Cholesterol kagayidwe

Cholesterol ndi pawiri yofunikira pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa mafuta kagayidwe. Amatenga nawo mbali popanga mahomoni ogonana, mapangidwe a vitamini D, komanso kusinthika kwa minofu ya thupi kudzera pakuphatikizika kwa makoma a cell ndi zimagwira. Lero tikambirana za kusinthana kwa cholesterol m'thupi la munthu - udindo wake, mitundu yayikulu ndi magawo.

Kagayidwe ka Exo native: kudya mafuta m'thupi ndi chakudya

Ma cholesterol onse ozungulira mu macroorganism ndikuchita nawo kagayidwe amapangidwa ndi imodzi mwazinthu ziwiriziwiri za kaphatikizidwe kake - exo native kapena endo native. Poyamba, kunja, cholesterol imabwera ndi chakudya. Imapezeka mu mafuta ambiri, mkaka ndi nyama. Kagayidwe ka cholesterol yamtunduwu imawonetsedwa mu chithunzi:

Pambuyo kulowa lumen m'matumbo, mayamwidwe a cholesterol, bile acid ndi ma lipids ena aulere amayamba. M'matumbo, amasintha mosiyanasiyana ndipo, mothandizidwa ndi ma enzymes, amasintha kukhala ma chylomicrons. Kuchoka pamenepo, ma microscopic omwe amapezeka amapititsidwa kuchipinda cha hepatic kudzera mu thoracic lymphatic duct.

Ngati ma chylomicron amalowa m'magazi, ndiye ndikakhudzana ndi zimakhala zowazungulira, amapereka mafuta omwe amaphatikizidwa nawo. Lipoprotein lipase, yomwe ili pamtunda wa ma chylomicrons, imatsimikizira kudziwika koyenera kwa lipids izi, ndikuzigawa mu glycerol ndi mafuta acids.

Pambuyo pa njirayi, ma chylomicrons amatsitsidwa. "Zopanda" HDL (high density lipoproteins) zimapangidwa, zomwe zimasinthidwa ku hepatic system.

Endo native kagayidwe: kapangidwe ndi thupi

Mikhalidwe ya endo native kaphatikizidwe, cholesterol imapangidwa mu chiwindi ndipo sichidalira mwachindunji chakudya. Ma metabolism amtunduwu ndi omwe amakhala gawo lalikulu kwambiri - pafupifupi 80% ya cholesterol imapangidwa m'thupi ndi chiwindi. Kutembenuka kwa maselo a metabolism amkati akuwonekera mu chithunzi:

Gawo lalikulu la biochemistry ya cholesterol metabolism m'chiwindi ndimakonda ake mapuloteni onyamula. Cholesterol palokha ndi chinthu chokhazikika. Kuti apereke gawo loyenerera la thupi, ayenera kulumikizana ndi mapuloteni - ma lipoprotein osiyanasiyana osalimba. Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwawo, ma mamolekyu awa amalembedwa:

• VLDLP - lipoprotein otsika kwambiri
• LDL - lipoproteins otsika
• HDL - lipoproteins yapamwamba kwambiri
• Ma Chylomicrons ndi mitundu yapadera yamapuloteni omwe amachititsa kuti mafuta asamayende m'matumbo.

Mphamvu za cholesterol yomangidwa imatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa mapuloteni onyamula omwe adalumikizidwa.

Mu gawo loyamba la metabolic amkati, cholesterol yonse imamangidwa ndi VLDL. Mwanjira iyi, imalowa mu lumen ya mitsempha ya magazi, ziwalo zamagazi ndikufalikira ngati gawo lapansi mpaka magwiritsidwe - minofu ndi minyewa ya adipose, gland ya endocrine secretion. Zitatha izi, ma lipoproteins omwe amapereka mafuta amakhala pamtunda, amachepetsa kukula ndikuyamba kukhala "lipermrite density lipoproteins."

Kapangidwe ka HDL "yopanda kanthu" kamayambira, cholinga chake chachikulu ndikupeza kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu a lipid ovuta kufupi. Kamodzinso m'chiwindi, lipoproteins yapakatikati imasokonekera mchikakamizo cha michere ndikudutsa mawonekedwe awo okhazikika - LDL.

Mwanjira imeneyi, mafuta ambiri a cholesterol amayenda. Tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana tili ndi ma LDL receptors omwe amalumikizana ndi mtundu uwu wa lipoprotein m'magazi. Ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri a cholesterol ndi:

• Minofu minofu. Cholesterol ndi molekyulu yamphamvu yamphamvu, ndizofunikira pantchito yabwinobwino yamisempha.
• Endocrine zotupa.Kutengera cholesterol, kaphatikizidwe ka mahomoni a steroid a grenads ndi ma gonads amachitika, amakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe ndi kaphatikizidwe ka vitamini D
• Maselo - kwa kaphatikizidwe wa zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

LDL ndi HDL zimayenda mozungulira mozungulira mumagazi ndikuwongolera zochitika za wina ndi mnzake. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa magazi a LDL kuyenera kukhala okwera katatu kuposa HDL.

Kulakwila kagayidwe mafuta

Pali zinthu zitatu zimene zimayambitsa chachikulu cha matenda a kagayidwe mafuta m'thupi:

1. Kuchuluka kwa lipids zovulaza mthupi ndi mafuta, zonunkhira, osuta komanso zakudya zamchere.
2. Kulakwila excretion. Zowonjezera lipoproteins zimachotsedwa mu ndulu. Mukutupa kapena matenda amtundu wa hepatobiliary system, kutulutsa kumeneku kumatha kusokonezeka.
3. Violation amkati unyolo zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka, chibadwa chosankha hypercholesterolemia.

Zinthu zoyambitsa zomwe zimathandizira kukulitsa kwa matenda a lipid metabolism ndi moyo wamakhalidwe osachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, zizolowezi zoipa, kunenepa kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mosasamala. Kusagwirizana kwa lipid metabolism kungayambitse hemolysis yama cell ofiira, kusakhazikika kwa ziwalo za hepatocytes ndi cytolysis, kuwonongeka kwa poizoni m'thupi, kusasamala kwa endocrine metabolism.

High cholesterol ndiowopsa pakupanga matenda owononga a mtima - atherosulinosis. Zotsatira zamatsenga izi sizingangochepetsa moyo, komanso zimatha kufa. Ndikofunikira kuyang'anira thanzi lanu, kukayezetsa mankhwala panthawi, kutsatira moyo wokangalika ndikudya moyenera.

7.14.1. mafuta biosynthesis

Cholesterol kaphatikizidwe kamapezeka m'chiwindi kuchokera ku acetyl-CoA. Kuphatikizika kwa cholesterol ndi njira yosavuta yazambiri, yopanga magawo 20. Koyamba siteji - mapangidwe asidi mevalonic ndi kiyi

HMG - reductase ndi kiyi yofunika kwambiri mu kapangidwe ka cholesterol; imalepheretseka ndi kuchuluka kwa cholesterol. Cholesterol chopangidwa m'chiwindi chimaphatikizidwa pakuphatikizidwa kwa lipoproteins VPLL. Mothandizidwa ndi lipoprotein lipase, ma VLDL amasamutsidwa kupita ku LDL, yomwe imayendetsa cholesterol kuchokera ku chiwindi kupita ku ziwalo ndi minyewa. The zimakhala ndi maselo kwa lipoproteins, ndi nawo omwe pali mafuta adani ndi malowedwe ake ku maselo.

Maselo kusandulika kwa esters mafuta mu nawo ACAT enzyme (atsilholesterolatsiltransferaza). Ma cholembera a cholesterol amawaika mu minofu.

Kodi kuyang'ana?

Ndi olimba crystalline thunthu la mtundu woyera, kunena za gulu mafuta mowa. Pamenepa, m'maiko ambiri dzinalo limasinthidwa ndi "cholesterol". Ku Russia ndi mayiko ena angapo amagwiritsa ntchito dzina lakale "cholesterol".

Chifukwa chiyani chikufunika?

Makristali a cholesterol amalimbitsa zimitsempha za maselo onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi vitamini, mphamvu, metabolism ya mahomoni. Membranes amazungulira maselo onse ndipo ndi cholepheretsa kusankha, mothandizidwa ndi momwe mawonekedwe ena amasungidwira mkati mwa maselo ndi malo akunja.

Cholesterol imalephera kutentha kwambiri ndipo imapangitsa kuti ziwalo za cell zilowe m'malo mwake nyengo ndi nyengo, komanso kusintha kwa kutentha kwa thupi. Mwanjira ina, kagayidwe ka cholesterol kamakhudzana ndi sayansi yonse ya thupi.

Kodi zimachokera kuti?

Ambiri mwa opangidwa ndi thupi lenilenilo. Chiphunzitso ikukhudza chiwindi, impso ndi zopangitsa adrenal, gonads, matumbo - ntchito zawo amapereka thupi ndi mafuta ndi 80%. 20% yotsala imapita kwa munthu ndi chakudya.

Pafupifupi maselo onse ndi minyewa yamthupi imachita nawo kaphatikizidwe. Ambiri mwa maselo ndi maselo a chiwindi - hepatocytes. About 10% ya mafuta ndi apanga ndi maselo matumbo pakhoma, 5% - maselo khungu.

M'mawu ena, wophunzira zikuluzikulu kagayidwe wa mafuta m'thupi ndi chiwindi. Samangopanga mowa uwu ndi hepatocytes, komanso amafunikira cholesterol mwachangu kuti agwire ntchito zofunika. Chifukwa cha izi, chiwindi chimatenga lipoprotein kuchokera m'magazi.

Zofunika zingati?

Nthawi zambiri, munthu aliyense wamkulu amakhala ndi pafupifupi 2 gm pa kilogalamu imodzi yakulemera kwa thupi. Ndiye kuti, ndi kulemera kwa 80 kg. munthu amakhala ndi magalamu pafupifupi 160. cholesterol.

Kuchuluka kumeneku kumathandizidwa ndi cholesterol metabolism, chifukwa chomwe zimatha kukonzanso ndalama zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pafupifupi 1300 mg imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizidwa ndi moyo. cholesterol: gawo limapanga kupangidwe kwa mahomoni, ma acid, gawo - limachotsedwa mu ndowe, gawo lina ndi thukuta, ochepa kwambiri amachotsedwa pakhungu. Pafupifupi 100 gr. thupi limadzipanga lokha, linzake limachokera ku chakudya.

Zimayenda bwanji?

Cholesterol ndi chinthu cholimba chomwe sichingasungunuke m'madzi. Chifukwa chake, mu mawonekedwe ake oyera m'mwazi mulibe. Amalowa m'magazi mu mawonekedwe a sungunuka - lipoproteins.

Malipuputeni, nawonso, amadziwika ndi:

1. Kulemera kwakukulu kwamankhwala opangidwa ndi (molecensity lipoproteins),
2. Kunenepa kwambiri:
3. Kunenepa kwambiri
4. Chylomicron wopangidwa ndi matumbo.

Ma lipoproteins osalimba amatha kutulutsa cholesterol kupita ku chiwindi, komwe amawachotsa. Chylomicron, lipoproteins yotsika komanso yotsika kwambiri imayang'anira kayendedwe ka cholesterol kupita ku zotumphukira zimakhala.

Mafuta kaphatikizidwe ndi Lamulo ndi maganizo kuzungulira zoipa: kwambiri thupi amalandira exogenous mafuta m'thupi, ang'onoang'ono ndi opangidwa amkati. "Zowonjezera" zimachotsedwa m'thupi ndi ndowe ndi thukuta.

Ambiri chiwembu cha cholesterol kagayidwe mu thupi la munthu

Cholesterol choyipa komanso chabwino

Zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi ubale kagayidwe mafuta mu thupi ndi thanzi la munthu. Mwachitsanzo, otsika maselo kulemera LDL kwambiri bwino sungunuka, ndipo mwina precipitate monga precipitate pa Mitsempha, imbaenda kuna mapangidwe mipukutuyi atherosclerotic. Mipukutuyi achepetse chotengera lumen, kuphwanya kotunga magazi ziwalo, womwe kungachititse kuti chitukuko cha matenda a mtima, matenda a mtima, ischemic zikwapu. Choncho, lipoproteins zimenezi zimatchedwa "oipa".

Macromolecular HDL pano mwa anthu magazi wathanzi lalikulu zedi, iwo amatchedwa "zabwino". Iwo sangakhoze kuthetsa pa makoma, monga mosavuta kotero mu magazi, mosiyana LDL, mtima khoma kuteteza ndi atherosclerosis.

Ndi kuwonjezeka mu "oipa" zida mafuta ntchito ndi mankhwala kwa mafuta kagayidwe lamulo. Zina mwa zakudya zapadera, ntchito mavitamini ndi mchere, mankhwala.

Matenda oyamba, monga matenda a shuga, matenda a chiwindi, chikhodzodzo, impso ndi ena angapo, zimakhudza kuwonjezeka kwa milingo ya LDL. Chifukwa chake, pakuwona kuwonjezeka kwa cholesterol yoyipa "yoyipa, ndikofunikira kuyesa wodwalayo kwathunthu, kuyesera kuzindikira matenda onse omwe angachitike, kuphatikizapo omwe amatengera kwa makolo athu."

• Cholesterol (mawu amodzi: cholesterol) amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri machitidwe amthupi osiyanasiyana a thupi. Amatenga nawo mbali popanga mahomoni ogonana, pakusinthana mphamvu ndi michere, kapangidwe ka vitamini D3. Pokhala yopanda kanthu, imatengedwera thupi lonse, ndikusiyika mu lipoproteins yamitundu ingapo.
• Cholesterol imapangidwa ndi thupi laumunthu (kupanga amkati), komanso imachokera kunja ndi chakudya ndi zakumwa (njira yakunja).
• Metabolism yoyenera ya cholesterol imathandizira kuti magwiritsidwe ntchito a maselo onse amthupi pamlingo wofunikira. Mlingo wapamwamba wamtundu wa lipoproteins umalepheretsa mapangidwe a atherosulinotic malo. Mapoprotein ochepa a kulemera pang'ono, M'malo mwake, amawonjezera chiopsezo chokhala ndi atherosulinosis ndi kugunda kwa mtima. Cholesterol yokhayo sangathe kudzikundikira, kuphatikiza kwake kumachotsedwa m'thupi.
• Pofuna kuthana ndi kuphwanya cholesterol kaphatikizidwe kagayidwe kake m'thupi, ndikofunikira kuzindikira matenda onse ofanana komanso obadwa nawo, kuwonetsetsa momwe ziwalo zonse za anthu zimagwirira ntchito.

Kuyendetsa kolesterol ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thupi

Metabolism ya cholesterol imayamba itatha kulowetsedwa ndi chakudya kapena kupangidwa mkati mwa thupi.

Pambuyo pakuphatikizika ndi kuyamwa m'matumbo, cholesterol imasamutsidwa ndi mipira ya protein yomwe imatchedwa chylomicrons. Amaloleza zinthu zopanda madzi kuti ziziyenda momasuka kudzera m'magazi.

Lipids imayendetsedwa ndi mayendedwe amtundu wa mapuloteni - lipoprotein a magulu osiyanasiyana.

Zinthuzi zimaphatikiza cholesterol ndi zinthu zake zama metabolic kuti zitha kupitilizidwa kudzera mu mtima kupita kuma deposits amafuta, kapena kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zina zomwe zimagwira thupi.

Amasiyana pakachulukidwe - LDL (low density lipoproteins), VLDL ndi HDL (otsika kwambiri komanso otsika kwambiri, motero).

Ngakhale kukhalabe osamala pakati pa mitundu iyi yonyamula, metabolite sikuvulaza thupi, chifukwa chilichonse chimagwira ntchito yake.

LDL imasindikiza gawo lapansi kupita ku lysosomes kwa cleavage kapena ku endoplasmic reticulum maselo, kuphatikizapo khoma lamitsempha.

HDL ili ndi udindo wochotsa zinthu zomaliza za kagayidwe kake - triglycerides - mu chiwindi kapena minofu kuti ikonzenso.

Kuwongolera kwa njiraku ndi njira zonse, ndiye kuti, metabolites imapikisana motsutsana momwe kuphatikizirana kovuta kukufikira.

Komanso, choyambitsa chachikulu cha matenda onse okhudzana ndi cholesterol chimayesedwa moyenerera ngati vuto m'matayala ake. Pamene LDL ulamuliro mafuta onse uyikidwa mu endothelium Mitsempha imbaenda atherosclerosis, thromboembolism ndi matenda ena a dongosolo mtima.

Ngati ndalama zitha kusungidwa, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwazinthu zonse kumayendetsedwa kuti zikwaniritse ntchito zake zazikulu:

1. Mapangidwe a bile acids. Ndiwo gawo la bile ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsitsa mafuta azakudya, ndikutsatira kwawo.
2. Monga Kakhungu kukhuthala yang'anira selo, ndi amatha kusintha conformation zigawo monomeric wa phospholipids Kakhungu, kutanthauza zotsatira mwachindunji pa permeability wa nembanemba selo ndi malemba - zimene zimawononga mkati, ndipo kuti adzakhalabe kunja.
3. Cholesterol ndiye gwero lokha lophatikiza mahomoni amtundu wa adrenal gonads ndi ma gonads (inde, mahomoni onse ogonana amapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo)
4. Vitamini D3, yofunikira pakulimba kwa mafupa ndikuyamwa koyenera kwa calcium, imapangidwa pakhungu mothandizidwa ndi radiation ya ultraviolet yochokera ku dzuwa ndendende ndi mafuta m'thupi.
5. Kuteteza maselo ofiira a magazi ku hemolysis, kusungunuka.

Makhalidwe abwinobwino m'mayeso amwazi am'mwazi timatanthauzanso zomwe zili lipoproteins zamitundu ingapo yomwe ilimo.

Malinga ndi World Health Organisation, zizindikiro zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimayambira serum cholesterol:

• pazonse (zosagwirizana) - 4.2-7.7,
• LDL - 2.2-5.2,
• HDL - 1-2.3 mmol / L.

Kutsimikiza pafupipafupi kwa zizindikirozi, njira zoyenera kuchitidwa panthawi yofunikira kwambiri ndizofunikira kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino.

Kodi cholesterol ndiyabwino bwanji?

Mwachidziwikire, kusowa kwa cholesterol kumakhala koopsa kuposa kuchuluka kwake. Kupatula apo, ndikuwongolera moyenera thupi lanu, kupezeka kwa atherosulinosis kungapewedwe mosavuta.

Chikhulupiriro chofala chokhudza kuopsa kwa cholesterol sichinthu chongopeka chabe.

Kulumikizana kwakukulu pakukula kwa atherosulinosis ndi zovuta zake ndizinthu zowopsa, m'malo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Izi ndi monga:

1. Matenda a endocrine homeostasis (mtundu 2 shuga, adrenal yokhudza kotekisi timadzi hypersecretion wosanjikiza ndi chithokomiro insufficiency)
2. Kusuta. Kuwunika kwa kafukufuku wapadziko lonse kwawonetsa kuti chiopsezo cha atherosulinosis mwa omwe amasuta chimawonjezeka kanayi.
3. Kunenepa kwambiri, kudya kwambiri chakudya chamafuta ambiri - ngakhale osadya kolesterolo konse, koma kukhala ndi thupi mopambanitsa komanso kusamva bwino, atherosclerosis ingadzakuwonongereni. Powonjezera kuphwanya iyi ya kugona adzizungulira, chakudya osasamba, kudya chakudya ndi mtheradi wongokhala pa moyo wongokhala, tili ndi chiopsezo pathologies mtima kwambiri kuchuluka.
4. Maantibayotiki. Zofunika kwambiri khalidwe imayambitsa lamulo la munthu wokhala matumbo microflora, amene ali ndi zotsatira mwachindunji pa kagayidwe ndi excretion katundu kudzitsitsa mu mkodzo ndi ndowe. Maantibayotiki kumayambitsa chiwonongeko cha mkati m'deralo zachilengedwe, kuwononga zomera ndi kusokonezeka kwambiri a mafuta yobwezeretsanso, chifukwa cha zomwe kamodzinso odzipereka mu m'matumbo, kubala zotsatira poizoni.

Atherosclerosis pamaso pa pazifukwa zimenezi akhoza kukhala mu thupi, ngakhale ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mulibe mu zikuchokera awo wambirimbiri mafuta m'thupi.

Malinga ndi maphunziro, zamasamba, amene, ndi bwino kusinthasintha akhoza m'malo nyama mapuloteni ndi masamba, amadwala kusowa kwa nyama mafuta.

Kusakhazikika kwa selo nembanemba kumam'phunzitsa munthu cytolysis wa hepatocytes ndi hemolysis maselo a magazi.

Mitsempha ulusi oposa theka zigwirizana myelin - wamafuta thunthu mu mapangidwe mafuta amene watenga mbali. Choncho, pangakhale mavuto ndi wamanjenje dongosolo, afferent ndi efferent zikhumbo HIV ndi zokambirana lamulo nyumba ubongo mkati.

Osakwanira ulimi wa mahomoni kumam'phunzitsa munthu akakufunsani matenda a homeostasis, monga lamulo humoral ngakhale pang'onopang'ono, koma ntchito monga thupi lonse.

Kodi mungapewe bwanji matenda a mtima?

Gwero lalikulu lamafuta ndi chakudya. Ambiri a nkhani zake mu ubongo nyama ndi impso, mazira, mazira, batala, nyama mafuta.

Ndithudi, m'pofunika matenda ntchito iliyonse zakudya mkulu-kalori, koma chifukwa atherosclerosis akupezeka anthu ndi milingo yachibadwa mafuta. Kupewa, ndipo ngati n'kotheka matenda njira kagayidwe kachakudya, m'pofunika kuganizira zinthu pamwamba chiopsezo kulimbikitsa iwo njira zilipo.

Kukhudzidwa kwa thupi kumalimbikitsidwa kuyamba ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zochitika zolimbitsa thupi komanso kusintha kwa zakudya. Njira imeneyi Kungakhale kovuta, koma posachedwapa thupi Amasintha mikhalidwe yatsopano ya zakudya, imathandizira kagayidwe ndi atherosclerotic zolengeza kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri kupanga.

Njira yabwino yothandizira matupi athupi ndikuthamanga ndikuyenda mumweya watsopano.

mphamvu Fractional kumathandiza kuti mathamangitsidwe njira kagayidwe kachakudya, kotero muyenera kudya zochepa koma nthawi zambiri. Mwina ngakhale kuti lingachepetse zakudya zawo mwachizolowezi. Mu zina, Amatithandiza kuteteza matenda kudya boma.

Muyenera kuphika mwanjira yatsopano, simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a mpendadzuwa kangapo mzere, muyenera kudya mafuta ochepa, mafuta a kanjedza monga gawo la zonunkhira (ndibwino kuti moyo ukhale wabwino ndi zipatso, chokoleti ndi uchi), margarine osavomerezeka.

A ochepa mowa njira utisambitsa m'magazi, chifukwa Mowa ndi zosungunulira organic. Chifukwa chaichi, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala vinyo wofiira mu pang'ono kwa chakudya.

Kusuta - mwala wapangondya a mtima ndi matenda mtima. Wosuta afunika osachepera kudziwa mavuto kugwirizana ndi mankhwala osokoneza.

Kuti matenda njira anasinthanitsa mu thupi akulangizidwa kukaonana ndi banja kapena dokotala nawo.

Ngati ndi kotheka kuchepetsa mlingo wa madokotala mafuta akhoza yokumana abwino pharmacological chiphunzitso ndi kupereka polojekiti thanzi.

Kodi matenda zamadzimadzi kagayidwe anafotokoza mu video m'nkhani ino.

Mafuta mbali kagayidwe

• Imakhazikika pamisempha ya shuga kwa nthawi yayitali
• Imabwezeretsa kapangidwe ka insulin

Holesterin- biologically yogwira thunthu la zamadzimadzi chilengedwe zomwe zidapangidwa ndi m'thupi la munthu. Mafuta chofunika kuti uziyenda yachibadwa a dongosolo kagayidwe kachakudya ndipo ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa njira kagayidwe kachakudya.

Thupi limapangidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi ma hepatocytes ake - maselo a chiwindi, ndipo amathanso kumizidwa ndi chakudya. Amakhulupirira kuti mafuta ali kungasokoneze thanzi la munthu, kuti ndi cholakwika. Mafuta ndi maziko a pafupifupi onse maselo a anthu.

nembanemba Cytological zigwirizana zigawo zitatu, mmodzi amene ndi mapuloteni, ndi ena awiri - phospholipid.

Mothandizidwa ndi cholesterol, mahomoni a steroid amapangidwa, komanso vitamini D3, yomwe imagwira gawo lalikulu pakulowetsa calcium. Ndi mankhwala amathandiza zoyendera lipotropic zinthu monga mavitamini mafuta-sungunuka.

Kuphatikiza apo, mwachidziwikire, cholesterol imatha kukhalanso ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa, zomwe zimadziwika kwa pafupifupi aliyense - ichi ndi chitukuko cha atherosulinosis, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa lipids pamakoma amitsempha yamagazi yamagazi.

Komanso musaiwale za momwe cholesterol imapangidwira serotonin, chinthu chomwe chimatchedwa "hormone ya chisangalalo". Ndi kuchepetsa kupanga ake angathe maganizo kwambiri, kotero musati muyesere kuchotsa mafuta m'thupi kwathunthu.

Total mafuta khalidwe

Koyamba chinthu mafuta m'thupi, izo nalo dzina lake mu 1769, pamene asayansi olekanitsidwa izo kuchokera gallstones dongosolo. "Dzenje" - Chilatini ya ndulu, ndi "sterol" - kukhala Chomangika.

Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha maphunziro amakono ambiri, zidatsimikiziridwa kuti chinthuchi chimapangidwa ngati zotumphukira zamchere, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kusintha dzinali kukhala cholesterol.

Mafuta - pawiri madzi insoluble pa mtima amene ali tsiklopentanpergidrofenantren phata.

Udindo zamoyo mafuta ndi nawo pafupifupi njira kagayidwe kachakudya, akuti:

• cholesterol ndiwotsogola poyambira mitundu ina ya steroid, monga ma asidi a bile, ma cell membrane, ma steroid a mahomoni,
• ndi yaikulu chiopsezo Chinthu kwa zotupa atherosclerotic mtima,
• gawo la gallstones ku cholelithiasis,
• nawo kaphatikizidwe wa vitamini D3,
• amatenga nawo gawo pakagwiritsidwe ka cell cell,
• Amatha kuteteza maselo ofiira m'magazi chifukwa cha ziphe za hemolytic.

Zikuwonekeratu kuti popanda cholesterol, thupi la munthu silingathe kugwira bwino ntchito, koma ngakhale gawo lovomerezeka la chinthuchi likadzakhala, pamakhala chiwopsezo chotenga matenda ambiri.

Mafuta a mtundu kukhalako

Kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino, kuchuluka kwa cholesterol koyenera kuyenera kuyendetsedwa.

lawo Ndikulichepetsa ukanawonjezera kusokoneza zinthu structural ndi kuwatsogolera owonjezera kuti blockage bedi mtima.

Kapangidwe ka cholesterol kamasiyana. Ndipo kutengera izi, imapeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Mitundu yayikulu ya cholesterol m'thupi ndi:

1. C cholesterol chonse
2. Cholesterol mu mawonekedwe a otsika kwambiri osalimba lipoproteins.
3. The otsika kachulukidwe lipoproteins.
4. Monga mbali ya sing'anga kachulukidwe lipoprotein.
5. Monga mbali ya mkulu-kachulukidwe lipoprotein.

Tanthauzo la chilichonse mwazomwezi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mafuta m'magazi am'magazi. Kutsika kachulukidwe ka lipoproteins, ndizomwe amathandizira pakutsitsidwa kwamafuta pakhoma lamitsempha, zomwe zimatsogolera pakukula kwa atherosulinosis.

Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha lipoproteins yapamwamba kwambiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti milomo ya lipid ikuyimitsidwa, ndipo ntchito yawo yofunika ndikutumiza kwa lipids kuchokera pagulu limodzi kupita ku linzake.

chikoka ili pa chamoyo kumathandiza kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano woonda, imene kuyan'anila za kusintha pathological kukhala.

anthu ambiri kuiwala kuti iwo bwanji magazi mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, kudya zakudya zamafuta kumakhudza mwachindunji cholesterol.

Udindo wachilengedwe wa izi mwa izi ndikuti ma asidi a bile amapangidwa kuchokera ku iwo, omwe amathandiza kuti mafuta amwe. Mukamadya zakudya zamafuta, cholesterol imafunikira yochulukirapo, chifukwa chake, mafuta ochulukirapo amayamba, ndipo cholesterol yochulukanso imapangidwa m'chiwindi.

Zamoyo zakukula kwama cholesterol ndizosavuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi:

• Zakudya zamafuta ambiri, makamaka zochokera ku nyama,
• alibe CHIKWANGWANI mu chakudya,
• kusuta
• matenda ashuga, popeza pali vuto lathunthu la metabolic,
• ndi kutengera za kumtundu,
• kukhalapo kwa kunenepa,
• mavuto ambiri,
• kuphwanya chiwindi - kusayenda kwa ndulu, kulephera kwa chiwindi,
• layamba moyo.

Zinthu zonsezi zimayambitsa zovuta zowopsa, monga kupweteka kwamkati wam'mimba, sitiroko chifukwa cha atherosclerosis, kuwonongeka kwa matenda a shuga ndi kukula kwa micrangiopathies, kapena vuto lalikulu kwambiri - ketoacidotic chikomokere.

Kodi kuthana ndi mkulu mafuta?

Kukweza kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yokwanira pazowoneka bwino kwa odwala omwe ali pachiwopsezo, omwe kale anali ndi vuto la mtima kapena matenda a shuga, ndi vuto.

Izi chithunzi iwo sayenera upambana 4.5 ndi anthu athanzi 5-6 mmol pa lita.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe kufunika koti manambalawo mafuta kuti ziro. Koma pamene choposa mlingo angalalikire chiopsezo atherosclerosis kumawonjezera kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake, kuti muchepetse cholesterol, muyenera kutsogozedwa ndi malamulo osavuta:

1. Moyo wokangalika - pamene mafuta ntchito njira kagayidwe kachakudya, monga Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu minofu.
2. Tsatirani zakudya zochepa zamafuta a nyama. Monga njira, santhani nkhumba yamafuta ndi ng'ombe, kapena nkhuku. Muyenera kulemeretsa zakudya zanu ndi zakudya zamafuta ambiri, monga masamba ndi zipatso, zomwe zimathandizira kukonza matumbo komanso kuchepetsa kuperewera kwamafuta.
3. Pewani zizolowezi zoyipa, zomwe, kuphatikiza kuphwanya hemodynamics pabedi lamitsempha, zimathandizanso pakugwira ntchito molakwika kwa ndulu, komwe kumabweretsa kukula kwa cholelithiasis.
4. Nthawi ndi nthawi muziwona ngati chikhodzodzo ndi ndulu zimagwira. Kamodzi pachaka, diagnostics a ultrasound omwe anakonzedwa ndi chisankho chabwino pamkhalidwewu.
5. Yang'anirani mbiri ya lipid yamagazi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse.
6. Odwala omwe ali ndi mavuto chifukwa cha matenda ashuga atherosulinosis amawerengera mankhwala a cholesterol.

Ngati malangizo pamwamba musataye zotsatira akufuna, ndi chifukwa nkhawa, monga atherosclerosis kwa nthawi yaitali tingakhale asymptomatic mpaka tsiku lina kuwonetseredwa mtima insufficiency: zinatha mawonekedwe a kuukira pachimake mtima kapena kachigawo, ndi aakulu - mu mawonekedwe a ischemic kuvulala wa malekezero.

Mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya cholesterol

Cholesterol ndi chinthu chofunikira pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa thupi.

Masiku ano, pamene moyo wongokhala ndiponso kudya limodzi ndi kuphwanya pafupifupi aliyense, tiyenera kukumbukira ulamuliro wa mafuta index.

Ngati ichulukirapo kuposa momwe zimakhalira, ndikofunikira kusintha njira ya moyo, ndipo ngati izi zilibe vuto, funsani dokotala kuti musankhe mankhwala omwe angachepetse magazi m'thupi.

Mankhwala ochepetsa cholesterol ndi awa:

• nicotinic acid zotumphukira,
• mafupa
• ma statins
• mankhwala omwe bile bile acid.

Mankhwalawa onse, ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe vuto, ali ndi zotsutsana zosiyanasiyana komanso zoyipa. Pankhaniyi, musanagwiritse ntchito, muyenera kufunsa katswiri.

Pakati pawo, ma statins amatengedwa ngati mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri komanso amakono, omwe amathandizira kuchepetsa cholesterol, komanso amachepetsa kutupa m'magulu a atherosranceotic.

Mankhwalawa nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa mu zovuta za matenda oopsa, matenda a mtima, komanso ngati wodwalayo ali kale ndi vuto la atherosulinosis.

Udindo wa cholesterol m'thupi ukufotokozedwera mu kanema munkhaniyi.

• Imakhazikika pamisempha ya shuga kwa nthawi yayitali
• Imabwezeretsa kapangidwe ka insulin

Cholesterol yamagazi: ndi chiyani, mulingo, momwe mungayang'anire, chomwe chiri chowopsa

Metabolism m'thupi ndi njira yovuta yosanja mitundu yambiri. Popanda zigawo zina, ndizosatheka. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi cholesterol. Amasankha kapangidwe ka makoma a maselo.

Ndizinthu izi zomwe zimayang'anira kupanga mahomoni ambiri, kuphatikizapo testosterone.

Kodi cholesterol m'magazi ndi bwanji ndipo imawonetsa bwanji thanzi la munthu komanso kupezeka kwa zotupa pakugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo.

Mwachidule za chinthu chachikulu kapena cholesterol ndi chiyani

Ma cholesterol onse amagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo.

Kuti mankhwala amene alowa m'thupi ndi chakudya, nthawi zambiri, ali koyefishienti otsika kachulukidwe, amene salola ntchito mwachisawawa njira kagayidwe kachakudya.

Chifukwa cha izi, mawonekedwe pa makoma amitsempha yamagazi amatha kuwoneka. Pakufa koyenera mthupi, cholesterol ina imafunikira yomwe ili ndi vuto lozolowereka.

Ndi chiwalo chiti mthupi chomwe chimayambitsa kuphatikizika kwa chinthuchi? Cholesterol imapangidwa chifukwa cha chiwindi. Thupi lomwelo limachotsa cholesterol yoipa mu chakudya.

Chifukwa cha ntchito ya chiwindi, kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe ake pamatumbo ndikukula kwa matenda ogwirizana mthupi kumachepetsedwa.

Cholesterol yothandiza imawoneka m'thupi m'maselo a chiwindi otchedwa hepatocytes.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, magawo angapo a kapangidwe kazinthu zosiyanasiyana amatenga malo amodzi, omwe amaphatikiza zotsatirazi za cholesterol: mevalonate, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, squalene, lanosterol.

Kuchokera kumapeto, lipoprotein zothandiza ndi cholesterol estates zimatha kupangidwa mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mafuta a zomwe zimachitika mthupi zimachitika pokhapokha pakuchitika kwa emulsation ya cholesterol ester.

Ndi phindu lotani

Kuti muyankhe funsoli, muyenera kudziwa zomwe zimagwira mthupi lanu. Izi zikuphatikiza:

1. Kupanga kwa ma Steroid. Mu thupi, amaimiridwa ndi: mahomoni ogonana, corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimayendetsa kagayidwe. Mapangidwe a zinthuzi amapezeka m'magazi a adrenal, pomwe cholesterol imakhudzidwa ndikofunikira.
2. Mapangidwe a vitamini D, omwe amachititsa kuti mafupa akhale olimba. Njira imeneyi, yomwe imasankha ena, imapezeka m'maselo a khungu. Gawo la zinthu limafikira kwa iwo kuchokera ku chiwindi. Ndipo zina zonse zimapangidwa m'maselo a khungu lomwe.
3. Transport Q10. Zochita za chinthuchi zimalumikizidwa ndi ntchito chifukwa cha zomwe zimagwira pakhungu zimatetezedwa. Chifukwa chakuti enzyme ya Q10 siyingalowe m'maselo pawokha, pakufunika chinthu chomwe chingatenge. Katunduyu akuphatikiza cholesterol.

Kuchita bwino kwambiri

magazi cholesterol ndi msinkhu zimatengera jenda. Ngati mukufunsanso za momwe mungayezere cholesterol, muyenera kudziwa bwino zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zitheke. Kutengera zaka komanso mtundu wa wodwala, muyeso wabwinobwino ndi:

• wamba kwa munthu wamkulu - 3.0-6.0 mmol / l,
• lipoproteins otsika kwa amuna amuna - 2.25-4.82 mmol / l,
• lipoproteins otsika kwa akazi - 1.92-4.51 mmol / l,
• milingo yayitali ya lipoproteins kwa amuna - 0,7-1.73 mmol / l,
• milingo yayitali ya lipoprotein kwa chiwerengero cha akazi - 0.86-2.28 mmol / l.

Gome ili silili muyezo ndipo limangogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zisonyezo wamba zabwinobwino. Kuchuluka kwa lipoprotein komwe amapangidwa m'thupi kumayang'aniridwa m'malo opangira ma labotale. Kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso apadera kumakuthandizani kuti mudziwe cholesterol yapamwamba kapena yotsika.

Akuluakulu sadziwonetsera mwanjira iliyonse, yomwe imakhala yowopsa paumoyo wa anthu, ndikupanga chiwopsezo cha matenda a mtima ndi sitiroko. Kudziwa cholesterol ndikofunika kuyamba zaka 20 zitatha.

Kuti muchite izi, nthawi zina muyenera kuyezetsa magazi a biochemical, zomwe zotsatira zake zimapezeka tsiku lotsatira.

Izi zikuthandizani kuti muzilamulira pang'onopang'ono malembedwe a atherosulinotic.

Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muyang'anire cholesterol ya magazi anu kamodzi pazaka zisanu. Biochemistry amasonyezedwa nthawi zambiri pamaso pa kulemedwa cholowa chifukwa cha matenda a mtima. Izi zipangitsa kuti aliyense adziwe za cholesterol yawo, yomwe thanzi lawo komanso chiyembekezo chake chimadalira.

Sinthani kuchuluka kwa lipoproteins

Osati nthawi zonse zisonyezo za cholesterol zimagwirizana ndi mibadwo yabwino. Nthawi zina, zimasinthira motsogozedwa kapena kuchepa. Ngati muli ndi funso la momwe mungayang'anire cholesterol yanu, muyenera kufunsa dokotala. Adzakuwuzani kuti ndi cholesterol iti yothandiza.

Chifukwa cha ma pathologies osiyanasiyana mthupi nthawi zina, cholesterol yotsika pang'ono imapangidwa mosakwanira. Zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika kwa zinthu izi ndi izi: matenda a mtima, cholowa champhamvu, chithokomiro chochepa, komanso kukula kwa matenda a shuga.

Low serum cholesterol imayambitsa kukula kwa zinthu monga:

• kuperewera kwakokwanira kwamahomoni angapo a steroid, kuphatikizapo kugonana,
• kukula kwa zizindikilo za ana, zomwe zimayamba chifukwa cha zovuta pakumupatsa calcium,
• kukalamba msanga kwa thupi chifukwa chosayenda bwino kwa coenzyme Q10,
• kusakwanira kwamthupi, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa kusweka kwa zinthu zamafuta,
• kuchepa kwa chitetezo chamthupi,
• kuwoneka kwa ululu m'misempha ya mtima.

Zina mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta a cholesterol awonjezeke ndi:

• Kukula kwa hepatitis ndi matenda enaake, pamene njira ya emulsation ya cholesterol esters ikasokonekera,
• kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi
• kumwa mankhwala
• chithokomiro chosakwanira cha mahomoni osiyanasiyana mthupi,
• cholowa m'malo mwathupi, momwe mafuta amthupi amawonongeka,
• kunenepa kwambiri
• kusintha kwa lipid metabolism pamene cholesterol metabolism imasokonekera,
• kukhalapo kwa kutupa kosachiritsika.

Kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'thupi kumabweretsa kuwoneka kwa ziwongo pamatumbo, kuchuluka kwa kupanga kwa bile, chifukwa chomwe chikhodzodzo chokhala ndi ndulu sichikhala ndi nthawi yopanda kanthu (miyala imawoneka), kusokonekera kwa kugwira ntchito kwa minofu ya mtima ndi ma pathologies ena ambiri. Kuyeza kwa zizindikiro kumachitika kokha mu labotale. Ngati zizindikirozo ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa zomwe zakulimbikitsidwa, wodwalayo amapatsidwa mayeso athunthu kuti adziwe zomwe zimayambitsa kupatuka.

Chakudya monga maziko osungira muloprotein wokwanira

Kagayidwe kogwirizana m'thupi kumadalira chakudya choyenera. Ichi ndiye mfundo yachikhalidwe yomwe imafotokozera zofunikira za moyo wathanzi. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kuti musamangodya mbale zokhala ndi cholesterol yotsika kwambiri.

Ndikofunikira kuyesa kuphatikiza pazakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku zinthu zonse zomwe zimakhala ndimafuta, mafuta a monounsaturated, mafuta a omega-polyunsaturated.

Zonsezi ndizofunikira pokhudzana ndi kukhala ndi cholesterol yokwanira mu seramu yamagazi, ndikulimbikitsa njira ya emulsization ya cholesterol esters.

Zinthu zomwe anthu amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito ndi monga:

• Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba yodziwika ndi mafuta ambiri. Pakati pawo, tuna ndi mackerel zimakhala pamalo apadera. Ndikofunika kudya osachepera 2 pa sabata kwa kagawo kakang'ono ka nsomba. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zolembera zizipanga pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale pali zinthu zina zoyipa.
• Mtedza. Mafuta omwe amapangika ngati gawo lina lamalonda amapangidwa kuti azikhala opanga bwino komanso opindulitsa anthu. Amakulolani kuti mupititse patsogolo kayendedwe ka emulsation ya cholesterol esters. Mlingo wocheperako wa mtedza ndi magalamu 40 patsiku. Nthawi yomweyo, mtedza wa paini, walnuts, pistachios ndi cashews ndizothandiza.
• Mafuta ophikira. Pakati pazomwe ayenera kuzikumbukira azikumbukira maolivi, soya, maulalo, mafuta a sesame. Zimakhudza mapangidwe a cholesterol mthupi. Komabe, mafuta amtunduwu amayenera kuwonjezeredwa muzakudya zopangidwa kale. Sayenera kukazinga, chifukwa ndiwaphika.
• CHIKWANGWANI Amapezeka mu zakudya monga tirigu wathunthu, nyemba, masamba, zipatso, njere, ndi zitsamba. Mutha kumwa supuni ziwiri za chinangwa pamimba yopanda madzi, otsukidwa ndi madzi ambiri. Izi zichotsa cholesterol yoyipa m'magazi.
• Zipatso zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi pectin. Izi siziphatikiza maapulo okha. Pectin ndi gawo la mpendadzuwa, malalanje, mandimu, beets. Pectin ndiyofunikira kuchotsa gawo lovulaza. Kuphatikiza apo, amatenga nawo mbali machitidwe a metabolic.
• Madzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito misuzi yokonzedwa kumene kumakupatsani mwayi wochotsa lipoprotein owonjezera. Zambiri zothandiza zopangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso zosiyanasiyana.
• Ma antioxidants amaletsa kuwonjezereka kwa cholesterol yoyipa. Masamba ndi zipatso zimakhala ndi antioxidants.
• Tiyi yobiriwira. Imachita kawiri konse. Pa dzanja limodzi, cholesterol yopindulitsa m'magazi imayamba kuchuluka, mbali inayo, zinthu zowonongeka zimachepa, acidization yake yomwe imatsogolera pakupanga ma pathologies.

Mukamakonza zakudya zanu tsiku lililonse, muyenera kukumbukira kuti simuyenera kuchoka kwazinthu zina zokhala ndi lipoprotein (batala, mazira, mafuta anyama). Njala ndi cholesterol ndizodalirika. Asayansi atsimikizira kuti kusakwanira kwa chinthu kuchokera kunja kumakwiyitsa zinthu pamene thupi liyamba kupanga lokha palokha.

Ndikofunikira kuti mukhale osasamala komanso musangogwiritsa ntchito molakwika mbale zina.

Kutsitsa wowerengeka azitsamba

Nthawi zambiri, funso la momwe mungayang'anire cholesterol imayamba mukakhala kuti simusangalala. Nthawi zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa zimakhala zoyeserera kupewa.

Ngati magazi a cholesterol adapitilira, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa cholesterol. Izi ndizotheka m'njira ziwiri: kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso njira zina.

Njira yoyamba iyenera kuperekedwa kwa dokotala. Adzalembera chithandizo potengera mwatsatanetsatane matendawa.

Osadzilimbitsa, chifukwa izi zimatha kusokoneza mapangidwe a chinthu m'njira yofunikira ndikuyambitsa zovuta.

Njira yachiwiri ikuchitika moyang'aniridwa ndi dokotala komanso atavomerezedwa kale. Njira zina zochepetsera izi ndi izi:

1. Kugwiritsa ntchito linden. Monga mankhwala, maluwa owuma amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti muchite izi, amaphwanyidwa kukhala ufa. Imwani supuni imodzi mpaka katatu pa tsiku. Imwani madzi ambiri. Njira yochizira ndi mwezi, atatha masiku 14 ndikupumuliranso.
2. Propolis. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito 4% tincture wa chinthucho. Gwiritsani ntchito madontho 7 osungunuka m'madzi. Chithandizo chimatenga mpaka miyezi 4.
3. Nyemba kapena nandolo. Madzulo, kapu ya nyemba imadzaza ndimadzi. M'mawa zimaphatikizika, zatsopano zimawonjezeredwa. Nyemba (kapena nandolo) zimaphikidwa mpaka wachifundo. Musanaphike, onjezani mchere wosalala kuti muchepetse kupangika kwa mpweya. Phula lotsatira limadyedwa kawiri. Njira ya chithandizo ndi masiku 21.

Kupewa ngati njira yathanzi

Kuganiza zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwa matenda ambiri, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kusunga malamulo ena. Kupewa kwa atherosulinosis ndi matenda ena ogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwamafuta m'thupi kumafuna:

• malingaliro abwino, kusiya malingaliro osavomerezeka ndi kutaya chiyembekezo,
• kusiya zizolowezi zoipa,
• kuyang'anira cholesterol
• kukonda mpweya wabwino komanso kuyenda maulendo ataliatali,
• Kuthetsa thupi kwambiri
• nkhawa zamagetsi,
• Pewani zochitika zovuta
• Ndikupanga mndandanda mosamala momwe zingaphatikizire shrimp, lobster, nyama yofiira,
• kuyendera kwa panthawi yake kwa dokotala ndi kukula kwa zopatuka mu thanzi.

Njira yopangira zinthu zina kuchokera ku cholesterol m'thupi ndi zovuta zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Zonsezi zimachitika tsiku lililonse ndipo popanda iwo magwiridwe antchito a ziwalo zamunthu ndi machitidwe ake ndizosatheka.

Kuyesedwa kwa cholesterol kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwa zovuta mu kapangidwe kazinthuzo pakapita nthawi ndikuthandizira thupi kuthana ndi kuphwanya komwe kumachitika. Simuyenera kudalira mwayi.

Funso la momwe mungadziwire kuchuluka kwa cholesterol liyenera kutuluka nthawi yayitali zisanachitike matenda osiyanasiyana.

Kodi cholesterol imakhudza bwanji thupi ndi kagayidwe?

Cholesterol ndi amodzi mwa zigawo za magazi za lipid zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kugwira ntchito kwa thupi.

Cholesterol ndi zotumphukira - kukachulukitsa kwambiri kwa lipoproteins (HDL), otsika osalimba lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides (TG), ma phospholipids samangokhala pakuwonongeka kwa mtima, komanso kofunikira pakuwongolera kagayidwe kake mthupi lathanzi, chifukwa chake cholesterol ndiyofunikira kuti thupi lizigwira ntchito . Ambiri mwa cholesterol amapangidwa ndi chiwindi, ndipo pafupifupi 20% yokha amachokera ku chakudya.

Udindo wa cholesterol mu kagayidwe kachakudya

• chofunikira pakapangidwe ka bile acid, komwe ndikofunikira pakuwonongeka kwamafuta m'matumbo,
• pamaziko ake, mahomoni ambiri amapangidwa, kuphatikizapo kugonana,
• gawo lama cell membrane.

Mthupi la abambo ndi amai athanzi, pali mafuta ena pafupifupi g ga 140 - izi ndizomwe zimachitika, ndiye kuti pafupifupi 2 mg ha 1 kg ya kulemera kwa thupi.

Miyezo ya cholesterol imayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuyezetsa magazi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mita ya cholesterol.Chikhalidwe kwa amuna ndi akazi a zaka zapakati amawonedwa kukhala 5.1 mmol / l.

Koma ngati munthu ali ndi vuto la metabolic, matenda a mtima, kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, ndiye kuti cholesterol sayenera kupitirira 4.5 mmol / l, yonse ya azimayi ndi abambo.

Chikhalidwe cha LDL ndi HDL m'magazi ndicho njira yabwino kwambiri yopewa ngozi za mtima.

Udindo wa cholesterol popanga atherosulinosis

Ngati lipid metabolism yasokonezeka ndipo magazi a LDL achulukitsidwa, makoma amitsempha amalowedwa ndi madontho amafuta, ndi mawonekedwe a cholesterol plaques omwe angaletse lumen ya chotengera. Zotsatira za njirayi, kayendedwe ka magazi kamasokonezedwa ndipo maselo amalandila mpweya wochepa ndi michere.

Kulephera kwanthawi yayitali kumayambitsa matenda a ischemia komanso kusokonezeka kwa chiwalo chimodzi kapena china. Kwambiri, ischemia imakhudza maselo amtima, ubongo, impso, retina komanso malekezero ena. Zotsatira zake, matenda osachiritsika a ziwalozi amakula, omwe amayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa moyo wabwinobwino komanso kulumala.

Chifukwa chake, muyeso wa cholesterol ndi wofanana pazaka zilizonse komanso jenda.

Mitundu ya Cholesterol

HDL ndi mapuloteni a lipid-protein ndipo ali ndi ma phospholipids. Amakhala ndi antiatherogenic, ndiye kuti amatha kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha cholesterol m'thupi ndikuchepetsa cholesterol plaques.

Amadziwika kuti gulu la lipoprotein limatha kutenga madontho amafuta m'magazi, maselo a ziwalo ndikuwachotsa kwa chiwindi kuti apangitse kagayidwe kenakake ka thupi lawo. Zotsatira zake, cholesterol imachepetsedwa.

Chikhalidwe cha HDL kwa akazi ndichoposa 1.68 mmol / l, chofunikira kwa amuna ndi zoposa 1.45 mmol / l.

LDL ndi gawo lolemera kwambiri la cholesterol. Amakhala onyamula kuchokera ku chiwindi kupita ku ziwalo zina, komwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa LDL, nthawi yoyendayenda m'magazi imachuluka, motero, zotengera zimayamba kudzazidwa ndi cholesterol.

Kuthekera kotereku komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kapangidwe kake - kakang'ono kakang'ono ndi kachulukidwe kocheperako kumapangitsa kuti zisakhale zovuta kulowa mkatikati mwa mitsempha ndikukhalamo. Muyezo wa LDL kwa amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana - osakwana 1.59 mmol / l.

Matenda A Hypercholesterolemia

Mothandizidwa ndi cholesterol yayikulu, mawonekedwe a cholesterol plaque ndi matenda otsatirawa, onse mwa amuna ndi akazi:

Atherosclerosis ya ziwiya - mapangidwe cholesterol zolembera, kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ya gawo lililonse la thupi, lomwe limayamba kuchokera kuchuluka kwazigawo za cholesterol m'magazi ndipo kumayambitsa matenda a ischemia a ziwalo. Mwakutero, kupita patsogolo kwa atherosulinosis kumawonetsa gawo loipa la cholesterol yayikulu m'magazi ndi amuna.

Myocardial infarction ndi angina pectoris. Matendawa amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi atherosulinosis yamitsempha yama mtima. Mapulogalamu a cholesterol opangidwa m'matumba amasokoneza njira yachilengedwe ya minofu ya mtima, yomwe imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwa mpweya.

Zotsatira zake, ischemia yayitali imawonetsedwa ndi kupweteka kumbuyo kwa sternum, omwe amatchedwa "angina pectoris" kapena angina pectoris.

Ngati cholesterol plaque ikakhala yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti italetsa kwathunthu kuwunikira kwa chotengera kapena kuphulika, ndipo zomwe zili mkati mwake zimaletsa kutsika kwa magazi, ndiye kuti myocardial infarction imayamba.

A stroke ndi chifukwa cha chitukuko cha matenda amiseche. Kutumphuka kwa cholesterol malo omwe kumabweretsa kusokonezeka kwa gawo la ubongo komwe ngoziyo idachitika.

7.14.2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta am'mafuta

Cholesterol ndiyofunikira maselo ndi minyewa yonse.

1. Mu chiwindi, pafupifupi hafu ya cholesterol yosakanikirana imasinthidwa kukhala ma asidi a bile pogwiritsa ntchito kiyi ya enzyme 7-α-hydroxylase.Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa zinthu zomwe adsorb bile acid m'matumbo kumawonjezera kutembenuka kwa cholesterol kukhala ma acid bile ndipo kumachepetsa mulingo wake m'magazi.

2. Cholesterol imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumanga mamankhwala am'magazi, pomwe imapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a zigawo zonse za membrane ndipo imazindikira kuchuluka kwa gawo la lipid gawo la nembanemba.

3. M'matimu a adrenal, tiziwalo togonana, cholesterol imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mahomoni a steroid

4. Mapangidwe a vitamini D amapezeka pakhungu kuchokera ku cholesterol₃(cholecalciferol).

7.14.3. Kuchotsa cholesterol m'thupi

Cholesterol owonjezera amachotsedwa mu minofu ndikutenga nawo gawo kwa HDL, yomwe adsorb cholesterol kuchokera m'maselo ndikupereka kwa chiwindi. Gawo lalikulu la cholesterol limapukusidwa kudzera m'matumbo momwe amapangira ma bile acid, zinthu zawo za metabolic ndikupanga kuchokera ku cholesterol motsogozedwa ndi microflora ya cholestanol ndi coprostanol. Kuchotsedwa kwa cholesterol m'thupi pang'ono kumachitika ndi epithelium yonyansa, mkodzo wamtundu wa mankhwala a mahydididi okhala ndi glucuronic acid.

7.14.4. Cholesterol kagayidwe kachakudya

Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'mwazi wa akulu ndi 3.5 - 5.2 mmol / L. Mu anakuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi ndi kotsika poyerekeza ndi akulu. Mwa ana obadwa kumene, kuchuluka kwa cholesterol ndi 2.67 mmol / L, mwa ana azaka chimodzi - 4.03 mmol / L.

Chizindikiro chokweza cholesterol yamagazi chimatchedwa hypercholesterolemia. Congenital hypercholesterolemia si kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri (yachiwiri) hypercholesterolemia imayamba. Potengera komwe kuli hypercholesterolemia, kukula kwa matenda monga atherosulinosis ndi cholelithiasis ndikotheka.

At atherosulinosischolesterol yowonjezera imayikidwa mu mtima endothelium, yomwe imatsogolera pakukula kwa aseptic, kuphatikizidwa kwa calcium, chifukwa chomwe magazi omwe amapezeka m'misempha amasokonezeka. Kwa matenda a atherosclerosis, kutsimikiza kwa atherogenicity coefflication, komwe kumawonetsa kuchuluka pakati pa LDL ndi HDL, ndikulimbikitsidwa.

Atherogenicity = (Chonse - X_HDL) / X_HDL≤ 3.

Zochizira atherosulinosis, HMG reductase inhibitors amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutiletsa cholesterol synthesis.

Matenda a Gallstone Zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphwanya kwa chiwopsezo pakati pa madzi osapindulitsa cholesterol ndi ma hydrophilic phospholipids ndi ma asidi a bile. Cholesterol ndiye maziko opangira miyala mwanjira yothandizira.

Ndi matenda a chiwindi, hepatitis, kukula ndikotheka hypocholesterolemia.

Udindo wa cholesterol m'thupi

Udindo wa cholesterol m'thupi la munthu ndi ovuta kuwonongera. Izi, zokhudzana ndi zitsulo zamafuta ndi mafuta, zimagwira ntchito zambiri ndipo zimagwira ngati chida chomanga mahomoni ambiri komanso zinthu zazamoyo.

Kuti mudziwe chifukwa chake cholesterol imafunikira komanso kuchuluka kwa cholesterol, ndiye kuti mungotsegula buku lililonse la biochemistry.

Cholesterol (cholesterol) ndi zinthu ngati mafuta zomwe ndizofunikira kwa anthu.

Makhalidwe a Molecule

Molekyulu ya chinthuchi imakhala ndi gawo losakwanira stero sodium ya nucleus ndi tchubu chamagetsi, komanso gulu la madzi osungunuka ─ hydroxyl.

Mphamvu ziwiri zomwe mamolekyuwo amapereka zimawoneka bwino komanso amatha kupanga ma membrane a ma cell. Potere, mamolekyulu adapangidwa mwanjira ina ─ m'mizere iwiri, magawo awo am'mimba ali mkati, ndipo magulu a hydroxyl ─ panja. Chida choterocho chimathandizira kupereka mawonekedwe apadera a nembanemba, monga kusinthasintha kwake, kuthamanga kwake komanso, nthawi yomweyo, kusankha kubwereza.

Ntchito zolimbitsa thupi

Ntchito za cholesterol m'thupi zimapangidwa:

• Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziwalo za thupi.
• Gawo lake limasungidwa m'mafuta onunkhira.
• Imakhala ngati maziko a mapangidwe a bile acid.
• Ndikofunikira pakupanga kwamahomoni a steroid (aldosterone, estradiol, cortisol).
• Ndikofunikira popanga vitamini D.

Kusintha Zinthu

Cholesterol m'thupi la munthu imapangidwa m'chiwindi, komanso m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, khungu, ziwalo zoberekera, komanso adrenal cortex.

Kapangidwe kake m'thupi ndi njira yosanjikizika yambiri - kusintha masanjidwe ena kwa zinthu zina, mothandizidwa ndi ma enzymes (phosphatase, reductase). Zochita za ma enzymes zimayendetsedwa ndi mahomoni monga insulin ndi glucagon.

Cholesterol yomwe imawoneka m'chiwindi imatha kuyimilidwa m'mitundu itatu: mwaulere mawonekedwe, ma esters kapena bile acids.

Pafupifupi cholesterol yonse imakhala mu ma esters ndipo imayendetsedwa thupi lonse. Kuti achite izi, molekyulu yake idakonzedwanso kotero kuti ikhale yosazindikira kwambiri.

Izi zimamulola kunyamula kudzera mumtsinje wamagazi kokha mothandizidwa ndi ma riers lipoprotein amisempha yosiyanasiyana.

Puloteni yapadera pamtunda wa mitundu iyi ya mayendedwe (Apelka C) imayendetsa mphamvu ya michere ya adipose, minofu yam'mimba ndi maselo amtima, omwe amawalola kuti azikhala ndi mafuta aulere acids.

Chiwembu cha cholesterol kagayidwe mu thupi

Metabolism wa cholesterol wopangidwa m'chiwindi:

• Mu chiwindi, ma cholesterol esters amapakidwa m'makutu ochepa kwambiri a lipoprotein ndikulowetsa magazi. Amanyamula mafuta kumisempha ndi minofu ya adipose.
• Mukamazungulira, kubwerera kwa mafuta achilengedwe ku maselo ndi ma okosijeni omwe amapezeka mwa iwo, lipoproteins imataya ena mwa mafuta awo ndikukhala otsika osalimba lipoproteins. Amalemeretsedwa ndi cholesterol ndi ma esters ake ndikuwhatumiza kumisempha, kumalumikizana ndi zolandilira pamaso pawo mothandizidwa ndi Ap-100 apobelite.

Cholesterol yomwe imapezedwa ndi chakudya imatengedwa kuchoka m'matumbo kupita kuchiwindi pogwiritsa ntchito ma yl chylomicrons akuluakulu, ndipo m'chiwindi chimasintha ndikulowa metabolism yayikulu m'thupi.

Kupatula

Pali lipoproteins yapamwamba kwambiri, amatha kumanga cholesterol yaulere, kuchotsera zochulukirapo m'maselo ndi mafomu ake onyamula. Amagwira ntchito ngati "oyeretsa" ndikubwezera mafuta m'thupi m'chiwindi chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwake. Ndipo ma mamolekyulu ophatikizidwa ndi bile acids amathandizidwa mu ndowe.

Kuwopsa kwa lipid metabolism

Pophwanya lipid metabolism, makamaka cholesterol, nthawi zambiri amatanthauza kuwonjezeka kwa zomwe zili m'magazi. Ndipo izi zimatsogolera pakukula kwa matenda monga atherosulinosis.

Atherosulinosis imabweretsa kupangidwa kwa cholesterol plaque mu lumen ya mitsempha yonse ya magazi mthupi lonse ndipo kumayambitsa zovuta zambiri, monga ma stroke, mtima, kuwonongeka kwa impso ndi mitsempha yamagazi yamagawo.

Chiwerengero cha zopatsa mphamvu kuchokera ku mafuta sichiyenera kupitirira 30% ya zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku

Pali zikhulupiriro zambiri zokhudzana ndi momwe cholesterol yoyika khoma lamitsempha:

• Fomu yamapulogalamu pamalo a fibrin madipoziti a mtima endothelium (zinaonedwa kuti atherosulinosis nthawi zambiri limaphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magazi).
• Malingaliro a asayansi ena adalankhula zokhudzana ndi kawonedwe kena kake - kuchuluka kwa mafuta amafuta am'madzi mu chotengera kunapangitsa kukopa kwa fibrin kudera ili ndikupanga chikhodzodzo cha atherosranceotic malo ano.
• Pali kulowetsedwa (kulowetsedwa) kwa chotengera cha chotengera ndi lipids, pakuchitika kwa lipoproteins m'magazi.
• Chiphunzitso china chimanena kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni omwe amapezeka mkati mwa lipoprotein pambuyo pake, atasamutsa mafuta omwe amaphatizidwa kale m'maselo, amachititsa kuwonongeka kwawo ndikuwonetseratu kuyika kwa cholesterol m'malo ano.
• Posachedwa, anthu ochulukirachulukira pakuganiza za kuwonongeka kwa chivundikiro cha kumapeto. Amakhulupirira kuti mawonekedwe abwinobwino mkati mwa khoma la mtima ─ endothelium amateteza motsutsana ndi chitukuko cha atherosulinosis.Ndipo kuwonongeka kwa khoma lake, chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kumayambitsa kudziunjikira kwa tinthu tambiri kumeneko, kuphatikiza ndi ma cholesterol onyamula, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imalowa m'makoma amitsempha yamagalasi pamalo owonongeka.

Zomwe zimakhudza chitukuko cha atherosulinosis

Kutengera ndi pathogenesis ya atherosulinosis, imakonda kukhudza ziwiya zomwe kumachitika kuwonongeka kwa endothelial, chifukwa chake muyenera kudziwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka:

• Kuthamanga kwa magazi.
• Madzi otupa otuluka mu gawo lina la kama (mwachitsanzo, kusowa kwa ma valves a mtima, aortic pathology).
• Kusuta.
• Matenda opatsirana.
• Matenda a Autoimmune omwe amachitika ndi kuwonongeka kwa mtima khoma (mwachitsanzo arteritis).
• Mankhwala ena (mwachitsanzo, chemotherapy pochita khansa).

Chifukwa chiyani kuwongolera kagayidwe ka cholesterol ndi milingo ya lipid mthupi la munthu? Choyamba, kupewa atherosulinosis ndikuletsa kupitilira kwake, komanso kuchepetsedwa kwake pakakhala vuto lotere.

Koma muyenera kukumbukiranso kuti lipids yotsika kwambiri m'magazi ndiyosavomerezeka kwa thupi. Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti zimatha kukhumudwitsa mayiko, matenda osiyanasiyana amanjenje.

Mwinanso izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti ndi gawo la sheelin sheathin, popanda zomwe ndizosatheka kuchititsa mokwanira kukopa kwa mitsempha.

Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti metabolidi ya lipid ili m'malo osiyanasiyana, osati apamwamba komanso osatsika.

Kusinthana kwa cholesterol m'thupi la munthu

Kumva mawu akuti "cholesterol", anthu ambiri amawaphatikiza ndi chinthu choyipa, choyipa, chobweretsa matenda. Komabe, izi sizowona konse. Chamoyo chilichonse chimafunikira cholesterol, kupatula bowa.

Amatenga nawo mbali popanga mahomoni, mavitamini, mchere.

Kusinthana koyenera kwa cholesterol m'maselo a thupi la munthu kumatha kulepheretsa atherosulinosis, kukula kwa matenda amtima komanso ngakhale uchinyamata.

Kupanga cholesterol ndi ntchito zake mthupi la munthu

Cholesterol, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti cholesterol, ndi mowa wama cyclic lipophilic (wamafuta) okwera kwambiri, omwe ndi amodzi mwa mbali zazikuluzikulu za membrane wa khungu, yofunika kwambiri ya michere ya bile acids, mahomoni, mavitamini, ndi metabolite yoyamba ya thupi.

Zambiri mwa izo - mpaka 80 peresenti - zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana, ndiko kuti, mkati mwa thupi, ndipo 20% yotsalayi ndi gawo la chakudya chomwe anthu amadya, kukhala gwero lachilendo.

Kusinthana kwa cholesterol m'thupi la munthu, motero, kumayamba kuchokera ku mfundo ziwiri - kupanga kwake m'chiwindi, impso, matumbo, kapena mukalandira kuchokera kunja.

The biochemistry ya kaphatikizidwe kamakhala ndi njira zingapo zingapo zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwachidule monga:

• Kupangidwe kwa acetyl-coenzyme-A (apa ndi Acetyl-CoA) pokonza mafuta metabolism.
• Kaphatikizidwe ka mevalonate (mevalonic acid). Pakadali pano, kuwonetsedwa kwa insulin, zinthu zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha chithokomiro, glucocorticoids ndizotheka.
• Chokwanira, mapangidwe squalene. Tsopano biochemical precursor ndiyopanda madzi ndipo imasamutsidwa ndi mapuloteni apadera.
• Isomerization, kusintha kwa lanosterol kukhala cholesterol. Ichi ndiye chimaliziro chomaliza chomenyera zoposa makumi awiri zapitazo.

Kuzungulira dzina "cholesterol" kuyambira pomwe amapezeka, pali malingaliro ambiri, owona komanso otalikirana ndi chowonadi.

Chimodzi mwazomwe akunenazi ndichakuti chimavulaza thupi la munthu, ndipo mavuto onse amthupi amathandizana ndi mafuta komanso kumwa kwambiri.

Izi siziri choncho. Pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kukhudzidwa kwa phula ili pamoyo wa anthu, njira yokhazikika yasayansi ndiyofunikira.

Lolani atherosclerosis kukhala mliri wa zaka zana makumi awiri ndi chimodzi (zimadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kufa kuchokera ku misempha ya mtima mu makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu asanu a milandu).

Ndipo chinthu chachikulu pakupezeka kwake ndi chilema pakusinthana kwa cholesterol, ndikofunikira kulingalira za chinthu chomwechi ngati othandizira tizilombo, chifukwa muzu wazoyipa sizomwe mumadya, koma mwanjira yosiyana kotheratu.

Cholesterol: Udindo wachilengedwe, ntchito ndi mawonekedwe ake

Kwa nthawi yayitali tsopano, dziko lonse lakhala likulimbana mwachangu ndi cholesterol, komanso ndendende, ndizowonjezera zomwe zili m'thupi la munthu ndi zotsatirapo zake.

Asayansi ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana amaika malingaliro awo ndi umboni pankhaniyi, amakangana za kusalakwa kwawo ndikupereka malingaliro. Kuti mumvetsetse phindu ndi zoopsa za chinthuchi pamiyoyo ya anthu, ndikofunikira kudziwa udindo wa cholesterol.

Muphunzira za mawonekedwe, katundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta a cholesterol achuluke, komanso maupangiri olamulira magazi ake kuchokera m'nkhaniyi.

Kapangidwe ka cholesterol, udindo wake wachilengedwe

Omasuliridwa kuchokera ku cholesterol yakale yachi Greek amatanthauza "bile yolimba". Ndi phata lomwe limapangidwa ndikupanga maselo a zinthu zonse zamoyo, kupatula pazomera, bowa ndi ma prokaryotes (maselo omwe alibe maukono).

Zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cholesterol ikhale yovuta. Mu thupi la munthu, imagwira ntchito zambiri, kuphwanya komwe kumabweretsa kusintha kwa thanzi.

• Amatenga nawo gawo la masanjidwe am'manja, kuwapatsa kulimba ndi kusasinthika.
• Amakhala ndi kusankha minyewa kupezeka.
• Zimatenga nawo gawo pakuphatikizika kwa mahomoni monga estrogens ndi corticoids.
• Zimakhudza kupanga vitamini D ndi ma asidi a bile.

Chodabwitsa cha cholesterol ndikuti mawonekedwe ake osadetseka samatha madzi. Chifukwa chake, poyendetsa kayendedwe kazinthu zoyendayenda, makina apadera a "mayendedwe" amagwiritsidwa ntchito - lipoproteins.

Kuphatikizika ndi phwando lakunja

Pamodzi ndi triglycerides ndi phospholipids, cholesterol ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yayikulu ya mafuta m'thupi. Ndi mowa wachilengedwe wa lipophilic.

Pafupifupi 50% ya cholesterol imapangidwa tsiku lililonse m'chiwindi cha munthu, 30% ya mapangidwe ake amapezeka m'matumbo ndi impso, 20% yotsala imachokera kunja - ndi chakudya.

Kupanga kwa chinthuchi kumachitika chifukwa chazovuta kwambiri zomwe zimatha kusiyanitsa magawo asanu ndi limodzi:

• Kupanga mevalonate. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa glucose pama mamolekyulu awiri, pambuyo pake amachitika ndi mankhwala acetoacetyltransferase. Zotsatira za gawo loyamba ndikupangidwa kwa mevolanate.
• Kupeza isopentenyl diphosphate kumachitika mwa kuwonjezera zotsalira zitatu za phosphate pazotsatira zomwe zachitika. Kenako decarboxylation ndi kusowa kwamadzi kumachitika.
• Pamene mamolekyu atatu a isopentenyl diphosphate akaphatikizidwa, farnesyl diphosphate imapangidwa.
• Pambuyo pophatikiza zotsalira ziwiri za farnesyl diphosphate, squalene amapangidwa.
• Chifukwa cha njira yovuta yophatikizira squalene yotsogola, lanosterol imapangidwa.
• Pa gawo lomaliza, kuphatikiza cholesterol kumachitika.

Biochemistry imatsimikizira mbali yofunika yachilengedwe ya cholesterol. Njirayi imayendetsedwa bwino ndi thupi la munthu pofuna kupewa kuchulukana kapena kuchepa kwa chinthu chofunikira ichi.

Dongosolo la enzyme la chiwindi limatha kupititsa patsogolo kapena kuchepetsa liwulo la lipid metabolism lomwe limayambitsa kapangidwe ka mafuta acid, phospholipids, cholesterol, ndi zina zambiri.

Pofotokoza za chilengedwe, ntchito ndi kagayidwe ka cholesterol, ndikuyenera kudziwa kuti pafupifupi makumi awiri pa zana a zonse zimakhuta chakudya. Imapezeka pamitengo yambiri yazinyama.

Atsogoleri ndi dzira la mazira, soseji zosuta, batala ndi ghee, chiwindi cha tsekwe, phala la chiwindi, impso. Mwa kuchepetsa kudya kwanu zakudya izi, mutha kutsitsa cholesterol yanu kuchokera kunja.

Kapangidwe kazinthu kamene kamapangidwa kameneka chifukwa cha kagayidwe kake sikangathe kugawidwa mu CO2 ndi madzi. Pankhaniyi, cholesterol yambiri imachotsedwa mu mawonekedwe a bile acid, ena onse ndi ndowe komanso osasinthika.

Cholesterol chabwino komanso choyipa

Vutoli limapezeka mu minyewa yambiri komanso maselo amthupi la munthu, chifukwa cha cholesterol udindo wake.

Imagwira ngati kusintha kwa maselo ambiri, ndikuwapatsa mphamvu, potero kumapangitsa kutsekeka kwa membrane wa plasma. Pambuyo pakuphatikizika kwa chiwindi, cholesterol imayenera kuperekedwa ku maselo a thupi lonse.

Mayendedwe ake amachitika ngati mbali imodzi yosungunuka bwino yotchedwa lipoproteins.

Izi ndi mitundu itatu:

• High density lipoproteins (mkulu maselo kulemera).
• Lowensens lipoproteins (otsika maselo kulemera).
• Osachepera kwambiri osachulukitsa lipoprotein (otsika kwambiri maselo).
• Chylomicrons.

Mitundu iyi imakhala ndi chizolowezi choyambitsa cholesterol. Ubwenzi wakhazikitsidwa pakati pa lipoproteins zamagazi ndi thanzi la munthu. Anthu omwe anali ndi milingo yayikulu ya LDL anali ndi kusintha kwa atherosulinotic mu ziwiya zawo.

Komanso, kwa iwo omwe ali ndi HDL yayikulu m'magazi awo, thupi lathanzi linali labwino. Chowonadi chake ndi chakuti osunthira otsika kwambiri amakhala ndi vuto la kuthamanga kwa cholesterol, yomwe imakhala pamakoma amitsempha yamagazi. Chifukwa chake, amatchedwa "oyipa."

Kumbali inayi, mapangidwe olemera kwambiri a maselo, okhala ndi mphamvu yambiri ya solubility, si atherogenic, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "abwino."

M'magazi. Zizindikiro Zokwera

Popeza ofunika kwambiri kwachilesterol, kuchuluka kwake m'magazi kuyenera kukhala kovomerezeka:

• mwa amayi, izi zimasiyana kuyambira 1.92 mpaka 4.51 mmol / L.
• mwa amuna, kuyambira 2.25 mpaka 4.82 mmol / l.

Kuphatikiza apo, mulingo wa cholesterol wa LDL uyenera kukhala wochepera 3-3.35 mmol / L, HDL - wopitilira 1 mmol / L, triglycerides - 1 mmol / L. Amawerengedwa ngati chizindikiro chabwino ngati kuchuluka kwa lipoprotein okwanira 20% ya cholesterol yonse. Kupatuka, mmwamba ndi pansi, kumawonetsa mavuto azaumoyo ndipo kumafunikanso kuyesedwa.

Zakudya Zabwino Kwambiri Cholesterol

Ngakhale chithandizo cha atherosulinosis chimachitika ndimankhwala, simuyenera kuiwala za zakudya zoyenera.

Zinthu zomwe zimachepetsa cholesterol yamagazi ndizofanana kwa amuna ndi akazi - nsomba zam'nyanja zokhala ndi ma omega-3 mafuta acids, masamba atsopano ndi zipatso, soya, nyemba, nandolo, nyama ya Turkey, mtedza, masamba sopo, buledi wa tirigu.

Zogulitsa zomwe zimatha kudyedwa mopanda malire - azungu azira, mafuta a mpendadzuwa, mafuta a soya, masamba ophika, zakumwa za tiyi, tchizi chamafuta ochepa, nyama yoyera.

Zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa kuti ziziphatikizidwa ndi zakudya ndi dzira la mazira, zinthu zophika mkate, pasitala, nyama yofiira, khofi, zinthu zokhala ndi shuga.

Madzi a m'magazi akuluakulu amatha kudzetsa matenda owopsa. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti cholesterol ndiyani yomwe imapangitsa kupewa izi.

Choyamba, mankhwalawa amakhala ndi moyo wathanzi, kudya zakudya zomwe sizimakhudzanso kagayidwe ka lipid, kusiya zizolowezi zoipa, makamaka kusuta.

Ndipo ngati ndi kotheka, chithandizo chimapitilizidwa ndi mankhwala.

Zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa cholesterol yamagazi

Kuchulukitsa zomwe zili mu cholesterol "choyipa" m'magazi kumatchedwa hypercholesterolemia. Zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima. Polankhula pazifukwa zakuchulukira kwa cholesterol m'magazi, angapo amatha kusiyanitsidwa:

• kusintha kwa chibadwa,
• kuphwanya ntchito ndi ntchito ya chiwindi - wamkulu wopanga lipophilic mowa,
• kusintha kwa mahomoni
• zopsinjika pafupipafupi
• kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi (kudya zakudya zamafuta a nyama),
• kagayidwe kachakudya matenda (kagayidwe kazakudya zam'mimba),
• kusuta
• kumangokhala.

Kuopsa kwa cholesterol yowonjezera mthupi

Hypercholesterolemia imathandizira kukulitsa kwa atherosulinosis (kupanga mapangidwe a sclerotic pamakoma amitsempha yamagazi), matenda a mtima, matenda a shuga, ndikupanga ma gallstones. Chifukwa chake, gawo lofunikira pakubadwa kwachilengedwe ndi chiwopsezo cha kusintha kwamankhwala a cholesterol amwazi zimawonekera pakusintha kwachilengedwe.

Kuti mupewe zotsatira zosasangalatsa zowonjezera kuchuluka kwa cholesterol "yoyipa", ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kukula kwa LDL ndi VLDL.

Aliyense angathe kuchita izi, ndikofunikira:

• kuchepetsa kudya mafuta
• onjezani zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba muzakudya,
• kuwonjezera zolimbitsa thupi
• kupatula kusuta

Kutengera ndi malamulowa, chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha cholesterol yamagazi chimachepetsedwa kangapo.

Njira zochepetsera

Zomwe zimafotokoza za kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi ndi kufunika kwake kutsika kwake zimapangidwa ndi akatswiri azachipatala potengera zotsatira zakuwunika. Kudzipatsa mankhwala panokha kungakhale koopsa.

Ndi cholesterol yokwezeka kwambiri, njira zambiri zoteteza thupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achepetse:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala (ma statins).
• Kutsatira ndi moyo wathanzi (zakudya zoyenera, kadyedwe, masewera olimbitsa thupi, kusuta, kusuta komanso kupuma nthawi zonse).

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti pomaliza: kapangidwe kake ndi cholengedwa ntchito ya cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia ndi zotulukapo zake zimatsimikizira kufunikira kwa anthu chifukwa cha chinthuchi komanso njira zonse zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi izi. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kukhala ndi udindo pazinthu zomwe zingakhudze kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'thupi.

Cholesterol m'thupi la munthu: mapindu ndi zopweteka

Anthu ambiri amalakwitsa poganiza kuti cholesterol ndi imodzi yofunika kwambiri pakuwunika zaumoyo. Amakhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwambiri kwa pawiri kumakhudza machitidwe ambiri a ziwalo zamunthu. Malingaliro amenewa amabweretsa malingaliro olakwika pakudya zakudya zamafuta. Ndikofunikira kuphunzira zonse za cholesterol ndi mawonekedwe ake.

Komabe, lipid iyi imakhudzidwa ndi njira zambiri zachilengedwe. Amawerengedwa monga chinthu choyipa chomwe chimakhudza thanzi. Pawiri amapangidwa m'chiwindi. Kuphatikiza apo, thupi limalandira kuchokera ku chakudya. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maselo ambiri.

Cholesterol imatengera njira zambiri zachilengedwe.

Kodi cholesterol ndi chiyani?

Kufunika kwa gawo la cholesterol m'thupi la munthu kumafotokozedwa ndi ntchito zake zambiri. Popeza ndichinthu chomanga ma membrane a ma cell. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwake, vitamini D ndi mahomoni amapangidwa. Zimafunikira kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chiziteteza. Udindo wake pa thanzi la munthu ndi wofunikira kwambiri.

Imapezeka muubongo. Udindo wake pamoyo wamunthu ndi wofunikira kwambiri. Komabe, pali nthawi zina zomwe cholesterol imatha kukhala yoopsa. Chifukwa cha ichi, testosterone yam'muna imapangidwa.

Ma acid akhungu amapangidwa m'chiwindi kuchokera ku cholesterol. Chifukwa cha iwo, chimbudzi cha mafuta chimayendetsedwa. Ikugwiritsa ntchito popanga kuti ma membrane a ma cell amapangidwa. Phindu ndi zovulaza za cholesterol zimawonekera kutengera mtundu wa lipoproteins. Amapangidwa ndi cholesterase.

Pafupifupi 80% ya pawiri imapangidwa ndi thupi.. Kapangidwe ka cholesterol m'chiwindi ndi matumbo ang'ono. Zotsalazo zimadyedwa ndi chakudya. Zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri za lipoprotein ndi nyama yamafuta, batala.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa WHO, munthu wamba sayenera kudya zosaposa 0,3 g za chinthucho ndi chakudya. Voliyumu iyi imakhala mu lita imodzi ya mkaka yomwe imakhala ndi mafuta a 3%. Mankhwala ofanana ndi lipoproteins amathanso kupezeka mu 150 g ya soseji yosuta ndi 300 g ya nkhuku. Ndikokwanira kudya mazira a nkhuku imodzi ndi theka kuti mukwaniritse mafuta a cholesterol.

Pafupifupi, anthu amamwa pafupifupi 0,43 ga lipoproteins. Izi ndizokwera pafupifupi 50% kuposa zabwinobwino. Komabe, ngati muloproteins osakwanira mwa mayi wapakati, kubadwa msanga kumachitika. Izi zimathandiza kumvetsetsa zomwe mulingo wawo umakhudza.

Ndikofunika kudziwa mbali yosangalatsa yogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zamafuta ndi achi French. Mwamwambo amadya lipid yambiri, koma ali ndi odwala ochepa omwe ali ndi matenda amtima kuposa azungu ena. Chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndizomwe zimamwa mowa wambiri.

Cholesterol yomwe imapezeka muzakudya zambiri imakhala ndi phindu lofunikira mthupi.

Cholesterol yomwe imapezeka muzinthu zambiri imakhala ndi phindu lofunikira mthupi.

Nthawi zina, ndikapatula pakudya, chiopsezo chotenga matenda ena nchotheka. Ngati mumadya zakudya zamafuta kwambiri, kulemera kwa munthu kumayamba kuchuluka msanga. Komabe, sikuti zonse ndizophweka. Ubwino wa cholesterol umatengera mtundu wake komanso kuchuluka kwake.

Mukachotsa zakudya zokhala ndi lipoprotein m'zakudya, izi zimatha kubweretsa mavuto.

Thupi laumunthu silingakhalepo popanda mafuta. Ndikofunika kuti muzigwiritsa ntchito pang'ono. Mafuta ndichinthu chofunikira chomanga chamamembala am'mimba.

Pogwiritsa ntchito, ma myelin sheaths a mitsempha yama cell amapangidwa. Chifukwa cha zomwe zili bwino kwambiri m'magazi, thupi limatha kuyankha moyenera zomwe zimachitika.

Ndi bwino kudya zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi lipoprotein - "zabwino."

Ngati cholesterol m'thupi sikokwanira, sipadzakhalanso chilichonse chokwanira kuti ipange mahomoni ogonana. Izi zitha kuchititsa kuti kubereka kubereka. Mavitamini monga E, A, D amalowa mthupi ndi mafuta.

Kuvulala kwa cholesterol kumawonedwa pokhapokha kukwera kwambiri kapena kochepa m'thupi. Pali zovuta zingapo:

1. Atherosulinosis Lipid imatha kukhala yowopsa pakuwunjikana m'makoma amitsempha yamagazi. Chifukwa cha izi, mitundu yosanja. Imakula ndipo imatha kutha. Zotsatira zake, kutsekeka kwa chotengera kumachitika. Kutuluka kwa magazi kumasokonezeka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chiwalo china chimalandira mpweya wokwanira. Ndiowopsa kwa minofu necrosis. Matendawa amatchedwa atherosulinosis.
2. Matenda a Gallstone. Zambiri za lipoprotein zapamwamba ndizowopsa pa biliary system. Ma lipid amaphatikizidwa kudzera m'chiwindi. Ngati ma enzyme ochepa apangidwa, cholesterol yoyipa siyikumbidwa chokwanira. Izi zimathandizira kulowa kwa lipoproteins mu ndulu. Zotsatira zake, kupanga miyala ndikotheka.
3. Matenda oopsa Chovulaza chachikulu chochokera ku cholesterol yayikulu chikhoza kukhala kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa lumen pamitsempha yamagazi pakapangidwe zolembera.
4. Kunenepa kwambiri Ndi kuchuluka kwa lipoproteins, lipid metabolism m'magazi imasokonekera. Izi zimatha kubweretsa kuchulukana kwamafuta ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Matendawa amakhudza anthu omwe samadya bwino, osunthira pang'ono, komanso amamwa kwambiri mowa.
5. Matenda olera. Mwa amuna, omwe ali ndi ziwonetsero zochulukirapo za lipoprotein, momwe magwiridwe antchito a kubereka amasokonezeka. Mitsempha yamagazi yomwe imapereka magazi ku pelvis yopapatiza. Prostate imalandira mpweya wokwanira. Erection wasweka.

Milingo ya Lipoprotein imadalira mibadwo. Chiwopsezo cha zolembera chikukula pambuyo pa zaka 45.

Udindo wa chiwindi mu lipid metabolism

Kuongolera kagayidwe ka lipid ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu pantchito ya chiwindi.

Kuongolera kagayidwe ka lipid ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu pantchito ya chiwindi. Amatulutsa ma bile acid, pamtundu wochepa womwe mafuta saphimbidwa. Madokotala ambiri odziwa ntchito amalankhula zofunikira za chiwindi mu lipid metabolism.Kuti mumvetsetse kuti ndi chiwalo chiti chomwe chimayang'anira mafuta a cholesterol, kudziwa zomwe zimapangidwa kumathandiza.

Gawo la lipoprotein limapangidwa m'chiwindi. Izi zikuwonetsa chidwi cha ntchito ya thupi pa thanzi. Kufunika kwa metabolidi ya lipid m'chiwindi kumawonetsa kufunikira kowunika thanzi poyendera dokotala pafupipafupi. Cholesterol biosynthesis imaponderezedwa ndi ma lipoprotein amkati.

Udindo wa chiwindi mu lipid metabolism ndi wofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chake muyenera kuyang'anira mawonekedwe a ziwalozi. Kuzindikira momwe cholesterol imapangidwira kumathandizira kudziwa zamitundu ya lipoprotein.

Pali mitundu yotere ya cholesterol:

1. HDL (kachulukidwe kakakulu). Lipoprotein yamtunduwu imatchedwanso lipid yabwino. Izi lipids muli mapuloteni. Mafuta amtunduwu amagwira ntchito yoyeretsa makhoma amitsempha yamagazi kuti apangidwe. Lipoproteins zowonjezera zimasinthidwa kukhala chiwindi kuti zikonzedwe. Chifukwa cha izi, zotengera zimabwezeretsedwa, zolembera zomwe zimachitika ndi atherosulinosis resolution. Ubwino wawo kwa thupi ndiwofunika.
2. LDL (kachulukidwe kotsika). Mafuta awa amatchedwa oyipa. Kupatula kwake ndikutumiza kwa lipoproteins kwa zotumphukira. Ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa LDL, mapepala amawonekera mkati mwa zotengera.
3. VLDL. Dzinalo lina ndi "cholesterol yoyipa kwambiri." Mafuta awa amakhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri. Ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha VLDL, chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima ndi chachikulu. Mwina kukula kwa matenda ashuga, matenda a impso, hepatitis.
4. LABP. Ma lipoprotein oterewa amakhala ndi mphamvu yapakatikati. Amagwira ntchito ngati lipoproteins yoyipa.

Kulondola kwa chithandizo kumatengera kudziwa kwa mitundu iyi ya cholesterol komanso mavuto omwe amadza pomwe amawonjezeka kapena kuchepa. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti cholesterol ndi cholesterol ndi amodzi ndi ofanana.

Mitundu ya akulu ndi ana

Kuongolera kagayidwe ka lipid ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu pantchito ya chiwindi.

Cholesterol imayeza mu mol / L. Mlingo wake umatsimikiziridwa pakuwunika kwa biochemical.

Ndi kuchuluka kwa lipoprotein mwa akazi, thupi limayamba kumanganso. Izi zimatulutsa mahomoni ochulukirapo. Izi zimachitika zaka khumi zilizonse.

Kuyesedwa kwa magazi komwe kumayeza kuchuluka kwa lipoprotein kumathandizira kuzindikira zonyansa.

Mlingo wamphongo wamwamuna umayesedwanso mmol / L. malinga ndi ziwerengero zachimuna pamatenda amtima, chiopsezo cha kufalikira kwam'mimba ndizambiri, poyerekeza ndi wamkazi.

Zochitika mu akazi mwa zaka, komanso amuna ndi ana, zimawonetsedwa patebulo: