Thaumatin Sweetener

Gawo 1 Gawo 2 (zopangira zotsekemera)

Zomakoma, zachilengedwe kapena zopangidwa, ndizofunikira kwa gawo lalikulu la odwala matenda ashuga. Zofunikira zotsatirazi zimaperekedwa kwa iwo: kukoma kokoma kosangalatsa, kuvulaza, kusungunuka bwino m'madzi ndi kukana kuphika. Zokoma zimagawika m'magulu awiri: ma calorie apamwamba komanso osakhala caloric, kapena okoma achilengedwe komanso opanga. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zotsekemera zachilengedwe.

Caloric zotsekemera zonse zachilengedwe (4 kcal / g product) - zotsekemera zotsekemera, xylitol, sorbitol, fructose - ndi kutsekemera kuchokera ku mayunitsi 0,4 mpaka 2, ndikofunikira kuganizira zakudya zomwe zimapangidwa kuti muchepetse kulemera kwa thupi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Zinthu zotsekemera zachilengedwe zimatengedwa kwathunthu ndi thupi, zimatenga mbali machitidwe onse a metabolic ndipo, mwachizolowezi ndi achar, zimapatsa munthu mphamvu. Amakhala otetezeka ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mankhwala. Pakati pazokoma zachilengedwe zopanda zakudya, zotchuka kwambiri thaumatin, steviosin, neogespyridine dihydrochalcon, mzere, perylartine, glycyrrhizin, narylgin, osladin, filodulcin, Lo Han zipatso.

Shuga wachilengedwe, yemwe amapezeka mwaulere pafupifupi zipatso ndi masamba onse okoma, komanso uchi. Fructose imakhazikitsa shuga m'magazi, imalimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, imachepetsa chiopsezo cha caries ndi diathesis mwa ana ndi akulu. Ubwino wowopsa wa fructose pa shuga umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusiyana m'njira zopangira zinthu izi ndi thupi. Fructose amatanthauza chakudya chomwenso chimakhala ndi kaphokoso kakang'ono ka glycemic; kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mu chakudya sikumayambitsa kusinthasintha kwamisempha yamagazi ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuphipha kwamphamvu kwa insulini komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha shuga. Katundu wa fructose uyu ndiwofunika makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga. Mosiyana ndi zakudya zina, fructose imakwaniritsa kagayidwe kazakudya popanda kulowetsedwa ndi insulin. Amachotsedwa mwachangu komanso pafupifupi kwathunthu m'magazi, chifukwa, atatenga fructose, shuga m'magazi amakwera pang'onopang'ono komanso pang'ono kwambiri kuposa atatenga shuga wofanana. Fructose, mosiyana ndi glucose, sangathe kumasula mahomoni am'mimba omwe amalimbikitsa kutulutsa kwa insulin. Fructose imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zamagulu odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.

Zakudya za fructose zomwe zalimbikitsidwa tsiku lililonse ndi 35-45 g.Zambiri za odwala matenda ashuga: 12 g ya fructose = 1 XE.

Fructose monga cholowa mmalo shuga chimagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera ngati chakudya chamagulu padziko lonse lapansi. Fructose samasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, ndichifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuphika kwakunyumba kukonzekera zakumwa ndi mkaka, kusunga masamba ndi zipatso, popanga kuphika, kusunga, saladi zam'madzi, ayisikilimu, ndi mchere wambiri ndi zopatsa mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu. Fructose ali ndi mwayi wopatsa kununkhira kwa zipatso ndi zipatso, izi zimawonekera kwambiri mu saladi zamtchire ndi mabulosi owazidwa ndi fructose, kupanikizana, kupanikizana, timadziti.

Ubwino wopangira

Mapindu a fructose m'thupi la munthu ndiwodziwikiratu komanso amatsimikiziridwa ndi asayansi. Zakudya zomwe shuga imasinthidwa ndi fructose ndi ena mwa omwe amatchedwa zakudya zabwino, zotere:

• ma calorie otsika, osakwiyitsa makanema, okhala ndi mphamvu yokhala ndi tonic, amapangidwa bwino ndi thupi kuposa zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi shuga,
• khalani mwatsopano kwakanthawi, chifukwa fructose imatha kusunga chinyezi.

Fructose ali wotsekemera katatu kuposa glucose ndi nthawi 1.5-2.1 (pafupifupi 1.8) nthawi shuga (sucrose). Imasunganso kumwa kwa shuga wokhazikika, ndiye kuti, m'malo mwa supuni zitatu za shuga, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito supuni ziwiri zokha za fructose, mutakhala ndi zomwe zili ndi zopatsa mphamvu. Kutsekemera kwakukulu kwambiri kwa fructose kumawonetsedwa muzakudya zozizira pang'ono za asidi (mpaka madigiri 100). Mukaphika makeke a confectionery pa fructose, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kutentha kwa uvuni kuyenera kutsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi zinthu zophika ndi shuga, nthawi ya browning (kutumphuka) ndiyofupikitsa.

Fructose otsika kalori kudya ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'miyeso yaying'ono, sizithandiza kuti pakhale mafuta ochulukirapo m'thupi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwa anthu omwe akufunafuna kuti akhale ochepa kapena kuchepetsa thupi. Phatikizani mu zakudya zanu za fructose ngati mankhwala otsika kalori omwe amatha kutsatira omwe ali okongola. Amathandizanso kubwezeretsa thupi pambuyo poti watopa, nkhawa yayitali. Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya fructose pathupi la munthu, timalimbikitsidwa kwa osewera komanso anthu omwe ali ndi moyo wakhama - kugwiritsa ntchito mafinya tsiku ndi tsiku samalola kuti munthu azikhala ndi njala atatha kulimbitsa thupi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kuphatikiza pazopindulitsa kwa odwala matenda ashuga, fructose imachepetsa chiopsezo cha caries zamano ndi 35-40%, zomwe ndizofunikira pakudya kwa ana.

Kwa ana omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito fructose mu kuchuluka kosaposa 0,5 g pa kg iliyonse ya thupi patsiku. Pazakudya za akuluakulu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, kugwiritsa ntchito fructose kumalimbikitsidwa pa 0,75 g pa kilogalamu ya thupi la munthu patsiku. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi matenda amtima.

Fructose amalimbikitsidwa ndi Nutrition Research Institute of Russian Academy of Medical Science ngati cholowa m'malo ndi shuga.

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kufunikira kwa fructose kwa anthu athanzi pakuwonetsa mphamvu ya tonic, komanso kwa anthu omwe amachita zolimbitsa thupi kwambiri. Mutatha kudya fructose mukamachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kuchepa kwa minofu ya glycogen (gwero lamphamvu la thupi) ndi theka poyerekeza ndi shuga. Chifukwa chake, zinthu za fructose ndizodziwika kwambiri pakati pa othamanga, oyendetsa magalimoto, etc. Ubwino wina wa fructose: imathandizira kusweka kwa mowa m'magazi.

Sorbitol (E420)

Sorbitol (E420) Ali ndi kutsekemera kwathunthu kwa 0,5 sucrose. Sumuyi yachilengedweyi imapezeka kuchokera ku maapulo, ma apulo ndi zipatso zina, koma zambiri zimapezeka phulusa lamapiri. Ku Europe, sorbitol pang'onopang'ono ikupita kuposa zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa odwala matenda ashuga - kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kofala kumalimbikitsidwa komanso kulimbikitsidwa ndi madokotala. Ndi bwino mlingo wa 30 g patsiku, ali antiketogenic, choleretic kwenikweni. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti amathandizira thupi kuchepetsa kumwa kwamavitamini B1 B6 ndi biotin, komanso amathandizanso kukonza microflora yamatumbo yomwe imapanga mavitamini awa. Ndipo popeza chakumwa chokoma ichi chimatha kutulutsa chinyezi kuchokera kumlengalenga, chakudya chokhazikitsidwa chimakhala chatsopano kwa nthawi yayitali. Koma ndi 52% caloric kuposa shuga, kotero sorbitol sioyenera kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuchepa thupi. Zambiri, zimatha kuyambitsa mavuto: kuphuka, nseru, kukhumudwa m'mimba, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa lactic acid m'magazi.

Xylitol (967)

Sorbitol sorbent, yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku mapesi a chimanga ndi ma hus a mbewu za thonje. Xylitol imakongoletsa mkhalidwe wameno, chifukwa chake ndi gawo lina la mano ndi kutafuna mano. Koma pali chinthu chimodzi: Mlingo waukulu, mankhwalawa amakhala ngati amadzola. Ndi avareji yolemera, tsiku lililonse mlingo sayenera kupitirira 40-50 g patsiku. Xylitol ali ndi kutsekemera kwathunthu kwa 0.9 pankhani yodziyimira pakamwa ndipo amalimbikitsidwa pa mlingo wa 0,5 g / kg, womwe ndi 30-35 g patsiku. Ili ndi choleretic, antiketogenic komanso mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba. Xylitol imatha kudzikundikira mu minofu yamanjenje, chifukwa chake iyenera kutengedwa motsutsana ndi matenda ashuga omwe amapatsa shuga.

Malo apadera ndi wokondedwa– ndi shuga wolowetsa, kuphatikizapo fructose, glucose, maltose, galactose, lactose, tryptophan ndi alitam.

Omwe Amalandira Magawo Atsopano a 21 Century

Stevia wokoma

Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti tsogolo lagona pa mtundu watsopano wa zotsekemera, zomwe zimakhala mazana komanso masauzande okoma kuposa shuga. Wodziwika kwambiri wa iwo mpaka pano ndi stevioside, wopezeka kuchokera ku chomera cha South America - stevia kapena udzu wa uchi (Stevia rebaudiana). Imangotenga shuga, komanso amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, kuthamanga kwa magazi ndipo imakhala ndi antiarrhythmic. Stevia glycosides amalowetsedwa ndi thupi, koma zopatsa mphamvu zake za calorie sizigwirizana. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa tsiku lililonse kwa miyezi 10 ya mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mwina mopitirira 50 kuposa momwe thupi limasinthira sizinachititse kusintha kwazinthu za nyama. Poyeserera pa makoswe apakati, zidawonetsedwa kuti ngakhale mlingo wa 1 g / kg wa misa sukusokoneza kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo. Palibe zovuta zamthupi zomwe zimapezeka mu stevioside. Kutengera mtundu wa stevia, m'malo mwa shuga wa Greenlite munapangidwa, omwe amatha kupezeka m'masitolo athu ndi ma shopu. Mankhwala okhala ndi Stevia amaphatikizidwa mwachangu pamapulogalamu ochepetsa thupi komanso pochiza matendawa.

Cinthu cacinthu cimodzi cokhudza chinthu chomwe chapezanso shuga m'malo mwathu. – ndi cytrosiskuchokera ku zipatso za malalanje. Simangokhala lokoma kwambiri kuposa 1800-2000 kuposa shuga, koma khola pamayesero ambiri, kuwira komanso malo okhala acidic, kumayenda bwino ndi zotsekemera zina komanso kukonza kukoma ndi kununkhira kwa zinthu.

Glycyrrhizin

Glycyrrhizin olekanitsidwa ndi licorice (licorice), amene mizu yake yokoma idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale kupanga maswiti. Kuphatikiza pa bizinesi ya confectionery, glycyrrhizin imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zaumoyo. Ili ndi kakomedwe kabwino kake ka shuga ndipo imakoma kwambiri kuposa shuga.

Polipodium vulgare L. olekanitsidwa ndi fern steroid saponin osladin, 3,000 pabwino kuposa sucrose.
Mitundu yonse yazakudya zomwe sizinaphunzire bwino zinasiyanitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku duwa la pine, masamba a tiyi (philodulcin), kuchokera ku mbewu ya Perilla nankinensis (perialdehyde), kuchokera ku zipatso za Lo Han.

Monline ndi Thaumatin

Dera lina lodalitsika – mapuloteni achilengedwemwachitsanzo mzerezomwe zimakhala zotsekemera kuposa shuga mu nthawi 1500-2000, ndipo thaumatinkuposa kukoma kwa shuga koposa 200,000. Komabe, ngakhale kupanga kwawo kuli okwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo zotsatira zake sizikudziwika kwathunthu, chifukwa chake, si Monline kapena Thaumatin omwe amagawidwa kwambiri.

Kuti akonze ntchitoyi, zinthu zochokera kuma intaneti osiyanasiyana zinagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chiyambi cha thaumatin:

Thaumatin Source (zachilengedwe) - zipatso zamitengo yotentha Thaumatococcus daniellii.
Chomera ichi chimachokera West Africa (Sierra Leone, Republic of the Congo), komwe zipatso zake zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso kukoma kwa chakudya ndi zakumwa kwa nthawi yayitali.
Zomera Thaumatococcus daniellii ili ndi mayina angapo odziwika: "katamfe" kapena "katempfe" kapena Ketemph, "Bulu lofewa lauberu", mabulosi achi Africa serendipic ”, ndi ena (onani, mwachitsanzo, apa).

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a thaumatin

Ntchito: lokoma, kununkhira ndi fungo lokometsera.

Katundu: Ufa wowawasa wokoma kwambiri wokoma, wolimba kuposa kutsekemera kwa shuga 2000-3000 muyezo wamagetsi ndi nthawi 100,000 - ngati tilingalira kuchuluka kwa molar, umasungunuka m'madzi komanso osaphatikizika mu acetone.

Mlingo watsiku ndi tsiku: sichinafotokozedwe.

Next Generation Sweetener

Ufa wa kirimu, womwe umadziwika kuti E957, umakhala wocheperapo nthawi zana kuposa sucrose. Ndipo kumva kukoma konse kumabweretsa mphindi zochepa mutatenga chitsanzo.

Chifukwa chachilendo chotere, opanga amakonda kuphatikiza thunthu ndi zotsekemera zina. Zotsatira zake zidzakondwera ndikumalizidwa kwa licorice. Ngakhale kuti chowonjezera chimasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, zomwezo sizinganenedwe pakugwirizana kwake ndi mafuta sol sol.

Kupeza gwero lokhala ndi zotsekemera sikuli kovuta ngati wogula ali pagawo la Africa. Chitsamba chakuno pansi pa dzina loti "Katemfe" chidzakondwera ndi zabwino zake.

Wokoma wopangidwa ndi zitsulo okonzeka amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotulutsira zitsamba ndi madzi. Palibe zosiyana zazikulu pakukimbidwa kwa zinthu zomwe zikubwera m'thupi la munthu kuchokera kwa ena oimira mapuloteni. Poyerekeza izi, zikuwonekeratu kuti kugwiritsa ntchito sikubweretsa chiwopsezo pamoyo komanso thanzi la wogula. Koma izi ndizitali bola momwe ogula amatsatira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa.

Mulingo wogwiritsa ntchito

Nthawi zambiri, thaumatin imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zamafuta komanso zinthu zina za confectionery. Mutha kukumana ndi kutchulidwa kwake pamatumba a zipatso zouma, zodzikongoletsa pamodzi ndi koko, zakudya zamchere, ayisikilimu.

Komanso, kukhumudwa pa E957 kudzakhala kwa iwo omwe amakonda kugula zinthu ndi zomata "shuga wopanda". Zakudya zomalizidwa zoterezi ndi zoyenera kwa iwo omwe amathandizira chakudya, chifukwa chowonjezeracho ndi mnzake pafupipafupi wa zakudya zochepa zama calorie.

Tsitsi lachilengedwe lomwe limakhalako mwachilengedwe limafanananso kutafuna chingamu ndi zakudya zamagetsi. Zotsirizazo zimayikidwa ngati zowonjezera pagome la anthu omwe amakonda kunenepa kwambiri kapena matenda ashuga.

Nthawi zina thaumatin imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikika kwa kakomedwe ndi zonunkhiritsa mukamataya zakumwa zoledzeretsa kapena zakumwa zoledzeretsa.

Kukometsera mapiritsi ndi mankhwala ena aana, oimira mafakitale azamankhwala nawonso adalandira.

Chifukwa chake panali mankhwala okoma okoma ndi kusinthasintha kwa madzi, mavitamini owonjezera a zakudya.

Chifukwa chakuti opanga nthawi zambiri amawonjezerapo mankhwala pazomwe zimaperekedwa kwa ana, makolo ambiri amakhala ndi chidwi ndi pasadakhale kuti zingawavulaze. Amakhulupirira kuti E957 ndiyotetezeka kwathunthu, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zilolezo kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko ambiri.

Koma pagawo la Russian Federation, chowonjezera sichinapereke njira zoyenera zaumboni, zomwe zimangozipatula pamndandanda wololedwa pamalo opanga malamulo.

Kupanga

Kupanga kwa Thaumatin mu Thaumatococcus daniellii kumachitika ngati chomera podziteteza pakuwukiridwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ena oimira banja la mapuloteni a thaumatin amawonetsa kulepheretsa kukula kwa hyphae komanso mapangidwe a mitundu yambiri ya bowa mu vitro. Protein thaumatin amadziwika kuti ndiye prototype wofunikira kwambiri pazoyambitsa matenda. Dera ili la thaumatin lapezeka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ngati mpunga kapena Caenorhabditis elegans.

Thaumatins ndi mapuloteni omwe amayambitsa pathogeneis, omwe amachititsa ndi othandizira osiyanasiyana. Amasiyananso kapangidwe kake ndipo amapezeka muzomera: Amakhala ndi mapuloteni a thaumatin, osmotin, mapuloteni akulu komanso ang'onoang'ono a PR, mapuloteni a alpha-amylase / trypsin inhibitor, ndi P21 ndi PWIR2 mapuloteni a soya ndi masamba a tirigu. Mapuloteni amatenga nawo mbali mwadongosolo poyankha kupanikizika mu mbewu, ngakhale kuti udindo wawo sanaphunzirepo. Thaumatin ndi puloteni wokoma kwambiri (m'chiwongola dzanja choposa 100,000), wopangidwa kuchokera ku chomera cha ku West Africa Thaumatococcus daniellii: Zomwe zimayendetsedwa zimasokonekera pamene chomera chikukhudzidwa ndi ma virus omwe ali ndi molekyu imodzi ya RNA yomwe imakhala yopanda puloteni. Protein thaumatin Ine ndili ndi polypeptide imodzi yokhala ndi zotsalira za 207 amino acid.

Amakhulupirira kuti, monga mapuloteni ena a PR, thaumatin ili ndi mawonekedwe a beta, omwe amakhala ndi ma beta ambiri komanso ozungulira ochepa. Maselo a fodya akuwonjezeka kuchuluka kwa mchere munthawi ya gradient amatulutsa mchere wambiri kudzera mu osmotin, womwe ndi gawo la banja la protein.Wheat yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi ufa wa barley (pathogen: fungus Erysiphe graminis hordei) ikuwonetsa mapuloteni a PWIR2 PR, omwe amapereka kukana ndi matenda. Kufanana pakati pa puloteni wa PR uyu ndi ma protein ena a PR mu ma alpha-amylase / trypsin inhibitor amaite akuwonetsa kuti mapuloteni a PR amatha kukhala ngati mtundu wina wa zoletsa.

Mapuloteni ofanana ndi thaumatin, olekanitsidwa ndi zipatso za kiwi kapena maapulo, amapezeka kuti amachepetsa katundu wawo wolumikizana panthawi yopukusa, koma osapsa.

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