Zikondamoyo zimapanga mitundu yambiri yazinthu zofunikira. Amasiyana ndi ziwalo zina za thupi chifukwa zimatha kubisa nthawi imodzi komanso zobisika nthawi imodzi. Mtundu woyamba wa secretion umadziwika ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni mwachindunji m'magazi; mu mtundu wachiwiri, zinthu zonse zimatulutsidwa m'matumbo aang'ono.

Gawo la exocrine limakhala moposa 95% ya kuchuluka kwa kapamba onse. Mpaka 3% imagwera pamabwalo achinyumba (amatchedwanso timadzi tating'ono ta Langerhans), momwe amapangidwira:

Izi ndi timadzi tambiri tamapuloteni. Imayang'anira kagayidwe kazinthu pafupifupi chilichonse. Choyamba, kuchitapo kwake ndikofunikira kuti kasungidwe kabwino azitsamba azisungunuka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kudzera mu cell ya cell. Reculin ya insulin ndi njira yofunikira yomwe imayang'anira kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni a nembanemba imayambitsidwa. Ndi magawo omwe amasamutsa mamolekyu a glu mu cell ndipo potero amasintha momwe amawaonera.

Kutumiza kwa glucose kudzera mu insulin ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa minofu ndi adipose minofu, chifukwa amadalira insulin. Amapanga pafupifupi 75% ya maselo am'mimba ndipo amagwira ntchito zofunika monga kusungirako ndikutulutsanso mphamvu, kuyenda, kupumira, ndi ena.

Mphamvu yamagalasi

Kuchita kwa insulin pa kagayidwe kachakudya ka mphamvu ndi michere ndi zovuta. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zotsatira zake zambiri zimatengera luso la insulin kuti isinthe ntchito za ma enzymes ena. Insulin ndiye mahomoni okhawo amene amayang'anira shuga. Ili ndiye ntchito yake yofunika. Zimapangidwa ndi:

• Kachitidwe ka michere yomwe imathandizira glycolysis (makulidwe a molekyulu ya shuga kuti apange mamolekyulu awiri a pyruvic acid kuchokera pamenepo),
• Kuponderezedwa kwa glycogeneis - kupanga shuga ndi zinthu zina m'maselo a chiwindi,
• Kuphatikiza kwamphamvu ma molekyulu a shuga,
• Kupangitsa glycogen kupanga ndi mahomoni a insulin omwe amathandizira polymerization a mamolekyulu a glucose kukhala glycogen ndi minyewa ndi maselo a chiwindi.

Kuchita kwa insulin kumachitika chifukwa cha mapuloteni olandirira. Ndi protein ya membrane yovuta ya mtundu wophatikizika. Mapuloteniwa amapangidwa kuchokera ku subunits a ndi b, omwe amapangidwa ndi polypeptide unyolo. Insulin yolumikizidwa ndi tinthu a, ikalumikizidwa, mawonekedwe ake amasintha. Pakadali pano, tinthu b timakhala tyrosine kinase yogwira ntchito. Pambuyo pa izi, gulu lonse la zimachitikira limayambitsidwa ndikuyambitsa ma enzyme osiyanasiyana.

Asayansi sanaphunzirepo bwino momwe kulumikizana kwa insulin ndi zolandirira. Amadziwika kuti nthawi yapakati diacylglycerols ndi inositol triphosphate amapangidwa, omwe amachititsa kuti protein proteinasease C. Zinthu izi zithandizire kuphatikizidwa kwa cytoplasmic vesicles ndi protein yonyamula shuga mu nembanemba. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu onyamula magazi aulere, zambiri zimaperekedwa ku khungu.

Monga mukuwonera, kukhazikitsidwa kwa shuga m'magulu a glucose ndi njira yamaukadaulo ambiri. Zimayendetsedwa ndi ntchito yolumikizana ya chamoyo chonse ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Malangizo a mahormoni ndi amodzi mwofunikira kwambiri pakuyendetsa bwino zinthu motere. Nthawi zambiri, mulingo wa shuga uyenera kukhala pakati pa 2.6 ndi 8.4 mmol / lita imodzi ya magazi. Posunga mulingo uwu (kuphatikiza mahomoni a hypoglycemic), mahomoni okula, glucagon ndi adrenaline amatenganso mbali. Amakhudzana ndi mahomoni a hyperglycemic.

Zinthu izi zimapangitsa kuti shuga amasulidwe.Kupsinjika kwa mahomoni ndi adrenaline, kuphatikizapo kuletsa kutulutsa kwa insulin m'magazi. Chifukwa chake, mulingo woyenera kwambiri umasungidwa.

Ntchito zina za insulin

Kuphatikiza pa malamulo a shuga, insulin ili ndi zotsatira zingapo za anabolic komanso anti-catabolic,

Zotsatira za anabolic zimathandizira kukhazikitsa ndikupanga maselo ena, minofu, kapena minyewa. Chifukwa cha iwo, kuchuluka kwa minofu m'thupi la munthu kumasungidwa, mphamvu zamagetsi zimayendetsedwa. Mphamvu ya anticatabolic imathandizira kuti kufooka kwa mapuloteni komanso kunenepa kwambiri kwa magazi. Zimakhudzanso kukula kwa minofu ndi% yamthupi.

Zomwe zimachitika mthupi ngati mulibe insulini

Choyamba, mayendedwe a shuga amasokonezeka. Palibe insulin, palibe ma activation omwe amapezeka ndi shuga. Zotsatira zake, mamolekyulu a glucose amakhalabe m'magazi. Pali mavuto ena awiri pa:

1. Mkhalidwe wamagazi. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga, imayamba kunenepa. Zotsatira zake, magazi amawunda, amatseka magazi, zinthu zopindulitsa komanso mpweya simalowa m'thupi lonse. Kusala komanso kufa pambuyo pake kwa maselo ndi minofu kumayamba. Thrombosis imatha kudzetsa matenda oopsa monga varicose mitsempha (m'malo osiyanasiyana a thupi), khansa ya m'magazi ndi matenda ena akuluakulu. Nthawi zina, kuundana kwa magazi kumatha kupangitsa kuti magazi azing'ambika.
2. Njira za masabolic mu cell. Glucose ndiye gwero lalikulu lamphamvu kwa thupi. Ngati sikokwanira, njira zonse za mkati zimayamba kuchepa. Chifukwa chake, khungu limayamba kufooka, silisintha, silikukula. Kuphatikiza apo, shuga yasiya kutembenukira kukhala nkhokwe yamphamvu ndipo, ngati pali kusowa kwa mphamvu, minofu ya minofu singathe, koma minofu yamatenda. Munthu amayamba kuchepa thupi msanga, amakhala wofooka komanso wa dystrophic.

Kachiwiri, njira za anabolism zidzasokonekera. Ma Amino acids m'thupi ayamba kumizidwa kwambiri ndipo, chifukwa chosowa, sipadzakhala mutu wazophatikizira mapuloteni komanso kubwereza kwa DNA. MaIoni pazinthu zingapo amayamba kulowa m'maselo mu zinthu zosakwanira, chifukwa chomwe kusinthanitsidwa kwa mphamvu kudzapangidwira. Izi zimakhudza makamaka maselo am'misempha. Mafuta m'thupi adzafooka, chifukwa chake munthu amalemera.

Njira izi za ma cell pafupifupi zimakhudza nthawi yayitali. Zimakhala zovuta kuti munthu achite ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku, amamva kupweteka mutu komanso chizungulire, nseru, ndipo amatha kusiya kuzindikira. Ndi kuchepa thupi kwambiri, akumva njala yanyama.

Kuperewera kwa insulin kungayambitse matenda akulu.

Kodi ndimatenda ati omwe amachititsa kuti insulin isakhale ndi vuto

Matenda ofala kwambiri omwe amachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa insulin ndi matenda a shuga. Iagawika m'mitundu iwiri:

1. Wodalira insulin. Choyambitsa ndikusokonekera kwa pancreatic, imapanga insulini yochepa kwambiri kapena samayipanga konse. Mu thupi, njira zomwe tafotokozazi zimayamba. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu woyamba 1 amapatsidwa insulin kuchokera kunja. Izi zimachitika kudzera ndimankhwala apadera a insulin. Amatha kukhala a insulin ya nyama kapena chilengedwe. Ndalama zonsezi zimaperekedwa ngati njira zovomerezeka.Nthawi zambiri, jakisoni amaikidwa pamimba, phewa, phewa kapena kutsogolo kwa ntchafu.
2. Insulin yodziyimira payokha. Matenda a shuga amtunduwu amadziwika chifukwa chakuti kapamba amapanga insulin yokwanira, pomwe minofu yake imagwirizana ndi izi. Amasiya kuzindikira insulin, chifukwa chomwe wodwala amakhala ndi hyperglycemia. Zikatero, shuga amawongolera ndi kuwongolera zakudya. Zakudya zamafuta ochulukitsa zimachepetsedwa ndipo mndandanda wazakudya zonse zomwe zimadyedwa umaganiziridwa. Wodwalayo amangololedwa kudya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu pang'onopang'ono.

Palinso ma pathologies ena omwe kuperewera kwachilengedwe kumapezeka ndi insulin:

• Matenda a chiwindi (chiwindi cha mitundu yonse, matenda amitsempha ndi ena),
• Cushing's Syndrome (kuchuluka kwama mahomoni omwe adrenal cortex imatulutsa)
• Kunenepa kwambiri (kuphatikiza kunenepa kosiyanasiyana),
• Insulinoma (chotupa chomwe chimangotulutsa magazi m'magazi)
• Myotonia (matenda a minyewa ya m'mitsempha yamagazi yomwe mumayenda mosafunikira komanso kukokana kwa minofu),
• Mahomoni okula ochulukirapo,
• Kukana insulini
• Chofufumitsa chamkati,
• Tumors mu adrenal gland (kaphatikizidwe wa adrenaline, yemwe amawongolera shuga, amakhala operewera),
• Matenda ena a kapamba (zotupa, kapamba, zotupa, matenda obadwa nawo, ndi zina).

Kutopa kwakuthupi ndi kwamaganizidwe kungayambitsenso insulin. Zochitika zoterezi ndizovomerezeka chifukwa chakuti mikhalidwe iyi thupi limagwiritsa ntchito malo ambiri osungirako kuti libwezeretse homeostasis. Komanso, zomwe zimayambitsa khalidweli zimatha kukhala moyo wosakhalitsa, matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana komanso opatsirana. Milandu yapamwamba yomwe imakhudzana ndi kuperewera kwa insulin, munthu amatha kudwala insulin kapena Somoji syndrome.

Chithandizo cha izi pathologies ndicholinga chokhazikika pamlingo wa insulin. Nthawi zambiri, madokotala amatipatsa mankhwala okhala ndi insulin kapena nyama. Ngati matenda a pathological anali chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga m'thupi, zakudya zapadera zimayikidwa. Nthawi zina, kulekerera kwa mahomoni kumayikidwa. Ngati wodwala anali ndi myoma, wodwalayo amatumizidwa kukachitidwa opaleshoni ndi maphunziro a chemotherapy.

Insulin ndi michere yambiri ya gulu la peptide, yomwe imakhudza njira zonse za cellular ndi generalized. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuwongolera zamagalimoto owonjezera. Amawongolera mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zinthu zamagulu osiyanasiyana m'thupi. Kusowa kwake ndikuwoneka ndikuphwanya njira zonsezi.

Kuperewera kwa insulin kungayambitse matenda ashuga komanso matenda ena owopsa. Ena mwa iwo sangathe kuchiritsika ndipo amakhalabe ndi munthuyo moyo wonse. Kuperewera kwamphamvu kwa chinthuchi nthawi zina kumatha kupha.

Mtengo wa insulin kwa thupi

Ntchito yayikulu ya insulin m'thupi la munthu ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma membrane a myocyte ndi adipocytes a glucose, omwe amasintha kayendedwe kake kupita ku maselo. Chifukwa cha izi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa glucose kuchokera ku thupi kumadziwikanso, njira yopanga glycogen ndikupanga kwake mu minofu imayambitsidwa. Insulin imakhalanso ndi mwayi wolimbikitsa kupanga mapuloteni mozama, kumapangitsanso kuchuluka kwa maselo a cell a amino acid (gwero - Wikipedia).

Lingaliro la insulin yogwira ntchito mthupi limatha kufotokozedwa motere:

1. Chifukwa cha momwe timadzi timene timapangira, shuga omwe amapezeka mu chakudya amalowa mu khungu chifukwa chakuti kuphatikizika kwa membrane kumakhala bwino.
2. Pansi pa kuchitapo kwake, m'maselo a chiwindi, komanso mu minofu ya minofu, kusintha kwa glycogen kuchokera ku glucose kumachitika.
3. Insulin imakhudza kudzikundikira, kaphatikizidwe ndi kusunga umphumphu wa mapuloteni omwe amalowa mthupi.
4. Hormayo imalimbikitsa kudzikundikira kwa mafuta chifukwa imathandizira kuti maselo amafuta agwire glucose ndikupanga kukhala minofu ya adipose. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mukamadya zakudya zokhala ndi michere yambiri, munthu ayenera kukumbukira kuopsa kokhala ndi mafuta osafunikira ambiri.
5. Imayambitsa zochitika za ma enzymes omwe amafulumizitsa kuthamanga kwa glucose (katundu wa anabolic).
6. Imaletsa ntchito za ma enzymes omwe amasungunula mafuta ndi glycogen (anti-catabolic athari).

Insulin ndi mahomoni apadera omwe amatenga nawo gawo pazinthu zonse za metabolism zamkati ndi machitidwe. Imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu metabolism ya carbohydrate.

Chakudya chikangolowa m'mimba, chakudya chambiri chimadzuka. Izi zimachitika ngakhale ndi zakudya kapena masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe ali ndi zochepa.

Zotsatira zake, kapamba amalandila chizindikiro chofananira kuchokera ku ubongo ndikuyamba kupanga kwambiri insulin, yomwe, kenako, imayamba kuwononga chakudya. Izi zimabweretsa kudalira kwamankhwala a insulin pazakudya zambiri. Ngati munthu akhala pachakudya chopatsa thanzi ndipo nthawi zonse akumwalira ndi njala, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa timadzi timeneti m'magazi sikungakhale kochepa (gwero la Chingerezi ndi buku "Insulin and Protein Related - Structure, Function, Pharmacology").

Ndiwo mahomoni okhawo omwe kuchitapo kanthu kwake kumachepetsa shuga m'magazi, mosiyana ndi mahomoni ena onse, omwe amangowonjezera chizindikiritsochi, monga adrenaline, mahomoni okula kapena glucagon.

Pokhala ndi calcium yambiri komanso potaziyamu m'magazi, komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta acids, njira yopangira insulin imathandizira kwambiri. Ndipo somatotropin ndi somatostatin ali ndi zotsutsana, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa insulin ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwake.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa insulin

1. Insulinomas ndi ang'onoang'ono chotupa mawonekedwe. Amakhala ndi maselo a beta a islets a Langerhans. Zochepa zomwe zimapezeka m'matumbo am'mimba a enterochromaffin. Insulinomas imagwira ntchito yopanga insulin yambiri. Pozindikira zotupa, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni m'thupi la glucose kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo maphunziro onse amachitidwa mosamalitsa pamimba yopanda kanthu.
2. Type 2 shuga. Amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwambiri kwamankhwala a insulin ndipo, motero, kuwonjezeka kwa ndende. Pambuyo pake, matendawa akamakula, minofu yake imachepa kwambiri ndi insulin, yomwe imayambitsa kupitirira kwa matenda.
3. Kunenepa kwambiri. Ngati vutoli limalumikizidwa ndi chakudya chamafuta ambiri, chakudya cha insulin m'magazi chimawonjezeka kwambiri. Ndiye amene amasakaniza shuga kukhala mafuta. Chifukwa chake, pali bwalo loipa lomwe silovuta kutsegula - mahomoni ambiri, mafuta ochulukirapo, komanso mosemphanitsa.
4. Acromegaly ndi chotupa mu pituitary gland yomwe imapangitsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni okula omwe amapangidwa. Kuyika kwake ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri pofufuza kukhalapo kwa chotupa, ngati insulin yaperekedwa kwa munthu, kuchuluka kwa glucose kumatsika, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa mahomoni okula m'magazi, ngati izi sizichitika, ndiye kuti kupezeka kwa chotupa chotere ndikotheka.
5. Hypercorticism ndimatenda omwe amapezeka ndimapangidwe ochulukirapo a mahomoni ndi adrenal cortex. Zimasokoneza kutsekeka kwa glucose, mulingo wake umakhalabe wokwera, mpaka milingo yovuta.
6. Minofu dystrophy - imachitika chifukwa cha kuphwanya kwa kagayidwe kachakudya mthupi, motsutsana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa insulini m'magazi kutuluka.
7. Ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi panthawi yomwe muli ndi pakati, mkazi amakhala pachiwopsezo chowonjezeka kwambiri m'magulu a mahomoni.
8. Zinthu zamkati zomwe zimalepheretsa mayamwidwe a galactose ndi fructose.

Ndi chiwopsezo chowopsa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga, munthu amatha kugwa mu vuto la hyperglycemic. Kutuluka pamkhalidwewu kumathandizira jakisoni wa insulin.

Matenda a Type 1 ndi 2 amadziwikanso ndi kusintha kwa insulin.Ili ndi mitundu iwiri:

• insulin-odziimira payokha (mtundu 2 matenda ashuga) - amadziwika ndi kuteteza khungu ku insulin, pomwe kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kungakhale kwabwinobwino kapena kukwezeka,
• wodalira insulini (mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga) - amachititsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa insulin.

Chepetsani zomwe zili mumtunduwu komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi komanso zovuta zina.

Zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa m'magazi kuti zizindikire kuchuluka kwa insulin m'magazi

Kuti muwone zomwe zili m'magazi a insulin, muyenera kupatsanso kafukufuku wa zasayansi. Pachifukwa ichi, magazi amatengedwa kuchokera mu mtsempha ndikuyika mu chubu choyesera chapadera.

Kuti zotsatira za kusanthula zikhale zolondola monga momwe zingathekere, anthu saloledwa kudya chakudya, mankhwala, mowa 12 maola 12 asanalembedwe magazi. Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kusiya mitundu yonse yochita zolimbitsa thupi. Ngati munthu amwa mankhwala ofunikira ndipo sangathe kuimitsidwa m'njira iliyonse, izi zimawonetsedwa pakutenga mawonekedwe ake mwapadera.

Hafu ya ola lisanaperekedwe kwa ma sampule a insulin, wodwalayo amafunika mtendere wathunthu wamalingaliro!

Kungoyesa kwina kwa insulini m'magazi poyerekeza ndi zamankhwala sikumakhala ndi phindu lililonse. Kuti mudziwe mtundu wophwanya thupi, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti chiwopsezo cha insulin ndi glucose chizitsimikiziridwa. Njira yabwino yophunzirira ndikuyesa kupsinjika, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwa kuchuluka kwa insulini mutatha kutsitsa shuga.

Chifukwa cha kuyesedwa kwa kupsinjika, mutha kudziwa njira yamakono ya matenda ashuga.

Ndi chitukuko cha matenda a m'magazi, zomwe zimachitika pakamasulidwa insulin zidzachitika mochedwa kuposa momwe zimakhalira. Miyezo ya mahomoni m'magazi imakwera pang'onopang'ono, ndipo pambuyo pake imakwera pamitengo yapamwamba. Mwa anthu athanzi, insulini m'magazi imakula bwino ndikutsikira pazabwino popanda kudumpha mwadzidzidzi.

Jakisoni wa insulin

Nthawi zambiri, jakisoni wa insulin amaperekedwa kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga. Dokotala amafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane malamulo ogwiritsa ntchito syringe, makamaka antibacterial, mlingo.

1. Mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga, anthu amapanga majakisoni awo pawokha kuti akhalebe wabwinobwino. Mwa anthu oterowo, milandu nthawi zambiri imafunikira pakukhazikitsidwa kwadzidzidzi kwa insulin vuto la hyperglycemia yayikulu.
2. Type 2 shuga mellitus amalola kulowetsedwa kwa jakisoni mapiritsi. Matenda a shuga omwe amapezeka munthawi yake, omwe amapezeka pakanthawi kokwanira ngati mapiritsi amaphatikizidwa ndi zakudya amatha kulipira bwino matendawa.

Monga jakisoni, insulin imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imapezeka kuchokera kapamba wa nkhumba. Ili ndi mitundu yofananira ya biochemical ndi mahomoni amunthu ndipo imapereka zotsatirapo zoyipa. Mankhwala akusintha mosalekeza ndipo masiku ano amapereka odwala chifukwa cha majini okhala ndi insulin - zomwe anthu amachita. Pa mankhwala a insulin muubwana, ndi insulin yokha yamunthu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mlingo wofunikira umasankhidwa payekha ndi dokotala, kutengera mtundu wa wodwalayo. Katswiriyu amamufotokozera mwachidule, kum'phunzitsa kubaya bwino.

Mu matenda omwe amadziwika ndi kusintha kwa insulin, ndikofunikira kutsatira zakudya zopatsa thanzi, kuwona zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zochita zolimbitsa thupi, komanso kuchepetsa mawonekedwe a zovuta.

Zosiyanasiyana za insulin

Kutengera mtundu wake, insulin imatengedwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana za tsiku komanso mitundu yayikulu:

• Humalog ndi Novorapid amachita zinthu mwachangu kwambiri, patatha ola limodzi mulingo wa insulini umakwera ndikufika pamlingo wokwanira wofunidwa ndi thupi. Koma patatha maola 4, zotsatira zake zimatha, ndipo mulingo wa insulin umacheperanso.

• Humulin Regulator, Insuman Rapid, Actrapid amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwakuchuluka kwamamadzi a insulin pambuyo pa theka la ola, pambuyo pakupita kwa maola 4 kuzungulira kwake kwakukulu, komwe kumayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'ono. Mankhwalawa ndi othandizira kwa maola 8.

• Insuman Bazal, Humulin NPH, Protafan NM amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali maola 10 mpaka 20. Pambuyo pakupita maola atatu, amayamba kuwonetsa zochita, ndipo atatha maola 6-8, kuchuluka kwa insulin m'magazi kumafika pazofunikira zake.

• Glargin imakhala ndi mphamvu yokhalitsa kwa maola 20 mpaka 30, pomwe maziko osalala a insulini amasungidwa popanda mfundo zapamwamba.

• Degludec Tresiba idapangidwa ku Denmark ndipo imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yomwe imatha kupitilira maola 42.

Wodwala ayenera kulandira malangizo onse okhudzana ndi kuperekera insulin mosamalitsa kwa adokotala, komanso za njira zoyendetsera (subcutaneous kapena intramuscular). Palibe mlingo wowerengeka wofotokozera komanso pafupipafupi wa makonzedwe a mankhwala aliwonse a insulin! Kusankhidwa ndi kusintha kwa Mlingo kumachitika mosamalitsa munjira iliyonse yamankhwala!

Kugwiritsa ntchito insulin pamasewera komanso kumanga minofu

Ochita masewera omwe amachita kwambiri masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikuyesera kupanga minofu yambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni muzakudya zawo. Insulin, nayenso imayang'anira kaphatikizidwe kamapuloteni, kamene kamatsogolera pakupanga minofu. Hormone iyi imakhudza osati mapuloteni okha, komanso michere ndi mafuta, ndikupanga zofunikira zopangira minofu yowukitsidwa.

Ngakhale kuti insulin ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amaletsedwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri othamanga, sizotheka kudziwa momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, osati kupanga zachilengedwe. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osewera ambiri, omwe zotsatira zake zimadalira minofu.

Hormayo payokha sikumakulitsa kuchuluka kwa minofu, koma imagwira mwamphamvu machitidwe omwe amatsogolera ku zotsatira zomwe amafunikira - imayendetsa kagayidwe kazachilengedwe, mapuloteni ndi lipids, chifukwa:

1. Amagwirizanitsa mapuloteni amtundu wa minofu. Mapuloteni ndi gawo lalikulu la ulusi wa minofu wopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ribosomes. Ndi insulin yomwe imayambitsa kupanga ma ribosomes, omwe amachititsa kuti mapuloteni awonjezeke, motero, zomanga minofu.
2. Kuchepetsa kukula kwa catabolism. Catabolism ndi njira yomwe osewera onse aluso amamenya mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa insulin, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zovuta kumachepa, mapuloteni amapangidwa nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe amawonongera.
3. Kuchulukitsa kupezekanso kwa ma amino acid m'malo achilendo. Mahomoni amawonjezera kudutsa kwa membrane wa maselo, chifukwa cha chinthu chofunikira ichi, ma amino acid ofunika kuti achulukitse minofu, amalowetsa mosavuta minofu ya minofu ndipo amatha kulowa mosavuta
4. Zimakhudza kukula kwa kapangidwe ka glycogen, komwe ndikofunikira kukulitsa kachulukidwe ka minofu ndi voliyumu chifukwa chokhoza kusunga chinyezi ngati chinkhupule. Mothandizidwa ndi insulin, kuphatikiza kwamphamvu kwa glycogen kumachitika, komwe kumapangitsa kuti glucose akhazikike kwa nthawi yayitali mu minofu ya minofu, kukulitsa kukhazikika kwawo, ndikufulumizitsa kuthamanga kwachangu ndikuwongolera zakudya.

Zotsatira zoyipa za insulin

Pazambiri zambiri, chimodzi mwazotsatira zoyipa za insulin ndiko kudziunjika kwa mafuta - ndipo izi nzoona. Koma patali ndi izi zimapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kukhala osokoneza bongo. Chovuta choyamba komanso choyipa kwambiri cha insulin ndi hypoglycemia - chikhalidwe chofunikira chomwe chimafuna chisamaliro chodzidzimutsa. Zizindikiro zakutsika kwa shuga m'magazi ndi:

• kufooka kwambiri, chizungulire komanso kupweteka mutu, kuchepa kwa mawonekedwe osakhalitsa, ulesi, nseru / kusanza, kukokana ndikotheka,
• tachycardia, kunjenjemera, kusokonekera kwa kayendedwe ka kayendedwe, kusokonezeka kwamphamvu, kukomoka boma ndi kusokonezeka kwa chikumbumtima.

Ngati magazi a glycemia atsika mpaka 2,5 mmol / L kapena m'munsi, izi ndi chizindikiro cha chikomokere, chomwe, popanda chithandizo chadzidzidzi chitha kupha. Imfa chifukwa cha vutoli imayambika chifukwa cholakwika chachikulu cha kayendedwe ka magazi ndi kupuma, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kukhumudwa kwambiri kwamanjenje. Kuperewera kwa glucose kwathunthu kumachitika ndikuwonetsetsa ntchito za ma enzymes omwe amawongolera phindu la homeostasis.

Komanso mukamagwiritsa ntchito insulin ndikotheka:

• kuyamwa, kuyabwa pamalowo jekeseni,
• tsankho
• kuchepa kwa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri ndi ntchito yayitali kapena vuto la bongo.

Kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kumabweretsa chitukuko cha matenda a shuga (gwero - Clinical Pharmacology malinga ndi a Goodman ndi Gilman - G. Gilman - Buku Lothandiza).

Malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito insulin

Osewera amadziwa kuti njira yomanga mpumulo wa minofu ndiyosatheka popanda kuwonjezereka kwa mafuta. Ndiye chifukwa chake akatswiri amapanga magawo ena a kuyimitsa thupi ndikumanga misa.

Hormoni imayenera kutengedwa nthawi yophunzira / isanachitike / ataphunzitsidwa kuti athe kusintha ndikusintha mphamvu zoyenera, osati mafuta.

Zimachulukitsanso kukhudzika kwa thupi ndipo zimathandizira kudzipereka kwambiri. Mukayanika, chakudya chopanda chakudya chamafuta chimayenera kutsatiridwa.

Chifukwa chake, insulin imakhala ngati mtundu wa kusintha kwa thupi komwe kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zizikhala zolemera kapena kutentha mafuta.

Ntchito za insulin ndi kufunika kwake kwa thupi la munthu

Kupanga ma metabolism mwa anthu ndi njira yovuta komanso yopanga magawo ambiri, ndipo mahomoni osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe zimathandizira panjira yake. chopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe amapezeka mu makulidwe a kapamba (islets of Langerhans-Sobolev), ndi chinthu chomwe chimatha kuchita nawo mwachindunji kapena molunjika pafupifupi munthawi zonse zapamwamba za metabolic.

Insulin ndi mahomoni a peptide omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pakulimbitsa bwino komanso kugwira ntchito kwa maselo amthupi. Ndiwonyamula shuga, amino acid ndi potaziyamu. Kuchita kwa timadzi ta m'mimba uku ndikumalamulira kwa chakudya chamagalimoto. Mukatha kudya, pamakhala kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mu seramu yamagazi poyankha kupanga shuga.

Kodi insulin ndi chiyani?

Insulin ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri kwa thupi; Ndi chithandizo chake, shuga, potaziyamu ndi amino acid amazinyamula. Zotsatira - kusunga ndikuwongolera chakudya chamagulu amthupi. Pokhala mahomoni a peptide (protein), sangathe kulowa mkati kuchokera kunja kudzera m'matumbo am'mimba - molekyulu yake imayilidwa, ngati chinthu chilichonse cha protein m'matumbo.

Insulin m'thupi la munthu ndiyo imayendetsa kagayidwe ndi mphamvu, ndiye kuti, imakhala ndi zochita zambiri komanso zovuta pa kagayidwe kazinthu zonse. Zotsatira zambiri zimadziwika chifukwa chokhoza kuchitapo kanthu pa zochita za ma enzyme angapo.

Insulin ndiye timadzi tokha timene timathandiza shuga m'magazi.

Pankhani ya matenda a shuga mellitus a gawo loyamba, mulingo umasokonezeka, mwa kuyankhula kwina, chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa kupanga (shuga) m'magazi kumawonjezeka, kukodza kumawonjezeka ndipo shuga amawonekera mkodzo, mogwirizana ndi matendawa amatchedwa shuga mellitus. Mu shuga mellitus wamtundu wachiwiri, zochita za insulin ndizowonongeka. Pazifukwa zotere, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira IRI mu seramu yamagazi, ndiko kuti, kuyesedwa kwa magazi kwa insulin.Kuwunikira zomwe zili pachizindikirochi ndikofunikira kuti muzindikire mtundu wa matenda osokoneza bongo, komanso kudziwa momwe opaleshoni yoyenera angapangidwire chithandizo chamankhwala mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala.

Kusanthula kwa mulingo wa timadzi timeneti m'magazi kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka osati kungodziwa kuphwanya kwina kulikonse pakugwira ntchito kwa kapamba, komanso kusiyanitsa pakati pa matenda enanso. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kafukufukuyu amawonedwa kuti ndiofunika kwambiri.

Ndi matenda a shuga, osati kagayidwe kazakudya kokha kamasokonekera, mafuta ndi mapuloteni a metabolism amathanso kuvutika. Kukhalapo kwa mitundu yayikulu ya matenda osokoneza bongo chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi chithandizo chanthawi yake kumatha kupha.

Kufunika kwa insulin kwa thupi kumatha kuwezedwa m'magawo a carbohydrate (UE). Mlingo nthawi zonse umatengera mtundu wa mankhwalawa omwe amaperekedwa. Ngati tizingolankhula za kuperewera kwa maselo a pancreatic, momwe muli zinthu zochepa za insulin m'magazi, wothandizirana ndi achiwonetsero amawonetsedwa zomwe zimapangitsa ntchito ya maselo awa, mwachitsanzo, butamide.

Mwa kapangidwe kake kogwiritsira ntchito, mankhwalawa (komanso mawonekedwe ake) amakonzanso mayamwidwe a insulin omwe amapezeka m'magazi, ziwalo ndi minofu, motero, nthawi zina amati amapanga mapiritsi a insulin. Kufunafuna kwake pakamwa kumayambitsadi, koma mpaka pano, palibe wopanga yemwe wabweretsa mankhwala pamsika wamankhwala omwe amatha kupulumutsa mamiliyoni a anthu ku jekeseni tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kukonzekera kwa insulin nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa. Zochita zawo pafupifupi zimayamba pakadutsa mphindi 15-30, kuchuluka kwambiri kwa magazi kumachitika pambuyo pa maola awiri ndi atatu, nthawi yayitali ndi maola 6. Pamaso pa matenda oopsa, insulin imayendetsedwa katatu patsiku - pamimba yopanda kanthu m'mawa, masana ndi madzulo.

Pofuna kuwonjezera nthawi ya insulin, mankhwalawa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala oterowo ayenera kuphatikizapo kuyimitsidwa kwa zinc-insulin (kutalika kwa nthawi kuchokera maola 10 mpaka 36), kapena kuyimitsidwa kwa protamine-zinc (nthawi yayitali ndi maola 24 mpaka 36). Mankhwala omwe ali pamwambawa adapangira jakisoni wa subcutaneous kapena mu mnofu.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Pankhani ya kukonzekera kwa insulin kukonzekera, kutsika kwamphamvu m'magazi kungawonedwe, matendawa amatchedwa hypoglycemia. Mwa zizindikiritso, kupsa mtima, thukuta, kusakwiya, kumva zamphamvu za njala kuyenera kuzindikirika, nthawi zina pamakhala kugwedezeka kwa hypoglycemic (kupweteketsa, kulephera kuzindikira, kusokonekera kwa mtima). Pazizindikiro zoyambirira za hypoglycemia, wodwalayo amafunika kudya chidutswa cha shuga, makeke kapena chidutswa cha mikate yoyera. Pamaso pa hypoglycemic mantha, kukhazikitsa msana kwa 40% shuga yofunikira.

Kugwiritsa ntchito insulin kumatha kuyambitsa zovuta zingapo, mwachitsanzo, redness pamalo a jakisoni, urticaria ndi ena. Zikatero, ndikofunika kusinthira ku mankhwala ena, mwachitsanzo, suinsulin, mutakambirana ndi katswiri wazachipatala. N`zosatheka kukana kukhazikitsidwa kwanu pa chinthucho - wodwalayo atha kuwonetsa mofulumira kuchepa kwa timadzi ta m'mimba komanso chikomokere, chomwe chimayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Aliyense wamva za matenda ashuga. Mwamwayi, anthu ambiri alibe matenda otere. Ngakhale zimachitika kuti matendawa amakula mwakachetechete, osafunsidwa, pokhapokha ngati mukumayeserera pafupipafupi kapena mwadzidzidzi, kuwonetsa nkhope yanu. Matenda a shuga amatengera kuchuluka kwa timadzi tina tomwe timapangidwa ndi thupi la munthu. Kodi insulin ndi chiyani, momwe imagwirira ntchito, komanso mavuto omwe kupezeka kwake kapena kuchepa kwake kungayambitse kufotokozedwa pansipa.

Mahomoni ndi thanzi

Dongosolo la endocrine ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu za thupi. Ziwalo zambiri zimatulutsa zinthu zomwe zimakhala zovuta kupanga - mahomoni. Ndizofunikira pakutsimikizika kwadongosolo lazinthu zonse zomwe moyo wa munthu umadalira. Chimodzi mwazinthu zotere ndi insulin. Kuchuluka kwake kumakhudza ntchito ya ziwalo zambiri zokha, komanso moyo pawokha, chifukwa kutsika kwakanthawi kapena kuwonjezeka kwa chinthuchi kungayambitse kukomoka kapena ngakhale kufa kwa munthu. Chifukwa chake, gulu lina la anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kusokonekera kwa timadzi timeneti limakhala ndi chindapusa cha insulini kuti athe kupanga jakisoni wofunikira.

Hormone insulin

Kodi insulin ndi chiyani? Funso ili ndizosangalatsa kwa iwo omwe amadziwa bwino kuchuluka kwazowonjezera kapena kuchepa kwake, komanso kwa iwo omwe sakhudzidwa ndi vuto la insulin imbalance. Mahomoni opangidwa ndi kapamba ndipo adatengera dzina lake kuchokera ku mawu achi Latin akuti "insula", omwe amatanthauza "chilumba". Katunduyu adakhala ndi dzina chifukwa cha dera lomwe limapangidwira - zisumbu za Langerhans zomwe zimakhala mumapapo a kapamba. Pakadali pano, ndi mahomoniwa omwe amaphunziridwa kwambiri ndi asayansi kwambiri, chifukwa amakhudza njira zonse zomwe zimachitika minyewa ndi ziwalo zonse, ngakhale kuti ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuchepetsa shuga.

Insulin ngati kapangidwe kake

Kapangidwe ka insulin sikulinso chinsinsi cha asayansi. Kuphunzira kwa mahomoni awa, komwe ndikofunikira kwa ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe, adayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti maselo apakhungu omwe amapanga insulin, zisumbu za Langerhans, adadziwika ndi dzina kuchokera kwa wophunzirayo, yemwe adaganizira koyamba kuchuluka kwa maselo m'matumba a chimbudzi chomwe chimaphunziridwa pansi pa makina oonera tinthu tating'ono. Pafupifupi zaka zana zapita kuchokera mu 1869 gulu lofufuza zamankhwala lisanayambitse kupanga kwa insulin kwambiri kuti anthu odwala matenda ashuga azitha kusintha moyo wawo.

Kapangidwe ka insulini ndi kuphatikiza kwa maunyolo awiri a polypeptide okhala ndi zotsalira za amino acid zolumikizidwa ndi milatho yotchedwa disulfide. Molekyulu ya insulini imakhala ndi zotsalira 51 amino acid, zomwe zimagawidwa m'magulu awiriawiri - 20 pansi pa index "A" ndi 30 pansi pa index "B". Kusiyana pakati pa insulin ya munthu ndi nkhumba, mwachitsanzo, kumakhalapo kotsalira kumodzi kotsikira kwa "B", insulin ya munthu ndi mahandidwe a pancreatic mu ng'ombe amadziwika ndi zotsalira zitatu "B" index. Chifukwa chake, insulini yachilengedwe kuchokera ku kapamba a nyama izi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino zamankhwala a shuga.

Kafukufuku wa sayansi

Kuyanjana kwa ntchito yopanda ntchito yapanja yapantchito komanso kukula kwa matenda ashuga, matenda omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa glucose wamagazi ndi mkodzo, adadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali. Koma kokha mu 1869, Paul Langerhans wazaka 22, wophunzira wazachipatala ku Berlin, anapeza magulu a maselo a kapamba omwe kale sanali asayansi. Ndipo zinali ndendende kutchulidwa kwa wofufuzayo wachichepere yemwe adadziwika ndi dzina - zisumbu za Langerhans. Pakapita kanthawi, pakuyesa, asayansi adatsimikizira kuti chinsinsi cha maselo amenewa chimakhudza chimbudzi, ndipo kusakhalapo kwake kumawonjezera kwambiri shuga ndi mkodzo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti wodwalayo akhale ndi vuto.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri kudazindikiridwa ndi kupezeka kwa wasayansi waku Russia Ivan Petrovich Sobolev wa kudalira kwa kagayidwe kazachilengedwe pamachitidwe opanga chinsinsi cha zisumbu za Langerhans. Kwa nthawi yayitali, akatswiri a zanyengo adazindikira njira ya mahomoni iyi kuti apangire mwaluso, chifukwa pali odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda awa kukukulirakulira.

Mu 1958 pokhapokha, kufanana kwa amino acid kunatsimikizika kuchokera komwe molekyulu ya insulin imapangidwa.Chifukwa cha izi, Frederick Senger, yemwe ndi wasayansi yofufuza zama cell, anapatsidwa mphoto ya Nobel. Koma mtundu wa molekyulu ya mamolekyu mu 1964 pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya X-ray yotsimikiziridwa ndi a Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin, omwe adalandiranso mphotho yapamwamba yasayansi. Insulin m'magazi ndi imodzi mwazofunikira za thanzi laumunthu, ndipo kusinthasintha kwake mosadukiza kwazomwe zikuwonekera ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti awunike bwino komanso adziwe matenda ena.

Kodi insulini imapangidwa kuti?

Kuti mumvetsetse za insulin, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa - chifukwa chake munthu amafunikira kapamba, chifukwa ndi chiwalo chomwe chimakhala mu endocrine ndi m'mimba zomwe timadzi timene timapanga.

Kapangidwe ka chiwalo chilichonse ndizovuta, chifukwa kuphatikiza m'madipatimenti a chiwalocho, zimakhala zosiyanasiyana zopanga ma cell osiyanasiyana zimagwira ntchito mmenemo. Chizindikiro cha kapamba ndiz zisumbu za Langerhans. Awa ndi matupi apadera a maselo opanga ma cell omwe amapezeka mthupi lonse la chiwalocho, ngakhale malo awo akuluakulu amakhala mchira wa kapamba. Malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zinthu zachilengedwe, munthu wamkulu amakhala ndi pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi ya maselo amenewa, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo konse kumangokhala pafupifupi 2% ya kuchuluka kwa thupilo palokha.

Kodi mahomoni "okoma" amapangidwa bwanji?

Mlingo wina wa insulini m'magazi ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zaumoyo. Pofikira lingaliro lotere lomwe limaonekera kwa anthu amakono, asayansi amafunikira zaka zopitilira zaka khumi zowerengera zowawa.

Poyamba, mitundu iwiri ya maselo imapangidwa ndipo ma islets a Langerhans amakhala - mtundu A cell ndi mtundu B cell. Kusiyana kwawo kukugona pakupanga chinsinsi chomwe chimasiyana ndi kagwiridwe kake. Maselo a Type A amatulutsa glucagon, timadzi ta peptide timene timalimbikitsa kutsekeka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi ndikukhalanso ndi shuga wamagazi nthawi zonse. Maselo a Beta amatsekera insulini - timadzi tambiri ta m'mapapo, timene timatsitsa shuga, motero zimakhudza minofu yonse, motero, ziwalo zamunthu kapena nyama. Pali ubale womveka bwino - ma cell a pancreatic A cell amatha kupangitsa kuti shuga azionekera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo a B agwire ntchito pobisa insulin, yomwe imachepetsa shuga. Kuchokera kuzilumba za Langerhans, timadzi totsekemera timapangidwira ndipo timalowa m'magazi angapo. Preproinsulin, yomwe ndi insulin precursor peptide, imapangidwa pa mkono wamfupi wa mkono wa 11 wa chromosome. Choyambirira ichi chimakhala ndi mitundu inayi ya zotsalira za amino acid - A-peptide, B-peptide, C-peptide ndi L-peptide. Imalowa mu endoplasmic reticulum ya eukaryotic network, pomwe L-peptide imachotsedwa pamenepo.

Chifukwa chake, prroinsulin imasandulika kukhala proinsulin, yomwe imalowa mkati mwa zomwe zimatchedwa Golgi. Apa ndipomwe kusinthika kwa insulin kumachitika: proinsulin imataya C-peptide, ndikugawikana ndi insulin komanso zotsalira za peptide zosagwira. Kuchokera kuzilumba za Langerhans, insulin imabisidwa ndi zochita za shuga m'magazi, zomwe zimalowa m'maselo a B. Pamenepo, chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa mankhwala komwe kumachitika, insulin yomwe kale imatulutsidwa imamasulidwa kuchokera kumagulu achinsinsi.

Kodi insulin ndi chiyani?

Kuchita kwa insulin kwaphunziridwa ndi akatswiri azachipatala, akatswiri azachipatala kwa nthawi yayitali. Pakadali pano, iyi ndiye mahomoni ophunziridwa kwambiri a thupi la munthu. Insulin ndiyofunikira pafupifupi ziwalo zonse ndi minyewa, kutenga nawo mbali pazambiri zama metabolic. Udindo wapadera umaperekedwa pakuyenderana kwa mahomoni a kapamba ndi chakudya.

Mafuta amtundu wachinyamata umachokera ku kagayidwe kazakudya zamafuta ndi mafuta. Imalowa m'magulu a B-masinthidwe a Langerhans ndikuwakakamiza kuti azigwira insulin mwachangu. Hormone iyi imagwira ntchito yake yayikulu kwambiri ponyamula glucose ku adipose ndi minofu minofu.Kodi insulin ya metabolism ndi mphamvu yanji mthupi la munthu? Zimagwira kapena kutseka njira zambiri, potero zimakhudza kugwira ntchito kwa pafupifupi ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe.

Njira ya mahomoni mthupi

Chimodzi mwa mahomoni ofunikira kwambiri omwe amakhudza thupi lonse ndi insulin. Mulingo wake mu minyewa ndi madzi amthupi umakhala chizindikiro cha thanzi. Njira yomwe mahomoniwa amayenda kuchokera pakupanga mpaka kukafikira ndiyovuta kwambiri. Imapukusidwa makamaka ndi impso ndi chiwindi. Koma asayansi azachipatala akufufuza kuwonekera kwa insulin mu chiwindi, impso ndi minofu. Chifukwa chake m'chiwindi, kudutsa mitsempha ya portal, zotchedwa portal, pafupifupi 60% ya insulin yopangidwa ndi kapamba imawonongeka. Kuchuluka kwotsalira, ndipo iyi ndi 3540% yotsalayi, imathiridwa impso. Ngati insulin imayendetsedwa kholo, sizidutsa mu mitsempha ya portal, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuchotsedwa kwakukulu kumachitika ndi impso, zomwe zimakhudza momwe zimagwirira ntchito,, kunena kwake, kuvala ndi kung'amba.

Chachikulu ndichokulitsa!

Insulin imatha kutchedwa mphamvu yoongolera machitidwe a mapangidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito shuga. Ma mahomoni angapo amawonjezera shuga wamagazi, mwachitsanzo, glucagon, mahomoni okula (kukula kwa mahomoni), adrenaline. Koma insulini yokhayo imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa glucose ndipo pamenepa ndi yapadera komanso yofunika kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amatchedwanso hypoglycemic hormone. Chizindikiro cha mavuto ena azaumoyo ndi shuga wamagazi, omwe amatengera mwachisawawa mabisiketi a Langerhans, chifukwa ndi insulin yomwe imachepetsa shuga m'magazi.

Magazi a shuga, odziwika pamimba yopanda munthu wathanzi labwino, amachokera ku 3,3 mpaka 5.5 mmol / lita. Kutengera ndi nthawi yomwe munthu amadya chakudya, chizindikiro ichi chimasiyana pakati pa 2.7 - 8.3 mmol / lita. Asayansi apeza kuti kudya kumadzetsa kudumpha kwama glucose kangapo. Kuwonjezereka kwokhazikika kwa shuga mu magazi (hyperglycemia) kukuwonetsa chitukuko cha matenda ashuga.

Hypoglycemia - kuchepa kwa chizindikiro ichi, sikungayambitse chikomokere, komanso imfa. Ngati mulingo wa shuga (glucose) ugwera pansi pazofunikira zovomerezeka za thupi, ma hyperglycemic (counterinsulin) omwe amatulutsa shuga amaphatikizidwa ndi ntchitoyi. Koma adrenaline ndi mahomoni ena opsinjika amalepheretsa kutulutsidwa kwa insulin, ngakhale motsutsana ndi maziko a shuga ambiri.

Hypoglycemia imatha kukhazikika ndi kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala okhala ndi insulin kapena chifukwa chopanga insulini kwambiri. Hyperglycemia, m'malo mwake, imayambitsa kupanga insulin.

Matenda odalira insulin

Kuchuluka kwa insulin kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi, omwe pokhapokha pakuchitika mwadzidzidzi angayambitse kukomoka kwa hypoglycemic ndi kufa. Izi zitha kuchitika popanda kupezeka kwa benign neoplasm kuchokera ku maselo a beta am'midzi tating'onoting'ono ta Langerhans mu kapamba - insulinoma. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amodzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira inayake, agwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi. Koma kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali kwa Mlingo waukulu wa insulin kukonzekera kumayambitsa vuto lotchedwa Somoji syndrome.

Kukula kosalekeza kwa shuga m'magazi kumatchedwa shuga. Akatswiri matendawa amagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo:

• matenda a shuga 1 amachokera pa kusowa kwa insulin yopanga ma cell a pancreatic, insulin ya mtundu 1 shuga ndi mankhwala ofunikira,
• matenda ashuga amtundu wa 2 amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa mphindikati kwa zotengera za insulin zotengera insulin iyi.
• Matenda A shuga ambiri ndi zovuta zonse zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa maselo a B-cell ku Langerhans,
• Matenda amiseche amakula mwa azimayi oyembekezera, pambuyo pobadwa pambuyo pake amatha, kapena amachepetsa kwambiri.

Chizindikiro cha mtundu uliwonse wamatendawa sikuti ndimangowonjezera shuga wamagazi, komanso kuphwanya njira zonse za metabolic, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta.

Muyenera kukhala ndi matenda ashuga!

Osati kale kwambiri, matenda a shuga omwe amadalira insulin anali chinthu chomwe chimawonongera kwambiri moyo wa wodwalayo. Koma lero, kwa anthu otere, zida zambiri zapangidwa zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku kuti mukhale ndi thanzi. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, cholembera cha insulin sichikhala chofunikira komanso chofunikira kwambiri pakudya pafupipafupi kwa insulin, ndipo glucometer imakupatsani mwayi wodziimira pawokha popanda kuchuluka kwa shuga popanda kusiya nyumba yanu.

Mitundu yamakono akukonzekera insulin

Anthu omwe amakakamizidwa kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi insulin amadziwa kuti makampani opanga mankhwala amawapanga m'malo atatu osiyanasiyana, amadziwika ndi nthawi komanso mtundu wa ntchito. Awa ndi mitundu yotchedwa insulin.

1. Ultrashort insulin ndi chachilendo mu pharmacology. Amachitapo kanthu kwa mphindi khumi ndi zisanu, koma munthawi imeneyi amakwanitsa kusewera ndi insulin yachilengedwe ndikuyamba zonse zomwe thupi limafunikira.
2. Ma insulin afupiafupi kapena othamanga amatengedwa nthawi yomweyo musanadye. mankhwala oterowo amayamba kugwira ntchito mphindi 10 pambuyo pakukonzekera pakamwa, ndipo nthawi yake imakhala yopitilira maola 8 kuchokera nthawi yoyendetsa. Mtunduwu umadziwika ndi kudalira mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa yogwira ntchito komanso nthawi yayitali ya ntchito yake - yayikulu mlingo, imagwiranso ntchito. Ma jakisoni afupiafupipafupi amathandizira mwina kapena kudzera m'mitsempha.
3. Ma insulini apakatikati amaimira gulu lalikulu kwambiri la mahomoni. Amayamba kugwira ntchito patatha maola awiri awiri atatha kulowetsedwa m'thupi ndipo amakhala kwa maola 10-24. Mankhwala osiyanasiyana a insulin yapakati amatha kukhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, madokotala amatipatsa mankhwala ovuta omwe amaphatikizapo insulin yochepa komanso yapakati.
4. Ma insulin omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali amaonedwa ngati mankhwala oyenera omwe amatengedwa nthawi imodzi patsiku, chifukwa chake amatchedwa oyambira. Insulin yokhala nthawi yayitali imayamba kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa maola 4 okha, chifukwa chake, m'mitundu ikuluikulu ya matendawa, sikulimbikitsidwa kuphonya.

Kusankha mtundu wa insulin yoti musankhe mtundu wina wa matenda ashuga, dokotala yemwe amapezekapo amatha kuganizira zambiri za matendawo.

Kodi insulin ndi chiyani? Ma hormone ofunikira kwambiri, ophunziridwa bwino kwambiri a pancreatic omwe amachititsa kuti magazi azikhala ochepa komanso kuti azichita nawo pafupifupi zochita zonse za metabolic zomwe zimachitika m'thupi lathu.

Udindo wa insulini m'thupi la munthu ndi ovuta kupeza. Amayang'anira ntchito zambiri zofunika. Ngati vuto likuperewera, lingayambitse matenda ashuga anthu akayamba kudaliranso thupi ndi insulin munkhwala. Ngakhale kuti anthu odwala matenda ashuga ali ndi matenda ochepa a insulin, Mlingo wosayenera ndi zinthu zina zimatha kuyambitsa kuchuluka kwake. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo a insulin ndi osiyanasiyana. Mokulira poyizoni wa poizoni, pamakhala ngozi yayikulu pamiyoyo ya anthu.

Kodi insulin ndi chiani ndipo chifukwa chiyani munthu amafunikira?

Mu sayansi ndi mankhwala, insulini ndi mahomoni a peptide omwe amachititsa kagayidwe kakang'ono m'thupi lililonse. Izi zimapangidwa ndi kapamba ndipo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yathanzi la anthu komanso moyo. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Amatenganso nawo gawo popanga glycogen komanso kapangidwe ka mafuta, chakudya ndi mapuloteni. Insulin imagwira ntchito ngati glucose, kuperekera kofunikira mu minofu ya adipose ndi minofu.Kufunika kwa minofu imeneyi kuli poti amapanga mphamvu kuchokera kuzakudya, amalimbikitsa kupuma, kuyenda komanso magazi.

Kuphatikiza apo, insulin imagwiranso ntchito zina zambiri. Imalimbikitsa kuyamwa kwa ma amino acid, kutumiza ma magnesium ndi potaziyamu, phosphate ion, kaphatikizidwe kazachilengedwe ka mafuta acid komanso kulowa kwawo moyenera m'magazi, komanso kupewa mapuloteni kuti asawonongeke.

Ngati kupanga insulini kutsika, izi zimabweretsa mavuto akulu. Ndi kuchepa kwake m'matupi, matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri amachitika. Mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga umawonekera pomwe matendawa amapezeka pakupanga insulin m'maselo a beta. Matenda a shuga ndi matenda amtundu wa endocrine omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mavuto omwe amayamwa glucose. Izi zimadzetsa chakuti kuchuluka kwake m'magazi kumaposa zomwe zimachitika.

Insulin imathandizanso kumatenda ena. Zina mwazomwe zimachitika ndi insulin, komwe kumachitika chinthu chambiri chikalowa m'thupi. Chotupa chomwe chimatha kupezeka m'maselo a beta ndikupanga insulin yochulukirapo m'thupi ndiyonso matenda a insulin. Pali lingaliro la Somoji syndrome. Imachitika pamene bongo wa insulin wakula kwambiri, ndiye kuti, insulin imalowa m'thupi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Mitundu ya kukonzekera kwa insulin

Kuperewera kwa insulini pamatenda monga matenda a shuga kumafunika kumayambitsa chinthu ichi mthupi. Chifukwa chake, mumankhwala mumakhala kukonzekera kosiyanasiyana kwa insulin. Amapangidwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa zikondamoyo za nyama kapena anthu.

Malinga ndi nthawi yowonekera, amagawidwa pang'onopang'ono, apakatikati, yayitali komanso yapamwamba. Prandial insulin, yomwe imatengedwa pambuyo pa chakudya kuti ayang'anire magazi, imakhala yochepa kwakanthawi. Kuti muchitepo kanthu kwakutali, basal, kapena maziko, insulin ndiyabwino. Kamodzi m'thupi, imamasulidwa pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezera nthawi yolimbikitsira.

Makampani opanga mankhwala amapanga insulin ya nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, nthawi yowonekera nthawi zambiri imatengera mtundu wa insulin:

• Zosavuta komanso zamakristali kuyambira maola 6 mpaka asanu ndi atatu, ndiye kuti, zimapereka zotsatira zazifupi.
• Surfen-insulin imakhala ndi nthawi yowonekera kwambiri. Ndipo izi zikuchokera maola khumi mpaka khumi ndi awiri.
• NPH-insulin imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yochita, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yogwira ntchito kwa maola khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu.
• Zochita zazitali kwambiri zimaperekedwa ndi gulu la mankhwala omwe ali oyenera kuthandizira matenda a shuga a mtundu 2. Nthawi zawo zovomerezeka ndizoyambira maola makumi awiri ndi anayi kudza makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Sankhani moyenera mankhwalawa omwe munthu angafune, ndi dokotala yekha amene angathe. Chifukwa cha izi, samangoganizira mtundu wa shuga, komanso zinthu zina zambiri. Kupatula apo, si aliyense amene angagwiritse ntchito mankhwala omwe atenga nthawi yayitali. Odwala ena amafunikira mankhwala a insulin, momwe kufupika kwa zochita kumalipiridwira pafupipafupi ndi makonzedwe ake.

Kuphatikiza pa matenda ashuga, insulin imagwiritsidwa ntchito motere:

• kutopa kwa thupi,
• asidi ochulukirapo pamiyeso ya acid-base,
• furunculosis,
• kuchuluka kwa mahomoni a teroid,
• zosokoneza zina mu dongosolo lamanjenje,
• schizophrenia
• uchidakwa.

Kodi chifukwa chiyani insulin ili yoopsa?

Kuchuluka kwa insulini m'magazi kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu m'thupi lonse. Koma chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati chinthu chikudziwoneka cholakwika? Kupatula apo, zitha kukhala zovulaza. Pofuna kupewa zovuta, sibwino kugwiritsa ntchito insulin pazinthu zotere:

• matenda a chiwindi
• chiwonetsero chachikulu cha hepatitis,
• urolithiasis,
• kuphwanya mapuloteni mu impso,
• mtundu wobwereketsa wamatenda a mtima,
• zilonda zam'mimba,
• zilonda zam'mimba zimapangidwa mu duodenum,
• shuga wamagazi ochepa
• kukhudzika kwakukulu pazigawo za mankhwala.

Mulimonsemo, kugwiritsa ntchito insulin kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi adokotala. Amanenanso kuti atenge mlingo wake malinga ndi momwe akuwunikira. Nthawi zambiri, makonzedwe a timadzi amakhudzana ndi mankhwalawa. Panthawi ya chikomokere, izi zimachitika kudzera m'mitsempha.

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa insulin mthupi. Uku sikuti ndikudwala kwamtunduwu kokha, komanso kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amwedwa panthawi yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kapena mowa. Kulemera, zaka, zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku zimathandizanso kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, poizoni wa insulin ndi lingaliro laumwini. Mlingo wowopsa pano umatengera izi.

Mulimonsemo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ambiri ndi owopsa. Anthu omwe amadalira mafakisoni othandizira chinthu amatha kukumana ndi izi pamene mlingo wowonjezera walowa mthupi lawo. Komabe, amakumana ndi zotsatirazi:

• kufooka kwa minofu
• ludzu lalikulu
• dzanzi lilime
• mawonekedwe a thukuta lozizira
• kunjenjemera miyendo
• kusokonezeka kwa chikumbumtima.

Zochitika zonsezi zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kunatsika kwambiri, ndikutsatira hypoglycemic syndrome. Zizindikiro zotere zikawoneka, ndikofunika kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu. Kupatula apo, matendawa amatha kudwala. Amadziwika ndi magawo okula otsatirawa:

• Mu gawo loyamba, ubongo umakhala ndi vuto la kusowa kwa oxygen m'makola ake, zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikiro pamwambapa.
• Gawo lachiwiri limadziwika ndi zovuta mu gawo la ubongo la hypothalamic-pituitary. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi thukuta lalikulu.
• Pa gawo lachitatu, ntchito ya ma midbrain imayendetsedwa, yomwe imadzaza ndi ana opukutidwa, kukomoka komanso kukomoka.
• Gawo lachinayi amatchedwa ndi madotolo kukhala ovuta kwambiri. Zizindikiro zake zimafotokozedwa mwachangu ndi kugunda kwa mtima, komanso kutayika kwa chikumbumtima. Pankhaniyi, edema yamatumbo imatha kupezeka, yomwe imatsogolera kuimfa.

Ngakhale wodwala atachotsedwa, amakhala wodalira kwambiri pakuyambitsa insulin. Thupi lake limakhala lofooka ngati mankhwalawa sagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi yake.

Momwe mungathandizire ndi bongo la insulin?

Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuyesa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti insulin yowonjezera imabweretsa poizoni. Pachifukwa ichi, glucometer imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe pamlingo wambiri wama glucose amawonetsa kuyambira 5 mpaka 7 mmol / l. Mitengo yotsika ikuwonetsa kuti njira zofunika kuzithandiza wodwalayo.

Ngati shuga watsika pang'ono, ndiye kuti zidzakhala zokwanira kudya chokoleti kapena maswiti, kumwa tiyi ndi shuga. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi a shuga. Koma zizindikiro zikakhala zochepa, ndiye kuti mukufunika thandizo lakuchipatala. Madokotala azindikiritsa kuchuluka kofunikira.

Koma pofuna kupewa zovuta zoterezi, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa mosamala mlingo wa insulin, jakisoni womwe, monga lamulo, umaperekedwa m'mimba, chifukwa mankhwalawo amachokera bwino pamenepo. Amalimbikitsidwanso kuti azitsatira zakudya.

Pomaliza

Thupi laumunthu limafunikira ntchito yowoneka bwino komanso yoyenera yamahomoni osiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika zamafuta ndi insulin. Ndi kupanda kwake, matenda a shuga amakula. Koma zochulukirapo zimakhala ndi zovuta zake. Anthu omwe amadalira insulin angakumanenso ndi zoterezi insulin ikalowa m'matupi awo ambiri. Pofuna kuti muchepetse vuto losokoneza bongo nthawi, ndikofunika kuwunika mosamala mawonetseredwewo ndipo ngati zitachitika, pitani pazoyenera.

Mu thupi la munthu, chilichonse chimaganiziridwa pazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri. Chiwalo chilichonse kapena dongosolo lililonse limayang'anira zochitika zina. Popeza mwasokoneza ntchito ya m'modzi wa iwo, mutha kunena kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwino. Zachidziwikire, ambiri aife tamva za mahomoni, ngati zinthu zina zomwe zimapangidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa.Amasiyana mu kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, koma amakhalanso ndi katundu wofanana - kukhala ndi udindo pa kagayidwe kamunthu m'thupi la munthu, chifukwa chake ntchito yake yabwino.

Kodi insulin ndi timadzi tomwe timatulutsa?

Tiyenera kudziwa nthawi yomweyo kuti njira zonse zomwe zimachitika mu chiwalo chilichonse ndizovuta, koma lolumikizana.

Insulin ndi timadzi tomwe timapangidwa ndi kapamba, kapena kuti, mawonekedwe ake omwe amakhala mozama kwambiri. Mankhwala, amatchedwanso zisumbu za Langerhans-Sobolev. Mwa njira, zindikirani kuti ndi insulin yomwe ndi mahomoni omwe amakhudza pafupifupi ntchito zonse mthupi la munthu. Ndi ya mndandanda wa peptide ndipo idapangidwa kuti ikwaniritse maselo onse amthupi ndi zinthu zofunika. insulin imatha kunyamula potaziyamu, ma amino acid osiyanasiyana, ndipo koposa zonse, shuga kudzera m'magazi. Yotsirizirayi imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamagulu. Chiwembu ndi ichi: mumadya chakudya, kuchuluka kwa glucose kumakula mthupi, chifukwa chake, index ya insulin imakwera. Nthawi zambiri timamva zamankhwala zokhudzana ndi chinthu monga insulin. Aliyense nthawi yomweyo amaphatikiza ndi shuga. Koma kuyankha funso losavuta: "Kodi insulin ndi timadzi wa chiyani, chiwalo kapena minofu? Kapena mwina ndi dongosolo lonse? ”- sianthu aliyense amene angathe.

Insulin (mahomoni) - imagwira ntchito m'thupi la munthu

Ganizirani nokha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti insulini ya mahomoni iwoneke ndikuwonetsetsa kuti maselo ena onse azikhala ndi chakudya. Iye ali ndi udindo kukhazikitsa chakudya chamagulu m'thupi la munthu. Koma vuto la kapamba, michere yama protein ndi mafuta zimakhudzidwa munthawi yomweyo. Kumbukirani kuti insulini ndi mapuloteni okhala ndi mapuloteni, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imatha kulowa m'mimba mwa munthu kuchokera kunja, koma idzagonjetsedwa mwachangu komanso osamwetsa konse. Zochita za insulin ya mahomoni zimakhudza ma enzymes ambiri. Koma ntchito yake yayikulu, malinga ndi asayansi ndi madotolo, ndikuchepetsa kwa shuga m'magazi. Nthawi zambiri, madokotala amapereka chithandizo mwapadera chomwe chidzaonetsetse kuti insulini ya m'madzi imakwezedwa kapena ayi. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kudziwa ngati odwala akudwala matendawa kapena ali ndi matenda ena. Zachidziwikire, mutha kukhala ndi vuto lofufuza, chinthu chachikulu ndikuchizindikira pakapita nthawi ndikuyambitsa kukhazikitsa mankhwala akukonzanso.

Miyezo ya Insulin Yachipatala

Chizindikiro chilichonse chimakhala ndi mulingo wazikhalidwe zomwe zimatha kuweruza momwe wodwalayo alili. Ngati timati insulin ndi mahomoni a kapamba, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti chakudya chilichonse chikatha kuchuluka. Chifukwa chake, pali mfundo zina zoyeserera. Ndikofunikira kuti musadye maola 1.5 pamaso pawo kapena kubwera kudzachititsa maphunziro pamimba yopanda kanthu.

Ndipo pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwa zotsatira zodalirika. Chofunikira kwambiri chomwe dokotala akufuna kuti amvetse ndi chakuti wodwalayo ali ndi matenda a shuga, ndipo ngati pali zovuta zina, lembani maphunziro ena owonjezera ndi mankhwala. Nthawi yomweyo, tazindikira kuti chipatala chilichonse chachipatala kapena bungwe lililonse limatha kufotokoza zaumwini zomwe zikuwonetsedwa, zomwe pamapeto pake zidzaonedwa ngati zabwinobwino. M'malo mwake, insulini ya mahomoni, yomwe chizimba pamimba yopanda kanthu imakhala ya 3-28 μU / ml, imathanso kusintha pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, polandila zotsatira za kusanthula, yeserani kuti musachite mantha, koma ndibwino kukaona katswiri waluso kuti awawerenge. Mwachitsanzo, amayi apakati amakhala ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimasiyana ndi anthu ena (avareji ya 6-28 μU / ml). Dokotala akamakayikira ndizomveka kutchulanso mitundu iwiri yayikulu:

Hulin insulin imatsitsidwa - kapamba samagwira ntchito yake ndipo amapanga kuchuluka kokwanira - matenda a shuga 1,

Hulin insulin imakwezedwa - chosiyana ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi zinthu zambiri zogwirizana m'thupi, koma sizimamva komanso zimatulutsa mtundu wambiri wa matenda ashuga.

Kodi insulini imakhudza kukula kwaumunthu?

Pakadali pano, mwina ndizosavuta kupeza mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti muwonjezere minofu ndi mafupa. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika ndi osewera omwe amafunikira kulemera kwakanthawi ndikupangitsa matupi awo kukhala otchuka. Ndikufuna kuti ndidziwe nthawi yomweyo kuti insulin ndi mahomoni amakulidwe amagwirizana kwambiri. Zomwe zimachitika izi ndizovuta kudziwa, koma ndizotheka. Kukula kwa mahomoni ndi mankhwala ena a peptide. Ndiye amene amatha kuyambitsa kukula kwa minofu ndi minofu. Zotsatira zake ndizotsatirazi: zimathandizira kukula kwa minofu m'njira zamphamvu, pomwe amawotcha mafuta ambiri. Zachidziwikire, izi sizingasinthe kagayidwe kazakudya m'thupi. Makinawa ndi osavuta: mahomoni okula amakula mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Nthawi yomweyo, kapamba, yemwe amagwira ntchito pafupipafupi, amayamba kugwira ntchito kwambiri, ndikupanga insulini yambiri. Koma ngati mugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mu Mlingo wosalamulira, gawo lomwe lili pamwambapa silitha kuthana ndi katunduyo, motero, glucose m'magazi amakwera, ndipo izi zimadziwika chifukwa cha matenda omwe amatchedwa shuga. Kumbukirani njira imodzi yosavuta:

Shuga wochepa wamagazi - mahomoni okula amalowa mthupi mambiri,

Mwazi waukulu wamagazi - insulin imapangidwa pamitundu yambiri.

Kukula kwa mahomoni - maphunzirowa komanso mlingo wake uyenera kutumizidwa kwa osewera okha ndi ophunzitsa kapena akatswiri odziwa ntchito. Chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mopitilira muyeso kumatha kubweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa za thanzi labwino. Anthu ambiri amakhala ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti mukadzidziwitsira nokha kukula, muyenera kuthandiza ntchito ya kapamba anu pogwiritsa ntchito insulin yoyenera.

Mkazi ndi bambo - kodi insulin yawo imakhala yofanana?

Mwachilengedwe, mayeso ambiri amadalira mwachindunji jenda ndi zaka za wodwalayo.

Zadziwika kale kuti pancreatic hormone (insulin) ndiyo imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Chifukwa chake, kuti tiwone ntchito ya thupi ili, zidzakhala zokwanira kupereka magazi chifukwa cha shuga. Kafukufukuyu amachitika ndikutenga kokha pamimba yopanda kanthu. Kumbukirani zisonyezo zotsatirazi zomwe mutha kuziyesa kuti muone ngati insulini imapangidwa mokwanira m'thupi lanu. Chikhalidwe kwa akazi ndi abambo chimodzimodzi: kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kudzakhala 3,3-5.5 mmol / L. Ngati ili pamtunda wa 5.6-6.6 mmol / l, ndiye kuti zidzakhala zofunikira kutsatira zakudya zapadera ndikuchita maphunziro owonjezera. Awa ndi omwe amatchedwa malire amalire pomwe sikulibe vuto lililonse kuyankhula za matenda ashuga. Muyenera kuyamba kuda nkhawa ngati kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kuli pafupi ndi 6.7 mmol / L. Pankhaniyi, madokotala amakulangizani kuti muyesere mayeso ena - kulolera kwa glucose. Nayi nambala:

7.7 mmol / L ndipo m'munsimu ndi mtengo wamba,

7.8-11.1 mmol / l - pali zophwanya kale m'dongosolo,

Pamwamba pa 11.1 mmol / L - adokotala amatha kuyankhula za matenda ashuga.

Kuchokera pazotsatira zomwe zili pamwambazi zikuwonekeratu kuti mwa azimayi ndi abambo insulin machitidwe ali ofanana, ndiye kuti, jenda silikhala ndi vuto lililonse pamenepa. Koma azimayi oyembekezera azikumbukira kuti m'malo osangalatsa awo pali zopatuka zochokera kuzikhalidwe zomwe zilipo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa chakuti kapamba samatulutsa insulin yokwanira, ndipo shuga ya magazi imakwera. Nthawi zambiri zonse zimayendetsedwa ndi zakudya zapadera, koma nthawi zina madokotala pankhaniyi amalankhula za matenda ashuga mwa amayi apakati.Ana akadali gulu loyerekeza, popeza adakali aang'ono, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa dongosolo lamanjenje komanso kugwira ntchito mosagwirizana ndi ziwalo zonse, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumatha kutsitsidwa. Koma ngakhale ndikukula kwake (5.5-6.1 mmol / l), ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane, chifukwa izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chophwanya malamulo oyendetsera kusanthula komwe.

Kapamba

Chikondamoyo ndi gawo lopanda manja la kanjedza lomwe lili kumapeto kwa m'mimba pafupi ndi m'mimba. Imagwira ntchito ziwiri zazikulu: imapanga ma enzyme omwe amathandizira kugaya chakudya, ndipo imatulutsa insulin yomwe imathandizira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Ma enzymes am'mimba kuchokera ku kapamba amalowa m'matumbo kudzera pancreatic duct. Amalowa mu duodenum limodzi ndi duct ya bile, yomwe imachotsa bile ku chiwindi ndi chikhodzodzo. Pancreas ili ndi zisumbu pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi za Langerhans. Insulin imapangidwa ndi maselo a islet beta ndipo imatulutsidwa mwachindunji m'mitsempha yaying'ono ya magazi yomwe imadutsa kapamba.

Selo yathanzi

Shuga kuchokera ku chakudya amalowetsedwa m'matumbo ndipo amalowa m'magazi mu mawonekedwe a shuga (dextrose) ndi fructose. Glucose ayenera kulowa m'maselo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mphamvu kapena njira zina za metabolic. Madzi a insulin amafunika kuti "titsegule chitseko", ndiye kuti, kuti zitheke kutulutsa shuga m'maselo kudzera pa khoma la cell. Glucose atalowa mu cell, amasinthidwa mothandizidwa ndi oksijeni kukhala mpweya woipa, madzi ndi mphamvu. Carbon dioxide kenako imalowa m'mapapu, pomwe imasinthidwa ndi oksijeni (mkuyu. 2).

Mkuyu. 2. Magazi a glucose abwinobwino (R. Hanas "Type 1 Shuga wa ana, achinyamata ndi achinyamata", 3 d, Class Class, London, 2007).

Mphamvu ndizofunikira kuti maselo azigwira ntchito moyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, shuga mu mawonekedwe a glycogen amasungidwa m'chiwindi ndi minofu kuti agwiritsenso ntchito mtsogolo.

Ubongo, komabe, sungathe kusunga glucose monga glycogen. Chifukwa chake, kudalira kosalekeza pamlingo wamagazi.

Munthu akakhala ndi njala, magazi a shuga amachepa. Pankhaniyi, chitseko chotsegulidwa ndi insulin sichichita bwino. Mwa anthu opanda matenda a shuga, kupanga insulini kumayima pafupifupi kwathunthu pamene kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kutsika. Ma cell a pancreatic alpha amazindikira glucose wotsika ndipo amapanga glucagon m'magazi. Glucagon imagwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro kuti maselo a chiwindi atulutse shuga m'magulu awo a glycogen. Pali mahomoni ena omwe amatha kupangidwanso munthu akakhala ndi njala (monga adrenaline, cortisol, ndi kukula kwa mahomoni).

Koma ngati njala ikupitilirabe, thupi limagwiritsa ntchito njira yotsalira yotsatira kuti magazi azisungunuka pamagulu oyenera a glucose pamlingo woyenera. Mafuta amaphulika kukhala mafuta acids ndi glycerol. Mafuta acids amasinthidwa kukhala ma ketoni mu chiwindi, ndipo glucose amapangidwa kuchokera ku glycerol. Izi zimachitika ngati muli ndi njala kwanthawi yayitali (mwachitsanzo, mukasala kudya) kapena mukudwala kwambiri kuti simungathe kudya (mwachitsanzo, ndi gastroenteritis) (mkuyu. 3).

Maselo onse mthupi lathu (kupatula ubongo) amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta monga mafuta gwero lamphamvu. Komabe, minyewa, mtima, impso ndi ubongo zokha zomwe zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma ketones ngati gwero lamphamvu.

Pakusala kwakanthawi, ma ketoni amatha kupatsa 2/3 zamphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. Ma ketones amapanga ana mwachangu ndipo amafikira kwambiri kuposa achikulire.

Ngakhale kuti maselo amatulutsa mphamvu inayake kuchokera ku ma ketones, akadali ocheperako pogwiritsa ntchito shuga.

Ngati thupi lakhala lopanda chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti mapuloteni ochokera ku minofu minofu amayamba kusweka ndikukhala glucose.

Mkuyu. 3. Kuthamanga glucose mukasala kudya (R. Hanas "Type 1 Shuga wa ana, achinyamata ndi achinyamata", 3 d, Class Class, London, 2007).

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga ndi kuperewera kwenikweni kwa insulin. Makina a matendawa ndi chofunikira pakufotokozera.

Matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba ndi matenda omwe alibe insulini. Zotsatira zake, glucose sangathe kulowa m'maselo. Maselo oterewa amakhala ngati ali mu gawo losala kudya lomwe tafotokozazi. Thupi lanu lidzayesa kukweza kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kuti likhale lamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa limakhulupirira kuti chifukwa choperewera ndi glucose mkati mwa maselo ndi shuga wotsika wamagazi. Ma mahormone monga adrenaline ndi glucagon amatumiza chizindikiro kuti amasulidwe a shuga chiwindi (yambitsa kuwonongeka kwa glycogen).

Panthawi imeneyi, njala imachitika nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti, magazi ambiri. Thupi limakhala lovuta kuthana ndi mpweya wambiri, ndipo limayamba kutuluka ndi mkodzo. Pakadali pano, mafuta acids amapangidwa mkati mwa maselo, omwe amasinthidwa kukhala ma ketoni mu chiwindi nawonso amayamba kuthiridwa mkodzo. Munthu akapatsidwa insulini, maselo ake amayamba kugwira ntchito mokhazikika ndipo bwalo loipa limayima (mkuyu. 4).

Mkuyu. 4. Kuperewera kwa insulini ndi mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga (R. Hanas "Mtundu wa shuga 1 wa ana, achinyamata ndi achinyamata", kope la 3 d, Class Class, London, 2007).

Kupanga kwa insulin

Homoni imapangidwa mu maselo a endocrine a mchira wa kapamba. Kuphatikizika kwa maselo amenewa kumatchedwa islets of Langerhans polemekeza wasayansi yemwe adazipeza. Ngakhale kukula kocheperako, aliyense chisumbucho chimawerengedwa ngati kanthu kakang'ono kwambiri kokhala ndi mawonekedwe. Amayambitsa kutulutsa insulin. Umu ndi momwe insulin imapangidwira:

1. Kupanga kwa prroinsulin. Mu kapamba, maziko a mahomoni amapangidwa - preproinsulin.
2. Signal peptide synthesis. Pamodzi ndi maziko, purroinsulin conductor, peptide, imapangidwa; imapereka gawo m'magulu a endocrine. Pamenepo, amapangidwira mu proinsulin.
3. Kukula. Kwakanthawi, zigawo zomwe zimathandizidwa zimakhala m'maselo a endocrine system - mu zida za Golgi. Amakhala okhazikika kwakanthawi ndikuphwanya insulin ndi C-peptide. Zochita za kapamba nthawi zambiri zimatsimikiziridwa ndi peptide pa diagnostics ya labotale.
4. Kulumikizana ndi zinc. Insulin yopangidwa imalumikizana ndi ma ioni a mineral, ndipo shuga ya m'magazi ikamatuluka, timadzi timene timatuluka m'maselo a beta ndikuyamba kutsitsa mulingo wake.

Ngati thupi lili ndi glucagon wambiri, wotsutsana ndi insulin, ndiye kuti kuphatikiza kwa mahomoni mu kapamba kumachepa. Glucagon imapangidwa mu ma alpha cell a islet of Langerhans.

Hormone ntchito

Insulin imagwira ntchito zingapo mthupi la munthu, chachikulu chomwe ndikukhazikitsa mafuta ndi mapuloteni. Imayang'ananso chilimbikitso potumiza data ya receptor ku ubongo.

• imawongolera kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, kumawalepheretsa kuti atulutsidwe m'njira yopanda phindu,
• amateteza ma amino acid kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito kukhala mashuga osavuta,
• amene amayang'anira kuyendetsa molondola magawo a magnesium ndi potaziyamu iliyonse,
• Imaletsa minofu yolimba,
• imateteza thupi ku kuchuluka kwa matupi a ketone - zinthu zowopsa kwa anthu, koma zopangidwa chifukwa cha kagayidwe kachakudya,
• sinthana makutidwe ndi okosijeni a glucose, omwe amayang'anira mphamvu yayitali,
• imapangitsa ntchito ya minofu ndi chiwindi kuti ichotse glycogen.

Insulin ili ndi ntchito yowonjezera - kukondoweza kwa mapangidwe a esters. Zimalepheretsa kuyikika kwamafuta m'chiwindi, zimalepheretsa mafuta acid kulowa m'magazi. Insulin yokwanira imalepheretsa kusintha kwa DNA.

Kuperewera kwa insulin m'thupi

Insulin ikasiya kupangidwa mokwanira, shuga imayamba. Ndi matenda, munthu amakakamizidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse zinthu zakunja kwa mahomoni.

Matenda achiwiri amapezeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa insulin - hypoglycemia.Chifukwa cha izo, kuchuluka kwa mitsempha yamagazi kumakulirakulira, kuthamanga kwa magazi kumakwera.

Nthawi ndi zopatuka

Nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mahomoni ndi 3-25 mcU / ml. Mwa ana, kuchepa kumatha kufika 3-20 mkU / ml, ndipo mwa amayi apakati, chizolowezicho chimakwera mpaka 6-27 mkU / ml. Akuluakulu, msinkhu wa zinthu zomwe zili m'magazi zimakwera mpaka 6-35 mkU / ml. Ngati mulingo ukukwera kapena kugwa kwambiri, ndiye kuti pamakhala chizindikiro cha matenda owopsa.

Mulingo wokwera

• kulimbitsa thupi,
• kupanikizika, kupsinjika mosalekeza,
• zotupa mu kapamba,
• Matenda a impso, chiwindi, matenda a m'mimba
• mtundu 2 shuga, womwe amadziwika ndi insulin insensitivity syndrome,
• mawonekedwe amtundu (chizolowezi chokhala ndi mahomoni ambiri mwa anthu omwe amakhala kumadera komwe kumachitika njala nthawi zambiri) ndizomwe zimapangitsa munthu kunenepa kwambiri.

Koma palibe choopsa chilichonse ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa insulin m'magazi.

Kuchepetsa ntchito

Chifukwa cha kupsinjika ndi kudya, insulini silingangokulitsa, komanso kuchepa. Ndikulakwitsa kuganiza kuti izi ndizotheka koma sizovulaza thanzi. Yambani ntchito yotsitsa mahomoni:

• zakudya zamafuta okhala ndi chakudya cham'magazi komanso zopatsa mphamvu - insulin yopangidwa ndi gland sikokwanira kuyamwa zinthu zomwe zikubwera. Izi zimapangitsa kuti timadzi tambiri timene timapanga, timatulutsa maselo a beta,
• kukonda kwambiri kudya kwambiri, ngakhale zakudya zopatsa thanzi zochuluka sizingakhale zothandiza,
• kusowa tulo kumasokoneza kupangika kwa mahomoni, makamaka ngati munthu wagona tulo kwa maola 4-5,
• ntchito yochulukirapo, yolimba kapena yowopsa, yolimbikitsa kumasulidwa kwa adrenaline,
• kuchepa kwa chitetezo chathupi, zotupa zopatsirana,
• moyo wongokhala womwe umayambitsa kusagwira ntchito kwakuthupi, komwe glucose wambiri amalowa m'magazi, koma osakonzedwa moyenera.

Kuti mumvetsetse bwino momwe insulini imakhudzira thanzi la anthu mu matenda ashuga, muyenera kuganizira momwe machitidwe amtunduwu amakhudzana ndi shuga.

Insulin ndi shuga

Mwa munthu wathanzi, ngakhale mu nthawi yomwe chakudya sichilowa mthupi kwanthawi yayitali, msinkhu wa shuga ndi wofanana. Insulini ikupitilizidwa kupangidwa ndi kapamba nthawi yomweyo. Munthu akadya, chakudya chimasweka, ndipo zakudya zina zimalowa m'magazi a glucose m'magazi. Izi ndizomwe zimachitika:

1. Chiwindi chimalandira chizindikiro, ndipo mahomoni ophatikizidwa amamasulidwa. Pogwira ndi shuga, imachepetsa shuga ndikuyipangitsa kukhala mphamvu.
2. Gland imayamba gawo latsopano pakupanga insulin pamalo omwe adagwiritsa ntchito.
3. Zigawo zatsopano za mahomoni zimatumizidwa m'matumbo - kukhetsa shuga, omwe amakonzedwa pang'ono.
4. Zotsalira za glucose zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zimasinthidwa pang'ono kukhala glycogen, yomwe imapuma. Ili ndi minofu ndi chiwindi, zomwe zimayikidwa pang'onopang'ono mu minofu ya adipose.
5. Nthawi itatha kudya, shuga amayamba kutsika. Glucagon imatulutsidwa m'magazi, ndipo glycogen yophatikizika imayamba kulowa m'magazi, ndikuwonjezera kukula kwa shuga.

Insulin ndi mahomoni ofunikiraomwe mulingo wake umagwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito ya thupi. Zophwanya zake zimayambitsa matenda omwe amafupikitsa moyo wa munthu zaka makumi angapo, kumawumitsa ndi zovuta zambiri.

Kodi glucagon ndi chiyani?

Chifukwa chake, kuchokera pamwambapa zimatsimikizira kuti insulini ndi mahomoni omwe amapangidwa ndi kapamba. Koma, kuwonjezera pa izi, thupi limagwira ntchito popanga zinthu zina, monga glucagon ndi C-peptide. Timakondwera kwambiri ndi ntchito za woyamba wa iwo. Kupatula apo, kwenikweni, ndizotsutsana mwachindunji ndi ntchito ya insulin. Chifukwa chake, zikuwonekeratu kuti zimawonjezera shuga. Chifukwa chake, zinthu izi zimasunga chizindikiritso cha glucose mu gawo losalowerera ndale.Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mahomoni a insulin ndi glucagon ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zambiri za thupi. Kuphatikiza pa iwo, pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha minofu ndi makina omwe amathana ndi zomwezo. Ndipo pamasamba abwino a shuga, mahomoni awa sakhala okwanira nthawi zonse.

Kuchulukitsa kwa insulin - kodi kunenepa ndi chiyani?

Zachidziwikire, sikuti kuwonjezeka kwa chizindikirocho kumayambitsa matenda ashuga.

Chimodzi mwazomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri chimatha kukhala kunenepa kwambiri, ndipo pokhapokha matenda m'magazi. Nthawi zambiri, madokotala ndi akatswiri azakudya, pofotokozera odwala awo njira yosavuta yopangira kulemera kwakukulu, amayamba nkhani yawo poyankha funso losavuta: "Kodi insulin ndi timadzi tomwe timatulutsa?" Pambuyo pake, anthu omwe amadya kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, ufa ndi zakudya zotsekemera) , musaganize za mtundu wanji wa katundu wawo wama kapamba nthawi yomweyo. Zachidziwikire, mutha kudya zinthu izi, koma m'malo ochepa, ndiye kuti dongosolo lonse limagwirira ntchito limodzi. Pazakudya zambiri, izi zimachitika: insulin ikukwera pafupipafupi (i.e., njirayi imatenga mawonekedwe osachiritsika), koma shuga amalowa m'thupi mopanda kuchuluka, chifukwa, amangoikidwa m'mafuta. Ndipo kumbukirani kuti pamenepa, chidwi chimakulitsidwa kwambiri. Chozungulira chozungulira, chomwe chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kuti mutuluke, chimaperekedwa: mumadya zakudya zopanda pake ndipo mwamphamvu - insulini imakulitsidwa - mafuta amayikidwa - chilimbikitso chimakulitsidwa - kachiwiri timadya mopanda malire. Ndikofunika kulumikizana ndi akatswiri omwe adzakulembetseni zakudya zoyenera ndi mayeso onse ofunikira.

Ndi mankhwala ati omwe ali ndi insulin?

Pomwepo ndikuyenera kunena kuti mphindi zonse zomwe zili ndi insulin ziyenera kutumizidwa ndi dokotala wanu, sayenera kukhala ndi mankhwala omwe mumalandira, zotsatira zake ndizowopsa. Munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amangofunika ma insulin (mahomoni) ochokera kunja.

Ntchito za kapamba, zomwe sizigwirizana ndi ntchito yake payekha, ziyenera kusamalidwa nthawi zonse. Kodi tingamvetsetse kuchuluka kwa insulin yomwe wodwala wina angafune? Chiwerengerochi chimayezedwa m'magawo apadera amoto. Mwachidule, mumaganizira kuchuluka kwa zopatsa mphamvu zamafuta mu chakudya chilichonse, ndipo, molingana, mumamvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa insulin yomwe muyenera kupaka kuti muchepetse shuga. Inde, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala okhala ndi insulin. Mwachitsanzo, zikafika poti kuchepa kwa mahomoni, pomwe, kapamba sikulimbana ndi ntchito yake, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe angayambitse ntchito yake (tinene, mankhwala a Butamide). Mwakutero, titha kunena kuti ichi si insulin yoyera yomwe imayambitsidwa m'thupi lanu, koma chinthu chokhacho chomwe chingapangitse thupi kuzindikira kuti ndi mahomoni opangidwa ndi thupi lake loyenerera. Aliyense amene wakumanapo ndi vuto la matenda ashuga amadziwa bwino kuti pakadali pano, mankhwala onse omwe amalimbana ndi vutoli amamasulidwa ngati jakisoni wa jakisoni. Mwachilengedwe, asayansi padziko lonse lapansi akudandaula momwe angapangire njirayi mosavuta ndikupeza mankhwala mwanjira ina (mwachitsanzo, mapiritsi). Koma mpaka pano sizinaphule kanthu. Mwakutero, kwa iwo omwe anazolowera zochitika zamtunduwu zamtunduwu, amawoneka ngati osapweteka konse. Ngakhale ana amatha kupanga jakisoni pansi pa khungu paokha. Mwachizolowezi, insulin yovomerezeka imayamba kugwira ntchito yake pafupifupi theka la ola, imayika kwambiri momwe ingathere m'magazi pambuyo pafupifupi maola 3. Kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi maola 6. Iwo omwe adapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda opatsirana a shuga amafunika kulandira jakisoniyo katatu patsiku: m'mawa (nthawi zonse pamimba yopanda kanthu), masana, madzulo.Zachidziwikire, kuchitidwa kwa insulin yovulaza nthawi zina ndikofunikira kuti iwonjezeke (mu chilankhulo chachipatala ichi chimatchedwa kutalika). Mutha kuchita izi pogwiritsa ntchito kuyimitsidwa kotsatirazi: zinc-insulin (kutalika kwa maola 10-36), protamine-zinc-insulin (maola 24-36). Amayang'aniridwa mosagwirizana kapena kudzera m'mitsempha.

Kodi mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kupezeka?

Tikudziwa kuti mawonekedwe a insulin, insulin ndi mahomoni. Zomwe sizingachitike ndi ichi ndikusankha kapena kuletsa kuyambitsa kwake kokha.

Ngati pali zochitika pamene pali insulin yochuluka m'magazi - iyi ndi yomwe imatchedwa overdose kapena hypoglycemia - vutoli liyenera kuwongoleredwa mwachangu. Choyamba, muyenera kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zikuchitika kwa munthu: atha kudya mwadzidzidzi, kuyamba kutuluka thukuta ndi kuyipidwa, kuwonetsa mwamtopola kapena ngakhale kukomoka. Choyipa chachikulu pamenepa ndi pamene kukopeka kumachitika mosalekeza ndipo zochitika za mtima zikasokonekera. Zochita zofunikira pamenepa:

Ndikofunikira kubwezeretsanso zosunga shuga, ndimadya china chake: chidutswa cha shuga, cookie yotsekemera kapena buledi wa mkate wamba - izi zimachitika zizindikirika koyamba.

Ngati vutoli ndilovuta kwambiri ndipo kudandaula ndikosapeweka, kufunikira kwa jekeseni wa shuga (40%) kudzera m'mitsempha.

Onetsetsani kuti mukuyang'anira momwe thupi lanu limayendera potsatira jakisoni wa insulin. Kupatula apo, aliyense wa ife ndi munthu payekha. Ena atha kugwidwa kwambiri, osangowoneka malo a jekeseni ngati malo ofiira, komanso thupi lonse (urticaria kapena dermatitis). Musamale, kulumikizana ndi dokotala wanu, atha kungochotsa mankhwala anu ndi suinsulin. Palibe chifukwa chomwe mungachitire izi nokha, ndiye kuti kusowa kwadzidzidzi kwa insulin kungayambitse kusweka mtima ndi kufa.

Insulin ndiye timadzi timene timayang'anira thanzi lanu. Kumbukirani kuti matenda ashuga amatha kupezeka mwa munthu aliyense. Nthawi zina izi zimakhudzana mwachindunji ndi nkhanza za zakudya zotsekemera ndi ufa. Anthu ena satha kudziletsa pa zinthu ngati izi ndipo amadya chakudya chambiri tsiku lililonse. Chifukwa chake, matupi awo amakhala ndi nkhawa zambiri, kuyesera kudzipangira pawokha insulin. Ndipo, pamene watopa kwathunthu, matendawa amalowa.

Madzi a protein a insulini ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu kagayidwe kazinthu zonse zathupi la munthu, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri monga kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Komabe, magwiridwe antchito a insulin ndi ophatikizidwa kwambiri, chifukwa amakhudza mitundu yonse ya njira za metabolic mthupi laumunthu ndipo sikuti amangoletsa kayendedwe kabwino ka chakudya. Kuphwanya kapangidwe ka insulin ndi zotsatira zake pa minofu ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukonzekera koopsa kwa matenda -.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakuphatikizika ndi katulutsidwe ka insulin m'maselo ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, njira ina yolimbikitsira kutulutsa kwa insulin ndiyo njira yodya, ndipo osati zakudya zokhala ndi shuga, zopatsa mphamvu zokha.

Kapangidwe ka insulin

Biosynthesis ya mapuloteni awa ndimapangidwe ovuta, omwe ali ndi magawo angapo achilengedwe ovuta. Choyamba, mawonekedwe osagwira ntchito a molekyulu a insulin, omwe amatchedwa proinsulin, amapangidwa m'thupi. Prohormone iyi, yomwe imayambitsa insulini, ndi chofunikira pakuwonetsa pancreatic ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, pakupanga, pambuyo pa kusintha kwamitundu, proinsulin imayamba kugwira ntchito.

Kupanga kwa insulin mwa munthu wathanzi kumachitika tsiku lonse ndi usiku, komabe, kupanga kwofunikira kwambiri kwa timadzi timeneti ta peptide kumawonedwa mukangomaliza chakudya cham'mawa.

Insulin, monga yogwira pophika yomwe imapangidwa ndi kapamba, imakulitsa katulutsidwe kake chifukwa cha njirazi:

• Anakweza magazi seramu shuga pa gawo la matenda ashuga. Pambuyo pake, kutsika kwa insulin kudzakhala mwachindunji ndikukula kwa shuga.
• Mkulu mafuta a asidi aulere. Poyerekeza zakumbuyo kokulirapo kwamafuta amthupi (kunenepa kwambiri), pamakhala kuchuluka kwakukulu kwamafuta amwazi m'magazi. Njira izi zimawononga thanzi la munthu, zimayambitsa kubisalira kwambiri kwa timadzi timene timachepetsa shuga, timawonongera ma cell a minofu, komanso timathandizira pakupanga ma pathologies owopsa.
• Zotsatira za amino acid, makamaka arginine ndi leucine. Ma organic awa amathandizira kupanga insulin kuchokera ku kapamba. Ma amino acid ochulukirapo m'thupi, amapanga insulin kwambiri.
• Kuchuluka kwa calcium ndi potaziyamu. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu izi kumawonjezera kubisika kwa mapuloteni-peptide, omwe amatulutsidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwakuthwa mikhalidwe yazachilengedwe.
• Kuwonetsedwa kwa mahomoni opangidwa ndi maselo am'mimba ochita kupukusa ndi kapamba. Mahomoni oterewa amaphatikizapo: gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin ndi ena. Zinthu zoterezi zimapangitsa kuti insulini itulutsidwe pang'ono ndipo amapangidwa ndi maselo am'mimba atatha kudya.
• Matupi a Ketone ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa ndi chiwindi ndipo ndi zinthu zapakatikati zamachitidwe a metabolic: chakudya, mapuloteni ndi mafuta. Zizindikiro zowonjezera za zinthuzi m'thupi, zimawonetsa kusokonezeka kwa kagayidwe kazakudya ndipo, monga chotulukapo, chitetezo chokwanira cha insulin.

Mahomoni opsinjika, monga adrenaline, norepinephrine, ndi cortisol, amayambitsa kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa insulin m'magazi. Izi zimagwira mkati mwa katulutsidwe kamkati zimapangidwa nthawi yochulukirapo, kuti muthe kugwedeza thupi.

Njira zopsinjika zimachitika motsutsana ndi maziko a kulumpha lakuthwa m'magazi amwazi, omwe ali machitidwe achindunji kuti thupi lipulumuke pangozi. Pali lingaliro - kupsinjika kwa hyperglycemia, mphamvu ya mahomoni, yomwe imadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi panthawi yamavuto amanjenje.

Zizindikiro za izi:

• Kumva ludzu kwamphamvu.
• Kukoka pafupipafupi.
• Mutu ndi kuwonongeka kwa ndende.
• Kudziona kuti wagwira ntchito yambiri.
• Maonekedwe a "nyenyezi" patsogolo pa maso.

Pochiza matenda a hyperglycemia, cholinga chimayang'aniridwa mosamala ndi zizindikiro za shuga, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera, komanso kutsatira mosamalitsa chithandizo chamadokotala. Komanso, dotolo amatipatsa mankhwala omwe amachepetsa shuga m'magazi.

Hypoglycemia

Njira yachilengedwe yomwe ikuchitika motsutsana ndi maziko a kutsika kwa shuga m'magazi. Nthawi yomweyo, machitidwe onse amthupi la munthu amavutika ndi njala, koma ntchito zamaubongo zimasokonekera. Hypoglycemia imatha kupezeka pazifukwa zingapo: kuchuluka kwambiri kwa insulini mu kapamba, insulin yayikulu mthupi, kusokonezeka kwa kagayidwe kazakudya mu chiwindi, kapena kugwira bwino ntchito kwa ma adrenal glands.

Mawonetsero wamba a hypoglycemia:

• Malingaliro owonjezereka a nkhawa ndi nkhawa.
• Kupweteka m'mutu, kukondoweza.
• Kugwedezeka ndi kusakwiya.
• Kumva njala mosalekeza.
• Kumva kutentha komanso kusapeza bwino mu dzenje la m'mimba.
• Kutikita minofu.
• Arrhythmia ndi tachycardia.

Pambuyo pachakudya chokhazikika, pamakhala kuchuluka kowonjezereka kwa shuga, pomwe kapamba sangathe kumasula insulin, yomwe imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga.Chifukwa cha njirayi, chidwi cham'manja chomwe chimapangitsa kuti timadzi totsika timene timakhala ndi shuga sichitha. Vutoli limatchedwa insulin kukana, kukana kwa membrane wa cell kukakamizidwa ndi insulin.

Zizindikiro

Kuti muzindikire matendawa, maphunziro otsatirawa amachitika:

1. Laboratory magazi mayeso.
2. Kudziwitsa glycosylated hemoglobin level. Zizindikiro zake zimaposa kwambiri anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.
3. Mayeso a kulolera a glucose.
4. kwa shuga ndi ketone mankhwala.

Kulephera kuchitapo kanthu pozindikira komanso kusapezeka kwa njira yoyenera yodwala matenda a shuga 2 kungamuthandize wodwalayo kukumana ndi zovuta zambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayamba ndi chitukuko cham'tsogolo. Mavuto omwe amatchuka kwambiri ndi monga kupezeka kwa kukanika kwa impso, kuthamanga kwa magazi (matenda oopsa), kuwonongeka kwa maonekedwe ndi ma catalo, kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo zam'munsi komanso mapangidwe a zilonda zam'mimba.

Kanema: Kodi insulin ndi yofunika bwanji ndipo imagwira ntchito bwanji?

Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kukula kwa matenda amtunduwu wa endocrine ndikuyesetsa kuti muchepetse kukula kwa matendawa, kudzera pakuzindikira koyambirira, njira yabwino yothandizira ndi malangizo okhwima a zakudya. Kupanda kutero, njira za shuga zomwe zimayambitsa matenda am'mimba zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zomwe sizingasinthe chifukwa cha thanzi la munthu.

Mabuku ena

• Chifukwa chake pruritus imachitika: Zizindikiro, mitundu ndi chithandizo mwa akulu ndi ana

The morphological zinthu za matendawa ndi kupezeka kwa totupa, mu mawonekedwe a tinamphindi, papular ndi hemispherical zinthu, amene.

Maphunziro Mu 1994, adamaliza maphunziro ake ndi maphunziro apamwamba ku Saratov State Medical University, komanso mu 1996.

Kupanga kwa insulin mthupi

Kasitomalayu ndiye amachititsa kuti insulini ipangidwe - chifukwa imakhala ndi maselo apadera a beta. Mu thupi la munthu, timadzi timeneti timayendetsa kagayidwe kazachilengedwe, motero, katulutsidwe kake ndikofunikira. Kodi zikuyenda bwanji? Njira yopanga insulin ndi mbali zingapo:

1. Pancreas yoyamba imapanga prroinsulin (insulin preursor).
2. Nthawi yomweyo, peptide ya siginolo (L-peptide) imapangidwa, ntchito yomwe imathandizira preproinsulin kulowa cell ya beta ndikusintha kukhala proinsulin.
3. Kupitilira apo, ma proinsulin amakhalabe mu mawonekedwe apadera a khungu la beta - Golgi zovuta, pomwe amapsa kwa nthawi yayitali. Pakadali pano, proinsulin imayikidwa mu C-peptide ndi insulin.
4. Insulin yotulutsidwa imakhudzana ndi zinc ion ndipo mu mawonekedwe awa amakhalabe mkati mwa maselo a beta. Kuti ilowe m'magazi, shuga m'magazi amayenera kukhala ndi chidwi kwambiri. Glucagon imayang'anira zoletsa za insulin - zimapangidwa ndi ma cell a pancreatic alpha.

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya insulin ndikuwunika kagayidwe kazakudya pochita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi za insulin. Kodi zikuyenda bwanji? Insulin imalumikizana ndi cholandirira cha membrane wa cell (membrane), ndipo izi zimayamba ntchito ya michere yofunika. Zotsatira zake ndikuyambitsa kwa protein kinase C, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi metabolism mkati mwa khungu.

Thupi limafunikira insulini kuti magazi asakhale ndi shuga nthawi zonse. Izi zimatheka chifukwa chakuti mahomoni:

• Zimathandizira kukonza shuga.
• Imachepetsa ntchito yopanga shuga m'magazi.
• Imayamba ntchito ya ma enzyme omwe amachititsa kuti shuga azithamanga.
• Imathandizira kusintha kwa glucose owonjezera kukhala glycogen.

Mlingo wa insulin m'magazi umakhudzanso njira zina za thupi:

• Kutsimikizika kwa amino acid, potaziyamu, phosphorous ndi magnesium ndi maselo.
• Kusintha kwa shuga m'chiwindi ndi maselo amafuta kukhala triglycerides.
• Kupanga kwamafuta acid.
• Kubereka koyenera kwa DNA.
• Kuponderezedwa kwa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni.
• Kuchepetsa kwa kuchuluka kwamafuta omwe amalowa m'magazi.

Insulin ndi shuga wamagazi

Kodi shuga wamagazi amawongolera bwanji ndi insulin? Mwa munthu yemwe alibe matenda ashuga, magazi a magazi amakhalabe ofanana, ngakhale sanadye kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa kapamba amapangira insulini kumbuyo. Mukatha kudya, zakudya zam'mimba zimaphwanyidwa kukhala mamolekyulu a glucose mkamwa ndipo amalowa m'magazi. Minyewa ya glucose imachuluka, ndipo zikondamoyo zimatulutsira insulin m'magazi, ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi - iyi ndi gawo loyamba la kuyankha kwa insulin.

Kenako chitsulo chimapanganso mahomoni kuti abwezeretse ntchito, ndikupita pang'onopang'ono magawo atsopano mukuchepa kwa zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'matumbo - gawo lachiwiri la kuyankha. Zotsalira za glucose zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zimasinthidwa pang'ono kukhala glycogen ndikusungidwa mu chiwindi ndi minofu, pang'ono ndikukhala mafuta.

Pakapita nthawi yambiri mutadya, kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumatsika, ndipo glucagon imamasulidwa. Chifukwa cha izi, glycogen yomwe imapezeka m'chiwindi ndipo minofu imasweka ndikupanga shuga, ndipo shuga ya magazi imakhala yachilendo. Chiwindi ndi minofu yotsalira yopanda glycogen imalandira gawo latsopano la chakudya chotsatira.

Magazi a insulin amawonetsa momwe thupi limapangira shuga. Chizindikiro cha insulin mwa munthu wathanzi chimachokera pa 3 mpaka 28 μU / ml. Koma ngati shuga wambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi insulini yayikulu, izi zitha kutanthauza kuti maselo am'mimba amakhala osagonjetseka (mahomoni) kwa mahomoni omwe amapanga iron mwachizolowezi. Mafuta okhathamira am'magazi komanso otsika - insulin ikuwonetsa kuti thupi limasowa mahomoni opangidwa, ndipo shuga ya magazi ilibe nthawi kuti ithe.

Mulingo wotsika

Insulin yafupika ikhoza kuwonetsa mtundu woyamba wa shuga, pamene kusowa kwa timadzi timene kumapangitsa kuti shuga asagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zizindikiro za matendawa ndi:

• Kuyamwa mwachangu.
• Ludzu lamphamvu losalekeza.
• Hyperglycemia - glucose amakhala m'magazi, koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa insulin satha kudutsa nembanemba.

Endocrinologist ayenera kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kapena kuwonjezeka kwa kupanga insulini - muyenera kulumikizana naye kuyezetsa magazi.

Zifukwa zazikulu zochepetsera kupanga insulin ndi:

• Zakudya zopanda pake, munthu akasankha zakudya zamafuta, chakudya chopatsa mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, insulin yomwe kapamba amapanga sikokwanira kuthana ndi chakudya chomwe chimabwera. Kupanga kwa mahomoni kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipo ma cell a beta omwe amachititsa izi amatha.
• Kudya kwambiri.
• Kupsinjika ndi kusowa kwa tulo tikulepheretsa kupanga insulin.
• Kuzindikira kwa chitetezo chokwanira chifukwa cha matenda operewera komanso chifukwa cha matenda omwe adachitika kale.
• Hypodynamia - chifukwa chokhala phee, mafuta a magazi amawonjezeka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa insulin komwe kumapangidwa ndi thupi kumachepa.

Madzi a protein a insulini ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu kagayidwe kazinthu zonse zathupi la munthu, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri monga kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Komabe, magwiridwe antchito a insulin ndi ophatikizidwa kwambiri, chifukwa amakhudza mitundu yonse ya njira za metabolic mthupi laumunthu ndipo sikuti amangoletsa kayendedwe kabwino ka chakudya. Kuphwanya kapangidwe ka insulin ndi zotsatira zake pa minofu ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukonzekera koopsa kwa matenda -.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakuphatikizika ndi katulutsidwe ka insulin m'maselo ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, njira ina yolimbikitsira kutulutsa kwa insulin ndiyo njira yodya, ndipo osati zakudya zokhala ndi shuga, zopatsa mphamvu zokha.

Ndi chiwalo chiti chomwe chimatulutsa insulini

Zikondamoyo, komwe ma bunge a ma B-cell amapezeka, amadziwika ndi sayansi ngati mabwalo amilandu a Lawrence kapena pancreatic, amagwira ntchito ngati insulin yopanga insulin.Mphamvu yokhudzana ndi maselo ndi yaying'ono ndipo imangokhala 3% yokha ya kuchuluka kwa kapamba. Kupanga kwa insulini kudzera m'maselo a beta kumachitika, gawo laling'ono la proinsulin limasungidwa ndi timadzi.

Kodi subtype ya insulin siyikudziwika mokwanira. Hormayo imodzimodzi, isanatenge mawonekedwe omaliza, imalowa mu chipinda cha cell cha Golgi, pomwe chimatsirizidwa kukhala boma la mahomoni athunthu. Mchitidwewo umatha pomwe mahomoni amayikidwa m'miyala yapadera ya kapamba, komwe amasungidwa kufikira munthu atadya. Mphamvu za B-cell ndizochepa ndipo zimatha msanga munthu akamagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zosavuta za carbohydrate, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga.

Kodi insulin ya hormone ndi iti - iyi ndiye yofunika kwambiri kuyang'anira metabolic. Popanda izi, shuga wolowa m'thupi kudzera mu chakudya sangalowe mu khungu. Hormayo imachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa ma membrane a maselo, chifukwa chake glucose amalowetsedwa m'thupi la selo. Nthawi yomweyo, timadzi timene timalimbikitsa kusintha kwa glucose kukhala glycogen, polysaccharide yomwe ili ndi malo osungirako mphamvu, omwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thupi laumunthu ndikofunikira.

Ntchito za insulin ndizosiyanasiyana. Amapereka minofu yamasamba ntchito, kukhudza njira za mapuloteni ndi mafuta kagayidwe. Ma hormone amatenga gawo lazidziwitso za ubongo, zomwe malinga ndi zolandilira zimazindikira kufunikira kwa chakudya chamafuta othamanga: ngati pali zambiri zake, ubongo umazindikira kuti maselo amafa ndi njala ndipo ndikofunikira kupanga zosungira. Zotsatira za insulin thupi:

1. Zimalepheretsa ma amino acid kuti asagonjetsedwe kukhala shuga wophweka.
2. Amasintha kaphatikizidwe wa mapuloteni - maziko a moyo.
3. Simalola mapuloteni m'misempha kuti asokonezeke, amalepheretsa minyewa ya atrophy - anabolic.
4. Amachepetsa kudzikundikira kwa matupi a ketone, ochulukirapo omwe amapha anthu.
5. Imalimbikitsa kuyendetsa kwa potaziyamu ndi ion ya magnesium.

Ntchito ya insulin m'thupi la munthu

Kusowa kwa mahomoni kumalumikizidwa ndi matenda omwe amatchedwa shuga. Omwe akudwala matendawa amakakamizika kupaka jekeseni wowonjezera m'magazi. Choyipa china ndi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni, hypoglycemia. Matendawa amapangitsa kuti magazi azithanso kuchepa komanso kuchepa kwa mtima. Kuchulukitsa kuwonjezeka kwa insulin katulutsidwe ndi glucagon ya mahomoni opangidwa ndi ma alpha maselo a pancreatic a Langerhans.

Minofu yodalira insulin

Insulin imathandizira kupanga mapuloteni m'misempha, popanda minofu minofu sangathe kupanga. Kupanga kwa minofu ya adipose, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri, ndizosatheka popanda mahomoni. Odwala omwe amayamba matenda a shuga amakumana ndi ketoacidosis, mtundu wa vuto la metabolic lomwe limapangitsa kuti njala yayambike.

Madzi a insulin

Ntchito za insulin zimaphatikizapo kuthandizira kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi, kuyang'anira kagayidwe ka mafuta ndi mapuloteni, kusintha michere minofu. Nthawi zonse pamakhala zotsatirazi.

• kapangidwe kazakudya zomanga thupi,
• mulingo wa kagayidwe ndi katemera amasungidwa,
• imapangitsa kapangidwe ka glycogen, kamene kamakulitsa kupirira ndikusintha kwamisempha minofu,
• ma amino acid, shuga, potaziyamu amalowa m'maselo.

Mafuta a insulin amayeza mu µU / ml (0,04082 mg wa mankhwala a kristalo amatengedwa ngati gawo limodzi). Anthu athanzi amakhala ndi chizindikiro chofanana ndi 3-25 pamaudindo otere. Kwa ana, kuchepa mpaka 3-20 μU / ml ndikuloledwa. Mwa amayi apakati, chizolowezi chimakhala chosiyana - 6-27 mkU / ml, mwa anthu achikulire opitilira 60 chizindikiro ichi ndi 6-35. Kusintha kwazomwe zikuchitika kukuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa matenda oopsa.

Zomwe insulin imapangira odwala matenda ashuga

Nkhani ya zida zopangira mahomoni ndi yofunika kwa odwala ambiri. Insulin yomwe ili m'thupi la munthu imapangidwa ndi kapamba, ndipo mitundu yotsatirayi imapezekanso:

1. Nkhumba kapena bovine - zochokera nyama. Zomwe amapangira nyama kapamba.Kukonzekera kwa zopangira nkhumba kumakhala ndi ma proinsulin, omwe sangathe kulekanitsidwa, amakhala magwero azinthu zoyipa.
2. Biosynthetic kapena nkhumba yosinthidwa - kukonzekera kwapawiri kumapangidwa ndikusintha ma amino acid. Zina mwazabwino ndi kuphatikiza thupi la munthu komanso kusowa kwa ziwengo. Zowonongeka - kuperewera kwa zopangira, zovuta za ntchito, mtengo wokwera.
3. Genetic engineering recombinant - imatchedwa "insulin yaumunthu" mwanjira ina, chifukwa imafanana kwathunthu ndi mahomoni achilengedwe. Thupi limapangidwa ndi ma enzyme a yisiti tizilombo toyambitsa ndi kusinthidwa kwamtundu wa E. coli.

Malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito insulin

Ntchito za insulin ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa thupi la munthu. Ngati muli ndi matenda ashuga, ndiye kuti mwalandira kwa dokotala ndi mankhwala malinga ndi momwe mankhwalawo amaperekedwa kwaulere m'mafakitala kapena zipatala. Pakufunika kwachangu zitha kugulidwa popanda mankhwala, koma muyeso uyenera kuonedwa. Popewa bongo wambiri, werengani malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito insulin.

Zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa ntchito

Malinga ndi malangizo omwe aphatikizidwa phukusi lililonse la kukonzekera kwa insulin, zomwe zikuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mtundu wa 1 shuga mellitus (wotchedwanso insulin) ndipo, mwanjira zina, lembani matenda ashuga a 2 a mellitus (osadalira insulini). Zinthu zotere zimaphatikizira kusalolera kwa othandizira a hypoglycemic, kukula kwa ketosis.

Makulidwe a insulin

Dokotalayo amakupatsirani mankhwalawa atapezeka kuti mwapezeka ndi magazi. Zochizira matenda a shuga gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi yochepa: yayifupi komanso yayitali. Chisankho chimatengera kuopsa kwa matendawa, momwe wodwalayo alili, kuthamanga kwa kuyambika kwa mankhwala:

1. Kukonzekera kwakanthawi kochepa kumapangidwira kwa subcutaneous, intravenous kapena intramuscular management. Imakhala yofulumira, yochepetsera shuga, imaperekedwa kwa mphindi 15-20 musanadye kangapo / tsiku. Zotsatira zimachitika mu theka la ola, pazofunikira - mu maola awiri, maola pafupifupi asanu ndi limodzi okha.
2. Kuchita nthawi yayitali kapena kupitilira apo - kumakhudza maola 10-36, kungachepetse jakisoni tsiku lililonse. Zoyimitsidwa zimaperekedwa kudzera mwa intramuscularly kapena subcutaneally, koma osati kudzera m'mitsempha.

Ma syringe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kulowetsedwa ndi kutsata mlingo. Gawo limodzi limafanana ndi ziwerengero zingapo. Malangizo a insulin

• sungani zokonzekera mufiriji, ndipo zomwe zimayambira firiji, konzekerani mankhwala musanalowe, chifukwa ozizira ndi ofooka.
• ndibwino kukhazikitsa mahomoni achidule pakhungu la pamimba - jekeseni mu ntchafu kapena pamwamba pa matako azichita pang'onopang'ono, kuposa koyipa - paphewa.
• mankhwala ogwira ntchito yayitali adalowetsedwa kudzanja lamanzere kapena lamanja,
• jekeseni aliyense m'malo osiyanasiyana,
• jekeseni wa insulin, gwira gawo lonse lathupi lathunthu - kuti mupewe kuwawa ndi zisindikizo.
• kutali ndi jakisoni womaliza osachepera 2 cm,
• musagwire khungu ndi mowa, mumawononga insulin,
• ngati madziwo akutuluka, singano idayikidwa molakwika - muyenera kuigwira pakhale madigiri 45-60.

Mtengo wa insulin

Mtengo wa insulin umatengera mtundu wa wopanga, mtundu wa mankhwalawa (nthawi yayitali / yayitali, chochita chodyetsa) komanso kuchuluka kwa ma CD. Mtengo wa 50 ml ya insulinum ya mankhwala pafupifupi ma ruble 150 ku Moscow ndi St. Insuman yokhala ndi cholembera - 1200, Protafan yoimitsidwa ili ndi mtengo pafupifupi ruble 930. Mlingo wa mankhwala amakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa insulin.

Aliyense wamva za matenda ashuga. Mwamwayi, anthu ambiri alibe matenda otere. Ngakhale zimachitika kuti matendawa amakula mwakachetechete, osafunsidwa, pokhapokha ngati mukumayeserera pafupipafupi kapena mwadzidzidzi, kuwonetsa nkhope yanu. Matenda a shuga amatengera kuchuluka kwa timadzi tina tomwe timapangidwa ndi thupi la munthu.Kodi insulin ndi chiyani, momwe imagwirira ntchito, komanso mavuto omwe kupezeka kwake kapena kuchepa kwake kungayambitse kufotokozedwa pansipa.