Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani cholesterol imafunika m'thupi la munthu?

Cholesterol (Chi Greek: χχήήή - bile ndi σσρρρός - kolimba) - chophatikiza, ndichilengedwe cha polycyclic lipophilic mowa wopezeka mkati mwa khungu la nyama zonse ndi anthu, koma sichimapezeka m'mizimba ya mbewu, mafangayi, komanso zinthu zina za prokaryotic (archaea, mabakiteriya, etc.).

Cholesterol


Zambiri
Mwadongosolo dzina	(10R,13R) -10,13-dimethyl-17- (6-methylheptan-2-yl) -2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1Hcyclopentaaphenanadorse-3-ol
Mayina achikhalidwe	cholesterol cholesterol (3β) -cholest-5-en-3-ol, 5-cholesten-3β-ol
Chem. kachitidwe	C₂₇H₄₆O
Katundu wakuthupi
Mkhalidwe	khristalo yoyera yolimba
Unyinji wa Molar	386.654 g / mol
Kachulukidwe	1.07 g / cm³
Mphamvu zamafuta
T. Sungunulani.	148-150 ° C
T. bale.	360 ° C
Mphamvu zamankhwala
Solubility mkati	0,095 g / 100 ml
Gulu
Reg. Nambala ya CAS	57-88-5
PubChem	5997
Reg. Nambala ya EINECS	200-353-2
Amamwetulira
RTECS	FZ8400000
Chebi	16113
ChemSpider	5775
Zomwe zimaperekedwa zimakwaniritsidwa (25 ° C, 100 kPa), pokhapokha zikuwonetsedwa.

Cholesterol imasungunuka m'madzi, sungunuka m'mafuta ndi ma organic sol sol. Cholesterol imapangidwa mosavuta mthupi kuchokera ku mafuta, shuga, ma amino acid. Mpaka 2.5 g ya cholesterol imapangidwa patsiku, pafupifupi 0,5 g imaperekedwa ndi chakudya.

Cholesterol imawonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa ma membrane am'm cell mu kutentha kwakukulu. Ndikofunikira pakupanga vitamini D, kupanga mahomoni angapo a steroid ndi ma adrenal glands (kuphatikizapo cortisol, aldosterone, mahomoni ogonana: estrogens, progesterone, testosterone), ndi bile acid.

Mu 1769, Pouletier de la Sal adalandira kuchokera ku ndulu yoyera yoyera ("mafuta"), yomwe inali ndi katundu wamafuta. Mwanjira yake yoyenera, cholesterol idasankhidwa ndi chemist, membala wa National Convention ndi Minister of Education Antoine Fourcroix mu 1789. Mu 1815, Michel Chevreul, yemwenso adayipatula, adayitcha cholesterol ("chole" - bile, "stereo" - solid). Mu 1859, a Marseille Berthelot adatsimikizira kuti cholesterol ndi m'gulu la ma alcohols, kenako French adasinthanso cholesterol kukhala "cholesterol". Muzilankhulo zingapo (Chirasha, Chijeremani, Chihangary ndi zina), dzina lakale - cholesterol - lasungidwa.

Cholesterol imatha kupanga thupi la nyama ndikulowa ndi chakudya.

Kutembenuka kwama mamolekyulu atatu acetate yogwira kukhala ma-carbon mevalonate asanu. Imapezeka mu GEPR.
Kutembenuka kwa mevalonate kukhala isoprenoid yogwira - isopentenyl pyrophosphate.
Kapangidwe ka makumi atatu a kaboni isoprenoidosqualene kuchokera ku mamolekyulu asanu ndi limodzi a isopentenyl diphosphate.
Kuyendetsa squalene kupita ku lanosterol.
Kutembenuka kwamtsogolo kwa lanosterol kukhala cholesterol.

Mu michere ina ya kapangidwe ka ma sodium, zotulukapo zina zimatha kuchitika (mwachitsanzo, njira yosakhala ya malonalonate yopangira mamolekyulu a mpweya asanu.

Cholesterol mu kapangidwe ka cell plasma membrane imagwira gawo la bilayer modifier, ndikuwapatsa mphamvu chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kachulukidwe ka "packing" ka mamolekyulu a phospholipid. Chifukwa chake, cholesterol imakhala yolimba yamadzimadzi ya membrane wa plasma.

Cholesterol imatsegulira biosynthesis ya mahomoni ogonana ndi corticosteroids, imagwira ntchito ngati maziko a mapangidwe a bile acid ndi mavitamini a gulu D, amatenga nawo gawo pazovomerezeka za cell ndikuteteza maselo ofiira a magazi pazinthu za hemolytic poisons.

Cholesterol ndi yopanda madzi ndipo mawonekedwe ake oyera sangaperekedwe kwa tiziwalo tam'magazi tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito magazi. M'malo mwake, cholesterol yamagazi ili mu ma protein osakanikirana bwino omwe ali ndi mapuloteni apadera a transporter, omwe amatchedwa apolipoproteins. Zovuta zoterezi zimatchedwa lipoproteins.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya ma apolipoproteins omwe amasiyana kulemera kwamankhwala, kuchuluka kwa kuphatikiza cholesterol, ndi kuchuluka kwa solubility ya zovuta polojekiti ndi cholesterol (chizolowezi chokhazikitsa makhiristo a cholesterol kuti atulutsidwe ndikupanga mafupa a atherosranceotic. Magulu otsatirawa amasiyanitsidwa: kulemera kwakukulu kwa maselo (HDL, HDL, lipoproteins okwera kwambiri) komanso kuchepa kwamankhwala ocheperako (LDL, LDL, lipoproteins otsika kwambiri), komanso kuchepa kwambiri kwa maselo am'magazi (VLDL, VLDL, low lowensens lipoproteins) ndi chylomicron.

Cholesterol, VLDL ndi LDL zimatengedwera kupita ku zotumphukira. Ma apoliproteins a gulu la HDL amawongolera ku chiwindi, komwe ma cholesterol amachotsedwa m'thupi.

Sinthani ya Cholesterol

Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, kuwunikanso kwatsopano pazaka makumi asanu zapitazi ndi gulu lapadziko lonse la madotolo ndikufalitsidwa mu The Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology kumatsutsa theka la zaka zakukhulupirira kuti "cholesterol yoyipa" (otsika density lipoproteins, LDL) imayambitsa matenda amtima. Akatswiri a mtima ochokera ku USA, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy, Ireland, France, Japan ndi maiko ena (anthu 17) sanapeze umboni uliwonse wolumikizana pakati pa matenda oopsa a kolesterol komanso "oyipa" amtima, akusanthula zambiri kuchokera kwa odwala miliyoni miliyoni . Iwo adati: malingaliro awa adakhazikika pa "ziwonetsero zosocheretsa, kuchotsa mayeso omwe adalephera ndikunyalanyaza zowonera zambiri zotsutsana."

Zapamwamba kwambiriMuP m'magazi ndimakhala ndi thupi labwino, nthawi zambiri ma lipoprotein amenewa amatchedwa "abwino". Ma lipoprotein okhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu amasungunuka kwambiri ndipo samakonda kuyambitsa cholesterol, mwakutero amateteza ziwiya ku kusintha kwa atherosulinotic (ndiye kuti si atherogenic).

Mafuta a cholesterol amayezedwa mwina ndi mmol / l (millimol pa lita - gawo lomwe likugwira ntchito ku Russian Federation) kapena mg / dl (milligram pa desilita, 1 mmol / l ndi 38.665 mg / dl). Zoyenera, pamene mulingo wa "zoipa" zam'munsi zolemera lipoprotein zimakhala m'munsi mwa 2.586 mmol / L (kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chiopsezo cha matenda amtima - pansipa 1.81 mmol / L). Izi, komabe, sizimapezeka kawirikawiri kwa akuluakulu. Ngati mulingo wama lipoproteins otsika kwambiri ndi 4.138 mmol / L, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya kuti chichepetse pansipa 3.362 mmol / L (zomwe zingayambitse matenda ovutitsa, chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha matenda opatsirana ndi oncological. Ngati mulingo uwu ndiwoposa 4.914 mmol / L kapena mokakamira wagundika pamwamba pa 4.138 mg / dl, tikulimbikitsidwa kulingalira za kuthekera kwa mankhwalawa, kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda amtima, ziwerengerozi zitha kuchepa. lipoprotein awo apamwamba bwino. A chizindikiro chabwino imatengedwa ngati ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa 1/5 ya mlingo okwana mafuta-amamanga lipoprotein.

Zomwe zimachulukitsa cholesterol "yoyipa" ndizophatikiza:

kusuta
kunenepa kwambiri kapena kunenepa kwambiri, kudya kwambiri,
kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi,
Zakudya zopanda pake zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta ambiri (zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta ochepa a hydrogenated), zamafuta ambiri azakudya (makamaka zovuta m'mimba, monga maswiti ndi confectionery), mafuta osakwanira ndi pectins, lipotropic acid, mafuta ochulukirapo a polyunsaturated, ma trace zinthu ndi mavitamini,
kuthana kwa bile mu chiwindi ndi zovuta zina za chiwalo gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 2680 (zimatithandizanso ku ndulu ya cholesterstitis). Amakhala ndimowa, matenda ena a ma virus, akumamwa mankhwala ena,
komanso mavuto ena a endocrine - matenda a shuga, ma insulin hypersecretion, kuchepa kwa mahomoni a adrenal cortex, kusakwanira kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro, mahomoni ogonana.

Kuchuluka kwa cholesterol "oyipa" okwera kumawonekanso m'matenda ena a chiwindi ndi impso, limodzi ndi kuphwanya kwa biosynthesis ya lipoprotein "yoyenera" mu ziwalo izi. Ikhozanso kukhala cholowa, cholowa chifukwa cha mitundu ina yotchedwa "banja dyslipoproteinemia." Muzochitika izi, odwala nthawi zambiri amafunikira mankhwala apadera.

Zinthu zomwe zimachepetsa cholesterol "yoyipa" monga masewera olimbitsa thupi, masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse, kusiya kusuta fodya ndi kumwa mowa, zakudya zopanda mafuta ambiri a nyama komanso mafuta am'mizere, koma okhala ndi michere yambiri, mafuta a polyunsaturated acid, ndi lipotropic (methionine , choline, lecithin), mavitamini ndi michere.

Chofunikira chomwe chikugwira cholesterol ndi microflora yamatumbo. Wokhala komanso wosakhalitsa microflora yamatumbo amunthu, kupanga, kusintha kapena kuwononga zinthu zakunja ndi zamkati, amatenga gawo limodzi mu mafuta a cholesterol, omwe amatilola kuwona ngati chofunikira kwambiri chogwiritsira ntchito kagayidwe kake kogwirizana ndi maselo othandizira kusunga cholesterol homeostasis.

Cholesterol ndi gawo limodzi mwamagetsi ambiri (onani mbiri yopezeka).

Kodi cholesterol ndi chiyani?

Uwu ndi mtundu wamafuta acid omwe umakhudzidwa ndi njira zambiri za metabolic m'thupi (kaphatikizidwe wa vitamini D, ma acid acid, mahomoni angapo a steroid).
70% ya cholesterol imapangidwa ndi thupi lokha, ena onse amalowa mthupi ndi chakudya.Zaka 60 zapitazo, cholesterol ndi mafuta odzola adatenga gawo lalikulu mu chiphunzitso cha kupezeka kwa mtima ndi matenda amitsempha. Mabodza apadziko lonse lapansi apambana: kungotchulapo kumene kumayambitsa kunyalanyaza ndi mantha. Mukuziwona nokha zotsatira: kunenepa kwambiri, matenda a shuga achuluka, ndipo matenda amtima komanso wammimba amakhalabe chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa.

Kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'thupi kumabweretsa kuwonekera kwa ziwongo m'matumbo, kuzungulira kovuta, komwe kumatha kubweretsa stroko, kugunda kwa mtima ndi atherosclerosis yamatumbo nthawi zambiri kuposa malekezero am'munsi (nthawi zambiri kumatha ndi gangrene ndikudula kwam'munsi kosaletseka).

Pangozi ndi anthu onenepa kwambiri, odwala matenda ashuga, omwe akudwala matenda a chithokomiro komanso osuta.
Monga mukuwonera, atherosulinosis imayamba pang'onopang'ono komanso pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mwakachetechete Nthawi zambiri imatchedwa wakupha wakachetechete (chifukwa cha zovuta zake zobisika).
Malinga ndi ziwerengero, ali ndi zaka 25 zakubadwa, munthu akhoza kukhala ndi ziwonetsero zoyambirira za mtima wamatenda, chifukwa chake, ali mwana, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuyesedwa kamodzi pachaka kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi. Ngati kupatuka kuzololedwa kutsimikizika (chizolowezi ndi 3.8-5.2 mmol / l), ndiye kuti kafukufuku watsatanetsatane amachitika (lipid sipekitiramu).

Chifukwa chiyani izi ndizofunikira?
Pozindikira koyambirira kwa cholesterol yayikulu
ndikugwiritsira ntchito kale mankhwala omwe amachepetsa cholesterol m'magazi, popeza zakudya zamagulu ndi moyo wathanzi zimachepetsa cholesterol ndi 15% yokha.
Ndipo kusankhidwa kwakanthawi kwa ma statins kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu.

Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani cholesterol ikufunika?

Zingamveke zachilendo kwa inu, koma:

Popanda cholesterol, mumagwa. Makoma a maselo onse amapangidwa kuchokera ku cholesterol ndi mafuta.
Popanda cholesterol, palibe mahomoni. Amuna, kugonana kwa akazi ndi mahomoni ena amapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo, kuphatikiza vitamini D.
Ndipo pamapeto, popanda cholesterol, palibe chimbudzi. Amatulutsa bile.

Ma cell ambiri amatha kuzichita okha. Chiwindi chimapangitsa kuti 80% ya cholesterol iwoneke mu kusanthula. Cholesterol mu chakudya sichofunikira kwambiri. 25% ya cholesterol yonse imapatsidwa kwa chofunikira kwambiri - ubongo.

Zofunika:
- Cholesterol imadzuka panthawi ya kupsinjika kwa thupi ndi kwamaganizidwe.
- Cholesterol imangopezeka muzakudya za nyama!
Ndi zaka, kupangidwa kwa mafuta m'thupi kudzera mu chiwindi kumawonjezeka ndipo ndizomwe zimachitika.
- Kafukufuku watsopano wasayansi: anthu omwe ali ndi cholesterol yotsika amafa nthawi zambiri. Izi sizimawonedwa ndi cholesterol yayikulu.

Mapeto: Simungakhale opanda cholesterol!
Ganizirani izi ngati thupi limapanga cholesterol yochulukirapo kuposa momwe dokotala waloleza, kenako gwiritsani ntchito zomwe zimayambitsa musanapondere cholesterol mosazindikira. Mwina ikulimbana ndi vuto lomwe simukuwona? Itha kupulumutsa moyo wanu.