Kodi dongosolo la endocrine ndi chiyani ndipo ndi ntchito yanji mthupi la munthu?

kukula, kukula konse:
kagayidwe
kupanga mphamvu
ntchito yolumikizira ziwalo zonse zamkati ndi kachitidwe,
kukonza zotupa zina mu thupi,
kutulutsa kachitidwe, kayendetsedwe ka machitidwe.

Kapangidwe kazinthu izi ndizofunikira kwa ife kwenikweni pachinthu chilichonse. Ngakhale kugwera mchikondi.

Kodi dongosolo la endocrine limakhala ndi chiyani?

chithokomiro ndi chithokomiro,
pinial England
adrenal glands
kapamba
ma testicle amuna kapena thumba losunga mazira mwa akazi.

Kuti musiyanitse ma cell ogwirizana komanso obalalika, dongosolo lonse la endocrine la anthu limagawika m'magulu:

glandular (imaphatikizapo timinyewa ta endocrine)
kusokoneza (pankhaniyi tikulankhula za maselo amodzi).

Kodi ziwalo zama cell ndi ma cell a endocrine system ndi ziti?

Yankho la funsoli lili pa tebulo pansipa:

Bungwe	Zomwe zimayambitsa
Hypothalamus	Kuwongolera njala, ludzu, kugona. Kutumiza malamulo ku gustini.
Gland	Amatulutsa timadzi timene timene timakula. Pamodzi ndi hypothalamus imayendera mogwirizana ndi endocrine ndi dongosolo lamanjenje.
Chithokomiro, parathyroid, chithokomiro	Yendetsani machitidwe a kakulidwe ndi kakulidwe ka munthu, ntchito ya machitidwe ake amanjenje, oteteza kumatenda komanso magalimoto.
Kapamba	Magazi amawongolera.
Adrenal kotekisi	Yendetsani zochitika za mtima, ndipo mitsempha yamagazi imayendetsa kagayidwe kazinthu.
Gonads (testes / ovaries)	Maselo ogonana amapangidwa, omwe amayang'anira njira zolerera.

"Gawo la udindo" wa tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono timkati, ndiye kuti ziwalo za glandular ES, zikufotokozedwa pano.
Ziwalo za disuse endocrine zimagwira ntchito zawo, ndipo m'njira momwe ma cell a endocrine amatanganidwa ndi mahomoni. Ziwalozi zimaphatikizapo chiwindi, m'mimba, ndulu, matumbo, komanso impso. Mu ziwalo zonsezi, mahomoni osiyanasiyana amapangidwa omwe amawongolera zochitika za "eni" omwe ndikuwathandiza kuyanjana ndi thupi lonse lathunthu.

Endocrine dongosolo ndi matenda ashuga

Kasitomala amapangidwa kuti apange insulin. Popanda iyo, shuga sangawononge thupi. Mtundu woyamba wamatenda, kupanga insulini ndikochepa kwambiri, ndipo izi zimasokoneza njira zoyenera za metabolic. Mtundu wachiwiri wa shuga umatanthawuza kuti ziwalo zamkati zimakana kukoka insulin.

Palibe kuwonongeka kwa glucose komwe kwachitika m'thupi.
Pofufuza mphamvu, ubongo umapereka chizindikiro chakutha kwa mafuta.
Panthawi imeneyi, osati glycogen yofunikira yokha yomwe imapangidwa, komanso mankhwala apadera - ma ketones.
Matupi a Ketone amawonongeratu magazi ndi ubongo wa munthu. Zotsatira zosasangalatsa kwambiri ndizomwe zimakhala ndi matenda ashuga komanso ngakhale kufa.

Zowonadi, iyi ndiye nkhani yoyipitsitsa. Koma izi ndizotheka ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu II.

Kuphunzira za matenda ashuga, kufunafuna chithandizo chokwanira kumachitika ndi endocrinology ndi gawo lake lapadera - matenda ashuga.

Tsopano mankhwala sanadziwebe momwe angapangire kapamba kuti agwire, motero mtundu woyamba wa matenda a shuga umathandizidwa ndi insulin yokha. Koma munthu aliyense wathanzi amatha kuchita zambiri kuti asadwale matenda a shuga II. Ngati izi zikuchitikabe, tsopano wodwala matenda ashuga amatha kukhala ndi moyo wopindulitsa komanso wopanda zoopsa popanda kukhala ndi chiopsezo chokhala ndi moyo komanso ngakhale moyo, monga momwe zidaliri zaka zopitilira zana zapitazo kapitako.

Nkhani ya YouTube

Kuyamba kwa dongosolo la endocrine

Phunziro la Biology №40. Endocrine (wamanyazi) malamulo a thupi. Zingulu.

Gizi ya secretion yakunja, yamkati komanso yosakanikirana. Dongosolo la Endocrine

Dongosolo la endocrine: ziwalo zapakati, kapangidwe, ntchito, magazi, kubindikira

4.1 Endocrine dongosolo - kapangidwe (kalasi 8) - sayansi, kukonzekera mayeso ndi mayeso

Ndili ku Stanford Medical School ndi Neil Gesundheit, m'modzi mwa aphunzitsi. Moni. Kodi tili ndi chiyani lero? Lero tikulankhula za endocrinology, sayansi ya mahomoni. Mawu akuti "mahormoni" amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek lotanthauza "chilimbikitso." Ma mahomoni ndi zizindikiro zamankhwala zomwe zimapangidwa mu ziwalo zina ndikuchita ziwalo zina, kumalimbikitsa ndikuwongolera zochitika zawo. Ndiye kuti, amalumikizana pakati pa matupi. Inde, chimodzimodzi. Iyi ndi njira yolumikizirana. Nali mawu oyenera. Iyi ndi imodzi mwamitundu yolumikizirana. Mwachitsanzo, misempha imapita kumisempha. Kuti muthe minofu, ubongo umatumiza chizindikiro kudzera mu mitsempha yomwe imapita kumisempha, ndipo imapanga. Ndipo mahomoni ali ngati Wi-Fi. Palibe zingwe. Mahomoni amapangidwa ndikunyamula magazi ake ngati mafunde awayilesi. Chifukwa chake amakhala ngati ziwalo zakutali, osalumikizana nawo. Kodi mapuloteni a mahomoni kapena china? Kodi zinthuzi ndi ziti? Mwachilengedwe chawo, amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri. Awa ndi mamolekyulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe nthawi zambiri amachokera ku amino acid. Kulemera kwawo molekyu kuchokera ku ma dalton 300 mpaka 500. Ndipo pali mapuloteni akuluakulu, omwe amapezeka mazana a amino acid. Ndikuwona. Ndiye kuti awa ndi mamolekyu ama siginolo. Inde, onse ndi mahomoni. Ndipo amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu. Pali mahomoni amtundu wa endocrine omwe amasungidwa m'magazi ndikugwira ntchito kutali. Ndipereka zitsanzo muminiti. Palinso mahomoni a paracrine omwe ali ndi zovuta zakumalo. Amachita motalikirana kuchokera komwe adapangidwapo. Ndipo mahomoni achigawo chachitatu, chosowa - mahomoni a autocrine. Amapangidwa ndi khungu ndikuchita pa khungu limodzi kapena loyandikana nalo, ndiye kuti, kutali kwambiri. Ndikuwona. Ndikufuna kufunsa. About mahomoni a endocrine. Ndikudziwa kuti amabisidwa kwinakwake m'thupi ndipo amamangidwa kwa ma receptor, ndiye amachitapo kanthu. Mahomoni a paracrine ali ndi mphamvu yakumaloko. Kodi vutoli likuchepera? Ma mahormoni a paracrine nthawi zambiri amalowa m'magazi, koma zolandilira zimayandikira kwambiri. Makonzedwe awa a ma receptors amatsimikizira chikhalidwe chamderalo cha zomwe mahomoni a paracrine amapanga. Ndi mahomoni a autocrine, zomwezi: ma receptor awo amapezeka mwachindunji pafoni iyi. Ndili ndi funso lopusa: pali ma endocrinologists, koma ma paracrinologists ali kuti? Funso ndilabwino, koma ayi. Malangizo a Paracrine adapezeka pambuyo pake ndipo adawerengera mu dongosolo la endocrinology. Ndikuwona. Endocrinology imawerengera mahomoni onse, osati amtundu wa endocrine okha. Ndendende. Ananena bwino. Chiwonetserochi chikuwonetsa gland wamkulu wa endocrine, womwe tikambirane zambiri. Yoyamba ili m'mutu, kapena m'malo oyambira bongo. Izi ndiye zofunikira pituitary. Ndi uyo ali. Ichi ndiye chithokomiro chachikulu cha endocrine chomwe chimayang'anira ntchito ya tiziwalo timene timatsala. Mwachitsanzo, apa, imodzi mwamahisitini ophatikizika ndi mahomoni olimbitsa mtima a chithokomiro, TSH. Imasungidwa ndi pituitary kulowa m'magazi ndikuchita pa chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, momwe mumakhala ma receptor ambiri chifukwa chake, kukakamiza kupanga kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro: thyroxine (T4) ndi triiodothyronine (T3). Awa ndi mahomoni akuluakulu a chithokomiro. Kodi akutani? Yendetsani kagayidwe, kulakalaka kutentha, kupanga kutentha, ngakhale ntchito ya minofu. Amakhala ndi zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana. Kodi zimapangitsa kagayidwe kake? Ndendende. Ma mahomoni amenewa amapititsa patsogolo kagayidwe. Kuthamanga kwamtima, kuthamanga, kuchepa kwa thupi ndi chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa mahomoni awa. Ndipo ngati alipo ochepa, ndiye kuti chithunzicho ndichosiyana kotheratu. Ichi ndichitsanzo chabwino chakuti mahomoni amayenera kukhala ndendende momwe angafunikire. Koma kubwerera ku pituitary gland. Ndiye wamkulu, amatumiza malangizo kwa aliyense. Ndendende. Ali ndi mayankho kuti aimitse kupanga TSH munthawi yake. Monga chida, chimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mahomoni. Mukakwanira, amachepetsa kupanga TSH. Ngati alipo ochepa, amathandizira kupanga TSH, kukulitsa chithokomiro cha chithokomiro. Zosangalatsa.China china? Eya, ma sigini kuzitsamba zotsala. Kuphatikiza pa mahomoni opatsa chidwi a chithokomiro, tinthu tambiri timene timasokoneza ma cell a adrenocorticotropic, ACTH, okhudza adrenal cortex. Mphete ya adrenal imapezeka pachifuwa cha impso. Danga lakunja la adrenal gland ndiye cortex yolimbikitsidwa ndi ACTH. Zilibe ntchito kwa impso, zimapezeka padera. Inde Magazi okhaokha olemera kwambiri amawagwirizanitsa ndi impso chifukwa chakuyandikira kwawo. Eya, impso idapatsa dzira dzina. Izi ndizachidziwikire. Inde Koma ntchito za impso ndi adrenal gland ndizosiyana. Ndikuwona. Ntchito yawo ndi chiyani? Amapanga mahomoni monga cortisol, omwe amawongolera kagayidwe ka magazi, kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso thanzi. Komanso mineralocorticoids, monga aldosterone, yomwe imayang'anira madzi amchere wamchere. Kuphatikiza apo, imatulutsa androgens ofunikira. Awa ndi mahomoni atatu ofunikira a adrenal cortex. ACTH imayang'anira kupanga cortisol ndi androgens. Tilankhula za mineralocorticoids padera. Ndi zisa zotsalira? Inde, inde. Gland imachititsanso kuti mahomoni azikhala ndi ma luteinizing komanso ma cell opatsirana mwa follicle, omwe ndi chidutswa cha LH ndi FSH. Ndikofunikira kuzilemba. Zimakhudza ma testicles mwa abambo ndi thumba losunga mazira mwa akazi, motero, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo a germ apangidwe, komanso kupanga mahomoni a steroid: testosterone mwa amuna ndi estradiol mwa akazi. Kodi pali china chilichonse? Pali mahomoni ena awiri ochulukitsa kuchokera ku gamba la anterior pituitary. Ndi mahomoni okula omwe amawongolera kukula kwa mafupa aatali. Gland yamkati ndiyofunikira kwambiri. Inde, kwambiri. Fotokozerani STG? Inde Kukula kwa ma hormone, kumakhalanso kukula kwa mahomoni. Ndipo pali prolactin, yofunikira pakuyamwa mwana wakhanda. Nanga bwanji za insulin? Hormone, koma osati kuchokera ku pituitary gland, koma malo otsika. Monga chithokomiro, chamba chimatulutsa mahomoni ake. M'matenda a gland pali zisumbu za Langerhans, zomwe zimatulutsa mahomoni a endocrine: insulin ndi glucagon. Popanda insulini, matenda a shuga amakula. Popanda insulini, minofu imatha kulandira shuga kuchokera m'magazi. Popanda insulin, zizindikiro za shuga zimachitika. Mu chithunzi, kapamba ndi adrenal gland zimayandikana. Chifukwa chiyani? Zowona. Pali kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa venous, komwe kumalola mahomoni ofunika kulowa m'magazi mwachangu. Zosangalatsa. Ndikuganiza kuti zakwana pano. Mu kanema wotsatira, tidzapitiliza mutuwu. Chabwino. Ndipo tikambirana za kuwongolera milingo yama mahomoni ndi ma pathologies. Zabwino. Zikomo kwambiri. Zikomo inunso.

Endocrine dongosolo ntchito

Zimatenga nawo mbali pakuwongolera (kachembere) kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka thupi ndikuwongolera zochitika za ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe.
Amapereka kutetezedwa kwa homeostasis yathupi pakusintha kwachilengedwe.
Pamodzi ndi mitsempha ndi chitetezo chamthupi, chimakhazikitsa:
- kukula
- kukula kwa thupi
- kusiyanitsa kwake pakugonana ndi ntchito yobereka,
- amatenga nawo mbali mu maphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamalira mphamvu.
Molumikizana ndi dongosolo lamanjenje, mahomoni amatenga nawo mbali popereka:
- zochita
- ntchito zamunthu.

Glandular endocrine dongosolo

Mu hypothalamus, hypothalamic sahihi (vasopressin kapena antidiuretic mahomoni, oxytocin, neurotensin) ndi zinthu zodziwikiratu zomwe zimalepheretsa kapena kupititsa patsogolo chinsinsi cha gland (somatostatin, thyroliberin kapena thyrotropin-kumasula-ligin-ligin-ligin-ligin kapena ligon-libin-ligin-Libin-ligin-Libin-ligin-Libin-Libin-Libin-Libin-Libin, Libin-Libin-Lokwe mahomoni ndi somatoliberin kapena mahomatotropin otulutsa ma cell). Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'thupi ndi chiwopsezo cha pituitary, chomwe chimayang'anira ntchito ya timadzi tambiri ta endocrine. Gland yamkati ndi yaying'ono, yolemera kuposa gramu imodzi, koma yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wachitsulo. Ili mu recess m'munsi mwa chigaza, yolumikizidwa ndi hypothalamic dera laubongo ndi mwendo ndipo imakhala ndi lobes itatu - anterior (glandular, kapena adenohypophysis), yapakati kapena yapakatikati (siyopangika pang'ono kuposa ena) komanso kumbuyo kwake (neurohypophysis). Potengera kufunika kwa ntchito zomwe zimachitika mthupi, chochitika chimatha kufaniziridwa ndi gawo la woyimbira, yemwe akuwonetsa pomwe chida china chikayenera kusewera. Ma mahomoni a hypothalamic (vasopressin, oxytocin, neurotensin) amatsikira pansi mwendo wamkati mwa chitseko chakumaso cha tinthu tambiri, komwe amayikirako ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, amatulutsidwa m'magazi.Ma mahomoni a pituitary a hypothalamus, otulutsidwa mu gawo lachiberekero cha pituitary, amafikira ma cell a anterior pituitary gland, akukhudza mwachindunji zochitika zawo zachinsinsi, zoletsa kapena zolimbikitsa kubisalira kwa mahomoni otentha a pituitary gland, omwe, nawonso, amalimbikitsa ntchito ya zotumphukira za zotumphukira za mkati.

Vipoma Syndrome

Nkhani yayikulu: VIPoma

VIPoma (Werner-Morrison syndrome, cholera chamba, madzi am'mimba-hypokalemia-achlorhydria syndrome) - amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa matenda am'mimba komanso hypokalemia chifukwa cha islet cell hyperplasia kapena chotupa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimayambitsa matenda, chimachokera ku maselo a kanyumba kapamba (kawirikawiri thupi ndi mchira), omwe khalani ndi vasoactive matumbo a polypeptide (VIP). Nthawi zina, VIPoma imatha kuchitika mu ganglioneuroblastomas, omwe amapangidwira m'malo opezekanso ndi mapapo, mapapo, chiwindi, matumbo ang'ono ndi adrenal gland, amapezeka muubwana ndipo, monga lamulo, amakhala osavomerezeka. Kukula kwa ma pancreatic VIP ndi 1 ... 6. masentimita 6. Mu 60% ya milandu yopweteka ya neoplasms panthawi yodziwitsa, pali metastases. Matenda a VIPoma ndi ochepa kwambiri (mlandu umodzi pachaka pa anthu 10 miliyoni) kapena 2% ya zotupa zonse za m'mimba. Pakati pazochitika, chotupacho chimapweteka. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amakhala osavomerezeka.

Glucagon

Glucagonoma ndi chotupa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimayipa, chimachokera ku ma alpha cell a pancreatic islets. Amadziwika ndi dermatosis yosamukasamuka, angapapylylitis, stomatitis, glossitis, hyperglycemia, Normochromic anemia. Chimakula pang'onopang'ono, chimangiriza chiwindi. Pali milandu imodzi mwa 20 miliyoni azaka 48 mpaka 70, nthawi zambiri mwa azimayi.

Carcinoid ndi chotupa choyipa chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapezeka m'matumbo am'mimba, chomwe chimapanga zinthu zingapo zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi timadzi tating'onoting'ono.

Neurotensinoma

somatostatin kuchokera ku maselo a pancreatic delta komanso
mpaka kumapeto secreting somatostatin - chotupa cha duodenal.

Kuzindikira kuchokera kuchipatala komanso kuchuluka kwa somatostatin m'magazi. Mankhwala othandizira opaleshoni, chemotherapy ndi chizindikiro. Kukula kwake kumadalira nthawi yayitali ya chithandizo.

Thupi laumunthu limakhala ndi machitidwe angapo, popanda zochita zolondola zomwe sizingatheke kulingalira moyo wodziwika. Chimodzi mwazomwezo, chifukwa ndimayendedwe opanga mahomoni omwe amakhudza mwachangu ziwalo zopanda thupi.

Maselo ake amapanga zinthuzi, zomwe kenako zimatulutsidwa m'thupi la magazi kapena kulowa m'maselo oyandikana nawo. Ngati mukudziwa ziwalo ndi ntchito za endocrine yaumunthu ndi kapangidwe kake, ndiye kuti mutha kusunga ntchito yake m'njira yofananira ndikukonza mavuto onse m'magawo oyamba am'badwo, kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wautali komanso wathanzi popanda kuda nkhawa ndi chilichonse.

Kodi amachititsa chiyani?

Kuphatikiza pa kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito oyenera, ziwalo za endocrine zimayang'anira moyo wabwino wamunthu pogwirizana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo imagwirizananso kwambiri ndi chitetezo chathupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chitsimikizo cha kukana kwa thupi kumatenda osiyanasiyana.

Kutengera cholinga chake, titha kusiyanitsa ntchito zazikulu:

imapereka chitukuko chokwanira komanso kukula,
zimakhudza chikhalidwe cha munthu ndikupanga momwe akumvera,
oyang'anira kagayidwe kolondola ndi kolondola mthupi,
kukonza zomwe zimachitika m'thupi la munthu,
Chimakhudza kupanga mphamvu munjira yoyenera moyo.

Kufunika kwamahomoni m'thupi la munthu sikunganyalanyazidwe. Kubadwa kumene kwa moyo kumayendetsedwa ndi mahomoni enieni.

Mitundu ya endocrine dongosolo ndi mawonekedwe

Dongosolo la endocrine lagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri. Kugawa kumatengera maselo ake.

glandular - maselo amayikidwa ndikulumikizidwa palimodzi, ndikupanga,
kusokoneza - maselo amagawika thupi lonse.

Ngati mukudziwa mahomoni opangidwa m'thupi, ndiye kuti mutha kudziwa kuti ndi ma glands omwe amagwirizana ndi endocrine system.

Itha kukhala ziwalo komanso mafayilo odziyimira okha omwe ali mu endocrine system.

Hypothalamic-pituitary system - tiziwalo timene timatulutsa - the hypothalamus and gitu gland,
England chithokomiro - mahomoni opangidwa ndi iwo amasunga ndipo ali ndi ayodini,
- ali ndi udindo woyang'anira ndi kupanga calcium mthupi kwambiri kotero kuti mitsempha yamagetsi ndi yamagalimoto imagwira ntchito popanda zolephera,
adrenal glands - imapezeka pamtanda wapamwamba wa impso ndipo imapangidwa ndi gawo lina lakunja la cortical ndi medulla wamkati. Makungwa amatulutsa mineralocorticoids ndi glucocorticoids. Mineralocorticoids imayendetsa kusinthana kwa ion ndikusunga bwino zamagetsi m'maselo. Glycocorticoids imathandizira kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni komanso kaphatikizidwe kazachilengedwe. Mphamvu ya ubongo imatulutsa adrenaline, yomwe imayang'anira mamvekedwe amachitidwe amanjenje. Komanso tiziwopsezo tambiri tambiri timatulutsa timadzi tambiri. Thupi la mtsikanayo likasokonekera ndipo zipatso zake zikukula, zizindikilo za amuna zimachuluka,
kapamba ndi gawo limodzi mwa tiziwalo tating'ono tambiri, timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri totchedwa "endocrine system" ndipo imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake ophatikizika: imatulutsa madzi a pancreatic ndi mahomoni,
- ntchito ya endocrine ya gland iyi imaphatikizapo kubisala kwa melatonin ndi norepinephrine. Vuto loyamba limakhudza kufalikira kwa magazi ndi ntchito yamanjenje, ndipo chachiwiri chimayang'anira magawo ogona,
gonad ndiye tiziwalo timene timagonana timene timalowa munjira ya munthu, timayambitsa udzu ndi zochita za munthu aliyense.

Matenda

Makamaka, ziwalo zonse za endocrine system ziyenera kugwira ntchito popanda zolephera, komabe, ngati zingachitike, ndiye kuti munthu amatenga matenda enaake. Zimakhazikika pa hypofunction (kukomoka kwa timadzi ta m'magazi a endocrine) komanso kuchepa kwa magazi.

Matenda onse amakhala ndi:

mapangidwe a kukana kwa thupi la munthu pazinthu zofunikira,
kupanga kwamafuta kosayenera
kupanga mahomoni abwinobwino,
kulephera kwawo poyamwa komanso mayendedwe.

Kulephera kulikonse mu gulu la ziwalo za endocrine kuli ndi ma pathologies awo omwe amafunikira chithandizo chofunikira.

- kwambiri katulutsidwe kakulidwe ka timadzi timene timakula timakwiya kwambiri, komabe, kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mukamakula, mbali zina za thupi zimakula mwachangu
hypothyroidism - mahomoni otsika kwambiri amakhala ndi kutopa kwambiri komanso kuchepa kwa kayendedwe ka metabolic,
- owonjezera parahormone amakhumudwitsa kuyamwa kwa zinthu zina,
matenda ashuga - chifukwa cha kusowa kwa insulini, matendawa amapezeka, omwe amachititsa kuyamwa bwino kwa zinthu zofunika mthupi. Poyerekeza ndi izi, shuga amawonongeka bwino, zomwe zimabweretsa ku hyperglycemia,
hypoparathyroidism - yodziwika ndi kugwidwa ndi kupweteka,
Goiter - chifukwa chosowa ayodini limodzi ndi dysplasia,
autoimmune chithokomiro - chitetezo cha mthupi chimagwira ntchito molakwika, chifukwa chake kusintha kwamatenda kumachitika.
Thyrotooticosis ndi mahomoni owonjezera.

Ngati endocrine ziwalo ndi minofu zikuyenda bwino, ndiye kuti mankhwala a mahomoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chithandizo chotere chimathandizira bwino zizindikiro zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mahomoni, ndipo zimagwira ntchito zawo kwakanthawi mpaka kukhazikika kwa chinsinsi cha mahomoni kumachitika:

kutopa
ludzu losalekeza
kufooka kwa minofu
kukakamiza pafupipafupi kutulutsa chodzala,
kusintha kwakuthwa kwa mlozo wamthupi,
kugona kosalekeza
tachycardia, kupweteka mumtima,
kusakhazikika
kutsika kwa njira zokumbukira,
thukuta kwambiri
kutsegula m'mimba
kuchuluka kwa kutentha.

Zambiri

Zinthu zazikulu zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana a thupi.- Gland yapadera, yomwe simangokhala katulutsidwe ka timadzi tokha, komanso njira yolumikizirana pakati pa endocrine ndi machitidwe amanjenje pakuwongolera kantchito kokwanira m'mbali zonse za thupi.

Dongosolo la endocrine limapereka kusamutsidwa kwa chidziwitso pakati pa maselo ndi minyewa, kayendetsedwe ka magwiridwe antchito mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zenizeni - mahomoni. Tizilombo timene timatulutsa timalamulira tomwe timakhala ndi nthawi yayitali. Kuphatikizika kwa mahomoni kumafooketsa kapena kukulira motsutsana ndi maziko a njira zachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, kutenga pakati, kukalamba, kuvunda kwa msambo, msambo, msambo, kapena kusintha kwa maselo osiyanasiyana.

Tizilombo ta endocrine ndimapangidwe ndi magulu osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana omwe amapanga chinsinsi mwachindunji mu zamitsempha, magazi, madzimadzi, ndi timadzi timinyewa tambiri. Kusakhalapo kwa ma ducts akunja, monga momwe zimagwirira masiseche, ndi chizindikiro chotsika, pamaziko omwe, hypothalamus, chithokomiro, gland pineal, imatchedwa kuti endocrine gland.

Makulidwe a gland wa endocrine:

wapakati komanso wozungulira. Kupatukana kumachitika ndi kulumikiza zinthu ndi dongosolo lamanjenje lamkati. Madipatimenti oyang'anira: gonads, chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, kapamba. Pakati pa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa: pineal gland, gland pituitary, hypothalamus - mbali zaubongo,
zodziyimira payekha komanso kudalira pituitary. Kugawikaku kumatengera mphamvu ya mahomoni otentha a pituitary gland pakugwira ntchito kwa zinthu za endocrine system.

Kapangidwe ka endocrine dongosolo

Kapangidwe kake kameneka kamakhala ndi kosiyanasiyana pa ziwalo ndi minofu. Dongosololi limakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimayang'anira kugwira ntchito kwa dipatimenti inayake ya thupi kapena njira zingapo zathupi.

Maofesi akuluakulu a endocrine system:

kusokoneza kachitidwe - maselo glandular opanga zinthu zomwe zimafanana ndi mahomoni omwe amagwira ntchito,
machitidwe am'deralo - tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri,
makina ogwidwa ndi zinthu - zotsogola zamamina ndi decarboxylation wotsatira. Zomwe zimapangidwira - maselo a glandular omwe amapanga ma biogenic amino ndi ma peptides.

Zotsatira za endocrine system (endocrine glands):

Ziwalo komwe minofu ya endocrine ili:

mayeso, thumba losunga mazira,
kapamba.

Organs mumapangidwe omwe mumakhala maselo a endocrine:

thymus
impso
m'mimba
dongosolo lamkati lamanjenje (gawo lalikulu ndi la hypothalamus),
placenta
mapapu
Prostate gland.

Thupi limayang'anira ntchito ya endocrine glands m'njira zingapo:

woyamba. Kuwongolera mwachindunji kwa minyewa ya minyewa mothandizidwa ndi chinthu china chake, chomwe timadzi timene timayang'anira. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo imatsika pamene chidziwitso chobisika chimachitika poyankha kuchuluka kwazovuta. Chitsanzo china ndi kupondereza kubisala ndi kuchuluka kwa calcium kogwiritsa ntchito maselo a parathyroid. Ngati kuchuluka kwa Ca kumachepa, ndiye kuti kupanga kwa parathyroid mahomoni, m'malo mwake, kumawonjezeka,
chachiwiri. Hypothalamus ndi neurohormones zimagwira ndi kayendetsedwe ka mantha ka ntchito za endocrine system. Mwambiri, ulusi wamitsempha umakhudza magazi, kamvekedwe ka mitsempha yamagazi ya hypothalamus.

Zindikirani! Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zakunja ndi zamkati, kuchepa konse kwa ntchito ya endocrine gland (hypofunction) ndikuwonjezera kaphatikizidwe ka mahomoni (hyperfunction) ndikotheka.

Mahomoni: katundu ndi ntchito zake

Malinga ndi kapangidwe kazinthu kazinthu zamafuta ndi:

steroidal. Pansi pa lipid, zinthu zimalowa mkati mwa ziwalo zam'mimba, kuwonekera nthawi yayitali, zimapangitsa kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito omasulira ndi kulemba mu kaphatikizidwe kazakudya zama protein. Mahomoni ogonana, corticosteroids, mavitamini D mavitamini,
zotumphukira za amino acid. Magulu akuluakulu ndi mitundu yaomwe amaongolera: mahomoni a chithokomiro (ndi), catecholamines (norepinephrine ndi adrenaline, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "mahomoni opsinjika"), tryptophan derivative -, histidine derivative - histamine,
mapuloteni peptide. Kuphatikizidwa kwamahomoni kumachokera zotsalira za amino acid 5 mpaka 20 mu peptides ndi zoposa 20 pama protein. Glycoproteins (s), polypeptides (vasopressin ndi glucagon), mapuloteni osavuta a mankhwala (kukula kwa mahomoni, insulini). Ma protein a protein ndi peptide ndi gulu lalikulu la owongolera. Amaphatikizanso ACTH, STH, LTH, (ma pituitary mahomoni), thyrocalcitonin (chithokomiro cha chithokomiro), (pineal gland mahormoni), parathyroid mahomoni (parathyroid glands).

Zotsitsa za ma amino acid ndi mahomoni a steroid amawonetsa zotsatira zomwezo, ma peptide ndi owongolera mapuloteni ali ndi mtundu wotchulidwa. Mwa owongolera pali peptides tulo, kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira, kumwa ndi kudya, analgesics, neurotransmitters, oyang'anira mamisidwe kamvekedwe, malingaliro, kugonana. Gawoli limaphatikizapo zinthu zokuthandizani kusatetemera, kupulumuka komanso kukula,

Regept peptides nthawi zambiri imakhudza ziwalo osati modziyimira pawokha, koma kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, mahomoni ndi oyimira pakati, amawonetsa zotsatira zakumaloko. Mbali yodziwika ndi kapangidwe kazigawo zosiyanasiyana za thupi: matumbo am'mimba, dongosolo lamanjenje, mtima, ndi kubereka.

Chamoyo chomwe chikulephera chimakhala ndi ma cell a mtundu wina wa mahomoni. Mwachitsanzo, mafupa, matumbo aang'ono, ndi impso zimatha kutengeka ndi oyang'anira a parathyroid.

Zofunikira zazikulu za mahomoni:

kudziwika
kwambiri kwachilembo ntchito
mtunda wa chikoka,
chinsinsi.

Kuperewera kwa mahomoni amodzi sikungalipiridwe ndi thandizo la woyang'anira wina. Pakakhala kuti palibe chinthu, chinsinsi chambiri, kapena chochepa kwambiri, pamachitika njira yolumikizira matenda.

Kuzindikira matenda

Poyesa magwiridwe antchito a zisa zomwe zimatulutsa owongolera, mitundu ingapo ya maphunziro osiyanasiyana osokoneza bongo amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choyamba, dokotala amawunika wodwalayo ndi vuto lakelo, mwachitsanzo, chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, chimawulula zizindikiro zakunja ndikupatuka.

Onetsetsani kuti mwapeza mbiri yakubanja / banja: matenda ambiri amtundu wa endocrine ali ndi chibadwa chobadwa nacho. Otsatirawa ndi njira yozindikiritsa. Kupenda kokhako komwe kumaphatikizira ndi zida zothandizira kudziwa zomwe zimatithandizira kumvetsetsa mtundu wa matenda omwe akupanga.

Njira zazikulu zofufuzira za endocrine system:

chizindikiritso cha chizindikiro cha pathologies pamasamba a kusokonezeka kwa mahomoni ndi kagayidwe kolakwika.
kusanthula kwa radioimmunoassay
kuyendetsa gulu lamavuto,
orchiometry
densitometry
kusanthula kwa immunoradiometric,
kuyesa,
CT ndi CT
kukhazikitsidwa kwa zowonjezera za tiziwalo timene timatulutsa,
ukadaulo wamtundu
kuwunika kwa wailesi, kugwiritsa ntchito radioisotope,
kutsimikiza kuchuluka kwa mahomoni, kagayidwe kachakudya mankhwala a mitundu yosiyanasiyana madzimadzi (magazi, mkodzo, madzi ammagazi),
kuwerenga kwa zolandilira mu ziwonetsero ndi ziwalo,
kukonzanso kukula kwa vuto, kuwunika kwa ziwalo zomwe zakhudzidwa,
poganizira mizere ya circadian popanga mahomoni ena kuphatikiza zaka komanso jenda ya wodwala,
mayeso okhala ndi mafupa amtundu wa endocrine
kuyerekezera kwa magawo ammagazi olowera ndikusiya chofufumitsa

Patsamba werengani malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito madontho ndi mapiritsi a Mastodinon zochizira matenda a mastopathy a gmores.

Endocrine pathologies, zoyambitsa ndi zizindikiro

Matenda a pituitary gland, chithokomiro England, hypothalamus, pineal gland, kapamba, ndi zina:

endocrine matenda oopsa,
kuchepa kwazinthu,
matenda ndi,

Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya dongosolo la endocrine laumunthu pazinthu zosiyanasiyana

Impso ndi matenda a adrenal

Dongosolo la endocrine limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mthupi la munthu. Amayang'anira kukula ndi kukhazikika kwa malingaliro, amawongolera kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo.Tizilombo ta endocrine timapanga makemikolo osiyanasiyana - omwe amatchedwa mahomoni. Ma Horoni amakhudza kwambiri kukula kwamalingaliro ndi thupi, kukula, kusintha kapangidwe ka thupi ndi ntchito zake, zimazindikira kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.

Zida zazikulu za endocrine system ndi:

chithokomiro ndi chithokomiro,
pinial England
nyemba za adrenal, kapamba,
ma testicle amuna ndi ovomerezeka mwa akazi.

Mawonekedwe a dongosolo la endocrine

Mphamvu ya mahomoni mwa akulu ndi ana sagwira ntchito mofananamo. Kupanga kwa gland ndikugwira kwake ntchito kumayambira pa intrauterine. Dongosolo la endocrine limayambitsa kukula kwa mluza ndi mwana wosabadwayo. Mukapanga kapangidwe ka thupi, zomangira pakati pa mawonekedwe a tiziwalo timene timatulutsa. Mwana akabadwa, amakhala olimba.

Kuyambira pobadwa mpaka nthawi yoti mutha kutha, chithokomiro, chithokomiro, ndi tiziwalo ta adrenal ndizofunikira kwambiri. Mu kutha msambo, gawo la mahomoni ogonana limakulanso. Pakati pa zaka 10 mpaka 12 mpaka 17, tiziberekero tambiri timagwira. M'tsogolomu, ntchito yawo imakhazikika. Ndi kuonetsetsa kwa njira yolondola komanso kusapezeka kwa matenda m'dongosolo la endocrine, palibe zolephera zazikulu. Kusiyana kwake ndi mahomoni ogonana.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwaumunthu chimaperekedwa kwa gustini. Amayang'anira magwiridwe antchito a chithokomiro, tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono ta adrenal ndi zina zotumphukira m'dongosolo.

Ntchito yayikulu ya pituitary imawerengedwa kuti ndikoyang'anira pakukula kwa thupi. Imachitidwa ndikupanga mahomoni okula (kukula kwa mahomoni). Gizi imakhudza kwambiri ntchito ndi gawo la dongosolo la endocrine, kotero ikayamba kugwira bwino ntchito, kupanga mahomoni ndi chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timachitika.

Pinial gland ndiye chithokomiro chomwe chimagwira ntchito kwambiri mpaka zaka zapulayimale (zaka 7). Mahomoni amapangidwa m'matumbo omwe amalepheretsa kugonana. Pofika zaka 3-7, ntchito ya pineal gland imachepa. Panthawi yakutha msambo, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni opangidwa amachepetsa kwambiri.

Zonona

The thymus gland kapena thymus imakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri pakutha msinkhu (zaka 13 mpaka 13). Kulemera kwake kotheratu kumayamba kuwonjezeka kuyambira nthawi yobadwa, ndipo kulemera kwachibale kumachepera, kuyambira pomwe kuthetseka kwachitsulo sikugwira ntchito. Ndikofunikira pakukula kwa chitetezo chathupi. Mpaka pano sizikudziwika ngati chithokomiro cha thymus chitha kupanga mahomoni aliwonse. Kukula koyenera kwa glandyi kumatha kukhala kosiyanasiyana mwa ana onse, ngakhale anzako. Pakutopa ndi matenda, kuchuluka kwa chithokomiro cha thymus kumachepa mofulumira. Ndi kuchuluka kwa zofunika kwa thupilo komanso pakuchulukitsa katulutsidwe wa timadzi tamadzi a shuga ndi adrenal cortex, kuchuluka kwa ndulu kumachepa.

Adrenal glands

Adrenal glands. Kapangidwe ka tiziwalo timene timachitika mpaka zaka 25-30. Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri komanso kukula kwa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timadzi tating'onoting'ono tambiri tambiri timadyedwa t tima zaka 1-3, komanso tikamakula. Chifukwa cha mahomoni omwe chitsulo chimapanga, munthu amatha kuthana ndi nkhawa. Amakhudzanso njira yowongolera maselo, kuwongolera kagayidwe kazinthu, zogonana ndi ntchito zina.

Kapangidwe ka gland ya endocrine

Ziwalo za endocrine dongosolo zikuphatikiza:

Hypothalamus
Chithokomiro
Zodulira
Matenda a parathyroid,
Ovaries ndi testicles
Ma pancreatic islets.

Munthawi ya bere, placenta, kuphatikiza pa ntchito zake zina, palinso gland ya endocrine.

Hypothalamus imabisa mahomoni omwe amalimbikitsa ntchito ya pituitary gland kapena, motsutsana, amachepetsa.

Mchitidwe wamkati womwewo umatchedwa gland wamkulu wa secretion wamkati. Zimapanga mahomoni omwe amakhudza tiziwalo tina ta endocrine, ndikuwongolera zochita zawo. Komanso mahomoni ena opangidwa ndi pituitary gland amakhala ndi mphamvu yokhudza zochita za michere mthupi. Mlingo wa mahomoni opanga pituitary amatengera mfundo yakuyankha.Mlingo wa mahomoni ena m'magazi umapatsa chithokomiro cha pituitary chizindikiro kuti chizichedwa kuchepa kapena, m'malo mwake, imathandizira kupanga mahomoni.

Komabe, sikuti timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri timene timayang'aniridwa ndi gitu. Zina mwazina kapena mosagwirizana ndi zomwe zili m'magazi. Mwachitsanzo, maselo a pancreatic pancreatic omwe amapanga insulini amatengera kukhudzana kwamafuta acid ndi glucose m'magazi. Tizilombo ta parathyroid timayankha pa kuchuluka kwa phosphates ndi calcium, ndipo adrenal medulla amayankha mwachindunji kukondoweza kwa parasympathetic mantha dongosolo.

Zinthu ndi mahomoni ofanana ndi mahormoni amapangidwa ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zomwe sizili gawo la endocrine gland. Chifukwa chake, ziwalo zina zimapanga zinthu zokhala ndi mahomoni zomwe zimangokhala pafupi ndi komwe zimamasulidwa ndipo sizibisa chinsinsi chawo kulowa m'magazi. Zinthu zotere zimaphatikizapo mahomoni ena opangidwa ndi ubongo, omwe amangogwira dongosolo lamanjenje kapena ziwalo ziwiri zokha. Pali mahomoni ena omwe amagwira ntchito thupi lonse. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, gland pituitary imatulutsa timadzi tonunkhira ya chithokomiro, yomwe imangokhala makamaka ku chithokomiro cha chithokomiro. Ndipo, chithokomiro cha chithokomiro chimapanga mahomoni a chithokomiro omwe amakhudza kugwira ntchito kwa chiwalo chonse.

Zikondazo zimatulutsa insulini, yomwe imakhudza kagayidwe ka mafuta, mapuloteni komanso chakudya chamafuta mthupi.

Chithokomiro

Chithokomiro cha chithokomiro chili mbali zonse za trachea ndipo chili ndi ma lobes awiri ndi incthmus. Kulekanitsidwa kwa ziwalozo ndi magawo sikokwanira, chifukwa chake nduluyo ndiyotayidwa. Mkati mwake mumakhala mapuloteni a thyroglobulin, ayodini yemwe amatsogolera pakupanga mahomoni.

Mahomoni amthupi lino agawidwa kukhala:

munali ayodini (triiodothyronine, T3, ndi thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4)),
non-iodinated (calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)).

Matenda a chithokomiro a chithokomiro

Ma mahomoni a Iodated amalimbitsa kuphatikizika kwa mapuloteni, kuwonongeka kwa mafuta ndi chakudya chamthupi, kukhathamiritsa kwa okosijeni, mphamvu zamagetsi, kugwira ntchito kwamanjenje, kutulutsa mtima ndi kuchepa kwake, kukulitsa chidwi cha maselo kupita ku catecholamines, kayendedwe kazinthu zazikulu, kagayidwe ka electrolyte, kusangalala, kukula kwa thupi ndi luntha.

Calcitonin amateteza calcium ndi phosphorous.

Zokhudza kusamba pa endocrine system

Thupi laumunthu limakhala ndizowonetsa mosamalitsa momwe zilili mkati, ngakhale zimasintha mawonekedwe. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za ziwalo ndi kachitidwe ka thupi zimasungidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu yama metabolic metabolites, ndipo magawo atatu a mphamvuyi amasinthidwa kukhala kutentha, kofunikira kuti mukhale kutentha kosasintha kwa thupi. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kusinthana kwakukulu, kutengera jenda, zaka, kulemera kwa thupi, zochitika zachilengedwe, mkhalidwe wamunthu wamunthu, moyo wawo, zochitika za endocrine gland, ndi zina zambiri.

Kutentha kumapangidwa makamaka mu minofu ndi ziwalo zina zamkati. Mu thupi la munthu, thupi limasinthasintha kutentha kwamkati. Nthawi yomweyo, kupanga kutentha kumakhala kwapamwamba pang'ono kuposa ndikofunikira kuti thupi lizikhala ndi kutentha nthawi zonse. Kusintha kozungulira kutentha kumakhudza kayendedwe ka thermoregulation.

Mothandizidwa ndi kusamba, kapangidwe kazinthu zina zamthupi zimasintha, kuchuluka kwa maselo ofiira m'magazi kumawonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa leukocytes kumachulukanso, kuchuluka kwa magazi kumawonjezereka, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magazi a magazi. Kuwonongeka kwamadzi mu chipinda cha nthunzi kumabweretsa kuwonjezereka kwa kuchuluka kwa mchere m'magazi ndi zimakhala. Mwa azimayi othandizira, kuchuluka kwa mkaka kumatha pambuyo pakusamba.

Mothandizidwa ndi kusamba, ntchito ya chithokomiro cha chithokomiro imasintha kwambiri. Kusamba kumakhala ndi mphamvu ya anabolic yokhudza thupi: ma oxidative njira mu minofu kusintha, kaphatikizidwe wa mapuloteni amawonjezeka.Kusamba kumakhudza kusintha kwa gasi ndi acid-base mulingo m'magazi: kapangidwe ka magazi osinthika amasinthira mbali ya acid.

Mwa njira, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zoyipa zomwe zingakulidwe ngati mutadzilowetsa nokha mu bafa kapena mukangochotsa ndi zinthu zomwe zingalimbikitse kusinthaku. Chifukwa chake, musanasambe, kusamba komanso pambuyo pake, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimapanga zamchere: zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, timadziti kuchokera kwa iwo.

Ichi ndi chiyani - acid-base balance? Zinthu zomwe timadya m'thupi zimadutsa magawo osiyanasiyana a kagayidwe. Imeneyi ikakumbwa, ma acid amapangidwa, motero amatchedwa acidic kapena acid. Enanso akapakidwa, ma alkali amapangidwa, ndipo amatchedwa kuti alkali. Acid opanga zinthu amaphatikiza zakudya zomwe zimakhala zomanga thupi kwambiri komanso zopatsa mphamvu. Zopangira zopangidwa ndi alkali ndizopangidwa makamaka kuchokera kumera (zipatso, masamba, saladi wobiriwira).

Mukakola zakudya zomwe zili ndi chakudya chamaguluchidwe, mpweya wambiri wa calcium umadziunjikira, womwe umatengedwa ndi madzi amthupi kupita m'mapapu ndipo umatsitsidwa ngati mpweya wa kaboni. Koma asidi wina wambiri amakhalabe m'thupi.

Zotsatira za chimbudzi cha zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni ena mthupi, makamaka urea ndi uric acid amapangidwa. Amachotsedwa m'thupi kudzera mu impso ndikukhalabe m'thupi kwanthawi yayitali (makamaka ndi vuto la impso), zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa acid acid yoyambira acid. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochulukirapo a acidic, kuphatikiza kwa thupi kumatha kuchitika, komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri ndikakudya mokwanira chifukwa chopanga asidi. Ndipo peroxidation ndiowopsa: kuwonjezeka kwa kaboni dayokisi m'magazi nthawi zina kungachititse kuti mafupa awonongeke. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuyang'anira zakudya zanu, kudya zakudya zamtundu wa alkali, makamaka masamba ndi zipatso. Mwambiri, kusamba kumayambitsa kusintha kwina mkati mwa thupi, komwe kumakhala kwakanthawi ndipo kumalipiridwa mwachangu ndi njira zowongolera. Kusintha kumeneku sikofunikira, makamaka ngati malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito bafa saswa.

Dongosolo la endocrine la anthu pantchito yophunzitsa munthu kuphunzitsa limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa ndi lomwe limayendetsa kumasulidwa kwa mahomoni ambiri, kuphatikizapo testosterone, yomwe imayambitsa kukula kwa minofu. Sikuti amangokhala ndi testosterone yokha, chifukwa chake samakhudza kukula kwa minofu yokha, komanso ntchito ya ziwalo zambiri zamkati. Ntchito ya endocrine dongosolo ndi momwe adapangidwira, tsopano timvetsetsa.

Dongosolo la endocrine ndi njira yoyendetsera kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo zamkati mothandizidwa ndi mahomoni omwe amasungidwa ndi ma cell a endocrine mwachindunji kulowa m'magazi, kapena pang'onopang'ono kulowa mkati mwa malo othandizira maselo oyandikana nawo. Njira iyi imayang'anira ntchito ya ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe a thupi la munthu, imathandizira kuti isinthidwe ndikusintha chilengedwe, ndikukhalitsa kukhalabe kwamkati, komwe kuli kofunikira kusunga njira yamoyo. Pakadali pano, zadziwika bwino kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito izi ndizotheka pokhapokha chifukwa chogwirizana ndi chitetezo chamthupi.

Dongosolo la endocrine limagawika glandular (endocrine glands) ndikukupatsanso. Zosiyanasiyana za endocrine zimapanga mahomoni a glandular, omwe amaphatikizapo mahomoni onse a steroid, komanso mahomoni a chithokomiro komanso mahomoni ena a peptide. Dongosolo la endocrine limayimiriridwa ndi maselo amtundu wa endocrine omwazika m'thupi lonse lomwe limapanga mahomoni otchedwa aglandular peptides. Pafupifupi minofu iliyonse ya thupi ili ndi maselo a endocrine.

Diffuse endocrine dongosolo

M'dongosolo lino, ma cell a endocrine samasonkhanitsidwa malo amodzi, koma omwazikana. Ntchito zambiri za endocrine zimachitika ndi chiwindi (kupanga somatomedin, kukula kwa insulin osati zinthu zokhazokha), impso (kupanga erythropoietin, medullins osati kokha), m'mimba (kupanga gastrin), matumbo (kupanga maselo a matumbo a vasoactive ndipo osati kokha) komanso ndulu (kupanga ma splenins) . Ma cell a endocrine amapezeka thupi lonse.

Sayansi imadziwa mahomoni opitilira 30 omwe amatulutsidwa m'mwazi ndi maselo kapena maselo omwe amakhala m'matumbo am'mimba. Maselo awa ndi masango awo amaphatikizira gastrin, geptrin-kumanga peptide, secretin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, vasoactive matumbo polypeptide, thunthu P, motilin, galanin, glucagon gene peptides (glycine tin, oxyntomodulin, glucagon-like peptideideine neuroteptideine , neuropeptide Y, chromogranins (chromogranin A, GeptK yokhudzana ndi peptide ndi secretogranin II).

Hypothalamus-Pituitary Gland

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'thupi ndi gland. Imayang'anira ntchito ya tiziwalo tambiri ta endocrine. Kukula kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, kulemera kochepa kuposa gramu, koma kufunika kwake kogwira ntchito bwino kwa thupi kumakhala kwakukulu. Gland ili kumapeto kwa chigaza, yolumikizidwa ndi mwendo kupita ku malo opangira ubongo ndipo imakhala ndi ma lobes atatu - anterior (adenohypophysis), apakatikati (underdeveloped) ndi posterior (neurohypophysis). Mahomoni a Hypothalamic (oxytocin, neurotensin) amayenda kudutsa mwendo wa pituitary kupita ku gland ya positi ya pituitary, komwe amayikidwa ndikuchokera komwe amalowa m'magazi momwe amafunikira.

Awiri a hypothalamus-pituitary gland: 1- Zinthu zomwe zimapanga ma Hormone, 2- Anterior lobe, 3- Hypothalamic connection, 4- Mitsempha (kayendedwe ka mahomoni kuchokera ku hypothalamus kupita ku posterior pituitary), 5- Pituitary minofu (katulutsidwe ka mahomoni kuchokera ku hypothalamus), 6- Posterior lobe, 7- Madzi am'magazi ( kuyamwa kwa mahomoni ndi kusinthidwa kwawo kupita mthupi), I-Hypothalamus, II-Pituitary gland.

Gland yothandizira ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa ntchito zazikulu za thupi. Ma mahormone onse akuluakulu omwe amawongolera zochitika zapamwamba za zotumphukira za endocrine amapangidwa pano: mahomoni a thyrotropic (TSH), adrenocorticotropic mahormone (ACTH), mahomoni a somatotropic (STH), mahomoni a lactotropic (Prolactin) ndi mahomoni awiri a gonadotropic: luteinizing (LH) ndi Follicum. )

Gland ya positi yakunja silipanga mahomoni akeawo. Udindo wake mthupi umangokhala mukuwunjikana ndi kubisalira kwa mahomoni awiri ofunikira omwe amapangidwa ndi ma cell a neurosecretory a hypothalamic nuclei: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), yomwe imakhudzidwa ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi amthupi, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwamadzi mu impso ndi oxytocin. .

Hypothalamus

Ndi gawo laubongo, lomwe lili pamwamba komanso kutsogolo kwa tsinde laubongo, lotsika kwambiri kuposa thalamus. Imagwira ntchito zambiri zosiyanasiyana mumtsempha wamanjenje, ndikuwathandizanso kuwongolera mwachindunji dongosolo la endocrine kudzera mu gitu. Hypothalamus imakhala ndi maselo ena otchedwa neurosecretory neuron cell omwe amapanga mahomoni a endocrine: thyrotropin kumasula mahomoni (TRH), kukula kwa mahomoni kumasulira mahomoni (GRH), kukula kwa inhibitory hormone (GRIG), gonadotropin kumasula mahomoni (GRH), corticotropin kumasula ma cell. , oxytocin, antidiuretic (ADH).

Ma hormone onse omasulira komanso olepheretsa zimakhudza kugwira ntchito kwa gululi. TRH imalimbitsa gland yothandizira kuti itulutse timadzi tambiri ta chithokomiro. GRHR ndi GRIG imayang'anira kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni okula, HRHG imalimbikitsa kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni okula, GRIG ikuletsa kutulutsidwa kwake.GRH imalimbikitsa kutulutsa kwa mahomoni opatsirana mwa follicle ndi luteinizing, pomwe KRH imalimbikitsa kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni a adrenocorticotropic. Ma mahoni awiri omalizira a endocrine - oxytocin, komanso antidiuretic amapangidwa ndi hypothalamus, kenako amawasamutsa ku gland ya positi pituitary, komwe kuli, kenako ndikumasulidwa.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi tiziwalo tating'ono, tomwe timalumikizana ndi gawo lakumunsi la hypothalamus ya ubongo. Mitsempha yambiri yamagazi imazungulira chithaphwi cha pituitary, chikufalitsa mahomoni m'thupi lonse. Ikupezeka mu kupsinjika kakang'ono kwa mafupa a sphenoid, chishalo cha ku Turkey, gland ya pituitary imakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zosiyana: zakumbuyo zapambuyo ndi zakunja kwa ndulu ya pituitary.

Chowonera chaposachedwa pituitary.
Positi pituitary kwenikweni si minofu ya glandular, koma minyewa yambiri yamanjenje. Positi pituitary ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono ka hypothalamus, komwe ma axon a ma cell ena a neurosecretory a hypothalamus amadutsa. Maselo amenewa amapanga mitundu iwiri ya mahomoni a endocrine a hypothalamus, omwe amasungidwa kenako ndikubisidwa ndi thumbo lakutsogolo: oxytocin, antidiuritic.
Oxetocin imayendetsa chiberekero cha uterine pakubala ndipo imalimbikitsa kutulutsa mkaka nthawi yoyamwitsa.
Antidiuretic (ADH) mu endocrine imalepheretsa kuchepa kwa madzi amthupi mwakuwonjezera kuyamwa kwa madzi ndi impso ndikuchepetsa kutuluka kwa magazi kupita ku tiziwalo thukuta.

Adenohypophysis.
Gland ya anterior pituitary ndiye glandular yeniyeni ya gawo la pituitary gland. Ntchito ya anterior pituitary gland imayang'anira ntchito yotulutsa ndi yoletsa ya hypothalamus. Gland ya anterior pituitary imatulutsa mahomoni ofunikira a 6 a endocrine system: thyrotropic (TSH), yomwe imayambitsa kukweza kwa chithokomiro, adrenocorticotropic - imalimbikitsa gawo lakunja la grenex ya adrenal - kotchedwa adrenal cortex kuti ipange mahomoni ake. Follicle-stimulating (FSH) - imakulitsa kuchuluka kwa cell ya gonad kuti ipange masewera a akazi, umuna mwa amuna. Luteinizing (LH) - imalimbikitsa ma gonads kuti apange mahomoni ogonana - estrogen mwa akazi ndi testosterone mwa amuna. Homoni yokula kwamunthu (STH) imakhudza maselo ambiri olimbana ndi thupi lonse, kumalimbikitsa kukula, kukonza, ndi kubereka. Prolactin (PRL) - imakhala ndi zotulukapo zambiri mthupi, zomwe zazikuluzikulu zake ndikuti zimapangitsa kuti timadzi touluka tikhazikitse mkaka.

Kapamba

Chinsinsi chachikulu chachinsinsi chochita kawiri (chimatulutsa madzi a pancreatic mu lumen wa duodenum ndi mahomoni mwachindunji kulowa m'magazi). Pamalo apamwamba pamimba, pakati pa ndulu ndi duodenum. Pancreas a endocrine amaimiridwa ndi zisumbu za Langerhans, zomwe zimakhala mchira wa kapamba. Mwa anthu, zilumba izi zimayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo omwe amapanga mahomoni angapo a polypeptide: maselo a alpha amatulutsa glucagon (imayendetsa kagayidwe kazinthu kameneka), maselo a beta amatulutsa insulin (kutsitsa shuga m'magazi), maselo a delta amatulutsa somatostatin (ziletsa kubisala tiziwalo tambiri), maselo a PP - amatulutsa polypeptide ya pancreatic (imathandizira kubisalira kwa msuzi wam'mimba, imalepheretsa chinsinsi cha kapamba), maselo a epsilon - amatulutsa ghrelin (mahomoni amanjawa amalimbitsa chidwi).

Kapangidwe ka kapamba: 1- Njira yowonjezera ya kapamba, 2- Chochucha chachikulu cha kapamba, 3- Mchira wa kapamba, 4- Thupi la kapamba, 5- Khosi la kapamba, 6- Njira yolumikizira, 7- Vater papilla, 8- papilla yaying'ono bile duct.

Pomaliza

Dongosolo la endocrine laumunthu limapangidwa kuti lipangitse mahomoni, omwe nawonso amalamulira ndikuwongolera zochita zambiri zokhudzana ndi zochitika zofunikira za thupi.Imayang'anira ntchito ya pafupifupi ziwalo zamkati, imayang'anira zochitika zosiyanasiyana za thupi pazinthu zakunja, komanso imakhazikika mkati. Ma mahomoni opangidwa ndi endocrine dongosolo amachititsa kagayidwe kazakudya mthupi, hematopoiesis, kukula kwa minofu minofu ndi zina zambiri. Mkhalidwe wakuthupi ndi wamaganizidwe a munthu zimadalira momwe zimakhalira.

Dongosolo la Endocrine - njira yowongolera ziwalo zamkati kudzera mumahomoni omwe amasungidwa ndi maselo amtundu wa endocrine mwachindunji m'magazi, kapena kusinthana ndi malo okhala ndi maselo oyandikana nawo.

Dongosolo la endocrine limagawika glandular endocrine system (kapena glandular apparatus), momwe ma cell a endocrine amasonkhanitsidwa palimodzi ndikupanga endocrine gland, ndi dongosolo la endocrine. Gland ya endocrine imapanga mahomoni a glandular, omwe amaphatikizapo mahomoni onse a steroid, mahomoni a chithokomiro, komanso mahomoni ambiri a peptide. Dongosolo la endocrine loyimira limayimiriridwa ndi maselo endocrine omwe amwazikana mthupi lonse lomwe limatulutsa mahomoni amatchedwa aglandular peptides (kupatula calcitriol). Pafupifupi minofu iliyonse ya thupi, mumakhala maselo a endocrine.

Dongosolo la Endocrine. Zomera zazikulu zamkati zamkati. (kumanzere - chachimuna, kumanja - chachikazi): 1. M'mimba mwake (yodziwika kuti purosesa ya endocrine) 2. Maso am'chiberekero 3. Tizilombo ta chithokomiro 4. Mimba 5. Kutulutsa kwina kwa adrenal 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testicle

Endocrine dongosolo ntchito

Zimatenga nawo mbali pakuwongolera (kachembere) kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka thupi ndikuwongolera zochitika za ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe.
Amapereka kutetezedwa kwa homeostasis yathupi pakusintha kwachilengedwe.
Pamodzi ndi mitsempha komanso chitetezo chamthupi, chimayendetsa
- kukula
- kukula kwa thupi
- kusiyanitsa kwake pakugonana ndi ntchito yobereka,
- amatenga nawo mbali mu maphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamalira mphamvu.
Molumikizana ndi dongosolo lamanjenje, mahomoni amatenga nawo mbali popereka
- zachisoni
- ntchito zamunthu.

Glandular endocrine dongosolo

Glandular endocrine system imayimiridwa ndi tiziwalo timene timayambitsa timaselo tambiri tambiri ta endocrine. Tizilombo ta Endocrine (timagulu ta endocrine) ndi ziwalo zomwe zimapanga zinthu zomwe zimazitsekera mwachindunji m'magazi kapena m'mimba. Zinthu izi ndi mahomoni - maulangizi amthupi omwe amafunikira moyo. Gland ya endocrine imatha kukhala ziwalo zodziimira palokha komanso zotengera za epithelial (malire amalire). Zitsempha zotsatirazi ndi zina mwa tiziwalo ta endocrine:

Chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, chomwe kulemera kwake chimayambira 20 mpaka 30 g, chili kutsogolo kwa khosi ndipo imakhala ndi lobes ziwiri ndi isthmus - imapezeka pa ΙΙ-ΙV cartilage ya mmero wam'mapapo ndipo imagwirizanitsa zonse ziwiri. Mitsempha inayi ya parathyroid ili m'magulu awiri kumbuyo. Kunja, chithokomiro chotupa chimaphimbidwa ndi minofu ya khosi yomwe ili pansi pa fupa la hyoid, chikwama chake chachitsulo chimalumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi trachea ndi larynx, kotero chimayenda pambuyo pa kusuntha kwa ziwalozi. Kutikisaku kumakhala ndi zotumphukira zowongoka kapena zokutira kuzungulira, zomwe zimadzaza ndi mapuloteni okhala ndi ayodini monga colloid, pakati pa thovu ndi minofu yolumikizika yotayirira. Bubble colloid imapangidwa ndi epithelium ndipo imakhala ndi mahomoni opangidwa ndi chithokomiro cha chithokomiro - thyroxine (T4) ndi triiodothyronine (T3). Ma mahomoni awa amawongolera kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe, amalimbikitsa kuyamwa kwa glucose ndi maselo amthupi ndikuwonjezera kugawa kwa mafuta kukhala ma acid ndi glycerin. Homoni wina amene amatulutsidwa ndi chithokomiro, chotchedwa calcitonin (polypeptide mwa chilengedwe chake), amalamulira calcium komanso phosphates m'thupi.Kuchita kwa timadzi timeneti ndi kosemphana ndi parathyroidin, yomwe imapangidwa ndimatenda a parathyroid ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa calcium m'magazi, kumakulitsa kuchuluka kwake kuchokera m'mafupa ndi matumbo. Kuchokera pano, ntchito ya parathyroidin imafanana ndi vitamini D.

Gland ya parathyroid imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa calcium mthupi mkati mwa dongosolo lochepa, kotero kuti mphamvu zamanjenje ndi ma motor zimagwira ntchito moyenera. Masewera a calcium m'magazi akagwera pansi penipeni, tiziwalo ta parathyroid, tomwe timayamwa calcium, timayambitsa ndikusintha timadzi tambiri m'magazi. Madzi a parathyroid amathandizira ma osteoclasts kuti amasule calcium m'magazi am'magazi.

Thymus imapanga mahomoni osungunuka a ormic (kapena a thymic) - thymopoietins, omwe amawongolera njira za kukula, kusasitsa komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa maselo a T komanso magwiridwe antchito a maselo okhwima. Ndi m'badwo, chithokomiro chimachepa, ndikusinthidwa ndikupanga minofu yolumikizana.

Cancreas ndi chinsinsi chachikulu (cha 12-30 cm) chinsinsi chobisalira kawiri (chinsinsi cha pancreatic mu lumen wa duodenum ndi Igormona mwachindunji kulowa m'magazi), chomwe chili kumtunda kwam'mimba, pakati pa ndulu ndi duodenum.

Pancreas ya endocrine imayimiriridwa ndi zisumbu za Langerhans zomwe zimakhala mchira wa kapamba. Mwa anthu, ma islets akuimilidwa ndi mitundu ingapo yamaselo omwe amapanga mahomoni angapo a polypeptide:

maselo alpha - secrete glucagon (carbohydrate metabolism Administrator, mwachindunji ndi insulin antagonist),
maselo a beta - secrete insulin (yowongolera kagayidwe kazakudya, amachepetsa shuga m'magazi),
maselo a delta - secrete somatostatin (amalepheretsa chinsinsi cha tiziwalo tambiri),
Ma cell a PP - secrete pancreatic polypeptide (amalepheretsa chinsinsi cha kapamba komanso amathandizira kubisalira kwa madzi a m'mimba),
Maselo a Epsilon - secrete ghrelin ("mahomoni a njala" - amalimbikitsa chidwi).

Pamitengo yapamwamba ya impso zonsezi ndi tiziwalo tating'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapangidwira - ma gren adrenal. Amakhala ndi gawo lakunja lam'mimba (80-90% ya kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa konse) ndi medulla wamkati, maselo omwe amakhala m'magulu ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi zolakwika zazikuluzikulu. Machitidwe a mahomoni a mbali zonse ziwiri za adrenal gland ndi osiyana. Adrenal cortex imatulutsa mineralocorticoids ndi glycocorticoids okhala ndi mawonekedwe a steroid. Mineralocorticoids (yofunika kwambiri yomwe ili amide ooh) imayendetsa kusinthana kwa ion m'maselo ndikusunga bwino ma electrolytic, glycocorticoids (mwachitsanzo, cortisol) amathandizira kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni komanso kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zina. Thupi la ubongo limatulutsa adrenaline - mahomoni ochokera ku gulu la catecholamine, omwe amathandiza mawu omvera. Adrenaline nthawi zambiri imatchedwa hormone ya nkhondo kapena kuthawa, chifukwa kumasulidwa kwake kumawonjezeka kwambiri m'mphindi zowopsa. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa adrenaline m'magazi kumaphatikizira kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa thupi - kugunda kwa mtima kumafulumira, mitsempha ya magazi imachepa, minofu imalimbitsidwa, ana amasintha. Vuto linanso lachi cell laling'ono lomwe limapanga mahomoni ogonana amuna (androgens). Ngati zonyansa zimachitika mthupi ndipo androjeni ayamba kuyenda kwambiri, zizindikilo za akazi kapena amuna zimawonjezeka. Cortex ndi medulla ya gren adrenal imasiyana osati mahomoni osiyana. Ntchito ya adrenal cortex imayendetsedwa ndi chapakati, ndi medulla - ndi zotumphukira zamanjenje.

DANIEL ndi zochitika zogonana ndi anthu sizikanatheka popanda ntchito ya gonads, kapena ziwalo zothandizira kumaliseche, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyesa kwa amuna ndi mazira achikazi. Mwa ana aang'ono, mahomoni ogonana amapangidwa pang'ono, koma thupi likamakula nthawi inayake, kuwonjezereka kwamphamvu kwa mahomoni ogonana kumachitika, kenako mahomoni achimuna (androgens) ndi mahomoni achikazi (estrogens) amachititsa mawonekedwe a kugonana kwachiwiri kwa anthu.

Dongosolo la Endocrine - dongosolo lomwe limayang'anira ntchito ya ziwalo zonse mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zimasungidwa ndi ma cell a endocrine mu dongosolo lozungulira, kapena kulowa m'maselo oyandikana nawo malo ochezera . Kuphatikiza pa kayendetsedwe kazomwe zikuchitika, kachitidwe kameneka kamatsimikizira kusinthasintha kwa thupi kuzinthu zosintha zamkati ndi kunja komwe, zomwe zimatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa dongosolo lamkati, ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuonetsetsa magwiridwe antchito a munthu winawake. Pali chikhulupiriro chofala kuti ntchito ya endocrine system imagwirizana kwambiri.

Dongosolo la endocrine limatha kukhala glandular; mkati mwake, maselo amtundu wa endocrine amaphatikizidwa, omwe amapanga zotupa za endocrine . Tizilombo timeneti timatulutsa timadzi timene timaphatikizira zonse ma steroid , mahomoni a chithokomiro ambiri mahomoni a peptide . Dongosolo la endocrine likhoza kukhalanso sokoneza , imayimiriridwa ndi maselo opanga ma cell omwe amakhala ofala mthupi lonse. Amatchedwa aglandular. Maselo oterewa amapezeka pafupifupi minyewa iliyonse ya endocrine system.

Ntchito za endocrine system:

Kupereka thupi posintha,
Kuphatikiza kwa machitidwe onse
Kutenga gawo pa kayendetsedwe kazinthu zamthupi (zamankhwala)
Pamodzi ndi mitsempha komanso chitetezo cha mthupi, chimayang'anira kukula kwa thupi, kukula kwake, ntchito yobereka, kusiyanitsa kugonana
Zimatenga nawo gawo pakugwiritsa ntchito, maphunziro ndi kusamalira mphamvu,
Pamodzi ndi dongosolo lamanjenje, mahomoni amapereka mkhalidwe wamunthu wamunthu, momwe zimachitikira.

Granular endocrine dongosolo

Dongosolo la endocrine laumunthu limayimiridwa ndi tiziwalo tambiri tomwe timadziunjikira, kupanga ndikupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogwira ntchito m'magazi: ma neurotransmitters , mahomoni ndi ena: Matenda amtundu wamtunduwu amaphatikizapo thumba losunga mazira, ma testicles, medulla ndi kotekisi ya adrenal gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary, pineal gland, ndi gawo la granular endocrine system. Chifukwa chake, maselo amtunduwu amasonkhanitsidwa mu gland imodzi. Thupi lamanjenje limatenga gawo limodzi pakukonza kwachilengedwe kwa mahomoni azonse zomwe zili pamwambapa, ndipo mwa momwe limagwirira ntchito, mahomoni amakhudza ntchito yamkati yamanjenje, kuwonetsetsa mkhalidwe wake ndi zochitika zake. Kuwongolera kwa endocrine ntchito za thupi kumatsimikizika osati chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mahomoni, komanso kudzera mu kukhudzika kwa machitidwe a autonomic, kapena odziyimira pawokha. Mkati mwa dongosolo lamanjenje mumakhala chobisalira cha zinthu zazamoyo, zambiri zomwe zimapangidwa m'maselo a endocrine am'mimba.

Tizilombo ta endocrine, kapena timimba ta endocrine, ndi ziwalo zomwe zimapanga zinthu zina ndipo zimazibisa. Zinthu zoterezi ndizoyang'anira zamankhwala - mahomoni, ofunikira pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa thupi. Tizilombo ta endocrine titha kuyimilidwa pamtundu uliwonse wa ziwalo zodziimira payekha komanso zimakhala. Zisokonezo zamkati zamkati zimaphatikizapo izi:

Ndipo zimakhala ndi ma cell a ma secretory, pomwe ma hypolamu ndi gawo lofunikira loyang'anira dongosolo lino. Mmenemo mumapangidwa zinthu zosintha bongo ndi ma hypothalamic zomwe zimathandizira kapena kulepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwa chithokomiro. Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timayendetsa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri tambiri. Gland ya pituitary imayimilidwa ndi gland yaying'ono yomwe kulemera kwake kumakhala kochepa kuposa gramu 1 Ili m'munsi mwa chigaza, m'malo opumira.

Gland ya chithokomiro ndiyo chithokomiro cha endocrine system yomwe imapanga mahomoni omwe amakhala ndi ayodini komanso amasunganso ayodini. Ma mahomoni a chithokomiro amatenga nawo gawo limodzi pakukula kwa maselo amunthu, khazikitsani kagayidwe. Gland ya chithokomiro ili kutsogolo kwa khosi, imakhala ndi gawo laling'ono ndi lobes awiri, kulemera kwa kutulutsa kumachokera 20 mpaka 30 g.

Gland iyi imayang'anira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa calcium mthupi mozungulira, kotero kuti ma mota ndi machitidwe amanjenje amagwira ntchito moyenera.Mlingo wa calcium m'magazi ukamatsika, ma parathyroid receptors, omwe amamvera kashiamu, amayamba kugwira ntchito ndikugonjera m'magazi. Chifukwa chake, mahomoni a parathyroid amasangalatsidwa ndi mafupa omwe amatulutsa calcium m'magazi kuchokera m'mafupa.

Tizilombo ta adrenal tili kumtengo kwa impso. Amakhala ndi medulla wamkati komanso gawo lakunja la cortical. Pazigawo zonse ziwiri za adrenal glands, kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa ma horoni kumadziwika. Adrenal cortex imatulutsa glycocorticoids ndi mineralocorticoids omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a steroid. Mtundu woyamba wa mahomoniwa umalimbikitsa kapangidwe kazakudya zam'madzi komanso kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, chachiwiri - chimasunga ma elekitirodi a electrolytic m'maselo, amawongolera ion. Mphete ya adrenal imatulutsa ubongo womwe umathandizira mamvekedwe amanjenje. Cortical chinthu chimapangitsanso mahomoni ogonana amuna ndi ochepa. Zikakhala kuti pali zovuta zina mthupi, mahomoni achimuna amalowa mthupi mopitilira muyeso, ndipo zizindikiro zamphongo zimayamba kuchuluka mwa atsikana. Koma medulla ndi adrenal cortex ndizosiyana osati pamaziko a mahomoni omwe amapangidwa, komanso pazomwe zimayang'anira - medulla imayendetsedwa ndi zotumphukira zamagetsi, ndipo ntchito ya kotekisi ndi yapakati.

Chikhansa ndi gawo lalikulu la dongosolo lachiwiri la endocrine: nthawi yomweyo imasunga mahomoni ndi madzi a pancreatic.

Pinial gland ndi chiwalo chomwe chimatulutsa timadzi tambiri, norepinephrine ndi. Melatonin amawongolera magawo ogona, norepinephrine imakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje ndi magazi. Komabe, ntchito ya pineal gland sichinafotokozedwebe.

Ma gonads ndi gonads popanda zomwe kugonana ndi kusasinthasintha kwa kubereka kwa munthu sikukakhala kosatheka. Izi zimaphatikizira mazira achikazi ndi ma testicles aamuna. Kupanga mahomoni ogonana muubwana kumachitika pang'ono, zomwe zimayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono mukamakula. Nthawi inayake, mahomoni ogonana amuna ndi akazi, kutengera kugonana kwa mwana, amatsogolera pakupangidwe kwachiwiri kwa machitidwe ogonana.

Diffuse endocrine dongosolo

Njira yamtunduwu wa endocrine imadziwika ndi maselo obalalika a maselo a endocrine.

Ntchito zina za endocrine zimachitika ndi ndulu, matumbo, m'mimba, impso, chiwindi, kuwonjezera, maselo otere amapezeka thupi lonse.

Mpaka pano, ma hormone opitilira 30 adadziwika, omwe amatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi magulu am'magazi ndi maselo omwe amapezeka m'matumbo am'mimba. Mwa izi, wina amatha kusiyanitsa ,, ndi ena ambiri.

Malangizo a endocrine dongosolo ali motere:

Kuchita kumachitika nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yankhani : mahomoni akagwera pachiselo chandamale, kukhudza komwe kunachokera kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni, kuyankha kwawo kumayambitsa kuponderezedwa kwa kubisalira. Mayankho olondola pakawonjezeka kobisika kumachitika kawirikawiri.

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimayendetsedwa kudzera machitidwe a chitetezo chamthupi komanso amanjenje.

Kuwongolera kwa Endocrine kumawoneka ngati kupendekera kwazomwe zikuwongolera, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mahomoni omwe mosasamala kapena mwachindunji amakhudzanso chinthu chomwe chimatsimikizira zomwe zili mu hormone.

Matenda a Endocrine amaimiridwa ndi gulu la matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zovuta za m'mimba zingapo za endocrine. Gulu la matenda amatengera kukomoka kwa endocrine tiziwopsezo, hypofunction, Hyperfunction. Apudomas Kodi zotupa zomwe zimachokera ku ma cell omwe amapanga mahomoni a polypeptide. Matendawa ndi monga gastrinoma, VIPoma, glucagonoma, somatostatinoma.

Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya dongosolo la endocrine laumunthu pazinthu zosiyanasiyana

Impso ndi matenda a adrenal

Dongosolo la endocrine limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mthupi la munthu.Amayang'anira kukula ndi kukhazikika kwa malingaliro, amawongolera kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo. Tizilombo ta endocrine timapanga makemikolo osiyanasiyana - omwe amatchedwa mahomoni. Ma Horoni amakhudza kwambiri kukula kwamalingaliro ndi thupi, kukula, kusintha kapangidwe ka thupi ndi ntchito zake, zimazindikira kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi.

Pamwamba pa membrane wapansi, yemwe amachepetsa gawo lililonse, limapezeka pa epithelium. Imakhala ndi kiyubiki imodzi yamasentimita, yomwe imakhala ngati yokhazikika pofunda kwamitsempha yamagazi. Amasonkhanitsa chobisalira mu mzerewu, kapena osachepera, monga momwe chithokomiro cha chithokomiro chimakhalira, chomwe ndi zitsanzo zotere kwambiri za zotsekeka zotsekera, chimodzi mwazinthu zachinsinsi. Colloid yomwe imadzaza zotupa za chithokomiro sichimabisidwa kwenikweni ndi omwe amagwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, thyroxine, koma kupezeka kwazinthu, zomwe, malinga ndi ena, kuchokera ku maselo amodzi a chithokomiro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa thyroxine.

Zida zazikulu za endocrine system ndi:

chithokomiro ndi chithokomiro,
pinial England
nyemba za adrenal, kapamba,
ma testicle amuna ndi ovomerezeka mwa akazi.

Akazi achimuna ndi achimuna

Akazi amuna ndi akazi amagonana pa nthawi ya fetal. Komabe, mwana akabadwa, zochita zawo zimaletsedwa mpaka zaka 10-12, ndiye kuti, mavuto asanayambe.

Amuna obereketsa amuna - testicles. Kuyambira wazaka 12 mpaka 13, chitsulo chimayamba kugwira ntchito mwachangu mothandizidwa ndi gonadoliberin. Kwa anyamata, kukula kumathandizira, makhalidwe achigololo amawonekera. Pa 15, spermatogenesis imayambitsa. Pofika zaka 16 mpaka 17, njira ya chitukuko cha chida cha abambo chimatha, ndipo amayamba kugwira ntchito ngati wamkulu.

Ma gonad achikazi ndi mazira. Kukula kwa gonads kumachitika magawo atatu. Kuyambira pa kubadwa mpaka zaka 6-7, gawo losaloŵererapo limawonedwa.

Nthawi imeneyi, hypothalamus yachikazi imapangidwa. Kuyambira zaka 8 mpaka kutha kwa unyamata, nthawi ya kukonzekera imatenga. Kuchokera pa kusamba, msambo umayamba. Pakadali pano, pali gawo lokhazikika, kukhazikika kwa machitidwe achigololo, mapangidwe a msambo.

Dongosolo la endocrine mwa ana limagwira ntchito kwambiri poyerekeza ndi achikulire. Zosintha zazikulu m'misempha zimachitika ndili mwana, ana aang'ono ndi akulu msukulu.

Matenda a parathyroid

Matenda a parathyroid amayamba kupanga pakatha miyezi iwiri ya mimba (masabata 5-6). Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya parathyroid gland imawonedwa zaka 2 zoyambirira za moyo. Ndipo, kufikira zaka 7, imasungidwa pamlingo wokwera bwino.