Alleles a HLA-DQ receptor gene omwe ali ndi mayina DQ2, DQ2 / DQ8 ndi DQ8 amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa omwe akuwonetseratu kwambiri matendawa, ndipo DQ6 allele ndiyocheperako.

Kusanthula kwa matupi a odwala 1792 aku Europe kunawonetsa kuti chiopsezo cha matenda a DQ2 kapena DQ8 monogaplotypes ndi DQ2 / DQ8 heterogaplotype ndi 4.5% ndi 12.9%, motsatana. Chiwopsezo chochepa cha anthu omwe sanyamula mitundu iyi ya HLA ndi 1.8%.

Ngakhale mitundu ya main genocompatability tata imapanga 50% ya "mitundu yonse ya" foreor, "samangodziwa kuchuluka kwa kukana kwa munthu pakukula kwa matenda ashuga.

Ngakhale kufufuzidwa kwakanthawi yayitali, asayansi atha kupeza mitundu yochepa yosangalatsa yotsogolera matenda ashuga:

Kusintha kwachilengedwe kwa molekyulu ya CTLA4, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayang'anira zoletsa za T-cell, imakhudzanso kukula kwa matendawa. Ndi mfundo zina za mtundu CTLA4 chiopsezo chodwala chikuwonjezeka, chifukwa pamene njira zoyipa zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya chitetezo cha mthupi zimagwira, olephera, ndizotheka kuyankha kwa autoimmune,
kusintha maselo MTTL1, yomwe imakhazikitsa mayendedwe a mitochondrial RNA yomwe imasamutsa amino acid leucine panthawi ya kapangidwe ka mapuloteni mu mitochondria, imayambitsa "matenda osokoneza bongo" ndi matenda osamva "ndipo imafalikira kudzera mzere wa amayi.
kusintha kwa majini Gckkulembera kwa glucokinase (enzyme yomwe imathandizira kuphatikizika kwa phosphorous ku glucose), komanso mitundu ya hepatocytic nyukiliya zinthu za HNF-1cy kapena HNF-4α (zinthu zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa makamaka m'maselo a chiwindi) ndizosintha zomwe zimatsogolera ku matenda ambiri a shuga.

Monga tikuonera, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga zimakhala zambiri. Koma ngati tikudziwa majini omwe amayambitsa matendawa, ndizotheka kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo ndikusankha chithandizo chamankhwala chothandiza kwambiri.

Komabe, kuphatikiza pa majini pakukula kwa matenda a shuga 1, palinso ena, zinthu zakunja. Thandizo losangalatsa kwambiri la ma virus. Zingawonekere kuti matenda a shuga sagwira ntchito pa matenda a virus munthawi yathu. Koma Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ma enterovirus ena amathandizira kwambiri pathogenesis yamatendawa. Ngati mukuganiza za izi, sizodabwitsa. Ma virus (mwachitsanzo, coxacivirus B1) akapatsira ma cell a pancreatic β-cell, kuyankha kwamkati kwa chitetezo kumachitika - kutupa ndi kupanga interferon-α, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimateteza thupi ku matenda. Koma amatha kusewera motsutsana ndi izi: kuukira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi thupi kumayambitsa zochitika zonse kuti pakhale poyambira pa autoimmune.

Chithunzi 4. Kukula kwa mayankho a chitetezo cha mthupi pakukula kwa coxacievirus B1 m'ma cell pancreatic. 1 - Thupi limayankha pakuwukiridwa ndi kachilomboka mwa kupanga ma antibodies. Kachiromboka kamafalitsa ma leukocytes ndi ma cell β, ndikupanga ma interferon-α, omwe angalimbikitse njira za autoimmune. 2 - Kusinthika kwa majini kumakhudza mwayi wa matenda a shuga 1. Gene mitundu Oas1 onjezerani chiopsezo cha matenda, ndi gene polymorphism IFIH1 otsika. 3 - Enterovirus imayambitsa kupanga kwa interferon-α ndi interferon-β, imapangitsa apoptosis ndi kufotokoza kwa ma antigen a class ya MHC I, komanso imathandizira kupanga ma chemokines, omwe amakopa ma cell a T omwe amakopa ma cytokines ovomerezeka. 4 - Matenda a Enterovirus nthawi yomweyo amathandizira kutenga chitetezo chokwanira: ma antibodies amapangidwa ndipo ma T-akupha omwe amadzaza ma β-cell amakopeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma antigen awo amasulidwe. 5 - The munthawi yomweyo kuchititsa kutupa ndi chiwonetsero cha β-cell antigen kumapangitsa kukondoweza kwa chitetezo chokwanira. Njira zonsezi zimatsogolera ku kutuluka kwa maselo otsogola T omwe amakhudza maselo a β. Kuti muwone chithunzicho mulingo wathunthu, dinani.

Inde, sitiyenera kuyiwala za zinthu zomwe timazidziwa bwino zakunja zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwa matendawa. Chofunika kwambiri pa izo ndi kupsinjika ndi moyo wongokhala. Kunenepa kwambiri chifukwa chochepa masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kudya mopatsa thanzi kumathandizira kwambiri kukula kwa matenda ashuga amtundu wa 2, komanso amathandizira ku matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba. Anthu omwe amalandira shuga ochulukirapo m'matupi awo ali pachiwopsezo, chifukwa kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi okhala ndi insulin yocheperako kumatha kuyambitsa njira za autoimmune. Okonda shuga ali ndi vuto, chifukwa mayesero ali paliponse. Popeza kufala kwa matenda a shuga, ndikofunikira kufikira vuto la "kumwa kwambiri" shuga mokwanira. Choyamba, asayansi amalangiza kuti azichotsa glucose pamndandanda wazinthu zotetezeka. Nthawi yomweyo, imaphunzitsa anthu kudziwa momwe zimapangidwira zakudya ndikuwonetsetsa kuti sizidutsa shuga wololedwa.

Asayansi apeza kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa matenda ashuga amtundu 1 ndi kapangidwe ka matumbo a microbiota,. Kuyesa komwe makoswe adayimiridwira kumatendawa adawunikira kunawonetsa kuti mu nyama zathanzi pali oimira ochepa amtunduwu m'matumbo Bacteroidetes. Kuyesedwa koyenera kwa ana omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu wa 1 adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakupangidwe kwa matumbo awo a microbiota aana ndi ana athanzi. Kuphatikiza apo, odwala matenda ashuga, chiŵerengerocho chinakulitsidwa Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes, ndi lactic acid ogwiritsa mabakiteriya anapambana. Mwa ana athanzi, m'matumbo munalinso ena omwe amapanga butyric acid.

Pakafukufuku wachitatu, asayansi "adasiya" kuyanjana kwa ma microbiota ndi maselo okhala, ndikuchotsa majini a nyama zoyesera Myd88 - imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zotumiza majini. Zinapezeka kuti kusokonezeka kwa kulumikizana kwa ma virus m'matumbo ndi wolandila mwachangu kumabweretsa kukula kwa matenda a shuga 1 a mbewa. Izi sizodabwitsa, chifukwa mabakiteriya athu omwe "amaphunzitsa" chitetezo chathupi.

Gwero la zovuta zambiri za anthu - kupsinjika - sikumapanganso gawo lomaliza lachitukuko matenda ashuga. Zimathandizira njira yotupa mthupi, yomwe, monga tafotokozera kale, imawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi matenda amtundu woyamba. Kuphatikiza apo, pakadali pano ndizodziwika kuti, chifukwa cha kupsinjika, chotchinga cha m'magazi "chitha" kudutsa, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta zambiri.

Zoyenera kuchita? Kodi tili bwanji? Mtundu woyamba wa shuga

Zikuwoneka kuti yankho ku funso loti "chani?" Amanama pamtunda. Ngati palibe insulin yokwanira, ndiye kuti muyenera kuwonjezera. Ndipo kotero zimapita. Matenda a insulin amathandizidwa kudzera mu moyo wonse. Kuyambira pomwe munthu amadziwika matenda ashuga choyambirira, moyo wake ukusintha kwambiri. Zowonadi, ngakhale insulin ikalowa m'thupi, kagayidwe kake kamakhala kozikika kale, ndipo wodwalayo amayenera kutsatira chilichonse chake kuti njira yosalimba yomwe idapangidwanso isaphatikizidwe ndi zovuta zotere.

Tsopano, ndikupanga luso lamakono, asayansi akuyesera kuti zitheke kuti odwala azisamalira okha. Mu chaka cha 2016, ogwira ntchito ku Google adapanga mandala okhala ndi masensa omwe amayeza kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi amisodzi.Mlingo wa shuga mu mandala ukafikiridwa, ma LED ang'onoang'ono amawunikira, potero kudziwitsa eni ake za zomwe zasintha komanso kufunika kopanga jekeseni wina.

Kuti mutha kubayira insulini yokha m'magazi momwe amafunikira, asayansi aku Switzerland adabwera ndi chida chapadera - insulin pump ndi machitidwe omwe amathandizira kwambiri moyo wa wodwala,. Pakadali pano, zida zoterezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chemotherapy yamatenda a oncological, koma, mwina, posachedwa ambiri odwala matenda ashuga apezanso makina azachipatala ofanana. Zipangizo zambiri zomasuka zimapangidwanso: mwachitsanzo, masensa adapangidwa kale omwe amalemba kuchuluka kwa shuga m'mathukuta, ndipo potengera iwo apanga chigamba chapadera chomwe chimatsimikiza komanso kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Kuti achite izi, adapanga dongosolo lama miconeedles omwe amapangira jakisoni ngati kuchuluka kwa shuga m'mathukuta kuli kwakukulu. Pakadali pano, dongosololi layesedwa kokha pa mbewa za labotale.

Chithunzi 5. Pampu yolumikizika kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga.

Pomwe zida zingapo zikukula, madokotala amapatsa odwala awo malingaliro akale. Komabe, palibe chilichonse cha zauzimu chomwe chimafunikira kwa wodwala: nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa kuti azitsatira zakudya zama carb ochepa, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikuwunikira momwe awonekera. Kuchokera kunja zitha kuwoneka kuti ndizosavuta. Koma mutadziyerekeza m'malo mwa odwala, mumakhala ndi malingaliro osasangalatsa kuti tsopano moyo wanu wonse mudzadziikira malire munjira zambiri ndikutsata boma lokhazikika m'malo onse amoyo - apo ayi zotsatirapo zake zidzakhala zoopsa. Palibe amene amafuna kukhala ndi udindo waukulu kwambiri wathanzi. Chifukwa chake, madokotala ndi asayansi akupitiliza kufunafuna njira zina zochizira matenda osokoneza bongo, mothandizidwa ndi momwe zingathekere kuchiritsa kwathunthu odwala, kapena makamaka kuwongolera moyo wawo.

Imodzi mwosangalatsa kwambiri komanso ikuwoneka kuti ikuyenda bwino immunotherapy matenda ashuga. Kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa othandizira a T, othandizira ma T komanso ma B-cell, otchedwa Katemera wa DNA . Zimamveka zachilendo, koma kwenikweni, katemera wa DNA ndi molekyulu ya DNA yozungulira yozungulira yomwe ili ndi proinsulin gene (pankhani ya matenda a shuga 1 kapena mapuloteni ena omwe amafunika kupewa izi kapena matendawa. Kuphatikiza pa jini lama protein, katemera wotere amakhala ndi zinthu zonse zofunikira pakupanga mapuloteniwa m'maselo a thupi. Komanso, adaphunzira kupanga kapangidwe ka katemera wa DNA m'njira yoti ikalumikizana ndi maselo oteteza thupi ku chitetezo cham'thupi, mphamvu zawo zimafooka m'malo molimbikitsidwa. Izi zimatheka chifukwa chobwezeretsanso zachilengedwe za CpG mu proinsulin DNA ndi ma GpG motifs omwe amachepetsa antigen-immune immune reaction.

Njira ina yothandizira mtundu wa matenda a shuga a 1 ndikuletsa ma cell a receptor pama cell a T pancreatic. Pafupi ndi T-cell receptor imakhala yogwirizana ndi iyo, i.e. kutireceptor, mapuloteni ovuta. Amayitanidwa Cd3 (kuchokera ku Chingerezi kusiyanasiyana kwa khungu - kusiyanitsa kwa maselo). Ngakhale kuti ma cell opanga ma cell siomwe amadziyimira pawokha, ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa popanda iwo T-cell receptor sazindikira mokwanira ndikufalitsa ma sign kuchokera kunja kupita ku cell. Popanda CD3, T-cell receptor imatha kutuluka kuchokera mu membala wamaselo, chifukwa cholumikizira chimathandizira kuti chizikhalabe pamenepo. Asayansi anazindikira msanga kuti ngati mutatseketsa CD3, ndiye kuti ma cell a T sangagwire ntchito bwino. Ngakhale kukhala ndi thupi lathanzi, kusatetemera kufooka mwanjira imeneyi sikubweretsa chisangalalo, ndi matenda a autoimmune izi zitha kuchita bwino.

Njira zowonjezereka zimaphatikizira kulowa m'malo mwa "chiyembekezo chosakwaniritsidwa" cha zikondamoyo ndi chatsopano. Mu 2013, gulu la asayansi aku Japan linalengeza za chitukuko cha ukadaulo wokulitsa ziwalo za anthu mu nkhumba. Pofuna kupeza kapamba wakunja, majini omwe amayambitsa kupanga ndi kukulitsa chiwalo chake ayenera kuzimitsa mluza wa nkhumba, kenaka cell ya tsinde la munthu idzalowetsedwa mu mluza, momwe ma kanchere amapangira. Lingaliroli ndilabwino, koma kukhazikitsidwa kwa ziwalo zochulukitsa mwanjira imeneyi kumadzetsa mafunso ambiri, kuphatikizapo omwe amakhalidwe abwino. Koma chosiyana popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinyama ndizothekanso: ma scaffolds opangidwa okhazikika amatha kukhala ndi maselo a ziwalo zofunika, zomwe pambuyo pake "zidzawongolera" zomangira izi. Matekinoloje adapangidwanso kuti apange ziwalo zina kutengera mawonekedwe achilengedwe omwe amapezeka kuchokera ku nyama zina. Ndipo, zoona zake, sitiyenera kuyiwala za njira yofalitsira kwambiri yosindikiza ya 3D. Mwanjira imeneyi, chosindikizira amagwiritsa ntchito maselo oyenera m'malo mwa inki, akumanga chiwalo ndi wosanjikiza. Zowona, ukadaulowu sunalowe muzochitika zamankhwala, komanso, wodwala yemwe ali ndi kapamba wofananako amayenerabe kupewetsa chitetezo cha mthupi kuti apewe kuukira kwa maselo a chitetezo m'thupi latsopano.

Chenjezedwa - Pafupifupi Kupulumutsidwa

Komabe, ndi anthu ochepa omwe sagwirizana ndi zoti matendawa ndi bwino kupewa kuposa kuchiza nthawi imeneyo. Kapenanso dziwani pasadakhale zomwe mungakonzekerere. Ndipo kuyesa kwa majini kumabwera kudzapulumutsa anthu. Pali mitundu yambiri yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuweruza tsogolo la matenda a shuga. Monga tanena kale, mitundu yaanthu yofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu imadziwika kuti ndiyo yabwino kwambiri pankhaniyi. Ngati mumayesa mayeso anu mudakali aang'ono kwambiri kapena ngakhale mwana asanabadwe, zidzakhala zofunikira kuwunika pasadakhale kuti zingatheke bwanji kukumana ndi matenda ashuga, komanso mtsogolo popewa zinthu zomwe zingayambitse matenda.

Anthu odwala matenda ashuga padziko lonse lapansi!

Ngakhale matenda ashuga amtundu wa 1 saonedwanso ngati matenda akupha, odwala amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri. Zachidziwikire, anthu odwala amafunikiradi thandizo - kuchokera kwa achibale komanso kwa anthu onse. Pazifukwa zotere, magulu a anthu odwala matenda ashuga amapangidwa: chifukwa cha iwo, anthu amalumikizana ndi odwala ena, amaphunzira za mawonekedwe awo matenda ndikuphunzira njira yatsopano. Chimodzi mwa mabungwe abwino kwambiri amtundu wawo ndi American Diabetes Society. Tsambali limakhala ndi zolemba za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda ashuga, komanso pali msonkhano kumeneko ndi zokhudzana ndi mavuto omwe angakhalepo kwa "obwera kumene". Madera omwewo alipo m'maiko ambiri otukuka, kuphatikizaponso England. Pali anthu otere ku Russia nawonso, ndipo izi ndi zabwino, chifukwa popanda iwo, zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kuti odwala matenda ashuga achi Russia azolowere zomwe zikuchitika pakalipano.

Ndizabwino kulota kuti matenda ashuga amatha kutha pamaso pa Dziko lapansi. Monga nthomba, mwachitsanzo. Pofuna kukwaniritsa maloto otere, mutha kuganiza za zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kufalitsa zisumbu za Langerhans ndi maselo onse ofunikira kwa odwala. Zowona, padakali mafunso ambiri mwanjira iyi: sizikudziwikabe kuti adzazika bwanji mizu, ngakhale azindikire molondola chizindikiro cha mahomoni kuchokera kwa mwini watsopanoyo, ndi zina zotero.

Kuposa apo, pangani kapamba wochita kupanga. Tangolingalirani: kuwonjezera kuti odwala sayenera kubayira insulin nthawi zonse, amathanso kusintha mtundu wake ndikudina batani mu pulogalamu yam'manja. Komabe, zonsezi zikadali m'maloto. Koma zikuoneka kuti tsiku lina kupezeka kwa matenda amtundu woyamba asowa mndandanda wamatenda oyipa kwambiri, ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo chodziwikiratu amatha kupumira modekha!

Matenda a shuga

Zikondamoyo monga chiwalo chofunikira

Matenda a shuga ndi limodzi mwa matenda ofala kwambiri a kapamba omwe amachitika chifukwa cha kusapanga insulin. Nthawi zambiri, matenda a shuga amakula pang'onopang'ono, pomwe nthawi zina amawongolera zizindikiro zonse ndikulola kuti munthu azizolowere. Ndipo izi ndizowopsa. Zizindikiro zazikuluzikulu zomwe munthu ali ndi matenda a shuga zitha kunenedwa kuti:

Pakamwa pakamwa. Komanso, kumverera kudzakhala kosalekeza, ndipo ngakhale kumwa madzi ambiri, sikudutsa
Kuchulukitsa mkodzo
Kuchulukitsa kwakuthwa, ndipo nthawi zina kuchepa kwambiri kwa thupi
Khungu lowuma
Mapangidwe a pustules pakhungu
Kufooka kwa minyewa
Olimba, ngakhale mabala ang'ono, amachiritsa kwa nthawi yayitali

Ngati matendawa adadutsa kwambiri, ndiye kuti m'maso munthu amatha kuwonongeka, mabala omwe amachiritsidwa kwakanthawi yayitali amayamba kuwoneka, kuzunza mutu kosalekeza, chikumbumtima champhamvu, komanso kununkhira kosalekeza kwa khungu la munthu. Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga zimaphatikizapo:

Khalidweli. Pangozi ndi omwe makolo awo kapena agogo awo adadwala
Kulemera kwambiri
Kupsinjika
M'badwo. Asayansi atsimikizira kuti munthu wamkulu, ndiye kuti akhoza kukhala ndi matenda a shuga

Chifukwa chakuti insulin ikasiya kupangidwa mthupi, iyenera kubwezeretsedwanso. Nthawi zambiri, odwala amapatsidwa jakisoni wa insulin. Ngati gawo la matenda a shuga ndilofatsa, ndiye kuti mutha kuchita ndi kumwa mapiritsi kapena kutsatira zakudya zovuta.

Khansa yapakansa

Kusakhudzidwa mutatha kudya ngati alamu

Matenda enanso akuluakulu a kapamba omwe amatsogolera ndi khansa. Zizindikiro zazikulu za khansa zimaphatikizapo:

Khungu loyera
Ululu womwe nthawi zambiri umapita kumbuyo
Kuchepetsa chidwi cha thupi, kuchepa kwathunthu kwa chikhumbo
Tulutsani chopondapo

Zina mwazomwe zimayambitsa khansa ya pancreatic ndi:

Zakudya zopanda pake, monga kudya nyama ndi mafuta ambiri
Kusuta
Kusintha kwa minofu ya pancreatic komwe kumachitika pakukalamba
Matenda a shuga
Pancreatitis, womwe ndi mawonekedwe ake osakhazikika

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti khansa ya kapamba imadzipangitsa kumverera kwambiri mu magawo omaliza, pamene metastases idafalikira kale ku ziwalo zina. Ndiye chifukwa chake khansa ya chiwalochi imawonedwa ngati imodzi yoyipitsitsa komanso yopatsa chidwi, chifukwa munthu "amawotcha" patsogolo pake.

Matenda a kapamba ndi ovuta kwambiri kuchiza, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amapezeka ngakhale atakhala ochepa. Chifukwa cha izi, funso la zizindikiro zazikulu zamatenda a chiwalochi limasinthidwa, chifukwa ngati mukudziwa za iwo, mutha kulumikizana ndi katswiri kuti amununikire. Madokotala ambiri amalimbikitsa kuyesedwa kamodzi pazaka ziwiri zilizonse kuti adziwe zovuta zomwe zingachitike.

Pafupifupi zizindikiro zina za matenda a kapamba amawuza kanemayo:

Mphengoyi ndi chiwalo chovuta kwambiri chomwe chimayang'anira ntchito zogaya ndi endocrine.

Amatulutsa madzi am'mimba ndi mahomoni ena, popanda iwo kutuluka kwa chilengedwe sikungatheke.

Kusokonezeka mumtundu uliwonse wa ntchito kumayambitsa njira zowopsa za pathological. Nthawi zambiri, kapamba ndi matenda a shuga amapezeka.

Chithandizo cha chiwalo chomwe chakhudzidwa ndi matenda ashuga chimakhala chovuta, chifukwa kusintha komweku kudzakhala kopanda tanthauzo.

Kuti njira zothandizira kuchira zitheke komanso kuti matendawa asayambitse mavuto ena, chithandizo chotere chimasungidwa moyo wonse.

Matenda a shuga amapangidwa chifukwa cha insulin yokwanira kapena yopanda insulin, yomwe imapangidwa ndi maselo a beta a ma pancreatic a Langerhans.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya pathological process. Iliyonse imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake.

Ili ndi chiyambi cha autoimmune. Matendawa amapangidwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kulekerera kusatetezeka kwa maselo a beta.

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimayamba kuukira zilumba za Langerhans ndikupsetsa kuwonongeka kwawo. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa insulini m'magazi, minofu imalephera kuyamwa glucose yemwe amabwera ndi chakudya.

Popeza glucose simalowa minofu, amadziunjikira m'magazi. Njira ya pathological nthawi zambiri imayendera limodzi ndi matenda ena a autoimmune.

Type 2 shuga mellitus amapangidwa ndi kuchepa kwa chiwopsezo cha maselo kupita ku insulin. Chifukwa cha kuchepa mphamvu kwa timadzi tam'mimba, minyewa sizimagwira kuchuluka kwa glucose komwe kumafunikira.

Kuthana ndi njala mwa iwo, kapamba amakulitsa zochitika zamahomoni. Chifukwa chachitsulo chikugwira ntchito kwambiri, imachepera mphamvu ndipo idzalephera kuchita zinthu mwachinsinsi pakapita nthawi.

Pomaliza mapangidwe a pathological process, thupi silitulutsa kuchuluka kwa insulin.

Pancreatitis imawonedwa kuti ndi yotupa, chifukwa chomwe gawo lomwe limakhudzidwa limataya mphamvu yotulutsa ma enzymes mkati mwa duodenum, kusayenda kumachitika mthupi ndipo "kudzimbidwa" kumayamba.

Matenda a Gallstone, kuledzera, kuvulala, kuwonongeka kwa kapamba, kachilomboka kangayambitse kutupa.

Komabe pochita, theka la matenda owopsa amawonekera mwa iwo omwe amamwa mowa kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri, kuukira kwa kapamba kumasokonezeka ndi kuledzera wamba kapena jaundice: kumakhala kusanza, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, ndowe zimasuluka ndipo mkodzo umadetsa.

Ndikotheka kusiyanitsa matenda ndi ma pathologies ena nokha: pamavuto onse amapezeka kumtunda kwam'mimba, kukuwonekera kumanzere, komabe, nthawi zambiri, wodwalayo akuwonetsa malo a ndende.

Matenda a shuga ndi njira ya pathological yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi kuphwanya kwa endocrine ntchito. Pancreas ili ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, 2% yokha ya malo onse omwe amapatsidwa kuzilumba za Langerhans.

Mwachindunji, maselo otere amapanga mahomoni ofunikira. Kuwonongeka kwa maselo a beta omwe ali m'malo ochepa ngati amenewa kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa insulin.

Hormone iyi imayambitsa kutulutsa shuga. Kuchuluka kwake kumabweretsa mikhalidwe yoopsa ya hypoglycemic, kuchepa - kukulira kwa shuga.

Chochititsa chidwi cha kuwonongeka kwa maselo ndi ma pathological a genetic, matenda a autoimmune, ma pathologies a gawo la exocrine la chiwalo.

Chikhansa ndi matenda a shuga zimagwirizana, chifukwa zimatulutsa insulini mwachindunji. Njira yotupa kapena yopweteka kwambiri imawononga maselo a beta ndikupangitsa kuchepa kwake.

Ndi matenda otere, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimadziwika:

Zomverera zowawa, zomwe zimakhala mosalekeza komanso zowonjezereka, zimakhazikika mbali yakumanja kapena kumanzere mu hypochondrium. Ndi chisokonezo chachikulu, pamene thandizo silinaperekedwe munthawi yake, mantha angabuke.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndi kusintha kwa mapanikizidwe (kuchuluka kapena kuchepa). Pakutupa kwadzidzidzi, wodwalayo akuwonjezerekanso, kutentha kumawonjezeka ndipo magazi akusintha.
Kukongola kwa khungu.
Kholingo, kumverera kowuma pamlomo wamkamwa.
Kutupa mu kapamba kumalumikizidwa ndi gag Reflex ndi bile. Wodwala yemwe ali ndi matenda oterewa salimbikitsidwa kudya zakudya patsiku loyamba la matendawa.
Matenda a shuga a pancreatic amaphatikizidwa ndi matenda am'mimba kapena kudzimbidwa.
Kupuma pang'ono, thukuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa electrolyte pambuyo pa gag reflex.
Kuphatikiza pa zowawa, wodwalayo amasokonezeka chifukwa cha kutulutsa, chifukwa cha kutayika kwa m'mimba thirakiti kuti achite contract yake.
Khungu lowala limatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wamtambo wa khungu pafupi ndi navel kapena dera lumbar.

Zakudya zamagulu

Chithandizo cha odwala odwala matenda a shuga a pancreatic ndi chovuta kwambiri.

Kuti muthane ndi zizindikiro zosasangalatsa, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, komanso kutsatira zakudya monga izi:

Zakudya za odwala zimaphatikizanso kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni, chakudya chamafuta ndi mafuta. Mafuta, monga gawo lalikulu la zakudya, sayenera kumwedwa osaposa 350 g patsiku, mapuloteni ochepa (mpaka 100 g) ndi mafuta (mpaka 60 g).
Chiwerengero cha zakudya patsiku - osachepera 5-6 zina, koma pang'ono.
Kuphika mbale, boiler pawiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zakudya zokhuthala ziyenera kuzimiririka muzakudya kwa nthawi yayitali. Chovomerezeka kuphika chakudya, mphodza ndi kuphika ndizotheka pokhapokha kuchotsedwa.
Sizoletsedwa kuwonjezera zokometsera, adyo, viniga, zinthu zina zomwe zimakwiyitsa matumbo mucosa ku chakudya.
Pa siteji yowonjezera ndikubwezeretsanso chiwalo chomwe chakhudzidwa, pamafunika kuti muchotse mafuta, mchere, zonunkhira, mankhwala osuta kapena olemera.

Mwambiri mwatsatanetsatane wazinthu zopangidwa ndi chakudya, zomwe zimapangidwira caloric zidzafotokozedwa ndi katswiri yemwe akutsogolera njira yothandizira kuti akhale ndi zotsatira zoyambitsa matenda.

Zakudyazo zimapangidwa payekhapayekha kwa wodwala aliyense. Zimasiyana pamakhalidwe, kupsinjika kwa thupi, kupezeka kwa pakati.

Zinthu zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pazakudya za odwala:

nsomba yamafuta ochepa, nyama, soups kuchokera kwa iwo, akuba,
msuzi wa msuzi wamasamba kapena mkaka wokhala ndi chimanga,
dzira omelet
mbewu monga mkaka kapena madzi, pomwe batala ndi shuga sizowonjezeredwa,
mkate, mkate wowuma,
osaposa 100 g mkaka patsiku,
zopangidwa mkaka,
zipatso zophika kapena zosaphika, zipatso, masamba,
shuga, uchi kapena kupanikizana,
tiyi wofowoka ndi mkaka, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba.

Mwa zinthu zomwe zili pamwambapa, zakudya zomwe zimapangidwa poyambira poyerekeza ndi mawonekedwe owopsa zimawoneka motere:

pa kadzutsa, wodwalayo amapatsidwa dzira la omelette, oatmeal, lomwe limaphika pamadzi ndi batala osaposa 10 g,
masana, nkhuku kapena zodula zouma ndi phala la buckwheat zimakonzedwa kwa wodwala
Zakudya zamadzulo ndizosowa pang'ono, chifukwa chake simuyenera kumadzaza zosefera, koma konzani tiyi wopanda mphamvu ndi lita imodzi kwa wodwala. okondedwa ndi olanda,
madzulo, nsomba zimasowa kapena, wodwalayo akamva bwino, amaphika mu uvuni, nyemba zowiritsa,
musanagone, ndizovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito kefir ndi obalaza.

Munthawi yovuta ya pathological process, ndizovomerezeka kuwonjezera saladi wa tomato watsopano ndi nkhaka zomwe zimaphatikizika ndi zakudya zam'mbuyomu, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mpendadzuwa kapena mafuta a maolivi, vinaigrette, maswiti okoma ndi saladi wa karoti.