Shuga mellitus mu ana: malangizo a matenda amtundu 1 ndi matenda a 2

Makolo a mwana aliyense yemwe wapezeka ndi matenda a shuga amalandila chithandizo kuchokera kwa dokotala kuti apange njira yoyenera yolandirira ndikusintha moyo wa mwana wakhanda. Komabe, upangiri ndi malangizo a dokotala sizachilendo.

Pokonza njira yodziwira ndi kudziwa njira zamankhwala, dotolo amadalira magawo ndi magwiritsidwe omwe amaperekedwa mdziko muno kapena mabungwe azachipatala apadziko lonse kuti athane ndi matenda a shuga.

Malangizo azachipatala a ana

Malangizo a madotolo pankhani ya chithandizo cha matenda amtundu wa 2 komanso matenda amitundu iwiri azikhala osiyanasiyana, popeza mitundu yamatendawa imasiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Nthawi zambiri, ana ambiri amadwala matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba. Komanso, mwa odwala ochepa, omwe amapezeka ndi matenda amtundu wa 1 amakumana nawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kupsinjika kwakukulu.

Ngati mwana ali ndi matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba (mosasamala mtundu womwe udachokera), lingaliro lalikulu lazachipatala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito insulin.

Kuchita izi ndikofunikira kuti wodwalayo azikhala wodekha komanso kuwonjezera moyo wake. Njira zoyenera zimatengedwa posachedwa ndi makolowo, moyo wa mwana ukhala bwino, ndipo mwayi wokhala ndi matenda ashuga kapena ketoacidosis wodwala pambuyo pake udzachepa.

Nthawi zambiri, munthawi ya chithandizo, odwala amapatsidwa insulin mankhwala, pamene tsiku lililonse mlingo wa mankhwalawo umagawika pawiri. Ndikofunika kuti kuchuluka kwa insulin kokwanira kumapangitsa kuti shuga asungidwe m'thupi, potengera zochita za kapamba.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda a shuga kwa ana ndi wocheperako kusiyana ndi momwe adasankhira kale.

Monga lamulo, kusazindikira kwa maselo kupita ku insulin komanso kuchepa kwa kapangidwe kake kumachitika chifukwa cha zovuta zovuta kapena zovuta za metabolic mwa ana okulirapo. Makanda pafupifupi samadwala matenda ashuga amtundu wa 2.

Kwa zaka zambiri ndakhala ndikuphunzira za zovuta za DIABETES. Zimakhala zowopsa anthu ambiri akamwalira, ndipo makamaka amakhala olumala chifukwa cha matenda ashuga.

Ndithamangira kunena mbiri yabwino - Endocrinological Research Center ya Russian Academy of Medical Science idatha kupanga mankhwala omwe amachiritsiratu matenda ashuga. Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa mankhwalawa kuyandikira 100%.

Nkhani ina yabwino: Unduna wa Zaumoyo wateteza kukhazikitsidwa kwa pulogalamu yapadera yomwe imalipilira mtengo wonse wa mankhwalawo. Ku Russia ndi mayiko a CIS odwala matenda ashuga kale Julayi 6 alandire mankhwala - ZAULERE!

Malangizo akulu azachipatala a matenda a shuga a 2 ndi zakudya zabwino. Potere, njira zochizira zidzakhala zowonjezereka kuposa njira yayikulu. Koma kuchita popanda iwo, nawonso, sizikugwira ntchito.

Chotsani zakudya zoyipa pazakudya za mwana ziyenera kukhala pang'onopang'ono, kuti thupi lisamve kutentha. Wodwalayo akupitilizabe kudya zakudya zosemphana ndi zina, ayenera kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa shuga.

Njira zoyenera

Ngati kuwunika kunawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa shuga m'mwazi wotengedwa kuchokera kwa mwana pamimba yopanda kanthu ndi 5.6 - 6.9 mmol / l, izi zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga.

Ndili ndi zaka 47, ndinapezeka kuti ndili ndi matenda ashuga a 2. M'masabata angapo ndinapeza pafupifupi 15 kg. Kutopa nthawi zonse, kugona, kumva kufooka, kuwona kunayamba kukhala pansi.

Nditakwanitsa zaka 55, ndinali nditadzibaya kale ndi insulin, zonse zinali zoipa kwambiri. Matendawa adapitilirabe, kukomoka kwakanthawi kunayamba, ambulansi imandibwezera kuchokera kudziko lina. Nthawi zonse ndimaganiza kuti nthawi ino ikhala yomaliza.

Chilichonse chinasintha mwana wanga wamkazi atandilola kuti ndiwerenge nkhani imodzi pa intaneti. Simungayerekeze m'mene ndimamuyamikirira. Nkhaniyi inandithandiza kuthana ndi matenda ashuga, omwe amati ndi osachiritsika. Zaka 2 zapitazi ndidayamba kusuntha zowonjezereka, nthawi yamasika ndi chilimwe ndimapita kumayiko tsiku lililonse, ndikumalima tomato ndikugulitsa pamsika. Azakhali anga amadabwa ndimomwe ndimapangira chilichonse, komwe ndimapeza mphamvu zambiri, sakhulupirira kuti ndili ndi zaka 66.

Ndani akufuna kukhala ndi moyo wautali, wamphamvu komanso kuiwalako za matenda oyipawa kwamuyaya, tengani mphindi 5 ndikuwerenga nkhaniyi.

Zikatero, mwana amatumizidwa kuti awunikenso. Ngati shuga anali 7.0 mmol / l panthawi ya mayeso achiwiri, ndiye kuti wodwalayo apezeka ndi matenda a shuga.

Njira inanso yodziwira kupezeka kwa matenda osokoneza bongo mwa mwana ndikuwunika kusala kudya kwa magazi mwana atatha kudya magalamu 75 a shuga. Mayesowo amaperekedwa patatha maola awiri mwana atamwa madzi otsekemera.

Njira zoyeserera momwe zinthu ziliri mu nkhaniyi zikhala motere.

Chizindikiro cha 7.8 - 11.1 mmol / l chikuwonetsa kuphwanya kulekerera kwa shuga.

Zotsatira zopitilira pakhomo la 11.1 mmol / L zikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa matenda osokoneza bongo. Ngati kupatuka kuzinthu wamba kuli kocheperako, wodwalayo adzapatsidwa kuyesedwa kwachiwiri, komwe kukuyenera kumalizidwa mu masabata awiri.

Chithunzi cha kuchipatala

Chithunzi chachipatala cha matenda ashuga chimawonetsedwa kawiri. Zonse zimatengera mtundu wamatenda omwe mwana akudwala. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chosowa kwambiri insulin mthupi.

Pankhani ya kuperewera kwambiri kwa insulin kwa mwana, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimawonekera:

kuchuluka kwamkodzo,
kupezeka kwa glucose wambiri mumkodzo,
kuchuluka kwa magazi
ludzu losalekeza
Kuchepetsa thupi pakudya kwamadzulo.

Mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri yomwe imawonetsera kuperewera kwa insulin ndi ketoacidosis komanso matenda a shuga.

Ngati kuchepa kwa insulini kudwala, chithunzi cha chipatala chimawoneka motere:

kusokonekera kwa ntchito ya Nyumba Yamalamulo,
kukula kwa aimpso kulephera,
kuphwanya kayendedwe ka magazi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kamvekedwe ka mtima.
zosokoneza kagayidwe,
kuwonongeka kwa ziwiya zazing'ono zaubongo.

Zolemba pamwambapa pa matenda a matendawa zimayamba pang'onopang'ono.

Protocol yoyang'anira odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga

Mwanayo akapezeka kuti wapezeka, dokotalayo amadzaza njira yomwe ikusonyeza kuti:

mtundu wa matenda ashuga
gawo la nthendayi (kubwezera kapena kuwonongeka, kapena ketosis, chikomokere),
kupezeka kwa micangiopathies yoyambitsidwa ndi matendawa,
kukhalapo kwa zovuta
Kutalika kwa matendawo (zaka),
kuphatikiza ndi matenda ena a endocrine system.

Zochizira

Chithandizo cha matenda ashuga odwala ndichichepere pamlingo wambiri ndipo chimaphatikizira izi:

chakudya
kugwiritsa ntchito jakisoni wa insulin,
zolimbitsa thupi,
kuphunzitsa mwana maluso ofunikira,
kudziwunikira kunyumba,
thandizo lamalingaliro.

Chithandizo cha zakudya ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri mndandandandawo. Popanda kukonza zakudyazo, ndizosatheka kukwaniritsa chipukuta matendawa.

Mfundo zamakono zakudya za mwana wodwala matenda ashuga ndi izi:

mulingo woyenera wa michere: chakudya - 50-60%, mafuta - 25-30%, mapuloteni - 15-20%,

kukanidwa kwathunthu kwamakanema oyatsa komanso opaka mkati,

pafupifupi mafuta athunthu achinyama,

kudya zakudya zokwanira mavitamini ndi michere yazakudya zabwino,

chakudya chamagulu (mpaka 6 pa tsiku).

Gulu la odwala matenda ashuga mwa ana

Mwachikhalidwe, zovuta zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi matenda ashuga mu ana zimatha kugawidwa pang'onopang'ono komanso mochedwa.

Mavuto a pachimake (ketoacidosis ndi chikomokere) ndizowopsa kwambiri mwachilengedwe, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amatenga maola ochepa kuti apangidwe, ndipo mwayi wakufa umakhala wokwera kwambiri.

Pa ketoacidosis, mafuta ambiri ndi matupi a ketone amadziunjikira m'mwazi, chifukwa chomwe thupi limadziyambitsa lokha.

Za kukomoka, zimatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi chifukwa cha kuchepa madzi m'thupi, kapena kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa lactic acid omwe amayamba chifukwa chaimpso.

Mavuto apambuyo pake pambuyo pa zaka 4-5 kuyambira pamene mwana wayamba kukula matenda. Poterepa, kuwonongeka kwa ntchito ya chiwalo kapena dongosolo linalake limachitika pang'onopang'ono.

Mavuto omwe amachedwa kwambiri amaphatikizapo:

retinopathy (Kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono)
angiopathy (Kuchepetsa makoma amitsempha yamagazi, kumabweretsa thrombosis kapena atherosulinosis),
polyneuropathy (kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mitsempha ya zotumphukira),
wodwala matenda ashuga (mawonekedwe a mabala ndi ma microcracks padziko phazi).

Kutsatira njira zodzitetezera kumachepetsa, ndipo nthawi zina kumalepheretsa kukula kwa zovuta zomwe zimachedwa.

Makanema okhudzana nawo

Dr. Komarovsky pa shuga ana:

Vuto lodziwitsa ana matenda ashuga mwa ana lili m'manja chifukwa chakuti odwala ochepa satha kufotokozera makolo awo momveka bwino momwe akumvera.

Zotsatira zake, matendawa nthawi zambiri amapezeka atadwala kale, mwana akamadwala. Pofuna kupewa zochitika zoterezi, makolo ayenera kuwunika momwe ana awo amakhalira ndi thanzi lawo.

Matenda a shuga. Dongosolo chandalama chaku Federal. Njira. malangizo

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of 11.09 N 582 Pa kuvomerezedwa kwa muyeso wa chithandizo chamankhwala kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga omwe amadalira insulin: http: // www. mlangizi. com / online / base /? r P, n = 404158

POPANDA KUGWIRA NTCHITO YOPHUNZITSIRA APA
Odwala ndi matenda a shuga omwe amadalira insulin

UTHENGA WABWINO KWAMBIRI NDIPONSO ZABODZA ZA RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Seputembara 11, 2007
N 582

Malinga ndi Art. Mfundo Zazikulu za malamulo aku Russia
Kukakamiza kuteteza thanzi la nzika za pa Julayi 22, 1993 N 5487-1
(Mapepala a Congress of People's Depadors of the Russian Federation and the Supreme
Council of the Russian Federation, 1993, N 33, Art. 1318, Msonkhano
Lamulo la Russian Federation, 2004, N 35, Art. 3607)
Ndilamula:
1. Kuvomereza muyezo wophatikizidwa wa chithandizo chamankhwala kwa odwala omwe ali nawo
Insulin-wodwala matenda a shuga.
2. Tsimikizani kwa atsogoleri a maboma ndi maboma
Mabungwe azachipatala amagwiritsa ntchito njira yothandizira
Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga omwe amadalira insulin akamatulutsa
Kusamalira odwala.
3. Kuzindikira kukhala kosagwirizana ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo komanso
Kukula kwachitukuko cha Russian Federation ya Epulo 7, 2005 N 262
Za kuvomerezedwa kwa muyezo wa chithandizo chamankhwala kwa odwala omwe ali ndi shuga
Matenda a shuga
4. Lamuloli lidzayamba kugwira ntchito pa Januware 1, 2008.

Wachiwiri kwa Nduna
V. STARODUBOV
Seputembara 11, 2007
N 582

ZINASINTHA
Dongosolo la Utumiki
Zaumoyo ndi zamagulu
chitukuko cha Russian Federation
Seputembara 11, 2007
N 582

STANDARD
MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA ATHANDIZO KWA AMAKHALA NDI INSULIN-KULIMA
ZOPHUNZITSA ZA SUGAR

1. Wodwala wodwala
Gulu la zaka: ana, akulu
Fomu la Nosological: matenda a shuga ogwirizana ndi insulin
Khodi ya ICD-10: E10.0
Gawo: Zosatha
Gawo: magawo onse
Zovuta: palibe zovuta
Migwirizano yotumizira: chisamaliro chapadera

1.2. 365 masiku mankhwala

———————————
1 Gulu la anatomical-achire.
2 Akuyerekeza tsiku lililonse mlingo.
3 Maphunziro ofanana.
4 Mankhwala amaperekedwa mwa kukhazikitsidwa
Konzani molingana ndi Mndandanda wamankhwala omwe agawidwa
Malinga ndi malangizo a dotolo (paramedic) ndi kuperekanso kwaulere
Thandizo lachipatala ku magulu ena a nzika okhala
Kulandila chithandizo chaboma.

Zinthu Zachipatala

———————————
* Zimaperekedwa kamodzi posakhalako cholembera
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa insulini ndikusintha nthawi 1 mu zaka 2.

Matenda a shuga

Lero, monga gawo la World Day for the Right of Persons of Disvers, a sementiar yophunzirira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda ashuga, pomwe akatswiri amalankhula za njira zamakono zochizira ndi kupewa zovuta za matendawa, momwe angachepetse zovuta za matenda pa moyo wabwino matenda ashuga. Aliyense amatha kuonana ndi endocrinologists. Chochitikachi chachitika ndi a DIAGETIC MOVURE TOGETHER kwa zaka zingapo mothandizidwa ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo ndi Unduna wa Zachikhalidwe Pagawo la Chelyabinsk ndi cholinga chothandizira chidziwitso, chikhalidwe ndi malamulo kwa anthu olumala.

"M'zaka zaposachedwa, matenda ashuga a II akufalikira kwambiri mwa achinyamata ngakhalenso ana," atero a Valeria Tyulganova, wamkulu wa endocrinologist ku Unduna wa Zaumoyo wa Chelyabinsk Region. - Ichi ndi matenda omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu: ana omwe makolo awo akudwala matenda amtundu wa 2 ali ndi chiwopsezo chotenga 40% choti nawonso atenga matenda omwewo. Kuphatikiza apo, kunenepa kwambiri pazaka zilizonse kumawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi matendawa; Chinanso chomwe chikukhudza kuyambika kwa matenda ashuga ndi masewera ochepa.

Akatswiri a Chelyabinsk Regional Center for Medical Prevention anayesa kuthamanga kwa magazi kwa aliyense, anafunsidwa kuti afufuze kuchuluka kwa shuga, kulandira malingaliro mwa memos ndi timapepala. Alendo adalandiranso zokambirana ndi akatswiri a Unduna wa Zachuma pa Chigawo cha Chelyabinsk pankhani zothandizana ndi anthu ovomerezeka ndi ovomerezeka.

G. Chelyabinsk, St. Vorovsky 70, nyumba 1

Karaganda State Medical University

Dipatimenti ya Matenda a Ana №2

Malangizo azolimbitsa thupi

Zapamwamba: Mtundu woyamba wa shuga wa ana.

Chilango: hematology ya ana ndi endocrinology

Mankhwala apadera a 051301 General

Wolemba Pulofesa Wothandizira, Dipatimenti ya Matenda a Ana Na. 2, Ph.D. Dyusenova S. B.

Karaganda 2011

Adakambirana ndikuvomerezedwa pamsonkhano wa Department of matenda a Ana No. 2

Mphindi Nambala 1 kuyambira 08/26
Mutu wa Dipatimenti, Doctor of Medical Science Pulofesa _______ B.T. Tukbekova

^ Mutu: Matenda a shuga mwa ana a mtundu 1.

Cholinga mapangidwe a chidziwitso cha ophunzira, maluso pakuzindikira, kusiyanitsa matenda a ana.

... Zolinga zophunzirira: kuphatikiza chidziwitso ndi luso pa mawonetsedwe azachipatala, zoyambira zakuzindikira, kuzindikira matenda ndi chithandizo.

A) Sonkhanitsani bwino deta ndikuyesa mbiri, pezani zoopsa

B) kuyezetsa zamankhwala, kuzindikira zizindikiro za matenda, kulembera dongosolo la mayeso ndi kulandira chithandizo, lembani malangizo

C) kuwunika njira zowerengera zasayansi, zamankhwala ndi zothandizira.

D) kuti mumvetsetse pamaziko a kafukufukuyu.

D) khalani ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.

E) khazikitsani bwino matendawa molingana ndi gulu.

G) lembani dongosolo loyesera zamankhwala.

^ Mafunso ofunikira okambirana

1. Type I shuga mellitus, tanthauzo, etiology. Udindo wa chibadwidwe, matenda a ma virus, vuto la autoimmune, zotupa zina za kapamba (kapamba, zotupa, hemochromatosis) pakukula kwa IDDM.

2. Lingaliro la kubwezeredwa, kubwezera, kuchotsedwa. Kuzindikira matenda ashuga ndi zovuta zake. Quititative komanso kuchuluka kwa shuga mu mkodzo. Kutsimikiza kwa acetone mu mkodzo, shuga. Mbiri ya Glycemic.

3. Chithandizo cha matenda ashuga, chithandizo cha zakudya, mankhwala a insulin. Zisonyezero zoika insulin.Kukonzekera mwachidule, kwapakatikati, kukonza insulin. Njira ya mankhwala a insulin, kusankha mankhwala. Syndrome "mbandakucha" ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo a insulin. Thupi lawo siligwirizana kukonzekera insulin. Kugulitsa maselo a Beta. Maphunziro oleza mtima, kudziletsa.

4. Zizindikiro, contraindication, zovuta ndi kupewa. Kuphatikiza mankhwala kwa odwala omwe ali ndi sulfonamides ndi biguanides, komanso kuphatikiza kwa am'magazi a hypoglycemic omwe ali ndi insulin. Mfundo zochizira zovuta za matenda ashuga. VTEK yokhala ndi matenda ashuga komanso zovuta zake. Zoyeserera zamankhwala.

^ Njira zophunzitsira ndi kuphunzitsa: kufufuza kwapakamwa, kuyesa, kusanthula odala odwala, ntchito m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, kukambirana, zopereka, mayankho

I. Kwakukulu 1.Children's matenda a CD a CD. Adasinthidwa ndi A. A. Baranov. Kusintha kwachiwiri kudakonzedwa ndikuwonjezeredwa. - M. 2009. - 1008 p.

Endocrinology: buku lolemba. Adasinthidwa ndi Dedov I.I. Melnichenko G.A. Fadeev V.V. 2nd edition, kusinthidwa ndikuwonjezera. - M. 2009 .-- 432 p.

1. Metabolic syndrome mwa ana ndi achinyamata / ed. L.V. Kozlova. - M. - 2008 .-- 96 s.

2. Endocrinology. Malangizo azachipatala / osinthidwa ndi I. I. Dedov, G. A. Melnichenko. - M. 2008 .-- 300 p.

Kuzindikira ndi chithandizo cha endocrinology. Njira yovuta / kumasulira kuchokera ku Chingerezi. yasinthidwa ndi V.V. Fadeev, G.A. Melnichenko. - M. 2010 .-- 288 p.

Umboni Wofotokoza Endocrinology: Upangiri wa Madokotala / Per. kuchokera ku Chingerezi pansi pa kusintha kwa L. Ya. Rozhinskaya. - M., 2008. - 640 s.

Mkrtumyan A. M. Nelaeva A. A. Emergency endocrinology: kalozera / womasulira. kuchokera ku Chingerezi Kutulutsa kwachiwiri. - M., 2008. - 128 p.

Tsybulnik E.K. Zovuta zowopsa mu ana. Thandizo lakuchipatala. - M. - 2007. - 224 tsa.

Ma labotale komanso othandiza ntchito zamagulu a ana / ed. R.V. Nildiyarova. - M. 2008 .-- 192 p.

1. Refractory albinuria odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo - 1, chizindikiro cha labotale chowonongeka

C) mtima dongosolo

D) mtima

E) dongosolo lamanjenje lamkati
2. Mlingo wa kusala kudya kwa glycemia komanso kusowa kwa madandaulo a hypoglycemic ndi odwala

E) kuyambiranso
3. Kukhalapo kwa kutengera kwa chibadwa komanso njira yogwira ya autoimmune ndi chizindikiro cha matenda otsatirawa

A) matenda ashuga

B) aimpso tubular acidosis

C) matenda a shuga

E) autoimmune chithokomiro

E) Matenda a Itsenko-Cushing
4. Tchulani mahomoni omwe si mahomoni olimbana ndi mahomoni.

B) mahomoni ogonana

D) zonsezi pamwambapa

E) palibe yankho lolondola
5.Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa glucose koyeserera kwa glucose

E) 1.25 g / kg
6. Wodwala wazaka 15, akudwala matenda a shuga kuyambira zaka 8. Pa fundus, kukulitsa kwa mitsempha mu macula, kuthambalala kwa mandala. Dziwani zovuta za matenda ashuga.

A) matenda ashuga retinopathy

B) matenda ashuga nephropathy

D) insulin

E) Matenda a Moriak

Nkhani zofananira:

Malangizo munjira yoyenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi Mutu: Matenda a shuga ndi maso
Njira zophunzitsira ndi kuphunzitsa: Kuyeseza (kukambirana za zolemba pamutu wamakalasi, kuthetsa mavuto amalo), kusewera.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga a mellitus (osadalira insulini)
Mtundu 2 wa matenda a shuga a mellitus insulin-Independent (matenda a shuga a 2) ndi matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa insulin.

Mutu wankhani: “Matenda a shuga mwa ana a 1. Kusiyanitsa mitundu. Chithandizo
Cholinga: kudziwa bwino za kupezeka kwa matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba, mawonetsedwe azachipatala, zoyambira zakuzindikira.

Upangiri wa momwe mungachitire masewera olimbitsa thupi Mutu: Kusokonekera.
Cholinga: Kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa komanso njira za matenda a carbohydrate metabolism. Kuti muwerenge zomwe zimayambitsa, njira ndi mawonekedwe ena ophwanya.

Malangizo oyenera a maphunziro apaderadera: 051301 "General mankhwala"
Mutu: Hypo - ndi hyperglycemia syndrome. Etiopathogenesis, gulu, matenda, chipatala, zovuta za mtundu woyamba wa shuga mwa ana.

Malangizo oyambira m'makalasi othandiza Mutu: Phunziro lomaliza pa gawo (2)
Cholinga: kuyerekezera chidziwitso cha ophunzira pa mfundo ndi njira za zakudya zochizira matenda a impso ndi kwamikodzo dongosolo, matenda.

Malangizo oyenera amakalasi othandiza Mutu: Phunziro lomaliza mu gawo (3)
Zolinga zophunzirira: kudziwa zambiri za mfundo ndi njira za zakudya zochizira matenda a impso ndi kwamikodzo dongosolo, matenda.

Zapamwamba: Matenda a shuga Matenda a matenda ashuga
Matenda a shuga mellitus (shuga). Kugwirizana kwa nkhaniyi, zochitika za miliri, etiology ndi pathogeneis, mawonetseredwe akulu azachipatala

Malangizo munjira yoyenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi Mutu: Zovuta zoyambirira.
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