Kodi ntchito za cholesterol m'thupi la munthu ndi ziti?

Ichi ndi chinthu chapadera cha waxy, chomwe chili ndi kapangidwe kake, katundu ndi kapangidwe kake. Zimatanthauzanso ma steroid, chifukwa mawonekedwe a ma cyclic amapezeka mu kapangidwe kake. Makulidwe a cholesterol omwe adalembedwa motere: Munthawi yoyenera, mu mawonekedwe oyeretsedwa, ndi chinthu chokhala ndi makhiristo ang'onoang'ono. Malo awo osungunuka ali pafupifupi 149 ° C. Ndiwonjezeranso kutentha, amawiritsa (pafupifupi 300 ° C).

Cholesterol imangopezeka mu nyama zokha, koma sizomera. Mthupi la munthu, cholesterol imapezeka m'chiwindi, mu msana ndi muubongo, ma adrenal gland, glands, gululi, ndi gawo limodzi la michere pafupifupi maselo onse. Cholesterol yambiri imapezeka mkaka wa m'mawere. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zilizonse m'thupi lathu ndi pafupifupi 350 g, pomwe 90% ili m'matupi ndi 10% m'magazi (mwanjira ya esters okhala ndi mafuta acids). Cholesterol imakhala ndi zoposa 8% ya zinthu zochuluka za ubongo.

Ambiri mwa cholesterol amapangidwa ndi thupi lokha (amkati cholesterol), yochepa kwambiri yomwe imachokera ku chakudya (cholesterol chakunja). Pafupifupi 80% ya chinthuchi imapangidwa m'chiwindi, mafuta ena onse amapangidwa khoma la matumbo ang'ono ndi ziwalo zina.

Popanda cholesterol, magwiridwe antchito a ziwalo zofunika kwambiri zama thupi ndi machitidwe athupi athu ndizosatheka. Ndi gawo lamatumbo am'magawo, kuwapatsa mphamvu ndikuwongolera kupezeka kwawo, komanso kukopa ntchito ya michere ya nembanemba.

Ntchito yotsatira ya cholesterol ndikutenga nawo gawo kwa kagayidwe kachakudya, kupanga ma asidi a bile ofunikira kwa emulsization ndi kuyamwa kwa mafuta m'matumbo ang'ono, komanso mahomoni osiyanasiyana a steroid, kuphatikizapo kugonana. Pogwira mwachindunji cholesterol, thupi limatulutsa vitamini D (yomwe imagwira ntchito kwambiri mu calcium ndi phosphorous), mahomoni a adrenal (cortisol, cortisone, aldosterone), mahomoni ogonana achimuna (estrogen ndi progesterone), testosterone yamamuna.

Chifukwa chake, zakudya zopanda mafuta a cholesterol ndizovulanso chifukwa kuyang'anira kwakanthawi nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa mawonekedwe a kugonana (onse kwa amuna ndi akazi).

Kuphatikiza apo, cholesterol ndiyofunikira pakuchita bwino kwaubongo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri, cholesterol imakhudza mwachindunji maluso a munthu, chifukwa zimatenga gawo pakapangidwe ndi ma neurons aubongo a ma synapses atsopano omwe amapatsa mphamvu yogwira minofu yamanjenje.

Ngakhale cholesterol ya "LDL" yoyipa "ndiyofunikira m'thupi lathu, chifukwa imagwira ntchito machitidwe a chitetezo cha mthupi, kuphatikizapo chitetezo ku khansa. Ndi lipioproteins yotsika kwambiri yomwe imatha kupangitsa mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana ndi poizoni omwe amalowa m'magazi. Chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwamafuta m'zakudya ndizovulaza monga zochuluka zawo. Thanzi liyenera kukhala lokhazikika, loyenera komanso lokwaniritsa zosowa za thupi, kutengera momwe mukukhalira, zochitika zolimbitsa thupi, mawonekedwe a munthu, jenda ndi zaka.

11. Lipoproteins (lipoproteins) - kalasi ya mapuloteni ovuta. Chifukwa chake, popanga lipoproteins akhoza kukhala mafuta acids, mafuta osaloleka, phospholipids, cholesterides. Lipoproteins ndi ma protein okhala ndi mapuloteni (apolipoproteins, chidule cha apo-LP) ndi lipids, kulumikizana komwe kumachitika kudzera mu hydrophobic ndi electrostatic mogwirizana. Lipoproteins amagawidwa mwaulere, kapena madzi sungunuka (lipoproteins yamagazi am'madzi, mkaka, etc.), ndi insoluble, otchedwa. kapangidwe (lipoproteins of cell membranes, myelin pachimake cha mitsempha, chloroplasts chomera). Pakati pa lipoprotein yaulere (amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu ponyamula ndi kagayidwe ka lipids), omwe amaphunziridwa kwambiri ndi ma lipoprotein a plasma, omwe amadziwika ndi kupindika kwawo. Ma lipid omwe amakhala okwera mkati mwawo, amachepetsa kachulukidwe ka lipoproteins. Siyanitsani lipoproteins ya otsika kwambiri (VLDL), otsika kachulukidwe (LDL), mkulu kachulukidwe (HDL) ndi chylomicrons. Gulu lirilonse la lipoproteins ndilopambana kwambiri mu tinthu tating'ono (tating'ono kwambiri ndi ma chylomicrons) komanso zomwe zili-lipoprotein mmenemo. Magulu onse a ma lipoprotein a plasma ali ndi ma polids komanso nonpolar lipids mosiyanasiyana.

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

Cholesterol mayendedwe kuchokera zotumphukira zimakhala kwa chiwindi

Kapangidwe ka cholesterol, udindo wake wachilengedwe

Omasuliridwa kuchokera ku cholesterol yakale yachi Greek amatanthauza "bile yolimba." Ndi phata lomwe limapangidwa ndikupanga maselo a chamoyo chilichonse, kupatula pazomera, bowa ndi ma prokaryotes (maselo omwe alibe maukono).

Zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cholesterol ikhale yovuta. Mu thupi la munthu, imagwira ntchito zambiri, kuphwanya komwe kumabweretsa kusintha kwa thanzi.

Amatenga nawo gawo la masanjidwe am'manja, kuwapatsa kulimba ndi kusasinthika.
Amakhala ndi kusankha minyewa kupezeka.
Zimatenga nawo gawo pakuphatikizika kwa mahomoni monga estrogens ndi corticoids.
Zimakhudza kupanga vitamini D ndi ma asidi a bile.

Chodabwitsa cha cholesterol ndikuti mawonekedwe ake osadetseka samatha madzi. Chifukwa chake, poyendetsa kayendedwe kazinthu zoyendayenda, makina apadera a "mayendedwe" amagwiritsidwa ntchito - lipoproteins.

Kuphatikizika ndi phwando lakunja

Pamodzi ndi triglycerides ndi phospholipids, cholesterol ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yayikulu yamafuta mthupi. Ndi mowa wachilengedwe wa lipophilic. Pafupifupi 50% ya cholesterol imapangidwa tsiku lililonse m'chiwindi cha munthu, 30% ya mapangidwe ake amapezeka m'matumbo ndi impso, 20% yotsala imachokera kunja - ndi chakudya. Kupanga kwa chinthuchi kumachitika chifukwa chazovuta kwambiri zomwe zimatha kusiyanitsa magawo asanu ndi limodzi:

Kupanga mevalonate. Zomwe zimachitika ndi kuphwanya shuga m'magamu awiri, pambuyo pake zimachitika ndi mankhwala acetoacetyltransferase. Zotsatira za gawo loyamba ndikupangidwa kwa mevolanate.
Kupeza isopentenyl diphosphate kumachitika mwa kuwonjezera zotsalira zitatu za phosphate pazotsatira zomwe zachitika. Kenako decarboxylation ndi kusowa kwamadzi kumachitika.
Pamene mamolekyu atatu a isopentenyl diphosphate akaphatikizidwa, farnesyl diphosphate imapangidwa.
Pambuyo pophatikiza zotsalira ziwiri za farnesyl diphosphate, squalene amapangidwa.
Chifukwa cha njira yovuta yophatikizira squalene yotsogola, lanosterol imapangidwa.
Pa gawo lomaliza, kuphatikiza cholesterol kumachitika.

Biochemistry imatsimikizira mbali yofunika yachilengedwe ya cholesterol. Njirayi imayendetsedwa bwino ndi thupi la munthu pofuna kupewa kuchulukana kapena kuchepa kwa chinthu chofunikira ichi. Dongosolo la puloteni ya chiwindi limatha kupititsa patsogolo kapena kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono mphamvu ya lipid metabolism yomwe imapangitsa kaphatikizidwe wamafuta acid, phospholipids, cholesterol, etc. Pofotokoza za chilengedwe, ntchito ndi kagayidwe ka cholesterol, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti pafupifupi makumi awiri mwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwake kumalowa ndi chakudya. Imapezeka pamitengo yambiri yazinyama. Atsogoleriwo amapanga mazira, mazira osuta, batala ndi ghee, chiwindi cha tsekwe, phala la chiwindi, impso. Mwa kuchepetsa kudya kwanu zakudya izi, mutha kutsitsa cholesterol yanu kuchokera kunja.

Kapangidwe kazinthu kamene kamapangidwa kameneka chifukwa cha kagayidwe kake sikangathe kugawidwa mu CO₂ ndi madzi. Pankhaniyi, cholesterol yambiri imachotsedwa mu mawonekedwe a bile acid, ena onse ndi ndowe komanso osasinthika.

Cholesterol chabwino komanso choyipa

Vutoli limapezeka mu minyewa yambiri komanso maselo amthupi la munthu, chifukwa cha cholesterol udindo wake. Imagwira ngati kusintha kwa maselo ambiri, ndikuwapatsa mphamvu, potero kumapangitsa kutsekeka kwa membrane wa plasma. Pambuyo pakuphatikizika kwa chiwindi, cholesterol imayenera kuperekedwa ku maselo a thupi lonse. Mayendedwe ake amachitika ngati mbali imodzi yosungunuka bwino yotchedwa lipoproteins.

Izi ndi mitundu itatu:

High density lipoproteins (mkulu maselo kulemera).
Lowensens lipoproteins (otsika maselo kulemera).
Osachepera kwambiri osachulukitsa lipoprotein (otsika kwambiri maselo).
Chylomicrons.

Mitundu iyi imakhala ndi chizolowezi choyambitsa cholesterol. Ubwenzi wakhazikitsidwa pakati pa lipoproteins zamagazi ndi thanzi la munthu. Anthu omwe anali ndi milingo yayikulu ya LDL anali ndi kusintha kwa atherosulinotic mu ziwiya zawo. Komanso, kwa iwo omwe ali ndi HDL yayikulu m'magazi awo, thupi lathanzi linali labwino. Chowonadi chake ndi chakuti osunthira otsika kwambiri amakhala ndi vuto la kuthamanga kwa cholesterol, yomwe imakhala pamakoma amitsempha yamagazi. Chifukwa chake, amatchedwa "oyipa." Kumbali inayi, mapangidwe olemera kwambiri a maselo, okhala ndi mphamvu yambiri ya solubility, si atherogenic, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "abwino."

Popeza ofunika kwambiri kwachilesterol, kuchuluka kwake m'magazi kuyenera kukhala kovomerezeka:

mwa amayi, izi zimasiyana kuyambira 1.92 mpaka 4.51 mmol / L.
mwa amuna, kuyambira 2.25 mpaka 4.82 mmol / l.

Komanso, mulingo wa cholesterol wa LDL uyenera kukhala wochepera 3-3.35 mmol / L, HDL - wopitilira 1 mmol / L, triglycerides - 1 mmol / L. Amawerengedwa ngati chizindikiro chabwino ngati kuchuluka kwa lipoprotein okwanira 20% ya cholesterol yonse. Kupatuka, mmwamba ndi pansi, kumawonetsa mavuto azaumoyo ndipo kumafunikanso kuyesedwa.

Udindo wa cholesterol m'thupi

Mu thupi, cholesterol imagwira ntchito zotsatirazi:

Kupanga - ndi gawo la membrane wa maselo onse.
Regulatory - imakhudzidwa ndi biosynthesis yamahomoni, ma asidi a bile, mavitamini.

Cholesterol imasunthira mu bedi lamitsempha monga gawo la zovuta ndi mapuloteni onyamula - lipoproteins. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mamolekyulu amenewa - LDL ndi HDL, lipoprotein otsika komanso okwera, motsatana.

Zizindikiro

Kusanthula kumakhazikitsa cholesterol yonse, kuchuluka konse:

Maofesi a HLPNP ndi HLPVP,
triglycerides (mafuta awa osungunuka a plasma amatsimikiziridwa pamodzi ndi lipoproteins m'chigawo chimodzi).

Kuphatikizidwa kwa kuchuluka kwambiri kwa triglycerides ndi CLLP kukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol "yoyipa", yomwe imayambitsa mapangidwe a formative mu kama wamitsempha.
HLPVP imadziwika kuti "cholesterol" wabwino ". Kuyika kwake kwambiri kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima (CVD) - mu HDL + cholesterol tata, thupi limachotsa mopitirira muyeso, ndikumayendetsa chinthucho ku chiwindi kuti chiwonongeke.

Makhalidwe, mg / ml:

Kutanthauzira ndi kufotokozera: Andrey Verenich, dokotala wa zakuthambo.

Zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa cholesterol yamagazi

Kuchulukitsa zomwe zili mu cholesterol "choyipa" m'magazi kumatchedwa hypercholesterolemia. Zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima. Polankhula pazifukwa zakuchulukira kwa cholesterol m'magazi, angapo amatha kusiyanitsidwa:

kusintha kwa chibadwa,
kuphwanya ntchito ndi ntchito ya chiwindi - wamkulu wopanga lipophilic mowa,
kusintha kwa mahomoni
zopsinjika pafupipafupi
kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi (kudya zakudya zamafuta a nyama),
kagayidwe kachakudya matenda (kagayidwe kazakudya zam'mimba),
kusuta
kumangokhala.

Kuopsa kwa cholesterol yowonjezera mthupi

Hypercholesterolemia imathandizira kukulitsa kwa atherosulinosis (kupanga mapangidwe a sclerotic pamakoma amitsempha yamagazi), matenda a mtima, matenda a shuga, ndikupanga ma gallstones. Chifukwa chake, gawo lofunikira pakubadwa kwachilengedwe ndi chiwopsezo cha kusintha kwamankhwala a cholesterol amwazi zimawonekera pakusintha kwachilengedwe.

Kuti mupewe zotsatira zosasangalatsa zowonjezera kuchuluka kwa cholesterol "yoyipa", ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kukula kwa LDL ndi VLDL.

Aliyense angathe kuchita izi, ndikofunikira:

kuchepetsa kudya mafuta
onjezani zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba muzakudya,
kuwonjezera zolimbitsa thupi
kupatula kusuta

Kutengera ndi malamulowa, chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha cholesterol yamagazi chimachepetsedwa kangapo.

Kuchuluka kwa kolesteroli wotsika kwambiri m'magazi - chitetezo ku khansa ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi matenda

Anatero Pulofesa Uffe Ravnskov, wolemba buku la Myths on Cholesterol, lofalitsidwa m'zilankhulo zingapo. Wasayansiyi adagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa cholesterol pafupifupi zaka 20 za moyo wake ndipo adasindikiza mapepala oposa asayansi opitilira 8 pamutuwu. Kafukufuku wazinyama a asayansi aku Germany ndi ku Denmark awonetsa kuti cholesterol imateteza thupi ku matenda. Makoswe adalowetsedwa ndi chinthu chakupha, chopangidwa chofunikira kwambiri cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pambuyo pake, nyama zoyesera zinafa nthawi yomweyo. Ngati, atatha kuyambitsa poizoni mu nyama, cholesterol yoyeretsa ya anthu idayamwa (ndi cholesterol "yoipa" - lowensens lipoproteins kapena LDL), ambiri a iwo adapulumuka. Kafukufuku wambiri wa anthu awonetsanso kuti cholesterol yayikulu imachepetsa kwambiri kutenga matenda opatsirana. Mphamvu za antioxidant za chinthu chonga mafuta zimateteza thupi ku khansa.

Cholesterol - chida chomanga cha mahomoni, mavitamini ndi maselo

Ntchito za cholesterol m'thupi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe. Kupatula apo, ndizomwe zimachokera pazinthu izi kuti zipolopolo za maselo onse zimapangidwa (mamolekyulu a cholesterol amapanga zoposa 95% ya kapangidwe kazomwe zimapangira maselo ndikuwapatsa mphamvu yofunikira), mizere yoyendera pakati pa maselo, mahomoni ogonana ndi mahomoni a adrenal, vitamini D, bile acid. Ma sheelin sheels a ma cell aubongo ndi chingwe cha msana, omwe amalekanitsa ulusi wamanjenje wina ndi mzake, 22% amapangidwa ndi chinthu chonga mafuta. Akatswiri achi Dutch adafalitsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wosangalatsa mu magazini ya Neurobiolgy of Aging. Kwa zaka 6 adawona odwala 1200 opitilira zaka 65 ndipo adapeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi LDL yotsika amatsata zomwe amalandila pang'onopang'ono, amachepetsa m'maganizo. Mwa ana, kuchepa kwa zinthu ngati mafuta kumabweretsa kudwala mu kukula kwamaganizidwe ndi kukula.

"Choipa" cholesterol chimathandizira kuyamwa kwa vitamini K

Ena amva kuti phylloquinone imakhudzanso kukonzanso mafupa. Phylloquinone imalowetsedwa ndi maselo omanga mafupa kuchokera ku mafupa am'mafuta kuchokera ku mafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, kubwerera kwa Vitamini kumathandiza kwambiri mu LDL kuposa HDL kapena mafuta, momwe mulibe cholesterol esters (triglycerides). Ndiye kuti, phylloquinone, yokhazikika mu cholesterol "yoyipa", imapangidwa bwino ndi maselo. Chifukwa chake ndi LDL yokwanira, kufunikira kwa thupi kwa vitamini K ndikukwaniritsidwa kwathunthu, ndipo palibe chifukwa chokwanira chowonjezera ndi izi, ndipo pali njira zowonekeratu zothanirana ndi minofu yamafupa.

Cholesterol ndiyofunikira pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa maselo a serotonin mu ubongo.

Ntchito zina za cholesterol zimathandizira munthu kuti athetse kupsinjika ndi kupsinjika. Chifukwa chake, chinthu chokhala ngati mafuta ndichofunikira kuti magwiridwe antchito am'mitsempha amathandizidwe ndi serotonin mu ubongo.Serotonin amatchedwa mahomoni achisangalalo. Kupezeka kwake m'magazi kumawonjezera kusinthika kwa munthu, ndipo kuchepa, m'malo mwake, kumawonetsedwa ndi kutopa msanga, kupweteka kwapang'onopang'ono, komanso kukula kwa kukhumudwa. Zidadziwika kuti ndi cholesterol yotsika, kupsa mtima kwa odwala, komanso chizolowezi chawo chofuna kudzipha komanso kukhumudwa, zidachuluka ndi 40%. Anthu otere ndiwowonjezereka kuti 30 angatenge ngozi.

Cholesterol imateteza ku matenda a mtima

Katswiri wa Yale University (USA) Dr. Harlan Krumholz ndi anzawo adachita kafukufuku wazaka zinayi za akazi ndi akazi achikulire okwanira 1000 ndipo adati anthu omwe ali ndi cholesterol yotsika ndiwomwe angadwalidwe ndi vuto la mtima kuposa ndi mkulu. Kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti anthu achikulire omwe ali ndi mafuta ambiri okhala ndi zinthu zamafuta m'magazi amakhala ndi moyo wautali kuposa wotsika.

Mpaka pano, pali umboni wambiri kuti cholesterol imadziunjikira m'madzi owonongeka okha. Cholinga chake ndikukutula zikuluzikulu ndi ming'alu zopangidwa ndi mphamvu ya bakiteriya, kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi, kuwonetsa ma radicals aulere ndi zina. Asayansi ambiri amavomereza: sikofunikira kuchotsa thupi la cholesterol, koma kuwunika thanzi la mitsempha yamagazi, kupewa kuwonongeka kwawo.

Wothandizira wodalirika pankhaniyi adzakhala bioflavonoid wa ku larch wa ku Siberia - dihydroquercetin. Katundu wapadera samangolimbitsa makhoma amitsempha yamagazi, kuwapangitsa kuti akhale ochulukirapo, komanso amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, ndi antioxidant wamphamvu (chitetezo pamiyeso yaulere), amalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa makoma a cell, kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mitsempha yamagazi ndi mitsempha yamagazi. Masiku ano, pamashelefu am'magazi mungapeze mankhwala ozikidwa pa zinthu zachilengedwe.

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Njira zochepetsera

Zomwe zimafotokozera za kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi ndi kufunika kwake kutsika kwake zimapangidwa ndi akatswiri azachipatala potengera zotsatira zakuwunika. Kudzipatsa mankhwala panokha kungakhale koopsa.

Ndi cholesterol yokwezeka kwambiri, njira zambiri zoteteza thupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achepetse:

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala (ma statins).
Kutsatira ndi moyo wathanzi (zakudya zoyenera, kadyedwe, masewera olimbitsa thupi, kusuta, kusuta komanso kupuma nthawi zonse).

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti pomaliza: kapangidwe kake ndi kachilengedwe wa cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia ndi zotsatira zake zimatsimikizira kufunikira kwa anthu chifukwa cha chinthu ichi komanso njira zonse zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi izi. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kukhala ndi udindo pazinthu zomwe zingakhudze kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'thupi.

Kodi cholesterol ndi cholesterol ndi chiyani?

C cholesterol yathunthu ndi chinthu chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe ka mafuta m'thupi la munthu, pomwe 80% yazinthu izi zimapangidwa ndi maselo a chiwindi ndi matumbo. Kachipangizoka kanapezedwa koyamba ndikufotokozedwa ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku France Pouletier pakati pa zaka za XVIII pomwe anali kuphunzira za miyala yomwe imapangidwa mkati mwa ndulu mwa anthu ndi nyama zapakhomo.

Dongo loyera, mpaka pano lomwe silikudziwika, pambuyo pake linatha kuchotsedwa mwa mawonekedwe ake okha ndi Antoine Fourcoy, yemwenso anali wasayansi waku France, patatha zaka makumi awiri. Kupitilira apo, chifukwa cha ntchito ya wophunzira wina waku France Michel Chevreul, organic computesi ija imatchedwa cholesterol. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti cholesterol yathunthu ndi cholesterol yathunthu ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana.

M'malo mwake, awa ndi mayina osiyanasiyana amomwewo, omwe amatanthauza "bile yolimba" m'Chigiriki. Popitilira maphunziro ena, zidapezeka kuti cholesterol ilibe kusungunuka m'madzi, koma imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzimadzi a organic - ma alcohols ndi ether.

Pulogalamu imafanana ndi mafuta a organic, ili ndi katundu wofanana ndi crystallization. Pambuyo pake zidatsimikiziridwa kuti cholesterol si mafuta, koma ndi mowa wa monohydric, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwanso cholesterol (malinga ndi chemenclature ya mankhwala).

Mowa wachiwiri wa monohydric wotchedwa cholesterol, ndipo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, cholesterol, pamikhalidwe yokhazikika, imakhala galasi yolimba, mpaka mtima wamafuta. Amayamba kusungunuka pa 149 ° C, ndipo pomwe thermometer ifika 300 ° C, madzi a cholesterol amadzimadzi.

Madzi, cholesterol imakhala yopanda kanthu, ngati muyiwonjezera mumtsuko wokhala ndi madzi, madziwo amakhala opanda mitambo ndipo opaque, ndipo yankho la colloidal limadzapanga mchombo chomwecho. Cholesterol imatha kusungunuka ndi acetone, ethyl ether, benzene ndi acetic acid.

Zokhudza mankhwala ndi ntchito za pawiri

Ponena zonse za mafuta m'thupi, munthu sangangotchulapo mankhwala omwe amapanga. Tinthu tamoyo tomwe timapezeka mumlengalenga timakhala pafupifupi chilichonse chamoyo padziko lapansi, ngakhale mu ma cell mabacteria ndi algae wobiriwira. Cholesterol imatha kumangiriza kumchere, mapuloteni, chakudya, asidi ndi ma saponins, ndikupanga ma cell atsopano.

Zochita zake zimalongosoleredwa ndi kuwala komwe kumachokera molekyulu ndikuyikidwa ndi molekyulu ina, mwachitsanzo, ma atomu a michere ndi zinthu zina zolengedwa komanso zopanda kanthu. Kusinthana kotere kumabweretsa kutembenuka kwa cholesterol kukhala estrone - estrogen yofunika m'thupi. Ntchito ya cholesterol imatengera gawo lomwe lili ndi pawiri.

Zambiri zimamangidwa m'thupi ndipo zimakhala pakati pazigawo zam'mimba ndi zamkati za lipids. Popeza magazi sangasinthe cholesterol mu mawonekedwe ake enieni, panganolo limakhudzana ndi mapuloteni omwe amalembedwa kuti apolipoprotein; poyankha ndi cholesterol, mapuloteni amenewo amangotchedwa lipoproteins.

Muli mtolo wotere kuti cholesterol imayenda ndi mtsempha wamagazi ndipo ndiyothandiza ziwalo zonse zamkati ndi minofu. Ambiri mwa cholesterol amapezeka m'chiwindi, komwe amapangidwa. Imalowetsa impso ndi mtsempha wamagazi m'mene imachokera mkodzo, ndikulowa m'matumbo kuchokera ku chakudya chogawanika.

Cholesterol imapezekanso kumitundu, gren ya adrenal, kwakukulu, komwe thupi limatulutsa timadzi ta mahomoni. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi gall zimadziwika kale kuchokera ku cholesterol, zomwe zimapezeka mumabala amkati ndi chikhodzodzo cha chikhodzodzo. Izi ndi zomwe zidathandizira kuti adziwe mwatsatanetsatane zinthu zopangidwa ndi cholesterol.

Kodi ntchito za cholesterol m'thupi la munthu ndi ziti:

kutenga nawo gawo pakupanga mahomoni ogonana - testosterone mwa amuna ndi estrogen mwa akazi. Kafukufuku watsimikizira mgwirizano wapakati pa cholesterol yotsika magazi ndi kuchepa kwapadera kwa testosterone, makamaka kwa abambo omwe amamwa mankhwala kuti achulukitse cholesterol yayikulu. Libido yawo imagwa, zitatha izi, mavuto atayamba kuwoneka,
Kupanga Vitamini D - motsogozedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, cholesterol imakhudzana ndi zinthu zina ndikuyamba kupanga kuwonjezeka kwa vitamini D. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti chitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi chitetezedwe, kuyang'anira kagayidwe ka calcium ndi phosphates, ndikuletsa njira zotupa. Vitamini D imaphatikizidwanso kuti ikhalebe yolimba kwambiri komanso yabwino kwambiri ya testosterone mwa amuna.
Kuphatikizika kwa bile acid - cholesterol imakhudzidwa mwachindunji pantchito yopanga bile, yofunikira pakuchepa kwa chakudya ndikuyenda kwa zinthu zam'mimba ndi ziwalo,
kukhalabe ndi kugwira ntchito konse kwa ubongo - ma neurons (ma cell aubongo), ndendende, mawonekedwe awo, amapangidwa kwathunthu ndi cholesterol. Izi ndizofunikira kuti apange ma neurons atsopano, kuwateteza kuti asawonongeke, alumikizane bwino komanso achititse chidwi cha mitsempha. Asayansi apeza kuti kuphatikiza kwa njira zomwe amakumbukira, kulingalira ndi malingaliro ndi olumala mwa anthu omwe ali ndi cholesterol yotsika, pomwe kulumikizana kwa ma cell komwe kumafunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi luso lomvetsetsa kumakhudzidwa,
kupewa matenda - cholesterol yochepa kwambiri m'thupi la munthu, yomwe imayamba kugwidwa ndi chimfine, kutupa ndi matenda opatsirana. Awa ndi mawu omaliza asayansi akufufuza zotsatira za cholesterol zamafuta ndi ziwalo zamkati.

Cholesterol, mwakutanthauzira, ndikofunikira kwa thupi laumunthu, popanda icho, zinthu zamoyo sizingakhalepo. Organic phatikizidwe imakhudza pafupifupi njira zonse za kagayidwe, kayendetsedwe, kugawa. Ziwalo zam'mimba mthupi lonse zimakhala ndi cholesterol, ndizomwe zimadziwika kuti zomanga, popanda maselo sangakhale ndi dongosolo lolimba.

Zomwe cholesterol imatha kukhala yovulaza

Ngati cholesterol imakhala yopindulitsa kwambiri m'thupi, ndiye chifukwa chiyani imayamba kuyikidwa pazitseko zamitsempha yamagazi ndipo nthawi zambiri imabweretsa chitukuko cha atherosulinosis? Asayansi sanapeze mgwirizano pazomwe anthu okhala ndi cholesterol yokhazikika komanso yotsika kwambiri amadwala ndi atherosulinosis, ndipo palibe mavuto ndi mitsempha yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa chinthu m'magazi.

Mwinanso, nkhaniyo ndi kubadwa kwa makolo. Pa mulingo wakubadwa, thupi lokha limayendetsa momwe kayendedwe ka cholesterol, chifukwa, momwe timakhalira ndi zakudya zomwezo, mwa anthu osiyanasiyana, magawo a phula lomwe lili m'magazi ndi osiyana. Munthu akadya chakudya chokhala ndi cholesterol, thupi limagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Kuchulukana kwakukulu komwe kumabwera ndi chakudya, cholesterol yocheperako imapangidwa ndi minyewa ya chiwindi. Komanso, ndikusowa kwa zinthu kuchokera kunja, thupi limachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yomwe imapangidwa. Koma zachilengedwe zimatha kukhala "zabwino" komanso "zoyipa." Kodi pali kusiyana kotani komanso momwe mungadziwire kuti cholesterol yomwe ili m'magazi a munthu wina ndi yoyipa - akufotokozedwanso.

Mtundu wabwino wa cholesterol

Ma lipoproteins apamwamba kwambiri, omwe amafupikitsidwa ngati HDL, amapanga cholesterol yabwino komanso yathanzi. Imasunthira khungu losauka lakutali kuchokera ku maselo kubwerera ku chiwindi, komwe limasinthidwa kukhala bile ndikusiya thupi. Chifukwa cha HDL, malo opangira ma atherosselotic samapangidwa m'matumba, ndipo magazi amayenda mokhazikika.

HDL yowonjezereka m'magazi, ndikuyenda bwino, magazi ake amakhala oyera ndipo amachepetsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda a mtima. Ngati zizindikiro za HDL pakupanga kuyesedwa kwa magazi ndizoposa 60 mg / dl, titha kunena kuti munthuyo ali ndi thanzi. Kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa lipoprotein wandiweyani, ndikofunikira kudya zakudya zoyenera, nthawi zambiri kumakhala mu mpweya watsopano, osasuta fodya komanso osamwa mowa. Ndikofunikira kusewera masewera ndikupumula kwabwino.

Cholesterol yoyipa

Kodi cholesterol yoyipa ndikuti mungamve bwanji ngati chinthu china chimaonedwa kuti ndicofunika m'thupi? Ma lipoproteins otsika kwambiri, ndiye LDL, amachititsa kuti cholesterol ilowe m'matumbo chiwindi chikamapanga kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, zophatikiza zama organic zimayikidwa mu mitsempha yomwe imalepheretsa magazi kuyenda bwino.

Amapanga kufa ndi njala kwa ziwalo zamkati ndi machitidwe, komanso ubongo, kuunikira kwa mitsempha kumayambira, ndipo zizindikiro za atherosclerosis zimawonekera. Ngati cholesterol yodutsa 100 mg / dl, muyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti muchepetse.

Lipoproteins (a)

Ma cell a allesterol alpha, monga katswiri komanso wasayansi a Steven Sinatra amawatchulira, ndiwo mtundu wachitatu wa lipoprotein. Ndiwo ambiri omwe amachititsa ngozi yokhala ndi ischemia ya mtima, kugunda kwa mtima ndi zina zomwe zili zoopsa. Mwakucheperako, ma alfa tinthu tating'onoting'ono sabweretsa mavuto, amatenga nawo gawo kuti tisunge zathanzi.

Koma pamaso pa njira zoperewera zotupa, lipoproteins (a) imasiya kukhala yopanda vuto, imatsogolera pakupanga kwa magazi ndi kuwonongeka kwa zovuta zotsatirazi. Kuwunikira kwa lipoprotein (a) sikunachitike, choncho tikulimbikitsidwa kuti wodwala yemwe ali ndi cholowa chotengera atherosulinosis apereke magazi kuti apange mayeso apadera.

Mlingo wa ma cell a alpha sayenera kupitirira 30 mg / dl, apo ayi, dokotala adzafotokozereni za mankhwala ophatikiza nicotinic acid. Mwanjira ina, ma lipoprotein otchedwa VLDL, kutanthauza kuti, kukhala ndi kachulukidwe kotsika kwambiri.

Mulingo wolumikizana

Akatswiri a Cardiologists ochokera kumabungwe ofufuza ku Japan, America, Sweden, France, Ireland, Great Britain ndi maiko ena padziko lapansi asonkhana kuti adzayang'ane zotsatira za maphunziro omwe adachitika zaka 50 zapitazi. Iwo adasanthula momwe anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni miliyoni okhala ndi cholesterol yambiri ndipo sanapeze chitsimikizo chakuti mtundu woyipa wa organic womwe umakhudza kusintha kwa mtima.

Ngati zomwe zili mu HDL m'magazi a anthu ndizambiri, izi zikuwonetsa kuyendetsa bwino kwamthupi. Ma lipoproteins oterewa amatchedwa abwino chifukwa amatha kusungunuka m'madzi, samathandizira kuti amasulire matope pamakoma ngati mafuta a cholesterol, komanso muteteze capillaries ku atherogenicity (musapangitse kukula kwa atherossteosis).

Chiwerengero chovomerezeka chamafuta m'magawo a Russia ndi mmol / l (millimol pa lita). Mutha kuyeza chizindikiro ichi mg / dl (milligram pa desilita). 1 mmol / L = 38.665 mg / dl. Kodi kuyesedwa kwa magazi kwa cholesterol kwa munthu wamkulu ndi kotani? Ngati LDL ili m'munsi mwa 2.586 mmol / L, madokotala amawona kuti ndi athanzi kwathunthu.

Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi, chizindikiro chizikhala pansi 1.81 mmol. Koma madokotala samawona zotsatira zoyesedwa. Kuchulukitsa cholesterol yoyipa mpaka 4,138 mmol / L sikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, koma ngati sikuchepetsedwa, chiwopsezo cha kupsinjika, kuchepa kwa kukumbukira, kuchepa kwa chitetezo chokwanira komanso njira zopewera zomwe zimagwira mthupi zimakula.

Chifukwa chake, zisonyezo zotere zimafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa chakudya, kuchuluka kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi, kuyenda mu mpweya wabwino ndi njira zina zochiritsira kuti zichepetse mpaka 3,362 mmol / L. Mlingo wa cholesterol ndi woposa 4.914 mmol / l ndipo sukugwa m'munsi mwa 4.138 mmol / l, akatswiri amalimbikitsa kuyambitsa mankhwala.

Odwala omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda amtima angalandire ziwonetsero zamagazi ochepa. Ndi lipoprotein zabwino zingati zomwe zimayenera kukhala m'magazi amunthu wathanzi? Madokotala samapereka manambala enieni, koma yankhani kuti zochulukirapo, ndibwino. Ngati HDL ipanga pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a zigawo zonse zomanga kolesterolo.

Pazifukwa ziti, cholesterol yamagazi imatha kuchulukitsidwa:

kusuta fodya komanso kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa.
Kunenepa kwambiri, kunenepa kwambiri,
kumangokhala
kuchuluka kwa zakudya zopezeka ndi mafuta a nyama ndi mafuta a trans, mafuta osavuta, osamwa pafupipafupi, masamba ndi zipatso, mafuta achilengedwe, mavitamini, pectins ndi zinthu zina.
Matenda a chiwindi oyambitsidwa ndi matenda a kachilombo, uchidakwa, kumwa mankhwala ena ake, kusokonekera kwa bile (cholelithiasis)
zosokoneza mu ntchito ya endocrine dongosolo - zosakwanira kupanga mahomoni ogonana, chithokomiro England kapena kupanga kwambiri insulin, mahomoni a adrenal cortex.

Kuchulukitsa kwamagazi kwa HDL nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha matenda a impso ndi chiwindi. Kusavomerezeka kotereku nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi chikhalidwe chobadwa nacho ndipo kumafunikira njira yapadera pakulandila mankhwala.