Kodi ndi mahomoni ati omwe amapezeka mu cholesterol?

1. Ma acids ofunikira
2. Mahomoni a Steroid
3. Vitamini D
4. Ubwino wa chinthu
5. Udindo wa mafuta a cholesterol popanga maselo aubongo

Kwa zaka zambiri osavutika ndi CHOLESTEROL?

Mutu wa Bungwe: “Mudzadabwa momwe zimakhalira zosavuta kuchepetsa mafuta m'thupi mwakumwa tsiku lililonse.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti zopezeka mu cholesterol imodzi zimafunikira chidwi. Amalimbitsa chitetezo chathupi chaumunthu ndipo amateteza ku zotsatira zoyipa za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi zimalepheretsa kukula kwamatenda owopsa ambiri. Zothandiza kuchokera ku cholesterol zimaphatikizapo bile acid.

Chofunika kwambiri mwa izi ndi cholic acid. Ili ndiye gawo lalikulu la bile. Zomwe zimachokera ku cholesterol siziphunziridwa kwathunthu: zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cholesteros ikhale yodziwika bwino. Ndilo gulu la ma steroid. Cholestanos imadziunjikira mu tiziwalo timene timatulutsa adrenal.

Owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito bwino Aterol kutsitsa cholesterol. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

Ma acids ofunikira

Cholesterol imakhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni, motero amaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala opangira steroid. Mapangidwe a bile acids amapezeka m'chiwindi. Zotupa za cholesterol zimaphatikizapo cholic, chenodeoxycholic acid. Zina mwazomwe zili ndi bile mu mawonekedwe amchere. Chifukwa cha ma bile acids, ma lipids azakudya amapangidwa.

Mitsempha ya bile ikatsekedwa, mapangidwe a bile amasokonezeka, chifukwa cha ichi hypovitaminosis imayamba (pali kuchepa kwa mavitamini m'thupi). Izi ndichifukwa choti ndi ma pathologies a bile duct, mayamwidwe a mavitamini osungunuka mafuta ndizovuta.

Mahomoni a Steroid

Kodi ndi mahomoni ati omwe amachokera ku cholesterol? Mitundu isanu ya mahomoni a steroid amadziwika. Amayang'anira njira zoyambirira mthupi.

Progesterone ndiyofunikira pakubala: chifukwa cha izo, dzira limalowetsedwa. Ndikofunikira pakukula koyenera kwa mwana wosabadwayo. Glucocorticoids imaletsa njira zotupa mthupi.
Mineralocorticoids imasunga madzi okwanira mchere mokwanira m'thupi: ikakhala yochepa, magazi a munthu amatsika kwambiri.

Steroid mahormone amateteza kagayidwe. Pakadali pano, amapezekanso. Zomwe zimachokera ku cholesterol pazabwino zake sizotsika poyerekeza ndi omwe amapanga zachilengedwe.

Zimatanthauzanso zochokera ku cholesterol. Thupi limathandizira kuyamwa kwa kashiamu, kofunikira popanga mafupa amunthu, kumawonjezera kukana kwa ma virus ku ma virus.

Vitamini ndi zotumphukira zake sizimataya katundu wawo pakumwa kutentha kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu izi.

Ubwino wa chinthu

Zimalepheretsa kupezeka khansa, zimapangitsa ntchito ya ubongo.

Vitamini D ndi zotumphukira zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza sclerosis. Chifukwa cha iwo, dongosolo lamanjenje laumunthu limalimbitsidwa. Ndikusowa kwa zinthu izi mwa ana, ma rickets amapezeka. Akuluakulu, ndikusowa kwa mavitamini, thanzi lawo limakulirakulira, kutopa kumawonjezeka, kugona kumasokonezeka. Chifukwa chake, zakudya ziyenera kukhala zopanda malire.

Udindo wa mafuta a cholesterol popanga maselo aubongo

Madokotala aku Sweden omwe amagwira ntchito ku Carolina Institute atsimikizira kuti zotuluka za cholesterol ndizofunikira kuti ubongo ukhale ndi ntchito zambiri. Amakhulupirira kuti maselo omwe amakhala ndi dopamine ya mahomoni ayenera kupangidwa mwangozi.

Amachokera ku cholesterol omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwamphamvu kwa maselo a tsinde, kuchuluka kwa ma dopamine neurons mwa iwo kumawonjezeka. Kupeza kumeneku kwasintha. Odwala a Parkinson apeza chiyembekezo choti achira.

Akatswiri a zam'madzi amakhulupilira kuti posachedwa zitheka kuphatikizira zitsanzo zopangidwa m'malo mwa maselo owonongeka aubongo. Iyi ikhala njira yatsopano yochizira matenda aubongo.

Cholesterol wamba mwa akazi pambuyo pa zaka 40

• Zosiyanasiyana za cholesterol m'mwazi
• Cholesterol wamba kwa akazi opitirira 40
• Zizindikiro ndi zoyambitsa cholesterol yayikulu mwa akazi pambuyo pa 40
• Hypercholesterolemia Chithandizo

Muyezo wa cholesterol mwa amayi pambuyo pa 40 ndiwofunikira kwambiri pomwe zotsatira za kuyezetsa magazi nthawi zonse kuyerekezedwa kwa wodwala wazaka zilizonse ndi dokotala wazachipatala kapena wam'banja. Chifukwa ndi zaka 40 zomwe premenopusing imayamba - kupanga kwa ma estrogens, omwe m'mbuyomu adapanga "mwayi" wina wachikazi ndikuthandizira kuchepa kwa cholesterol poyerekeza ndi abambo, kumayamba kuchepa.

Atadutsa pafupi kulowa m'badwo uno, azimayi sayenera kudabwitsidwa, limodzi ndi mwayi wopita kukayezetsa magazi ambiri, atalandira mwayi wofufuza zamankhwala am'magazi. Kusanthula kumeneku kumatchedwa mbiri ya lipid kapena mbiri ya lipid (mawonekedwe). Ngati, chifukwa cha kusanthula, kupatuka kwakukulu kuchokera pachizolowezi kuwululidwa, makamaka kukuwonjezereka, ndiye kuti kuwunika kwa cardiologist ndi endocrinologist ndikofunikira.

Zosiyanasiyana za cholesterol m'mwazi

Thupi laumwini palokha limatulutsa 80% ya cholesterol yomwe imafunikira kumanga cell cell, metabolism yachilendo, kaphatikizidwe ka mahomoni, ma asidi a bile ndi vitamini D. 20% yotsalayo ndiyofunika kupeza ndi chakudya. Mafuta onsewa, ndi omwe amapangidwira m'chiwindi ndikuchotsedwa muzakudya, ali ndi mawonekedwe ena ndipo amatha kukhala "abwino" kapena "oyipa".

Popeza talandira mbiri ya lipid m'manja mwanu, mutha kuwona izi:

• LDL (beta-lipoproteins) ndi otsika osalimba lipoproteins. Amakhala magwero a mapangidwe olimbitsa chifukwa amalandila mawu akuti "oyipa".

• HDL (alpha lipoproteins) - lipoproteins yapamwamba kwambiri. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi "abwino" chifukwa amathandiza kuchotsa cholesterol yambiri m'maselo a thupi.
• Triglycerides ndi mitundu yapadera yamankhwala omwe amapezeka mumafuta azakudya kapena ophatikizidwa m'thupi kuchokera kwa chakudya. Amasungidwa m'maselo amafuta ndikugwiritsa ntchito vuto la mphamvu yayikulu. Kukula kofupikirako kumayambitsa kapamba.
• OXS ndi cholesterol yathunthu. Ndilo gawo la HDL ndi LDL. Nthawi zambiri, 60-70% ya cholesterol yathunthu ndi LDL.

Kwa mawu. Pakusintha kwa lipid, chinthu china chowonjezera sichowonjezera, koma kuchepa (!) Mu HDL. Ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa triglycerides, mulingo wa LDL pakuwunikira siwolondola, ndipo mtengo wake umasinthidwa ndi chizindikiro chapadera "non-HDL" = OXC - HDL.

Cholesterol wamba kwa akazi opitirira 40

WHO ikuvomereza kuti amuna ndi akazi, kuyambira azaka 20, azichita mayeso a cholesterol kamodzi pazaka zisanu. Komabe, pofuna kuthana ndi kupewa ma atherosselotic amana m'matumbo komanso kukula kwa matenda amitsempha yama mtima munthawi yake, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti ngakhale amayi athanzi atakwanitsa zaka 40 achite kafukufuku wamagazi amkati mwa cholesterol kamodzi pachaka.

Kuti musiyanitse matendawa, kuphatikiza magazi a biochemical (michere, mahomoni, mapuloteni othandizira) komanso maphunziro othandiza a ziwalo zamkati amatha kukhazikitsidwa.

Zizindikiro ndi zoyambitsa cholesterol yayikulu mwa akazi pambuyo pa 40

Kunja, cholesterol yokwera komanso yotsika sikuwonetsa zizindikilo zilizonse. Komabe, zosadziwika mosazungulira za kuthamanga komwe zakhala zikukhudza kwanthawi yayitali zimatha kukhala kupweteka mumtima komanso / kapena kulemera m'miyendo.

Mulingo wa cholesterol wamagazi mwa akazi pambuyo pa zaka 40 ukhoza kukhala wokwera pazifukwa zotsatirazi:

• Mitsempha yolimba ya magazi kuposa 140/90,
• matenda amitsempha yamagazi
• mtundu uliwonse wa matenda ashuga
• chithokomiro chachepa,
• matenda a chiwindi ndi impso,
• kukula kwa mahomoni,
• gout
• anorexia amanosa
• moyo wongokhala, wonenepa kwambiri, wopanda chakudya, uchidakwa, uchidakwa.

Mwa njira, pali lingaliro kuti mowa umathandizira kukhalabe ndi mafuta abwinobwino a cholesterol. Zowonadi, ngakhale ndikumwa mowa kwambiri, cholesterol yathunthu imakhalabe yokhazikika, koma kulumikizana pakati pazomwe zimapangika pakadali pano - thupi limaleka kutulutsa "lipids" zabwino ndipo pamakhala zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa "zoyipa".

Kwa mawu. Pogwiritsa ntchito Fomyewald formula: LDL = OXS - HDL - (0,2 x triglycerides) mg / dL, katswiri wamtima wofufuza mtima amatha kuwunika momwe angapangire kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ya atherosselotic ngakhale ndi mtengo wabwinobwino wa OXC.

Hypercholesterolemia Chithandizo

Ndizotheka kuyeretsa makhoma amitsempha yamagazi kuchokera ku cholesterol plaque pokhapokha pakugwirira ntchito, ndipo mankhwala sanathebe kuletsa mapangidwe awo - kumwa mankhwala amakono kungathandizire kuchepetsa kukula kwa njirayi. Sizoyenera kuchita komanso kudalira njira zina zamankhwala. Sangakwanitse ngakhale pang'ono kugwira ntchitoyi.

Kwa azimayi omwe adapezeka kuti ali ndi cholesterol yayikulu, choyambirira, adzafunsidwa kuti ayesetse kutsetsereka popanda kumwa mankhwala - kusiya kusuta fodya, kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa, kugona tulo maola 8 patsiku, kukhathamiritsa zochitika zolimbitsa thupi tsiku lililonse, kusintha matendawa ndikutsatira anti-cholesterol - zakudya zotsitsa lipid. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kudziwa muyeso. Kutsatira zakudya zolimbitsa thupi kwambiri sikungakhudze thupi komanso thanzi la m'mutu.

Mu milandu pamene kuyesa kutsitsa cholesterol kokha mothandizidwa ndi zolimbitsa thupi ndikutsatira zakudya za anticholesterol sikunabweretse zotsatira zomwe zingafunikire, komanso ngati hypercholesterolemia imayambitsidwa ndi matenda omwe mulingo wa OXS umakwera kwambiri kuposa 6.22 mmol / l, chithandizo chamankhwala chimayikidwa.

Njira yayikulu yothandizira mankhwalawa chifukwa cha cholesterol yayitali ndi maulamu a moyo wonse, omwe amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala a antihypertensive, kuphatikiza kwa bile acid, fibroic acid zotumphukira, cholesterol mayamwidwe. Nthawi zina ma statin amatha kusinthidwa kapena kuthandizidwa ndi Niacin.

Ma Statins amatha kuyimitsa njira yotupa m'mitsempha yamagazi ndipo amathandizira kuti cholesterol ipangidwe ndi chiwindi, amachepetsa chiopsezo cha kugunda kwa mtima motero amathandizira kutalikitsa moyo.

Yang'anani! Ma Statin samayambitsa chizolowezi. Pambuyo pakutha kwawo, mulingo wa cholesterol ubwereranso pamlingo wawo woyambirira, koma sudzawonjezeka ndi 2 times. Zotsatira zoyipa za ma statins ndizomwe zimachitika, ndipo mapindu ake amatenga nthawi ochulukirapo kuposa chiwopsezo chotengera zotulukapo.

Akazi otsatirawa pambuyo pa 40 sadzachita popanda chithandizo chotsimikizika ndi mabedi:

• mbiri yakuvutika, kugunda kwa mtima, angina pectoris, kusakhazikika kwa ischemic, pachimake coronary syndrome, kusintha kwa mitsempha, kuwonongeka kwamitsempha yamagazi,
• odwala matenda ashuga omwe ali ndi LDL 70-189 mg / dl,

• ndi kuchuluka kwa lipoproteins otsika kwambiri> 189 mg / dl,
• ngati mayeso a protein-c yogwira, fibrinogen ndi / kapena homocysteine ​​ndi osayenera,
• onenepa
• osuta kwambiri komanso omwe amakana kusinthira moyo wabwino.

Ndipo pomaliza, tikuwonjezera kuti mantha asadafike sikuyenera - kwa amayi opitirira makumi anayi, kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa cholesterol ndikwachilengedwe ndipo sikumatengedwa ngati matenda. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira za kusanthulezo zimatha chifukwa cha kukonzekera molakwika kwa mayi phunziroli, kukonzekera kosavomerezeka kwa labotale kapena zolakwa zamakina za othandizira. Muyenera kubwereza phunzirolo ndikupangana ndi wokonda zamtima.

Funso 21 Udindo wakuthupi wa amithenga achiwiri pakufalitsa ma ma horoni

Makina ofunikira omwe masinthidwe amithenga "yachiwiri" amatengera mkati mwa khungu ndi njira ya phosphorylation - kutsikira kwa mapuloteni ndi kutenga nawo gawo kwamitundu yambiri yamapuloteni omwe amachititsa kuti gulu la kumapeto kwa ATP kupita ku OH magulu a itine serine itreonine, ndipo nthawi zina tyrosine ya mapuloteni osanja . Njira ya phosphorylation ndikofunikira posinthira kusintha kwa ma protein mwa maselo a protein omwe amasintha mawonekedwe awo ndi ntchito yawo. Makamaka, zimayambitsa kusintha kwamapangidwe amtundu (mgwirizano kapena kudzipatula kwa zigawo zothandizira), kutsegulira kapena kuletsa zinthu zawo zowunikira, pamapeto pake kumazindikira kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa mankhwala ndi ntchito yonse yamaselo.

22. Mahomoni a Steroid. Mechanism ndi blah blah blah

Mosiyana ndi peptide, mahomoni a steroid amalowa mosavuta m'matumbo a plasma ndikulumikizana ndi ma receptor awo mu cytoplasm ndi / kapena nucleus ya cell yomwe akufuna. Ma receptors ena a steroid ndi oncoproteins (mwachitsanzo erbA). Ma receptors onse a steroid ali ndi tsamba lomanga la DNA. Mwanjira ina, ma steroid mahandiredi amakondwerero ndi zinthu. Zotsatira zomaliza zomwe zimachitika pakhale ma hormone a steroid ndi cholandilira chake ndikusintha mawonekedwe amitundu yosindikiza. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira za zochita za mahomoni am'madzi a khungu lomwe akufuna kulumikizidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa mapuloteni enaake, omwe amasintha kagayidwe kazinthu zonse zofunika kwambiri ndi maselo ena ambiri amthupi. Mapuloteni omwe amapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi mahomoni a steroid amathanso kukhala mahomoni kapena mamolekyulu ena ofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa khungu, mwachitsanzo, ma enzymes. Akamasulidwa ku cell ya endocrine, mahomoni a steroid amalowa m'magazi, pomwe 95% ya mahomoni amamangiriza mapuloteni amtundu wina (transcortins, mapuloteni omanga testosterone, ma albumin osiyanasiyana ndi ma globulins). Steroid hormone receptors amadziwika kuti ndi gulu lochulukirapo la ma nyukiliya okwanira, omwe amaphatikizanso ma receptors a retinoids, vitamini D3, triiodothyronine. Ma mamolekyulu a steroid atalowa mu maselo omwe akufuna kupangidwira, amatha kuyambitsa yankho pokhapokha ngati pali ma intracellular receptors ena a timadzi tomwe timayamwa mu cell. Chifukwa chake, ma estrogen receptors amapezeka mu maselo olimbana ndi chiberekero, mammary gland ndi ubongo. Maselo amatsitsi a khungu la nkhope ndi zotupa za mbolo zimakhala ndi androgen receptors. Glucocorticoid receptors amapezeka pafupifupi maselo onse. Mu cell yomwe mukufuna, aliyense mwa magawo akuluakulu azigawo zama steroid zogonana (androgens, estrogens, progestins) amathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa zochitika zomwe zimaphatikizapo (I) kumangiriza kwa steroid ku receptor yake, (I) kusintha kwampikisano pamapangidwe a receptor, kusamutsa cholandirira kuchokera ku mawonekedwe osagwira ntchito kupita kwa omwe amagwira ntchito , (III) kumanga kwa steroid receptor zovuta kuzinthu zowongolera za DNA, (IV) cholembedwa ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mamolekyu atsopano a m-RNA, (V) kutanthauzira kwa m-RNA ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni atsopano. Polemba, RNA polymerase II imamangiriza kwa wotsatsira, tsamba lenileni la molekyulu ya DNA, momwe kuphatikizira polymer kumayambira. RNA polymerase II imaluka gawo la DNA pawiri helix, kuvumbula masanjidwewo pakuzungulire. RNA polymerase ikakumana ndi mawu oletsa kuchotsera, kuphatikizira kwa polymer kumatha. Chidziwitso chambiri chamapangidwe amthupi ndi zokhudza thupi zamapangidwe a mahomoni a steroid zimapezeka kuchokera ku maphunziro a steroid receptors.Kuchita kwa mahomoni a steroid kumadalira kuphatikiza kwa receptor kwa mahomoni kapena ma analogue ake a pharmacological, komanso kuthandizira kwa zovuta zonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cell-receptor ovomerezeka ayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

23. Limagwirira a zochita za mapuloteni mahomoni ....

Machitidwe a peptide, mapuloteni mahomoni ndi katekisimu. Ligand. Molekyu ya mahomoni nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "mkhalapakati wamkulu" woyang'anira, kapena ligand. Ma mamolekyulu a mahomoni ambiri amamangilira zigawo zina za ma cell a plasma a cell chandamale, ndikupanga ligand-receptor tata. Kwa peptide, mahomoni aproteni ndi catecholamines, kapangidwe kake ndiye kogwirizira koyamba pakapangidwe kake ndipo kumabweretsa kutseguka kwa michere ya nembanemba ndikupanga akatswiri angapo oyimira pakati pa mahomoni oyendetsera, omwe amazindikira zochita zawo mu cytoplasm, organoids, ndi cell cell. Pakati pa michere yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi ligand-receptor tata, adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, phospholipases C, D ndi A2, tyrosine kinases, phosphattyrosine phosphatases, phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase, serine threonine kinase, ndi synthase ikufotokozedwa. opangidwa mothandizidwa ndi michere iyi ya michere ndi: 1) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 2) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 3) inositol-3-phosphate (IPF), 4) diacylglycerol, 5) oligo (A) (2, 5-oligoisoadenylate), 6) Ca2 + <ионизированный кальций),="" 7)="" фосфатидная="" кислота,="" 8)="" циклическая="" аденозиндифосфатрибоза,="" 9)="" n0="" (оксид="" азота).="" многие="" гормоны,="" образуя="" лиганд-рецепторные="" комплексы,="" вызывают="" активацию="" одновременно="" нескольких="" мембранных="" ферментов="" и,="" соответственно,="" вторичных="" посредников.="" значительная="" часть="" гормонов="" и="" биологически="" активных="" веществ="" взаимодействуют="" с="" семейством="" рецепторов,="" связанных="" с="" g-белками="" плазматической="" мембраны="" (андреналин,="" норадреналин,="" аденозин,="" ангиотензин,="" эндотелии="" и="">

The biochemical udindo wa nucleotide mu kagayidwe

Ma nyukiliya - phosphoric esters of nucleoside, phosphoses ya nucleoside. Ma nucleotide aulere, makamaka ATP, cAMP, ADP, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera mphamvu ndi chidziwitso, komanso amapanga gawo la ma nucleic acid ndi ma coenzymes ambiri. The biochemical jukumu la ma nucleotide:

Mphamvu zakuthambo konse (ATP ndi mawonekedwe ake).

Ndiwotsitsa komanso onyamula ma monomers mu cell (UDP-glucose)

Chitani monga coenzymes (FAD, FMN, NAD +, NADF +)

Ma cyclic mononucleotides ndi oyimira pakati pazochitika za mahomoni ndi ma signar ena (cAMP, cGMP).

Allosteric oyang'anira enzyme ntchito.

Ndizopanga monokhalira popanga ma nucleic acids omwe amalumikizidwa ndi ma 3'-5'-phosphodiester.

Kusiyana ndi kufanana pakapangidwe ka DNA ndi RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ndi macromolecule (imodzi mwa zitatu zazikuluzikulu, zina ziwiri ndi RNA ndi mapuloteni), omwe amapereka zosungirako, kufalitsa kuchokera kumibadwo kupita ku mibadwo ndiku kukhazikitsa pulogalamu ya majini yopangira ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zinthu zamoyo. DNA ili ndi chidziwitso pakupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya RNA ndi mapuloteni.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro amakanidwe, kemikali ndi molekyulu wautali wopanga ma bacteria - nucleotides. Aliyense nucleotide imakhala ndi nitrogenous base, shuga (deoxyribose) ndi gulu la phosphate. Zomangira pakati pa ma nucleotides mumtambo zimapangidwa chifukwa cha deoxyribose ndi gulu la phosphate (ma phosphodiester bond). M'milandu yambiri (kupatula ma virus ena omwe ali ndi DNA yopanda mphamvu), macromolecule ya DNA imakhala ndi maunyolo awiri okhala ndi mabatani a nayitrogeni wina ndi mnzake. Molekyu yomwe imakhala yozungulira imasanjidwa kamodzi. Mwambiri, kapangidwe ka molekyu ya DNA imatchedwa "iwiri helix".

Mitundu inayi yamiyala ya nayitrogeni imapezeka mu DNA (adenine, guanine, thymine, ndi cytosine). Maziko a nayitrogeni amodzi amunyolo amalumikizidwa kuzitsulo za nayitrogeni kwina ndikumanga kwa hydrogen molingana ndi mfundo yofananira: adenine amangomangiriza kwa thymine, guanine - kokha kwa cytosine. Kufufuza kwa nucleotide kumakupatsani mwayi "wofotokozera" zamitundu mitundu ya RNA, yofunikira kwambiri yomwe ndi chidziwitso kapena matrix (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA) ndi mayendedwe (tRNA). Mitundu yonseyi ya RNA imapangidwa pa masanjidwe amtundu wa DNA mwa kukopera momwe zinayendera DNA mu njira ya RNA yopanga nthawi yolemba ndikuchita nawo protein biosynthesis (njira yomasulira). Kuphatikiza pa kukhazikitsa mndandanda, DNA yamaselo imakhala ndi zochitika zomwe zimayang'anira ntchito.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) ndi amodzi mwa ma macromolecule atatu (enawo ndi ma CD ndi mapuloteni), omwe amapezeka m'maselo a chamoyo chilichonse.

Monga DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA imakhala ndi unyolo wautali momwe ulalo uliwonse umatchedwa nucleotide. Aliyense nucleotide imakhala ndi nayitrogeni, shuga wa nthiti ndi gulu la phosphate. Kutsata kwa ma nucleotide kumalola RNA kukhazikitsa zidziwitso zamtundu. Zamoyo zonse zama cell zimagwiritsa ntchito RNA (mRNA) kukonza mapuloteni.

RNA nucleotides imakhala ndi shuga - nthiti, pomwe chimodzi mwazonse zimaphatikizika pamalo a 1 ': adenine, guanine, cytosine kapena uracil. Gulu la phosphate limalumikiza nthiti mu tcheni, ndikupanga ma atomu a 3 'kaboni ka nthiti imodzi ndi malo a 5' wina. Magulu a Phosphate ku pH yachilengedwe amaimbidwa mlandu molakwika, motero RNA ndi polyanion. RNA imalembedwa ngati polima ya mabasiketi anayi (adenine (A), guanine (G), uracil (U) ndi cytosine (C), koma pali masamba osinthika ndi shuga ambiri mu RNA "okhwima". Pazonse, pali mitundu pafupifupi 100 ya ma nucleotide osinthidwa mu RNA.

Madziko a nayitrogeni omwe amapangidwa ndi RNA amatha kupanga ma hydrogen binders pakati pa cytosine ndi guanine, adenine ndi uracil, komanso pakati pa guanine ndi uracil. Komabe, kulumikizana kwina ndikotheka, mwachitsanzo, ma adenine angapo amatha kupanga chiuno, kapena loop yopanga ma nucleotides anayi, momwe mumakhala ma adenine - mabatani a guanine.

Mbali yofunikira ya RNA yomwe imawasiyanitsa ndi DNA ndi kukhalapo kwa gulu la hydroxyl pamalo a 2 'nthiti, yomwe imalola molekyulu ya RNA kukhalapo mu A, m'malo mwa conf conf, yomwe imakonda kuwonetsedwa mu DNA. Fomu ya A ili ndi poyambira yayikulu komanso yopapatiza komanso poyambira pang'onong'ono. Zotsatira zachiwiri zakupezeka kwa gulu la 2 'hydroxyl ndikuti pulasitiki mosinthika, ndiye kuti, osatenga nawo gawo pakupanga ma helix awiri, magawo a molekyulu ya RNA amatha kugunda ndi ma cell ena a phosphate ndikuwathetsa.

Mitundu "yogwira" ya molekyu yokhala ndi RNA yopanga kamodzi, yofanana ndi mapuloteni, imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba. Kapangidwe kamtundu wamtunduwu kamapangidwa malinga ndi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi yachiwiri kupangidwa ndi ma hydrogen binders mkati mwa molekyu imodzi. Pali mitundu ingapo ya zinthu zapamwamba - tsinde malupu, malupu ndi pseudo-node.

Pali zosiyana zitatu zazikulu pakati pa DNA ndi RNA:

DNA ili ndi shuga wa deoxyribose, RNA ili ndi nthiti, yomwe ili ndi yowonjezera, poyerekeza ndi deoxyribose, gulu la hydroxyl. Gululi limawonjezera kuthekera kwa hydrolysis ya mamolekyule, ndiko kuti, kumachepetsa kukhazikika kwa molekyulu ya RNA.

Ma nucleotide omwe amathandizira ku adenine mu RNA si mymine, monga mu DNA, koma uracil ndi mawonekedwe osagwirizana a thymine.

DNA ilipo mu mawonekedwe a helix opangidwa ndi mamolekyulu awiri osiyana. Ma molekyulu a RNA, pafupifupi, amafupikika kwambiri komanso amakhala amodzimodzi.

Kupenda kwamapangidwe a mamolekyulu a RNA omwe amagwira ntchito mwachilengedwe, kuphatikiza ma tRNA, rRNA, snRNA ndi mamolekyu ena omwe samakhazikitsa mapuloteni, adawonetsa kuti sakhala ndi helix imodzi yayitali, koma zamatayala angapo afupikitsafupi omwe amakhala pafupi ndikugwirizana ndikupanga china chofanana puloteni dongosolo la mapuloteni. Zotsatira zake, RNA ikhoza kuyambitsa masinthidwe amthupi, mwachitsanzo, malo achitetezo a peptidyl a nthiti yomwe amaphatikizidwa ndi mapangidwe a peptide bond of protein ali kwathunthu a RNA.

Zothandiza kuchokera ku cholesterol - ndi chiyani

Cholesterol ndi gawo lofunikira la nembanemba wa selo. Amapanga ma protein angapo mthupi lathu. Zamoyo zomwe zimagwira, zomwe zimatengera cholesterol, zalembedwa pansipa:

• Steroids: mahomoni cortisol, aldosterone,
• Komanso mahomoni azimayi ndi amuna ogonana: estrogens, progesterone, testosterone,
• Vitamini D
• Kaphatikizidwe wa bile acid.

Cholesterol ndi yochokera ku mevalonic acid. Mapangidwe a mevalonate amachitika kuchokera ku acetate yogwira. Kenako squalene imapangidwa, ndipo cholesterol imazunguliridwa kale kwa iwo. Nthawi zambiri, ngati palibe vuto la majini, mamolekyulu a ma DNA aanthu amapangidwa kuti athe kuwongolera kupanga kwa cholesterol yokwanira.

Kodi chinthu ichi ndi chiyani ndipo ndi ntchito zake?

Cholesterol kapena cholesterol ndi ena omwe amapezeka m'mayendedwe ngati mowa. Imapezeka m'malo ozama kwambiri mumitsempha yamafuta ndi mafuta. Koma zambiri m'chiwindi.

Cholesterol imagwira ntchito zambiri zofunika kwambiri:

• Kupanga nembanemba wa hepatocytes. Ma molekyulu a cholesterol amadziphatikizika mwachangu m'makoma a chiwindi.
• Chimbudzi. Mu kapangidwe ka bile acids, cholesterol imathandizira kugaya chakudya cha nyama. Pamodzi ndi bile, imalowa m'matumbo, pomwe imalimbikitsa mafuta.
• Kugawidwa kudzera m'magazi ngati gawo la lipoprotein, lomwe limapangitsa zabwino kapena zowononga m'matumbo. Ngati cholesterol imalowetsedwa m'makoma ochepa kapena otsika kwambiri a lipoprotein, imatha kudziunjikira mu intima yamitsempha yamagazi, ndikuthandizira kuchepa kwa atherosselotic.
• Kuphatikizika kwa mitundu yamagulu ya steroid. Kutengera cholesterol, zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'magazi zimapangidwa - glucocorticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, amuna ndi akazi a steroid.
• Biotransformation ya cholecalciferol. Vitamini amatenga nawo mbali pantchito yopanga masculoskeletal system.

Ma acid akhungu

Cholesterol imakhudzidwa mwachindunji pakuphatikizidwa kwa bile. Kupanga kwakukulu kumachitika m'chiwindi, kenako bile limasungidwa mu chikhodzodzo cha ndulu. Kutupa kwa ndulu mu thupi lathanzi kumangoyambira pakudya. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za bile acid mthupi zimaphatikizapo:

• Mafuta a m'mimba cholesterol
• Kulowetsedwa kwa mavitamini m'zakudya
• Kupezeka kwa ma steroids ochokera kumbewu,
• Kuthamanga kwamatumbo motility.

Mwanjira ina, bile imakhudzidwa ndi kuyamwa kwa zinthu zopanda madzi. Mukamayanjana ndi michere ya pancreatic, bile imakhalabe ndi acidity yaying'ono m'matumbo ochepa.

Zotupa za Cholesterol Molecule

Kuchokera pazinthu izi, mahomoni ogonana achikazi ndi amuna, ma adrenal mineralocorticoids ndi glucocorticosteroids amachitika. Cholesterol imaphatikizidwanso mu michere yam'mimba yomwe imathandizira kugaya mapuloteni ndi mafuta. Choyamba, awa ndi mafuta acids ndi bile yeniyeni. Cholesterol ndi gawo lamapangidwe azamoyo omwe amafunikira kuti ma cell apange gawo lina. Mamolekyulu a cholesterol amalowa mu kapangidwe ka cholecalciferol - vitamini D.

Cholic acid

Izi monocarboxylic trioxy acid amapangidwa m'maselo a chiwindi panthawi ya cholesterol oxidation. Ili m'gulu la acid bile. Kufikira 300 mg amapangidwa m'thupi la munthu patsiku. Mu chikhodzodzo, umakhala wolumikizana ndi taurine, komanso glycine. Mwakuchulukana kwamankhwala ngati amenewa, bile samatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mchere m'matumbo a biliary ndi matumbo.

Ndi kuchepa kwa chinthu ichi mthupi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala akudzipangira m'mapiritsi kumalimbikitsidwa.

Deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic ndi lithocholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic imanenanso za yoyamba ndipo imachokera ku makutidwe ndi okosijeni a cholesterol m'maselo a chiwindi. Pafupifupi 30% ya kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa ma asidi a bile imagwera pa chenodeoxycholic.

Mwa anthu, chinthu ichi chimakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe ndi kupasuka kwa cholesterol. Mankhwala amakonzekera motengera asidi awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a gallstone. Zotsatira zake za mankhwalawo zitha kugwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati mwala utulutsidwa ndi cholesterol, osagwirizana.

Deoxycholic ndi lithocholic ndi yachiwiri bile acids. Ndizotulutsa zoyambira zomwe zimadziwika ndi tizilombo tambiri. Magawo awiriwa amatenganso gawo pa kayendedwe ka lipid metabolism ndikuthandizira kuchulukana kwa cholesterol mu hepatocytes.

Ma hormone ochulukitsa kapena ma steroid

Zinthu za m'madzi zokhala ndi cholesterol, ndizambiri mwa zachiwerewere ndi adrenal. Zina mwa izo ndi:

• Testosterone wamwamuna ndi androgen. Amayang'anira kuwoneka kwachiwiri kwamakhalidwe ogonana ndi spermatogeneis - mapangidwe a spermatozoa omwe amatha kuphatikiza dzira. Testosterone ndi cholesterol zimayanjana momveka bwino, ngati mumalabadira kuwunika kwawo m'magazi a anthu.
• Amayi ogonana achikazi. Cholesterol imapinda mu estrogen.
• Mineralocorticoids a adrenal glands.
• Adrenal Glucocorticosteroids.

Cholesterol Acids

Amatchedwa bile. Izi zimachokera ku cholesterol zomwe zimapangidwa mwachindunji mu hepatocytes. Monga zigawo za bile, amathandizira kusintha mafuta a nyama kukhala mamolekyu omwe ndi osavuta kuyamwa. Njira ya hydrolysis iyi imachitika m'matumbo a m'matumbo aang'ono. Ma acid akhungu amagawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono:

• Cholevaya. Ndizoyambira. Izi zimatha kupanga mothandizidwa ndi ma hydroxylase michere. Kuchokera pamenepo amapangika glycocholic ndi taurocholic acid. Muli ma hydrophilic radicals ndi hydrophobic steroid nuclei.
• Deoxycholic. Izi ndi chinthu chachiwiri cha cholic acid. Imathandizira kutsitsa mafuta.
• Chenodeoxycholic. Ndi yoyamba bile acid. Kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
• Litocholeic. Mitengo ndi yachiwiri. Ndendeyi ndiyotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi asidi omwe ali pamwambapa.

Vitamini Cholecalciferol

Amadziwikanso kuti Vitamini D. Izi zimapangidwa ndi mphete ya cyclopentanperhydrophenan Brotherse. Pambuyo pa izi, ma hydroxylation a mamolekyulu opangidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa oksijeni kumachitika. Zotsatira za njirazi ndizopanga ma calcitriol, pomwe mawonekedwe omaliza a vitamini D adapangidwira .. Omaliza amatenga nawo mbali pakuphatikizidwa kwa ma atomu a calcium m'magawo olimba a dongosolo la musculoskeletal.

Ndikosatheka kupeza Vitamini D popanda pawiri iyi. Bweretsani ku zomwe zalembedwa

Ntchito ndi maubwino amafuta a cholesterol

Ma acid akunyowa kudzipatula komanso monga gawo la bile amathandizira kwambiri pa hydrolysis ya zinthu zovuta za nyama. Chifukwa chake, amalimbikitsa chimbudzi cha nyama m'mimba yaying'ono. Cholesterol ndi mahomoni amakhalanso ndi ubale womveka. Popanda zinthu zazimuna kapena zachikazi zogonana, anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana sanasonyeze zisonyezo zakumaso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti vutoli lithe. Ndipo ma adrenal steroids amakhudzana mwachindunji ndi ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe, kutsimikizira kukula kwawo ndikugwira ntchito. Popanda cholesterol ina yotulutsa, cholecalciferol, mafupa aumunthu amatha kusinthasintha komanso kukhala ochepa. Mwa ana omwe ali ndi vuto la vitamini D kapenanso kuchepa kwa cholesterol, matendawa amapangika - ma rickets. Komanso, ndikusowa, zotupa za autoimmune zimachitika ndikupita patsogolo.

Ma progestin

Ma progestin ndi mahomoni azakugonana achikazi, zotumphukira za cholesterol zomwe zimapangidwa m'mimba mwake ndi ma gren adrenal. Ma mahomoniwa amatenga nawo mbali pothandizira mimba komanso pokonzekera endometrium ya chiberekero kuti ikonze dzira losautsa. Ndi kupanga kwabwinobwino kwa progestin, chiwopsezo cha neoplasms mu chifuwa ndi ma cysts mu thumba losunga mazira amachepa.

Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticosteroids ndi ofunika a cholesterol omwe amapanga thupi omwe amapangidwa mu adrenal cortex. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu zamahomoni a steroid awa ndi monga:

• Anti-mantha komanso odana ndi kupsinjika,
• Kutenga gawo mu mphamvu kagayidwe, kuchuluka kwa glycogen,
• Pewani kuchitika kwa hypoglycemia,
• Tengani nawo gawo pa chitetezo chokwanira,
• Kuchepetsa zotupa
• Amakhala ndi anti-allergenic effect.

Makamaka, cortisol, yomwe imachokera ku cholesterol, imayang'anira kagayidwe ka chakudya chamafuta, komanso imapanganso mphamvu zamagetsi.

Mineralocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids imayendetsa kagayidwe kamchere wamadzi. Aldosterone, yomwe imachokera ku cholesterol, imakhala yayikulu mu subclass iyi ndipo imapangidwa ndi ma adrenal gland. Steroid iyi imakhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe ka kuthamanga kwa magazi. Nthawi yomweyo, zimathandiza minofu kusunga kuchuluka kwamadzi ofunikira. Chifukwa chake, turgor ndi khungu elasticity imasungidwa.

Androgens ndi estrogens

Androgens, omwe amachokera ku cholesterol, amaphatikiza mahomoni ogonana amuna. Androgens amalimbikitsa kupanga mapuloteni, pomwe akuletsa kuwonongeka kwawo. Imathandizira kagayidwe kachakudya kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kupewa hyperglycemia. Androgens amathandizira kuwonjezera minofu ndi mphamvu, amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta ochulukirapo. Testosterone, yomwe imachokera ku cholesterol, imayang'anira kukula kwa machitidwe achigololo amuna.

Ma estrogens ndi mahomoni achimayi ogonana omwe amapangidwa ndi ma adrenal gland, m'mimba mwa amayi ndi ma testes abambo. Estrogen, yomwe imachokera ku cholesterol, imakhudzidwa ndi msambo ndipo imayambitsa kubereka mwa azimayi. Ma estrogens amathandizira kuchepetsa "lipids" zovulaza ndi cholesterol m'magazi, pomwe akuwonjezera triglycerides. Izi zimapangitsa kaphatikizidwe kazakudya zam'madzi a lipids, kapena lipoproteins yapamwamba. Amathandizanso kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa chitsulo mu ziwalo komanso m'magazi ambiri.

Vitamini D ndi cholestanos

Vitamini D, yemwe amachokera ku cholesterol, amapangidwa ndi kulumikizana ndi khungu la kuwala kwa dzuwa, komwe kumayambitsa kapangidwe kake. Vitamini iyi imathandizira thupi kuyamwa magnesium, calcium, motero amatenga nawo mbali pakukula ndikupanga mafupa, mano. Vitamini D imayang'anira kupanga insulin ndipo imakhudzidwa ndi metabolism ya phosphorous.

Koresi ya cholestanos, yomwe imachokera ku cholesterol, sidziwika kwenikweni. Amadziunjikira mu ma thumbo a adrenal. Tsatanetsatane wa momwe amagwirira ntchito amaphunziridwa.

Zinthu zofunika za Vitamini D zimaphatikizira zotsatira zabwino zamagetsi komanso kupewa sclerosis. Kupanga vitamini D okwanira kumathandizira kufooka kwa mafupa ndikukula kwa mafupa.

Cholesterol ndiye gawo lalikulu pakuphatikizika kwa makemikolo ofunikira kwambiri m'thupi lathu. Mwanjira ina, chakudya choyambira nyama chimafunika kuti chikwaniritse mafuta a cholesterol. Ndikofunika kusungabe lipid pamulingo wabwinobwino, popeza hypocholesterolemia ndi yoopsa monga hyperlipidemia.

Kodi ma steroid ndi anabolics ndi chiyani

Kwenikweni, ma steroids si mapiritsi a ma novice bodybuilders, koma gulu la mahomoni.

Mulinso corticoids, yomwe imapangidwa ndi adrenal cortex, komanso mankhwala olimbitsa thupi omwe amapangidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timagonana.

Homoni yamphongo yofunika kwambiri ndi testosterone. Ili ndi ntchito ziwiri zazikulu:

• androgenic - kukulitsa ndikusamalira machitidwe achigonana omwe amakhala kwambiri ndi amuna (mawonekedwe achilendo am'mafuta, mawu otsika, kukula kwa tsitsi kumaso ndi chifuwa, etc.),
• anabolic - mapangidwe ndi kuteteza minofu yambiri.

Podziwa za momwe chinthuchi chimagwirira ntchito m'ma 30, asayansi adayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa popanga mankhwala aanthu omwe amachepetsa minofu.

Testosterone yachilengedwe idachotseredwa mwachangu kwambiri ndipo siyoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kenako zotumphukira zake ndi katundu woyenera zinapangidwa - 17 - alpha - alkylate, 17 - beta - ether ndi 1 - methyl.

Kutengera ndi mankhwala awa, pafupifupi mankhwala onse omwe tsopano amatchedwa anabolic steroids, kapena anabolics, amapangidwa.

Adadziwonetsa okha komanso othandizira pakukula kwa minofu, koma mwanjira ina adasungabe zotsatira zina za mahomoni oyambayo - androgen.

Chifukwa chiyani timafunikira zopangidwa ndi testosterone: zambiri zosawonekera

Nthawi zambiri, ma anabolics, amagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha "kupompa". Mu 70-80s of the century century, a Olimpiki adakhala pansi kwambiri. Pakadali pano, kupanga thupi kunayamba kulowa mufashoni. Ma Steroid anali ndi chidwi ndi anyamata omwe anathawa maphunziro akuthupi kusukulu.

• onjezerani kuchuluka kwa minofu, komanso mphamvu,
• kuthandizira kuti mudzilimbitse mukuphunzitsidwa ndikuchira msanga pambuyo (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonetsero zikuluzikulu za creatine phosphate, gawo lofunikira mu minofu minofu).

Poteteza ma steroid, ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti amagwiritsidwabe ntchito mopanda tanthauzo lawo momwe adalili - ngati mankhwala. Amalembera mitundu yayikulu ya colitis ndi enteritis, munthu akakhala ndi vuto lochepa chifukwa chokhala ndi mapuloteni osafunikira. Zotupa za testosterone zimaperekedwa kwa amuna pambuyo pa mutu wotsogolera (kuchotsedwa kwa ma testicles, nthawi zambiri kufunikira kotereku kumachitika mu khansa).