Mapiritsi a insulin: Asayansi aku US amapanga bwino matenda ashuga

Mtundu woyamba wa shugaomwe kale amatchedwa "shuga" ndi matenda osachiritsika omwe kapamba sangathe kutulutsa mulingo woyenera insulin kuwonongeka kwa shuga. Izi ndichifukwa choti zisumbu za Langerhans zimakhudzidwa posankha, koma maselo otsala a gland omwe amatulutsa michere ina ya m'mimba amakhalabe olimba. Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda osankhazi sizikudziwika mpaka pano.

Tsoka ilo, pakadali pano, palibe amene wakwanitsa kupanga njira zamankhwala mtundu 1 shuga ndipo kwa zaka makumi ambiri, jakisoni wokhazikika ndi omwe adapulumutsa miyoyo ya odwala insulin, koma sanapulumutse ku zovuta zotsatirazi.

Ofufuzira ochokera ku McGill University anali oyamba kupanga mankhwala omwe amagwira ntchito pama cell a stem ndikuwapangitsa kuti asinthe kukhala ma cell a beta opanga insulin, komanso m'magulu atatu a ma endocrine cell omwe amapanga ma islets a Langerhans.

Monga momwe ofufuzawo adawonera, chifukwa cha izi, kwanthawi yoyamba, sayansi yayandikira pakupanga mankhwala omwe amatha kwamuyaya gonjetsani matenda a shuga.

Chinsinsi cha chitukuko

Pofalitsa nkhani yotchedwa National Academy of Sciences Equipment, lipoti lidalembedwa pankhani ya mapiritsi a insulin. Zotsatira zake, yunivesite ya Harvard idakhala ikuchita ndi vutoli kwakanthawi, koma posachedwapa profesa wina wazamakhalidwe abwino Samir Mitragotri adapeza zotsatira zabwino.

Chipolopolo chopangidwa ndi polima chapangidwa chomwe chimateteza insulini ku zotsatira za madzi am'mimba, koma chimasungunuka m'malo amchere wamatumbo ang'onoang'ono. Kuchokera pamenepo, panjira, insulin imamwidwa popanda mavuto. Kafukufuku wa Laborator atsimikizira kuti ntchito yake ndi yothandiza - tsopano ndi nthawi yoti apange kafukufuku wamankhwala. Choyamba pa mbewa, kenako pa odzipereka. Ndipo pokhapokha pa izi amayamba kuyambitsa kuti apange mafakitale.

Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito chipolopolo cha polima kwakulitsa kwambiri moyo wa alumali. Tsopano imatha kupirira mpaka miyezi iwiri kutentha. Ndipo ili ndi loto la odwala ambiri odwala matenda ashuga a mtundu woyamba, pafupifupi omangiriridwa mufiriji, momwe muyezo insulin ingasungidwe.

Zotsatira zake

Mwambiri, kupezeka kwa njira yotchingira zovuta za mapuloteni osakanikirana ndi asidi am'mimba ndi nkhani yabwino. Kupatula apo, sikuti ma insulini okha omwe sangatengere pakamwa, komanso mankhwala ena ambiri. Ndipo ma jakisoni ochepa - amachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda, kutseguka kwa mapangidwe olumikizana ndi khungu, komanso mwayi wowonongeka m'mitsempha yamagazi - umacheperanso.

Ndipo kuchuluka kwa phindu lomwe kungakulitse moyo wa alumali - izi ndizovuta kufotokoza. Izi ndizopindulitsa ngakhale kwa makampani opanga mankhwala, chifukwa zimakulitsa kuchuluka kwa kupanga ndi kugulitsa. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi, ndizotheka kukwaniritsa kuchepetsa mtengo wa insulin. Mwachangu, ngati sichoncho ndi mapulogalamu othandizira boma, odwala ambiri sangakhale ndi mwayi. Insulin yapamwamba kwambiri ndiokwera mtengo.

Gulu la Joinfo.ua komanso mtolankhani Artyom Kostin amasangalala kwambiri ndi izi. Zimakhala zovuta kudziwa kuti moyo ungakhale wosavuta bwanji kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga moyo wawo wonse.

Tikukhulupiriranso kuti zingakhale zothandiza kwa inu kudziwa za zizindikiro 10 zomwe zingasonyeze chizolowezi chokhala ndi matenda a shuga kapena ngakhale kukhalapo kwake. Kungoti zitha kuchitikira aliyense.

Kodi insulin imapangidwa kuchokera ku chiyani?

Pochizira mafupa, owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito DiabeNot bwino. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

Insulin ndiye mankhwala othandizira matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukhazika mtima pansi wodwalayo ndikuwongolera moyo wake wamtundu wachiwiri wa matenda. Izi ndi chilengedwe chake ndi mahomoni omwe amatha kuthana ndi kagayidwe kazachilengedwe mu milingo yaying'ono. Nthawi zambiri, kapamba amapanga insulin yokwanira, yomwe imathandizira kukhala ndi shuga m'thupi. Koma ndi zovuta zazikulu za endocrine, mwayi wokhawo wothandiza wodwala nthawi zambiri ndi jakisoni wa insulin kwenikweni. Tsoka ilo, ndizosatheka kuzipeza pakamwa (mwanjira yamapiritsi), popeza zimawonongeka kwathunthu m'mimba ndikugaya mtengo wake wachilengedwe.

Zokonzekera zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku zopangira zachilengedwe

Kulandila timadzi ta nkhanu ndi ng'ombe ndi ukadaulo wakale womwe sugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala ochepa omwe adalandiridwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zina komanso kuyeretsa kosakwanira. Chowonadi ndi chakuti popeza mahomoni ali ndi mapuloteni, amakhala ndi ma amino acid ena.

Kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, pamene mankhwala ofananawo analibe, ngakhale insulin yotereyi inali yopambana pamankhwala ndikulola kutenga chithandizo cha odwala matenda ashuga kupita nawo kumalo ena atsopano. Ma Horoni omwe adapangidwa ndi njirayi amachepetsa shuga m'magazi, komabe, nthawi zambiri ankayambitsa zovuta komanso chifuwa. Kusiyana pakapangidwe ka amino acid ndi zosafunika zamankhwala zimakhudza mkhalidwe wa odwala, makamaka m'magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha odwala (ana ndi okalamba). Chifukwa china chosalolera bwino za insulin yotereyi ndi kupezeka kwa kuyamwa kwa mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito (proinsulin), komwe sikunali kotheka kuti athetse kusiyanasiyana kwa mankhwalawa.

Masiku ano, pali ma insuge apamwamba apamwamba omwe alibe zoperewera. Zimapezeka kuchokera kapamba wa nkhumba, koma zitatha zimayatsidwa ndikuwonjezera kuyeretsa. Zili ndi mitundu yambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi zotuluka.

Mankhwalawa amaloledwa ndi odwala bwino ndipo samayambitsa mavuto, samachepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi ndipo amachepetsa shuga la magazi. Bovine insulin sikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala masiku ano, chifukwa chifukwa chakunja kwake kumakhudza chitetezo chathupi komanso machitidwe ena a thupi.

Katswiri wa Majini a Insulin

Insulin yaumunthu, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati odwala matenda ashuga, pamsika wamafuta amapezeka m'njira ziwiri:

• ntchito enzymatic mankhwala a porcine insulin,
• kugwiritsa ntchito majini osinthika amtundu wa Escherichia coli kapena yisiti.

Ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala a physico-cell, mamolekyulu a porcine insulin pansi pa michere yapadera amakhala ofanana ndi insulin yaumunthu. Kapangidwe ka amino acid kamakonzedwe kotsatira sikusiyana ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa m'thupi la munthu. Panthawi yopanga, mankhwalawa amayeretsedwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake samayambitsa zovuta kapena mawonekedwe ena osayenera.

Koma nthawi zambiri, insulin imapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosinthika (genetically modified). Pogwiritsa ntchito njira za biotechnological, mabakiteriya kapena yisiti amasinthidwa m'njira yoti iwonso atulutse insulin.

Pali njira ziwiri zopangira insulin. Yoyamba mwa izo idakhazikitsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana. Iliyonse imapangika gawo limodzi lokha la mamolekyule a ma DNA (pali awiri okha, ndipo amapindika molunjika). Kenako maunyolo awa amalumikizidwa, ndipo mu njira yotsatila ndikothekanso kupatulira mitundu yogwira insulin kwa iwo omwe alibe phindu lililonse kwachilengedwe.

Njira yachiwiri yomwe mungalandire mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito Escherichia coli kapena yisiti zimatengera kuti microbe yoyamba imapanga insulin (ndiye kuti, yomwe ili patsogolo pake ndi proinsulin). Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito enzymatic chithandizo, fomu iyi imayatsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala.

Njira zonsezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamagalimoto, mpweya ndi mawonekedwe onse polumikizana ndi ma ampoules ndi mbale sizowoneka bwino, ndipo mizere yokhala ndi zida ndiyosindikiza.

Njira za biotechnology zimathandizira asayansi kuti aganizire njira zina zothanirana ndi shuga. Mwachitsanzo, pakadali pano, maphunziro oyamba opanga ma cell a pancreatic beta akuchitika, omwe amatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira majini. Mwina m'tsogolomu adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zomwe zimachitika m'thupi mwa wodwala.

Zowonjezera zina

Kupanga kwa insulin popanda maipi mu masiku amakono kuli kovuta kulingalira, chifukwa amatha kusintha zinthu zake zamankhwala, kuwonjezera nthawi yofunikira ndikuchita zoyera kwambiri.

Mwa zomwe ali nazo, zosakaniza zina zonse zitha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

• prolongators (zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka nthawi yayitali ya mankhwala),
• mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
• olimbitsa, chifukwa chomwe acidity yoyenera imasungidwa mu yankho la mankhwalawa.

Kupitiliza Zowonjezera

Pali ma insulin omwe amagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali omwe zochita zake zimakhala kwa maola 8 mpaka 42 (kutengera gulu la mankhwalawo). Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha kuwonjezera pa zinthu zapadera - zotambuzira ku yankho la jakisoni. Nthawi zambiri, imodzi mwamafuta awa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi:

Mapuloteni omwe amalimbitsa nthawi ya mankhwalawa amayeretsedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndipo amakhala otsika pang'ono (mwachitsanzo, protamine). Mchere wamchere wa zinc sukhudzanso zochita za insulin kapena thanzi la munthu.

Madera okhathamiritsa

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapangira insulini ndikofunikira kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tisachulukane panthawi yosungirako ndikugwiritsa ntchito momwemo. Zinthu izi ndizosungirako komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawo amasungidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati wodwala amapereka mahandawo kuchokera kwa iye yekha, ndiye kuti mankhwalawo amatha kwa masiku angapo. Chifukwa cha ma antibacterial apamwamba kwambiri, sangakhale ndi mwayi wotaya mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa choganiza kuti zitha kubereka mwanjira yankho la ma virus.

Zinthu zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera majeremusi popanga insulin:

Popanga mtundu uliwonse wa insulini, zinthu zina zoyambitsa matenda zimakhala zoyenera. Kuchita kwawo ndi mahomoni kuyenera kufufuzidwa pamlingo woyeserera koyambirira, popeza osungirako sayenera kusokoneza zochita za insulin kapena kusokoneza katundu wake.

Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osungirako nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti timadzi timadzi timene timatulutsa pakhungu popanda kulandira mankhwala asanachitike ndi mowa kapena antiseptics (wopanga nthawi zambiri amatanthauza izi pamalangizo). Izi zimathandizira kukhazikitsa kwa mankhwalawa ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa pokonzekera jakisoni wokha. Koma malingaliro awa amangogwira ntchito ngati yankho limaperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito syringe imodzi ya insulini ndi singano yopyapyala.

Olimbitsa

Olimba amafunika kuti pH yothetsera vutoli ikhalebe yokhazikika. Kusungidwa kwa mankhwalawa, ntchito zake ndi kukhazikika kwa katundu wamafuta zimadalira kuchuluka kwa acidity. Popanga mahomoni a jakisoni kwa odwala matenda ashuga, ma phosphates nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi.

Kwa insulin yokhala ndi zinc, njira zothetsera kukhazikika sizofunikira nthawi zonse, chifukwa zitsulo zazitsulo zimathandizira kukhalabe koyenera. Ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti mitundu ina ya mankhwala imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa phosphates, popeza kuphatikiza kwa zinthu izi kumabweretsa kupendekera ndi kusafunika kwa mankhwalawo. Chuma chofunikira chomwe chikuwonetsedwa kwa okhazikika onse ndi chitetezo ndi kulephera kulowa pazosintha zilizonse ndi insulin.

A endocrinologist wokhoza bwino ayenera kuthana ndi kusankha kwa majakisoni obwera ndi shuga kwa wodwala aliyense payekhapayekha. Ntchito ya insulin sikuti kungokhala ndi shuga wambiri m'magazi, komanso osati kuvulaza ziwalo zina ndi machitidwe ena. Mankhwalawa ayenera kukhala osalowerera m'thupi, otsika pang'ono komanso oyenera kugula. Ndiwothekanso kosavuta ngati insulin yosankhidwa ikhoza kusakanizidwa ndi mitundu yake ina kutengera nthawi yochitapo kanthu.

Mbiri ya matenda ashuga

Mbiri ya anthu odwala matenda ashuga imakhudzana ndi mbiri ya anthu. Mwambi wa matenda ashuga ndi umodzi wakale kwambiri! Zinali zotheka kuthetsa izi chifukwa cha sayansi yamakono, kuphatikiza maumisiri opanga ma genetic ndi chidziwitso cha ma cell ndi ma cell maselo.

• Phunziro la matenda ashuga
• Matchulidwe amakono
• Mbiri ya matenda ashuga m'masiku
• Mankhwala omwe adasintha dziko lapansi
• Nthawi ya insulin isanachitike
• Sobolev amagwira ntchito
• Kupezeka kwa insulin
• Yambani kugwiritsa ntchito insulin
• Katswiri wa Majini a Insulin
• Gawo latsopano pakusintha kwa matenda ashuga
• Kupambana mochizira matenda a shuga 1
• Kupambana mochizira matenda a shuga amitundu iwiri

Asayansi ndi madokotala akale, a Middle Ages ndi apano athandiza pa kafukufukuyu. Za matenda ashuga amadziwika kalekale ku BC ku Greece, Egypt, Rome.

Pofotokoza Zizindikiro za matendawa, mawu monga "kufooketsa" ndi "zopweteka" amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kodi kupita patsogolo kwamatenda ano kwapita patsogolo motani ndipo madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito njira yanji masiku athu ano?

Phunziro la matenda ashuga

Mbiri ya kamvedwe asayansi ka shuga imalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro otsatirawa:

• madzi osakwanira. Akatswiri achi Greek azaka zamakedzana amafotokoza za kuchepa kwa madzi ndi ludzu losatha,
• shuga kulephera. M'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri, asayansi adawonetsa kusiyana pakati pa mkodzo wotsekemera komanso wopanda pake. Mawu akuti "shuga" adayamba kuwonjezeredwa ku mawuwo, omwe kuchokera ku Chilatini amatanthauza "wokoma ngati uchi." Insipid amatchedwa matenda ashuga, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zovuta za mahomoni kapena matenda a impso.
• okwera magazi. Asayansi atadziwa momwe angadziwire shuga m'magazi ndi mkodzo, adazindikira kuti poyamba magazi a hyperglycemia sangawonekere mkodzo. Kufotokozera kwazomwe zimayambitsa matendawa kunathandizanso kuwunikanso lingaliro la glucose kuterera, zidapezeka kuti kapangidwe ka glucose kosungidwa ndi impso sikasokonekera,
• kusowa kwa insulini. Asayansi ayesa kuyesa kuti atachotsa kapamba, matendawa amapezeka. Adanenanso kuti kusowa kwa mankhwala osakanikirana kapena "zisumbu za Langerhans" kumapangitsa kukula kwa matenda ashuga.

Mbiri ya matenda ashuga m'masiku

Tiyeni tiwone momwe madokotala adapita patsogolo pophunzira za matenda a shuga

• II c. BC e. Dokotala wachi Greek Demetrios waku Apamania adapereka matendawo,
• 1675. Dokotala wakale waku Roma a Areataus adafotokoza kukoma kwa mkodzo,
• 1869. Wophunzira ku Germany wazachipatala Paul Langerhans adasanthula kapangidwe kake kapamba ndipo adawonetsa maselo omwe amagawika gland. Pambuyo pake zidawululidwa kuti chinsinsi chopangidwa mwa iwo chimagwira gawo lofunikira pakukumba,
• 1889. Mehring ndi Minkowski adachotsa kapamba kwa nyama ndipo potero adayambitsa matenda ashuga,
• 1900. Mukufufuza nyama, Sobolev adapeza kulumikizana pakati pa matenda ashuga ndi kapamba,
• 1901Wofufuza waku Russia a Sobolev adatsimikizira kuti mankhwalawo, omwe tsopano amadziwika kuti insulini, amapangidwa ndi kapangidwe ka kapamba - zisumbu za Langerhans,
• 1920. Kukhazikitsa njira yosinthira zakudya,
• 1920. Kupulumutsidwa kwa insulin ya agalu kuchokera ku kapamba
  1921. Asayansi aku Canada adagwiritsa ntchito njira za Sobolev ndikulandila insulini yeniyeni,
• 1922. Kuyesa koyamba kwa matenda a insulin mwa anthu,
• 1936. Harold Percival adagawa shuga kukhala mtundu woyamba ndi wachiwiri,
• 1942. Kugwiritsira ntchito sulfonylurea ngati mankhwala othana ndi shuga omwe amakhudza matenda a shuga a 2,
• The 50s. Mapiritsi oyamba ochepetsa shuga adawoneka. Anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza odwala matenda a shuga 2,
• 1960. Mphoto ya Nobel chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa njira yogwiritsira ntchito immunochemical pakuyeza magazi a insulin,
• 1960. Mapangidwe a insulin yaumunthu adakhazikitsidwa,
• 1969. Kapangidwe ka glucometer yoyamba kunyamula,
• 1972. Mphoto yodziwira kapangidwe kazinthu zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito ma X-ray. Mapangidwe atatu a molekyulu a insulin adakhazikitsidwa,
• 1976. Asayansi aphunzira kupanga insulin ya anthu,
• 1988. Tanthauzo la metabolic syndrome,
• 2007. Chithandizo chatsopano pogwiritsa ntchito masentimita omwe mumachokera kuti mumafupa anu. Chifukwa cha izi, munthu safuna jakisoni wa insulin kwa nthawi yayitali.

Nthawi ya insulin isanachitike

Dokotala wakale waku Roma dzina lake Areataus m'zaka za zana lachiwiri BC adafotokoza kale za matendawa. Anamupatsa dzina, lomwe m'Chigiriki limatanthawuza "kudutsa." Dotolo amayang'anitsitsa odwala, omwe anaganiza kuti madzi omwe amamwa kwambiri amangozungulira thupi lonse. Ngakhale amwenye akale adawona kuti mkodzo wa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amakopa nyerere.

Madokotala ambiri samayesa kungodziwa zomwe zimayambitsa matendawo, komanso kupeza njira zothanirana ndi matendawa. Ngakhale panali chidwi choterechi, sikunathe kuchiritsa matendawa, omwe amachititsa kuti odwala azunzidwe komanso kuvutika. Madokotala anayesera kuchitira odwala mankhwala azitsamba komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Anthu ambiri omwe anamwalira, monga momwe amadziwira masiku ano, ali ndi nthenda ya autoimmune.

Lingaliro la "matenda a shuga" limapezeka kokha m'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri, pomwe dokotala Thomas Willis adazindikira kuti mkodzo wa anthu odwala matenda ashuga umakoma kwambiri. Mfundo imeneyi kwakhala chofunikira pofufuza matenda. Pambuyo pake, madokotala adapeza kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Koma chimayambitsa kusinthaku mkodzo ndi magazi ndi chiyani? Kwa zaka zambiri, yankho la funsoli silidadziwikebe.

Sobolev amagwira ntchito

Thandizo lalikulu pakuphunzira za matenda a shuga linapangidwa ndi asayansi aku Russia. Mu 1900, Leonid Vasilievich Sobolev adachita kafukufuku wazowunikira komanso woyesa wa kupanga insulini. Tsoka ilo, Sobolev adakanidwa kuthandizira zakuthupi.

Wasayansiyo adamuyesa mu labotale ya Pavlov. M'kati mwa zoyesazo, Sobolev adazindikira kuti zisumbu za Langerhans zimatengapo kagayidwe kazachilengedwe. Wasayansiyo adalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kapamba wa nyama zazing'ono kuti apange mankhwala omwe amatha kuchiza matenda ashuga.

Popita nthawi, endocrinology inabadwa ndikupanga - sayansi ya ntchito ya gland ya endocrine. Ndipamene madokotala adayamba kumvetsetsa bwino kamangidwe ka matenda ashuga. Katswiri wazanyama Claude Bernard ndiye woyambitsa endocrinology.

Kupezeka kwa insulin

M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, katswiri wazamakhalidwe wa ku Germany Paul Langerhans adayang'anitsitsa zikondwerero, ndikupeza kwapadera. Wasayansi uja adalankhula za ma cell a gland, omwe amachititsa kuti insulini ipange. Apa ndipamene ubale wolunjika unakhazikitsidwa pakati pa kapamba ndi matenda ashuga.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, dokotala waku Canada Frederick Bunting komanso wophunzira zachipatala Charles Best, yemwe adamuthandiza, adalandira insulin kuchokera ku minofu ya pancreatic. Anayeseza galu wodwala matenda ashuga, momwe ma kapamba ankawonekera.

Iwo adalowetsa insulin yake ndikuwona zotsatira - kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kunatsika kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, insulin idayamba kubisidwa kuchokera ku zikondamoyo za nyama zina, monga nkhumba. Wasayansi waku Canada adalimbikitsidwa kuyesa kupanga njira yochizira matenda ashuga mwangozi - awiri mwa abwenzi ake apamtima adamwalira ndi matendawa. Chifukwa cha kusinthaku, Macleod ndi Bunting mu 1923 adalandira Mphotho Nobel mu physiology kapena mankhwala.

Ngakhale bunting asanafike, asayansi ambiri adamvetsetsa mphamvu ya kapamba pamakina a shuga, ndipo adayesa kudzipatula pa chinthu chomwe chingakhudze shuga m'magazi, koma kuyesa konse konse kudatha. Tsopano asayansi akumvetsa chifukwa chomwe alephera. Vutoli linali loti asayansi analibe nthawi yopatula zomwe angafunike, chifukwa ma enzymes opanga ma pancreatic amapanga insulin m'maselo a protein.

Mothandizidwa ndi kulowererapo kwa opaleshoni, Frederick Bunting adaganiza zoyambitsa kusintha kwa kapamba ndi kuteteza maselo omwe amapanga insulin kuchokera ku zotsatira za michere yake, ndipo atatha kuyesayesa kudzipatula pa tinthu timene timatulutsa.

Kuyesera kwake kudachita bwino. Miyezi isanu ndi itatu yokha yoyesera nyama, asayansi adatha kupulumutsa munthu woyamba. Patatha zaka ziwiri, insulin idamasulidwa pamsika wamafakitale.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti chitukuko cha asayansi sichinathe pomwepo; adatha kudzipatula za insulin m'matumba a ng'ombe ang'onoang'ono, momwe insulin idapangidwira kuchuluka kokwanira, koma ma enzyme opukusa chakudya anali asanapangidwe. Zotsatira zake, adakwanitsa kuchirikiza moyo wa galu wodwala matenda ashuga masiku 70.

Yambani kugwiritsa ntchito insulin

Jakisoni woyamba wa insulin adaperekedwa kwa Leonard Thompson wazaka 14, yemwe amangomwalira ndi matenda ashuga. Kuyesera koyamba sikunakhale kopambana konse, popeza kuti kuchotsedwako sikunatsukidwe bwino chifukwa cha kuyipa kwa mnyamatayo.

Pochizira mafupa, owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito DiabeNot bwino. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

Asayansi anapitiliza kuyesetsa kukonza mankhwalawa, pambuyo pake mnyamatayo adalandilanso jekeseni wachiwiri, yemwe adamuukitsa. Nkhani yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino insulin kwakhala nyimbo zakunja konse. Asayansi anaukitsa kwenikweni odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la matenda ashuga.

Katswiri wa Majini a Insulin

Gawo lotsatira pakupanga asayansi inali kupanga zamankhwala zomwe zingakhale ndi katundu womwewo ndipo zitha kukhala ndi maselo ofanana ndi insulin yaumunthu. Izi zidatheka chifukwa cha biosynthesis, asayansi ayambitsa insulini ya anthu.

Kupanga koyamba kwa insulin koyambirira kwa zaka za 1960 kunachitika nthawi yomweyo ndi Panagiotis Katsoyanis ku University of Pittsburgh ndi Helmut Zahn ku RFTI Aachen.

Insulin yoyamba yopangidwa ndi chibadwa cha anthu idapezedwa mu 1978 ndi Arthur Riggs ndi Keiichi Takura ku Beckman Research Institute ndikutenga gawo kwa Herbert Boyer kuchokera ku Genentech pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa DNA (rDNA), adapangitsanso kukonzekera koyamba kwa insulin - Beckman Research Institute mu 1980 ndi Genentech mu 1982 (pansi pa dzina la Humulin).

Gawo latsopano pakusintha kwa matenda ashuga

Kukula kwa insulin analogues ndi gawo lotsatira la matenda a shuga. Izi zidapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu pamiyoyo ya odwala komanso kunapereka mwayi wokhala ndi moyo wonse. Mavuto a insulin amatha kukwaniritsa malamulo ofanana a carbohydrate metabolism, omwe amakhala mwa munthu wathanzi.

Ma insulin analogi poyerekeza ndi ma insulin ochiritsira amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri chifukwa chake si aliyense angakwanitse. Komabe, kutchuka kwawo kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipo pali zifukwa zitatu izi:

• Ndikosavuta kuthana ndi matendawa komanso kukhazikika pamatenda a wodwalayo,
• Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kupanikizika kwamphamvu m'magazi am'magazi, komwe kumawopseza kukula kwa chikomokere,
• kuphweka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta.

Kupambana mochizira matenda a shuga 1

Asayansi adachita kafukufuku wochepa, pomwe nthawi idawululidwa kuti amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyesera atsopano kuti abwezeretse mphamvu ya thupi yopanga insulin, ndipo izi zimachepetsa kufunika kwa jakisoni.

Asayansi anayesa mankhwalawa kwa odwala makumi asanu ndi atatu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1. Anapatsidwa kukonzekera kwa anti-CD3 komwe kumasokoneza chitukuko cha autoimmune reaction. Pa kuyesa uku, zotsatirazi zidapezeka: kufunika kwa jakisoni wa insulin kutsika ndi 12 peresenti, pomwe kutulutsa kwa insulin kumawonjezeka.

Komabe, chitetezo cha njira zina zamankhwala sichili pamwamba kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mavuto kuchokera ku hematopoietic system. Odwala omwe adamwa mankhwalawa panthawi ya mayesero azachipatala adakumana ndi vuto longa chimfine, kupweteka kwa mutu ndi kutentha thupi. Pali maphunziro awiri odziyimira pawokha a mankhwalawa.

Ndikofunikanso kudziwa maphunziro omwe akuchitika ku America. Kuyesa kwachitika kale pa nyama zokhala ndi matenda ashuga a mtundu woyamba. Mankhwala atsopanowa nthawi zambiri amathetsa kufunika kowunikira pafupipafupi kuchuluka kwa shuga ndi jakisoni wa insulin. Zimatenga mlingo umodzi wokha, womwe umazungulira m'magazi, ndipo ngati pakufunika kuchitika, kuchitika kwake kumachitika.

Kupambana mochizira matenda a shuga amitundu iwiri

Mankhwala ena aposachedwa a matenda a shuga a 2 amapangidwira kuti awonjezere chidwi cha thupi kwa insulin. Komabe, asayansi aku America ananena njira ina yosiyana polimbana ndi matendawa. Chofunikira chake ndikuchepetsa kupanga shuga m'chiwindi.

Popanga kuyesera nyama, zidapezeka kuti chifukwa cha kuletsa mapuloteni ena m'chiwindi, kupanga shuga kumachepa ndipo mulingo wake m'magazi umachepa.

Ndipo asayansi aku New Zealand amakhulupirira kuti anakwanitsa kuthana ndi vuto la matenda ashuga a mtundu wa 2. Njira yawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolimbitsa thupi ndi keratin Tingafinye.

Asayansi adayesa mayeso azachipatala mwa anthu, pomwe m'modzi mwa wodwalayo adazindikira kuwongolera kugona komanso kusokonezeka, pomwe winayo anali ndi kuchepa kwa magazi m'magazi. Mu makumi makumi asanu peresenti ya milandu, misempha ya shuga idabwezeretseka. Ndili m'mawa kwambiri kunena za zomwe wapeza, popeza phunziroli likupitirirabe.

Chifukwa chake, matekinoloje opanga ma genetic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matendawa ndi zozizwitsa kwambiri. Komabe, kufunika kwa matenda ashuga sikumataya tanthauzo lake. Chaka chilichonse anthu ochulukirachulukira amakhalanso ndi vuto la matenda oopsawa.

Kukhala ndi moyo wabwino, kuphatikizapo kudya mokwanira komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kumathandiza kupewa matenda. Musakhale nokha ndi vuto lanu, kulumikizana ndi katswiri. Dokotala adzatsegula mbiri yanu ya zamankhwala, akupatseni malangizo othandizira ndikupereka chithandizo choyenera.

Asayansi saleka kuyesa kupanga mankhwala omwe atha kuthetseratu matendawa. Koma mpaka izi zitheke, kumbukirani kuti kuzindikira koyambirira matendawa ndi njira yothandiza kuti muchiritse. Osakokera ndi dokotala, kukayezetsa, ndikukhala wathanzi!

Kugawidwa kwa mapiritsi amtundu wa shuga

Zomwe zalembedwazo sizikhala zatsopano kwa anthu omwe akudziwa okha matenda a XXI, omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, ndipo cholinga sichinakhazikitsidwe. Komabe, zitha kukhala zothandiza kwambiri kwa iwo amene akufunika mwatsatanetsatane komanso mwatsatanetsatane zokhudzana ndi matenda amtundu wa 2 komanso momwe angachitire.

Mwachidule za matenda ashuga

Kuti mutsitsimutse kukumbukira, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti, ndikupambana mosiyanasiyana, dziko likulimbana ndi mitundu iwiri ya matenda ashuga. Kodi kusiyana kwawo kofunikira ndi kotani?

Yoyamba imakhudzana ndi kukanika kwa pancreatic, komwe kumaleka kupanga kuchuluka kwa insulini, komwe kumayendetsa shuga.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda a shuga, kapamba amapanga insulini yokwanira, koma ziwalo zina ndi minofu yake sizimadziwikanso chizindikiro cha insulin iyi.

Kenako "insulin jenereta" yosamveka imayamba kupanga zochuluka za timadzi timeneti, zomwe zimapangitsa kuvala koyambirira kwa maselo a beta omwe amayambitsa kuphatikizika kwake.

Chifukwa cha kusiyana kotere kuti matendawa adatenga mayina:

1. Mtundu woyamba umatengera insulin.
2. Mtundu wachiwiri ndi insulin-pawokha.

Tikukhulupirira kuti tsopano zonse zakhala zomveka ndipo zili zomveka kupitilira gawo lina - chithandizo cha matenda ashuga a mtundu 2. Mwa njira, zimachitika 90% ya odwala omwe ali ndi matendawa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a matenda ashuga a 2

Masiku ano, chithandizo chamankhwala a matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri sichitha kuthetsa matendawa, kuyiwala za nthawi yonseyi. Koma izi, kuti mumvetsetse, si sentensi. Zakudya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandizira zidzakuthandizani kuti mupitirize kusangalala ndi moyo komanso kuti musataye kuwala kowala.

Popanga njira ya chithandizo, madokotala amalingalira njira zinayi zothandiza, kuphatikiza chithandizo chachipatala:

1. Choyamba: chakudya chochepa cha carb.
2. Chachiwiri: chakudya chochepa chamafuta + kuphatikizidwa kwa zochitika zolimbitsa thupi.
3. Chachitatu: mapiritsi awiri + oyamba a shuga, omwe amachititsa kuti maselo aziganiza.
4. Chachinayi: kumatenga matenda oopsa a shuga. Mankhwala awiri oyamba + a insulin.

Chithandizo chachikulu cha mankhwalawa

Poyembekezera kuwunikiridwa kwathunthu kwa mankhwala omwe amakhudza zotsatira zabwino pakuchiza matenda a shuga, ziyenera kudziwika kuti mndandanda wamapiritsi a matenda a shuga a 2 ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo adagawika m'magulu angapo.

Amasiyana m'matupi omwe akukhudzidwira ndi komwe akupezeka:

• kapamba
• jejunum
• zotumphukira.

Chizindikiro chogwirizanitsa komanso cholinga chachikulu cha mankhwala onse ndi kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi.

Magulu akulu ndi awa:

1. Sulfonylurea. Gululi, chifukwa cha kusunthira kwa pancreatic, kumathandizira kuchepetsa shuga.
2. Biguanides. Amayendedwe amatero chifukwa chothandiza kuti glucose ayambe kuthana ndi kupondereza gluconeogeneis.
3. Pangamanga. Mukamamwa mankhwalawa, kukana insulini kumachepa, ndiye kuti, maselo amayamba kuyankha mwachangu ku insulin, potero amachepetsa shuga.
4. Alfa glucosidase zoletsa. Mimba ikamamwa chakudya chamagulu angapo, mankhwalawa amachepetsa matumbo, omwe, amachepetsa shuga.
5. Ma glinids. Amalimbikitsa kupanga insulini ndipo, motero, amachepetsa shuga la magazi.
6. Amayamwa. Gulu latsopano la mankhwala omwe amalimbikitsa kupanga insulin.

Sulfonylureas

Mukafuna kuchitira odwala matenda ashuga amtundu wa 2, mankhwala ochepetsa shuga, omwe amachokera ku sulfonylurea, amagwira ntchito m'njira zingapo:

• kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa glycogen m'magazi,
• kulimbikitsani insulin katulutsidwe,
• yambitsani ntchito ya pancreatic β-cell.

Mayina a mankhwala: Amaryl, Diabeteson, Minidiab, Glyurenorm, Maninil, Gliclazide MV

1. Mankhwala onse ali ndi vuto la hypoglycemic.
2. Mankhwala ena (onani zizindikiro) amachepetsa mwayi wamagazi.
3. Njira monga Gliclazide MV - kuteteza impso.

1. Pali chiopsezo cha hypoglycemia - kugwera shuga pansi pazotheka.
2. Kukula msanga kwa kukana - thupi kukana mankhwalawa.
3. Pomwe mukuthandizira kupanga insulini, pamakhala mwayi wambiri wolimbikitsa ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuwonjezeka kwa thupi.

Gulu la mankhwalawa, "kudzutsa" maselo, limathandizira kuyankha kwawo kuti apeze insulin, komanso amachepetsa matumbo pamene glucose imamwa.

Kuwonetsa kovomerezeka komwe kumayesedwa kuchipatala kumapangitsa kuti anthu okalamba aziletsa zaka zina, komanso odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a mtima, chiwindi, ndi impso.

Mayina: Metformin, Glucophage, Siofor.

1. Samalimbikitsa kupanga insulin yochulukirapo, koma amalimbikitsa kumwa kwambiri mahomoni opangidwa kale, omwe, nawonso, amateteza kapamba kuti asapanikizike kwambiri.
2. Amachita bwino poyerekeza ndi gulu la sulfonylurea.
3. Samachulukitsa njala - izi zimakhala ndi phindu pa kuwonda.
4. Mukutenga lipid mbiri (cholesterol m'magazi) imayamba bwino.
5. Kuphatikiza kwa magazi kuundana kwa hemostasis, njira yopangira mapangidwe amwazi pamitsempha yowonongeka (machiritso), imayenda bwino.

• mawonetseredwe atheka kusowa kwa m'mimba,
• chiopsezo cha lactic acid mapangidwe sichitsalira - lactic acidosis.

Kanema kochokera kwa Dr. Malysheva:

Α-glucosidase zoletsa

Adani a odwala matenda ashuga ndi zakudya zamagulu osiyanasiyana, monga sucrose, maltose, wowuma ndi ena, ngakhale amatengeka mosavuta ndi matumbo, zomwe zimayipitsa thupi. Kuti muchepetse chidwi cha chakumapeto ndikuchepetsa ntchito yake, zoletsa za α-glucosidase (alpha-glucosidase) zotsekemera zimatengedwa.

Mayina: Acarbose, Miglitol, Diastabol, Glucobay. Pokonzekera zonse, yogwira mankhwala ndi acarbose.

1. Ngakhale mukutenga ma inhibitors, kuchuluka kwa insulin sikukwera, ndiye kuti, palibe ngozi ya hypoglycemia.
2. Acarbose imachepetsa kuyamwa kwa chakudya chamagulu, ndikupanga zinthu zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa zopatsa mphamvu ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa kulemala kwa wodwalayo.
3. Amadziwika kuti kumwa kwa nthawi yayitali acarbose kumachepetsa kukula kwa zochita za atheroscrotic mu mtima.
4. Ma Inhibitors pachimodzimodzi samalumikizana mu magazi ndipo samakhala owopsa chifukwa cha zovuta.

1. Pokonza chimbudzi, michere ina siziwachita ntchito ya enzymatic ndipo m'matumbo ndimomwe amatsogolera pakupanga mphamvu, imadziwoneka yokha pang'onopang'ono komanso m'mimba.
2. Poyerekeza ndi biguanides ndi sulfonylurea, acarbose amachepetsa shuga.

Njira zochizira mankhwalawa ndikuletsa njira zotsalira za potaziyamu ya ATP, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka insulin yotulutsidwa ndi maselo a beta, ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha hyperglycemia (shuga owonjezera), omwe amatha kutsatira mutatha kudya.

Mayina: Novonorm, Starlix, Repaglinide, Nateglinide.

• kuchuluka kwa insulinotropic kumatheka msanga - mphindi 7 mutatha kudya,
• Kubwezeretsanso gawo loyamba la insulin katulutsidwe kumachitika chifukwa cha dongo nthawi zonse
• Mankhwalawa gulu limapereka insulin yokwanira pakati pa chakudya.

• Ma Clinids, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, amapangitsa kuchuluka kwa odwala matenda ashuga.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kwa nthawi yayitali kumabweretsa chiwopsezo ndipo, chotulukapo chake, mphamvu zawo zimachepa.

Monga momwe kulimbana kwamasewera, kusintha kwa njira zachipatala zolimbana ndi matenda a shuga sikunayime. Kwazaka khumi zapitazi, kuwongola kwenikweni kwachitika m'bokosi la chida. Mphamvu zochiritsa zodabwitsa zamahomoni zomwe zitha kuchititsa chidwi kupanga insulini - ma insretin apezeka.

Chomwe chimapangitsa ndi kuti mutatha kudya chifukwa cha ma protein, oposa 70% a insulin amatulutsidwa mthupi. Ndipo mwatsoka, mwa odwala matenda a shuga a 2, zochitika za njirayi zimachepetsedwa kwambiri.

Kuthandizira thupi kunabwera mankhwala atsopano omwe amachititsa kuti insulini ipangidwe.

Adaphatikizidwa m'magulu awiri a mahomoni:

1. Agonists a glucone-ngati peptide-1 kapena GLP-1.
2. Glucose-wodalira insulinotropic polypeptide kapena HIP.

Contraindication ndi zoyipa

Hypoglycemia ndiyokayikitsaPali kusapeza bwino m'mimbaMawonekedwe ovuta a kulephera kwa impso Thandizani kuondaKuthekera kotenga pancreatitis sikutsimikizikaKuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, matenda amitsempha Sinthani magaziMtengo wokweraKetoacidosis Chitani ntchito zoteteza ma cell a pancreaticKubayira pokhapokhaMimba, kuyamwa mkaka. Kuchepetsa chilakolako chocheperako, nseru, mutu, kutuluka kwambiri, kusanza, kupweteka m'mimba

Mndandanda wa mankhwala akunja wavomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo, kufalitsidwa kwawo ndikuloledwa ku Russia.

Nawa mankhwala otchuka:

• Exenatide (Baeta) ndi mankhwala ochokera ku Germany.
• Liraglutide ndi gulu lazachipatala ku Danish.
• Sitagliptin (Januvia) - yopangidwa ndi fakitale yopanga mankhwala ku Dutch.
• Vildagliptin (Galvus) - Kutulutsa kwa Swiss.
• Saxagliptin ndi mankhwala a shuga a ku America.
• Linagliptin (Transeta) - wopangidwa ku Germany.
• Liksysenatyd ndi mankhwala aku France.
• Albiglutide (Tanzeum) ndi mankhwala ochokera ku Germany.

Zolemba pamakanema azakutsogolo kuchokera ku msonkhano wachipatala:

Mankhwala ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu odwala matenda ashuga

Monga tawonera mobwerezabwereza, "nkhondo" yokhala ndi matenda ashuga a 2 ikulowerera mbali zonse, osangokhala mankhwala ochepetsa shuga.

Pofuna kupewa zovuta komanso kulimbitsa mphamvu ya thupi, madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana pazinthu zosiyanasiyana:

1. Kuyendetsa magazi kwambiri - antihypertensive mankhwala.
2. Kulimbitsa minofu ya mtima ndi mitsempha ya magazi - Cardio ndi vasotonic.
3. Ma Enzymatic othandizira kugaya chakudya moyenera: chakudya chofunikira kwambiri - mabakiteriya ndi ma prebiotic - "chakudya" cha ma protein.
4. Ma painkiller ndi anticonvulsants. Ndalamazi ndizofunikira kuti muchepetse polyneuropathy - zovuta za matenda ashuga.
5. Ma Anticoagulants ndi mankhwala omwe amatchinga chiwonetsero cha thrombogenic.
6. Kubwezeretsa kagayidwe (metabolic process), ma fibrate ndi ma statins ndi omwe amapatsidwa.

Kuphatikizidwa

M'magawo a nkhaniyi, pomwe magulu akuluakulu a mankhwalawo adaganiziridwa, zimatsimikiziridwa kuti nthawi zina kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amtundu wa womwewo samapereka zotsatira zomwe akufuna.

Asayansi akuti kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ophatikiza. Lingaliro ili lidapangitsa kuti azitha kulimbikitsa zochizira mwakuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana za thupi, komanso kuchepetsa mavuto.

Zitsanzo za kuphatikiza kotereku zitha kuwoneka patebulo:

Dzinapangidwe kapangidwe

Amaryl M: Metformin + GlimepirideMankhwala onse amaphatikizapo sulfonylureas ndi metformin. Omwe amayambitsanso kutulutsidwa kwa insulini kuchokera ku maselo a beta, metamorphine, amathandizanso chidwi cha minyewa kupita ku insulin ndi glucose wopangidwa ndi chiwindi. Glimecomb: Gliclazide + Metformin. Glibomet, Gluconorm, Glucovans: Glibenclamide + Metformin. Janumet: Metformin + Sitagliptin.Kuphatikiza kothandizidwa mu mankhwalawa kumakulitsa mphamvu yakuchiritsa. Ma blockers (zoletsa), omwe ndi Sitagliptin, amagwirizana bwino ndi Metformin, yomwe imapangitsa metabolism (metabolism) m'thupi. Galvus Met: Vildagliptin + Metformin.

Mankhwala a okalamba odwala matenda ashuga

Kuti muthandizidwe kugwiritsira ntchito bwino matenda a shuga kwa odwala okalamba komanso okalamba, kuwonjezera pa momwe mankhwalawo amathandizira matendawa, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza mapulogalamu awiri othandizira:

1. Kukana chakudya chopanda pake.
2. Kuphatikiza zolimbitsa thupi zolimbitsa thupi zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuphatikiza apo, magulu otsatirawa a mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazithandizo zovuta:

1. Biguanides: Siofor, Metfogamma, Glyukofazh, Avandamet, Bagomet.
2. Zotsatira za sulfonylureas: Glyclazide, Glimepiride, Glycvidone, Glipizide GITS.
3. Ma Glisitins: Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin.
4. Ma alpha glucosidase zoletsa: Diastabol, Glucobay.
5. Insulin

Mankhwala a antihypertensive

Mankhwala omwe amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndiye mzere wautali kwambiri pakati pa "abale" onse a banja lalikulu la mankhwala.

Ndi ochepa matenda oopsa (AH) omwe ndi njira yofanana ndi matenda a shuga. Nthawi zambiri zizindikiro zake zimachitika ngakhale koyambirira kuposa chithunzi cha matenda.

Mndandanda wa mankhwala omwe ali ndi antihypertensive ntchito ndiwowonjezereka, koma si onse omwe anganene kuti ali othandizira mankhwalawa mtundu wa matenda ashuga a 2 - zonsezi zimakhudzana ndi zotsatira zoyipa.

Asayansi amasiyanitsa magulu asanu apamwamba a mankhwala a antihypertensive:

Zodzikongoletsera Ma Statin ndi Ma Fibates

Cholinga cha gululi ndizovuta kuchipeputsa, chifukwa ndi chida chothandiza polimbana ndi zotupa zam'mimba za atherosrance.

Statin amawongolera momwe amapangira cholesterol, pewani mawonekedwe amtundu wamkati wamitsempha yamagazi.

Mndandanda wa mankhwala ochokera ku gulu la ma statins:

• Pitavastatin
• Simvastatin
• Lovastatin
• Pravastatin,
• Osuvastatin
• Fluvastatin
• Atorvastatin.

Ziphuphu zimakhazikika pakuletsa kaphatikizidwe ka triglycerides - mafuta osalowerera m'chiwindi ndikuwachotsa magazi.

Izi zikuphatikiza:

Kanema kochokera kwa Dr. Malysheva:

Neuroprotectors

Kupusitsika kwa "matenda okoma", monga momwe shuga amatchedwanso, kumawonekera m'njira zambiri. Nthawi zina, ngakhale dongosolo lathu lamanjenje silitha kulikana.

Kugonjetsedwa kwake ndi kukhumudwa ali ndi mawonekedwe awa:

• matenda am'mimba,
• matenda a shuga a encephalopathy.
• symmetric distal polyneuropathy,
• matenda a shuga
• autonomic polyneuropathy,
• matenda ashuga amyotrophy,
• cranial neuropathy
• diabetesic phazi neuropathy.

Chifukwa chake, cholinga chachikulu cha ma neuroprotectors ndikuwongolera kagayidwe kazinthu zamagulu (metabolism) ndi mphamvu yayitali yamaselo ake.

Ndi ma neuroprotectors omwe ali othandizira odalirika aubongo polimbana ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana osokoneza bongo, omwe amaphatikizapo mtundu wa 2 shuga mellitus.

Malinga ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito, gulu la neuroprotective linagawidwa m'magulu asanu:

1. Mankhwala ozungulira magazi: Tiklid, Sinkumar, Clopidogrel, Phenylin, Clopidogrel, Warfarin.
2. Nootropic: Piracetam, Cerebrolysin, Semax. Picamilon, Ceraxon.
3. Ma antioxidants: Corvitin, Quercetin, Glycine, Flacumin, Niacin, Glutamine, Complat
4. Mankhwala ophatikizika: Thiocetam, Fezam.
5. Adaptogens: tincture wa Eleutherococcus, madzi a ginseng Tingafinye, kulowetsedwa kwa Chinese magnolia mpesa.

Matenda a 2 a shuga ndi matenda oopsa omwe amasintha kwambiri moyo wamunthu. Komabe, musataye mtima.

Timatenga easel m'manja mwathu ndikuyipaka utoto wowala tsiku lililonse lomwe labwera, ndikuyika zinthu zitatu zazikulu monga maziko a phale: zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu, zolimbitsa thupi zolondola komanso mankhwala ovuta.

Ndikhulupirireni, chithunzicho chidzakhala chodabwitsa.

Samalani

Malinga ndi WHO, chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi anthu 2 miliyoni amafa chifukwa cha matenda ashuga komanso zovuta zake. Pokhapokha pakhale thandizo loyenerera la thupi, shuga imabweretsa zovuta zosiyanasiyana, pang'onopang'ono kuwononga thupi la munthu.

Mavuto ambiri omwe amakonda ndi awa: matenda ashuga a m'mimba, nephropathy, retinopathy, zilonda zam'mimba, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis. Matenda a shuga amathanso kuyambitsa kukula kwa zotupa za khansa. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse, wodwala matenda ashuga amwalira, akulimbana ndi matenda opweteka, kapena amasintha kukhala munthu wolumala.

Kodi anthu odwala matenda ashuga amatani? Endocrinological Research Center ya Russian Academy of Medical Sayansi yakwanitsa kupanga mankhwala omwe amachiritsiratu matenda ashuga.

Pulogalamu ya Federal "Health Health Nation" ikuchitika, mkati mwa momwe mankhwalawa amaperekedwa kwa aliyense wokhala ku Russian Federation ndi CIS ZAULERE . Kuti mumve zambiri, onani tsamba lovomerezeka la MINZDRAVA.

Fotokozani

Ngati muwerenga izi, mutha kuzindikira kuti inu kapena okondedwa anu mukudwala matenda ashuga.

Tinachita kafukufuku, tinaphunzira zambiri zamagulu ndipo makamaka ndinayang'ana njira ndi mankhwala ambiri a shuga. Chigamulochi ndi motere:

Ngati mankhwalawa onse akaperekedwa, zinali zotsatira zosakhalitsa, atangomaliza kudya, matendawa amakula kwambiri.

Mankhwala okhawo omwe adapereka chofunikira ndi kusiyana.

Pakadali pano, awa ndiye mankhwala okhawo omwe amachiritsiratu matenda ashuga. Makamaka machitidwe amphamvu a Kusiyanitsa adawonetsa koyambirira kwa matenda ashuga.

Tidafunsa Unduna wa Zaumoyo:

Ndipo kwa owerenga tsamba lathu lino mwayi
khalani ndi kusiyana ZAULERE!

Yang'anani! Milandu yogulitsa mankhwalawa yabodza Kusiyanako kwakhala komweko.
Mukayika lamulo pogwiritsa ntchito maulalo pamwambapa, mumatsimikiziridwa kuti mukulandila zabwino kuchokera kwa wopanga ovomerezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, mukafuna kuyitanitsa pa tsamba lovomerezeka, mumalandira chitsimikizo cha kubweza (kuphatikizapo ndalama zoyendera) ngati mankhwalawo alibe.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo a shuga

Makapu a matenda a shuga a DiabeNot ndi mankhwala othandiza opangidwa ndi asayansi aku Germany ochokera ku Labor von Dr. Budberg ku Hamburg. DiabeNot adatenga malo oyamba ku Europe pakati pa mankhwala a shuga.

Fobrinol - amachepetsa shuga m'magazi, amakhazikika ziphuphu, amachepetsa thupi komanso amatulutsa magazi. Phwando laling'ono!

Mankhwala agawidwa m'magulu awiri: insulin, yomwe ndiyofunikira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1, komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti athetse matenda oyambitsidwa. Itha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo, chifukwa cha kumaliza kwake, nthawi yomwe ntchitoyo ichitike:

• Mwachidule kuchita insulin. Homoni imayamba mphindi khumi ndi zisanu atamwa.
• Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amawonjezeranso patatha maola awiri atakhazikitsa.
• Insulin yokhala nthawi yayitali imayamba kugwira ntchito maola anayi, atatha jakisoni.

Ndikothekanso kubaya insulin m'thupi la odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu wa 1 jekeseni, pogwiritsa ntchito syringe yapadera ndi singano yopyapyala kapena pampu.

Ngati munthu ali wathanzi, ndiye kuti kapamba wake amapanga kuchuluka kofunikira kwa insulini kuti azilamulira shuga. Njira yolumikizana imeneyi ikalephera, matenda ashuga amayamba.

Ngati tikulankhula za matenda amtundu wa 2, ndiye kuti mavutidwe ake ndi osakwanira kupanga insulini kapena kufooka kwa thupi kuti mugwiritse ntchito.

Choyambitsa chachikulu cha kukokoloka kwa mahomoni a pancreatic chidzakhala kuchuluka kwambiri kwa lipid mu maselo a chiwindi ndi minofu. Ndi mafuta omwe amatha kusokoneza machitidwe onse momwe insulin imakakamira thupi kudya mafuta ndi kuyigwiritsa ntchito ngati mafuta.

Kuchuluka kwa shuga wambiri kumakhalabe m'magazi, ndipo kumatha kuwononga minofu yathupi, makamaka pamakina ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, shuga wambiri amatha kuyambitsa:

• khungu
• matenda a impso
• matenda a mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi.

Pachifukwa ichi, asayansi amakono adapatsidwa ntchito yopanga njira yatsopano yochepetsera mafuta. Pakufufuza kwa asayansi mu mbewa, mafuta amachotsedwa ku chiwindi chawo.

Izi zidathandiza nyama zoyesera kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito insulin mokwanira, ndipo monga chotulukapo chake, panali kuchepa kwamlingo wamagazi m'magazi awo, ndikuchotsa matenda ashuga.

Njira yopatukana ndi mitochondrial

• Imakhazikika pamisempha ya shuga kwa nthawi yayitali
• Imabwezeretsa kapangidwe ka insulin

Dotolo akazindikira wodwala m'magazi, anthu ena amachita mantha, ena amayang'ana ndi "chiyembekezo", chifukwa sayansi siyimayima, ndipo imangotuluka. Mulimonsemo, aliyense wodwala matendawa amakhala ndi chidwi ndi zomwe zili zatsopano pa matenda a shuga.

Mwa munthu wathanzi, kapamba amapanga kuchuluka kofunikira kwa insulin, yomwe imathandizira kuwongolera shuga. Ntchito ya chiwalo ikasokonekera, ndiye kuti matenda a shuga amayamba.

Polankhula za matenda amtundu wachiwiri, momwe zimakhalira zimapanga mahomoni osakwanira m'thupi, kapena kutsutsana ndi insulin, kutanthauza kuti, minofu yofewa imatha kutaya chidwi kwambiri ndi mahomoni, ndipo glucose sangatengeke.

Ndikofunikira kuganizira njira zamakono zochizira matenda ashuga. Komanso ndikupeza zomwe zili zatsopano pamankhwala a shuga 2? Komanso, pezani momwe mungachiritsire matenda ashuga amtundu wa 1 molingana ndi njira zaposachedwa?

Chithandizo chatsopano cha matenda a shuga 1

Matenda a mtundu woyamba amakula chifukwa chosowa kugwira ntchito kwa kapamba, ndipo insulini ya mahomoni siipangidwa m'thupi la odwala matenda ashuga. Chithunzi cha chipatala ndichachikulu, Zizindikiro zake zimakhala pang'onopang'ono.

Pamtima pa nthendayi, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ndikuwonongeka kwa maselo omwe amatulutsa timadzi m'thupi la munthu. Choyambitsa chomwe chimayambitsa zovuta izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa matendawa.

Muzochita zamankhwala, zofunikira zoyambitsa matenda zimasiyananso: matenda amtundu wamavuto, kupsinjika, mantha amthupi, kusokonekera kwa chitetezo cha m'thupi.

Pochiza matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba, njira zatsopano zawonekera zomwe zimachokera ku maselo a chiwindi osinthika, kuthekera kwawo kupanga insulin mothandizidwa ndi njira zina zochizira.

Pochiza matenda amtundu wa 1 shuga, njira zotsatirazi zitha kusiyanitsidwa:

• Kuika mafuta kwamafuta. Kafukufuku wachipatala awonetsa kuti njirayi imawonjezera kukula kwa shuga m'thupi, kumachepetsa kufunika kwa kutalika kwa mahomoni.
• Asayansi apanga chipangizo chokhala ngati chida chapadera chowerengera chidziwitso, chomwe chimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi pogwiritsa ntchito chosindikizira cha laser.
• Mankhwala adapangidwa mwanjira ya katemera omwe amathandiza chitetezo cha mthupi "kuphunzira" kuti asamayang'ane ndi maselo omwe amapereka ma hormone m'thupi. Mothandizidwa ndi mankhwalawa, zoletsa zotupa zimachitika, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi kapamba.
• Mu 2016-2017, inhaler yatsopano idapangidwa yomwe imalowetsa glucagon mwachindunji. Amakhulupirira kuti chipangizochi ndichosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo mtengo wake siwokwera kwambiri.

Mwa zinthu zatsopano, munthu amatha kusankhidwa ndi kampani ya Sanofi-Aventis, yomwe imatchedwa Lantus Solontar. Kutengera lingaliro la madotolo, uwu ndi mankhwala otere, chifukwa chomwe mutha kulipirira mtundu woyamba wa matenda posachedwapa.

Choyambirira chomwe chikufunika kunenedwa m'nkhani yokhudza njira zatsopano zochizira matenda ashuga sikuti kudalira kwambiri chozizwitsa, koma sinthani magazi anu tsopano. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kumaliza mtundu wa 1 wa chithandizo cha matenda ashuga kapena pulogalamu yachiwiri yothandizira matenda ashuga.

Kufufuza zamankhwala atsopano a shuga kukupitirirabe, posakhalitsa, asayansi azichita bwino. Koma kufikira nthawi yosangalatsayi, inu ndi ine tikufunika kupulumuka.

Komanso, ngati kapamba wanu amapangabe insulini yake pang'ono, ndiye ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ikhale ndi luso lotere, osangoisiya.

Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi njira zatsopano zothandizira anthu odwala matenda ashuga akhala akuyang'ana kwambiri kupeza njira zochizira matenda ashuga amtundu 1 kuti athandize odwala ofunikira kubaya insulin. Ndi mtundu 2 wa matenda ashuga, lero mutha kuchita popanda insulini mu 90% ya milandu, ngati mumayang'anitsitsa mosamala ndi chakudya chamagulu pang'ono komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mosangalala.

Munkhani yomwe ili pansipa, muphunzira pomwe madera omwe njira zatsopano zimapangidwira kuti athane ndi matenda amtundu wa 1 shuga, komanso LADA, mellitus wakale wa autoimmune.

Kumbukirani kuti insulini m'thupi la munthu imapanga ma cell a beta, omwe amapezeka muzilumba za Langerhans mu kapamba. Matenda a shuga 1 amayamba chifukwa chitetezo cha mthupi chimawononga kwambiri ma cell a beta.

Chifukwa chomwe chitetezo chamthupi chimayamba kugunda maselo a beta sichinakhazikitsidwe molondola. Amadziwika kuti mankhwalawa amayambitsa matenda enaake a virus (rubella), kudziwana koyambirira khanda ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi cholowa chosakwanira.

Cholinga chopanga njira zatsopano zopangira matenda ashuga ndikubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a beta.

Pakadali pano, njira zambiri zatsopano zikupangidwa kuti athane ndi vutoli. Onsewa agawidwa m'magawo atatu:

• kufalikira kwa kapamba, ziwalo zake zina kapena maselo,
• kukonzanso ("kuwumba") kwa maselo a beta,
• immunomodulation - siyani kuukira kwa chitetezo chathupi pama cell a beta.

• Momwe mungalandiridwire matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri: njira imodzi ndi imodzi
• Chakudya chiti chotsatira? Kuyerekeza zakudya zama calorie otsika komanso mafuta ochepa
• Mankhwala 2 a shuga: nkhani yatsatanetsatane
• Mapiritsi a Siofor ndi Glucofage
• Momwe mungaphunzirire kusangalala ndi maphunziro akuthupi

• Mtundu woyamba wa chithandizo cha matenda a shuga kwa akulu ndi ana
• Mtundu wa 1 shuga wodwala
• Nthawi ya tchuthi ndi momwe mungakulitsire
• Mtundu woyamba wa shuga 1 mwa mwana amathandizidwa popanda insulin pogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zoyenera. Mafunso ndi banja.
• Momwe mungachepetse kuwonongeka kwa impso

Thambo la kapamba ndi maselo a beta

Type 2 matenda a shuga a mellitus (T2DM) ndi matenda achilengedwe omwe maselo amthupi amalephera kumva za insulin ndikusiya kuyamwa glucose, chifukwa chomwe chimayamba kukhazikika m'magazi.

Pofuna kupewa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, madokotala amalimbikitsa kuti odwala matenda ashuga azitsatira zakudya zochepa komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi. Komabe, njirazi sizipereka zotsatira zabwino nthawi zonse, ndipo matendawa amayamba kupita patsogolo, omwe amakakamiza munthu kusintha machitidwe owonjezereka - kupita ku maphunziro achipatala.

Koma pali china chatsopano pakuchiza matenda a shuga 2, omwe tikambirane tsopano.

Mawu ochepa onena za matendawa

Mosiyana ndi mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga, T2DM ndiyotheka kuchira, makamaka ngati mungayambitse m'nthawi yake. Ndi matendawa, ntchito ya kapamba imasungidwa, ndiye kuti, palibe kuchepa kwa insulin mthupi, monga momwe zimakhalira poyamba. Chifukwa chake, chithandizo chamankhwala sichofunikira pano.

Komabe, chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa T2DM, kuchuluka kwa shuga mumwazi, kapamba "amakhulupirira" kuti sagwira ntchito mokwanira komanso kumathandizira kupanga insulin. Zotsatira zake, chiwalochi chimakakamizika kupsinjika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono kwa maselo ake komanso kusintha kwa T2DM kupita ku T1DM.

Chifukwa chake, madokotala amalimbikitsa kuti odwala awo aziyang'anira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi awo ndipo, akachuluka, nthawi yomweyo amachitapo kanthu kuti achepetse malire ake. Ndi T2DM, ndizokwanira kumangotsatira kadyedwe ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Ngati izi sizithandiza, mutha kuyang'ana ku thandizo la mankhwala ochepetsa shuga.

Koma chithandizo chonsechi cha shuga chimatha. Ndipo poganizira kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akudwala matendawa chikuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse, madokotala akuwonjezeranso njira yatsopano ya 2 yothandizira odwala matenda ashuga omwe amaperekedwa ndi asayansi komanso makampani osiyanasiyana opanga mankhwala.

Kodi amalola kugonjetsa matendawa, kapena amalepheretsa kupitilira kwake? Izi ndi zina zambiri tidzazikambirana tsopano.

Njira zatsopano zamankhwala zopangira T2DM zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zamankhwala, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zomwe zimatchedwa glitazones. Amagawika m'magulu awiri - pioglitazones ndi rosiglitazones.

Zinthu zothandizazi zimathandizira kukondoweza kwa ma receptors omwe amapezeka mu nuclei ya adipose ndi minofu minofu. Pamene maphikidwe awa adakonzedwa, pamakhala kusintha kwa zolembedwa zamtundu zomwe zimayambitsa kupezeka kwa glucose ndi lipid metabolism, chifukwa chomwe maselo amthupi amayamba kulumikizana ndi insulin, kuyamwa glucose ndikuletsa kuti asakhazikike m'magazi.

Kudya kwa mankhwalawa kumachitika kamodzi kokha patsiku, mosasamala nthawi yakudya. Kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa chithandizo, mlingo wawo ndi 15-30 mg.

Zikachitika kuti pioglitazone sichimapereka zotsatira zabwino motere, mlingo wake umachulukitsidwa kufika pa 45 mg. Ngati mankhwalawa atengedwa limodzi ndi mankhwala ena othandizira T2DM, ndiye kuti mlingo wake woyenera sayenera kupitirira 30 mg patsiku.

Mankhwalawa aposachedwa amatengedwa pakamwa kangapo patsiku, komanso mosasamala nthawi yakudya. Pa magawo oyambirira a mankhwalawa, mlingo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa rosinlitazone ndi 4 mg (2 mg imodzi). Ngati mavutowo sanawonedwe, amatha kuwonjezeka mpaka 8 mg. Popanga mankhwala ophatikiza, mankhwalawa amatengedwa pamlingo wochepa - osapitirira 4 mg pa tsiku.

Posachedwa, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala pochiza matenda amtundu wa 2. Ma rosiglitizans onse ndi pioglitazones ali ndi zabwino zambiri. Kulandila kwawo kumapereka:

• utachepa insulin,
• kutsekereza lipolysis, komwe kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwamafuta acid m'magazi, zomwe zimakhudza kugawa kwamphamvu kwa minofu ya adipose,
• kuchepa kwa triglycerides,
• kuchuluka kwamagazi a HDL (high density lipoproteins).

Chifukwa cha zonse izi, mukamamwa mankhwalawa, chiphuphu chokhazikika cha matenda osokoneza bongo chimatheka - kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumakhala pafupifupi nthawi zonse komanso momwe wodwalayo amakhalira bwino.

Katemera

Nkhani za mtundu 1 za matenda ashuga mu 2016 zidachokera ku American Association, zomwe zidayambitsa katemera wotsutsa matendawa. Katemera wopangidwayo ndiwopangidwa mwaluso. Sipanga ma antibodies motsutsana ndi matendawa, monga katemera wina. Katemera amateteza kupangika kwa yankho linalake la chitetezo kumaselo a pancreatic.

Katemera watsopanoyu amazindikira maselo am magazi omwe amakhudza kapamba popanda kukhudza zinthu zina. Kwa miyezi itatu, odzipereka 80 anachita nawo phunziroli.

Mu gulu loyendetsa, zidapezeka kuti ma cell a pancreatic amatha kudzipuma pawokha. Izi zimawonjezera katulutsidwe ka insulin yawo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito katemera kwa nthawi yayitali kumabweretsa kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono mu mlingo wa insulin. Dziwani kuti pamayesero azachipatala palibe zovuta zomwe zimawonedwa.

Komabe, katemera sagwira ntchito mwa odwala omwe ali ndi mbiri yayitali ya matenda ashuga. Koma imakhala ndi chothandiza pakuwonetsa matendawa pakuwonekera.

Katemera wa BCG

Massachusetts Science Laborator yakhala ikuyesa zamankhwala za katemera wodziwika bwino wa BCG, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa chifuwa chachikulu. Asayansi adawona kuti katemera, kupanga maselo oyera, omwe amatha kukhudzana ndi kapamba, amachepa. Pamodzi ndi izi, kumasulidwa kwa maselo T, omwe amateteza maselo a beta kuukira kwa autoimmune, amalimbikitsidwa.

Kuwona odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu wa 1, kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa chiwerengero cha T-cell kumadziwika, komwe kumakhala ndi chitetezo. Popita nthawi, kubisala kwa insulin yawo kumakhala kwabwinobwino.

Katemera wambiri patatha milungu 4, odwala adasintha. Matendawa adadutsa gawo lomwe amalimbikira kulipirira. Katemera amalola kuti muiwale za kubaya insulin.

Pancreatic beta cell encapsulation

Zotsatira zabwino zochizira matenda ashuga ndizinthu zaposachedwa kwambiri zomwe zimatha kupusitsa chitetezo chanu cha mthupi. Zinthuzi zinakhala zotchuka chifukwa cha asayansi aku University of Massachusetts ndi Harvard. Njirayi idayesedwa bwino mu zinyama zantchito ndipo sizinapeze zotsatirapo zake.

Poyeserera, maselo apakhungu a kapamba adayambitsidwa kale. Maselo a stem adakhala gawo lawo, lomwe mothandizidwa ndi enzyme adasandutsidwa ma cell a beta.

Atapeza zofunikira zokwanira, maselo a islet adazunguliridwa ndi gelisi yapadera. Maselo okhala ndi ma Gel anali ndi michere yokwanira kupezekanso. Zomwe zimapangidwira zidaperekedwa kuti ziyesedwe nyama yoyeserera matenda a shuga ogwiritsira ntchito jakisoni wambiri. Ma bwaloli okonzedwa kale anali atalowa mu kapamba.

Popita nthawi, ma pancreatic mabisiketi amatulutsa awo insulin, omwe amachepetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya chitetezo cha mthupi. Komabe, nthawi yokhala ndi moyo wa maselo ophatikizidwa ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kenako ndikusintha kwatsopano kwa ma islets otetezeka kumafunika.

Kukhazikitsidwa pafupipafupi kwa maselo okhala ndi timabowo tating'ono tokhala ndi ma polymer kumakulolani kuti muiwale za insulin mankhwala mpaka muyaya. Asayansi akukonzekera kupanga ma kapisozi atsopano a maselo ochepa omwe amakhala ndi moyo wautali. Kupambana kwa mayesero azachipatala ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhalebe ndi nthawi yayitali ya standardoglycemia.

Kuika mafuta kwamafuta

Mafuta a bulauni amapangidwa bwino akhanda ndi nyama zobisika. Akuluakulu, imakhalapo pang'ono. Ntchito za bulauni adipose minofu:

• machikalac
• kuthamanga kwa metabolic,
• matenda a shuga
• yafupika insulin.

Zithandizo za anthu

Odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga a mtundu woyamba 1 amagwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa. Zakudya zina, zitsamba, ndalama zitha kuchepetsa shuga m'magazi kapena ngakhale kuzichulukitsa. Zithandizo zodziwika bwino zakumwa zina, mankhwala akunyumba ndi awa:

• Nyemba (5-7 zidutswa) kutsanulira madzi 100 ml kutentha kwa chipinda usiku umodzi. Pamimba yopanda kanthu, idyani nyemba zotupa ndikumwa madzi. Chakudya cham'mawa chiyenera kuchepetsedwa kwa ola limodzi.
• Pangani kulowetsedwa komwe kumaphatikizapo malita 0,2 amadzi ndi magalamu 100 a mbewu za oat. Kugwiritsa ntchito katatu patsiku ndimamwa makapu 0,5.
• Dzazani thermos usiku ndikuphatikiza 1 chikho cha madzi (madzi otentha) ndi 1 tbsp. l chowawa. Kukhetsa m'mawa ndi kumwa chikho 1/3 aliyense kwa masiku 15.
• Pukuta ma clove ochepa ochepa a adyo mpaka gruel atapangidwa, onjezani madzi (malita 0,5) ndikuumirira kwa theka la ola pamalo otentha. Kwa odwala matenda ashuga, imwani ngati tiyi tsiku lonse.
• Kwa mphindi 7, kuphika 30 magalamu a ivy, okhathamiritsidwa ndi 0,5 l lamadzi, ndikulimbikira kwa maola angapo, kukhetsa. Malamulo olandila: Imwani musanadye kaye.
• Sungani magawo 40 a walnuts, onjezerani 0,2 L amadzi oyera ndi simmer kwa ola limodzi osamba madzi.Kukhetsa ndi kumwa tincture musanadye supuni.

Kusankha mankhwala oyenera a matenda a shuga a 2 ndi kofunika kwambiri komanso kofunikira. Pakadali pano, mitundu yopitilira 40 yamankhwala ochepetsa shuga komanso ambiri mwa mayina awo ogulitsidwa amaperekedwa pamsika wamafuta azamalonda.

• Kodi ochiritsa matenda ashuga ndi ati?
• Mankhwala abwino kwambiri amtundu wa shuga
• Mankhwala ati omwe tiyenera kupewa?
• Mankhwala Atsopano a shuga

Koma musakhumudwe. M'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala othandiza komanso apamwamba sikokwanira kwambiri ndipo tidzakambirana pansipa.

Kodi ochiritsa matenda ashuga ndi ati?

Kupatula pa jakisoni wa insulin, mankhwala onse ochizira "matenda okoma" mtundu 2 amapezeka m'mapiritsi, omwe ndiabwino kwambiri kwa odwala. Kuti mumvetsetse zomwe muyenera kusankha, muyenera kumvetsetsa momwe amachitidwe amankhwala amapangira.

Mapiritsi okhawo amachepetsa shuga omwe nthawi zina amapatsidwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu wa 1 ndi metformin. Amakhala othandiza kwa anthu ochepa okha omwe matenda a shuga a autoimmune amakhala ovuta kuposa kunenepa kwambiri. Mwa odwala, metformin imawonjezera kukhudzika kwa minofu. Chifukwa cha izi, kuchuluka kwa timadzi mu majekeseni kumachepetsedwa, kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumakhala kosasunthika kwambiri ndipo sikudumpha.

Wofatsa, owonda odwala matenda ashuga ndiwothandiza. Osagwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera komwe kumakhala ndi metformin ndi mankhwala ena aliwonse. Amapangidwira odwala okhawo omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu wa 2. Chithandizo cha mankhwala cha matenda a shuga 1 sichingalepheretse jakisoni wa insulin.

Anthu ambiri odwala matenda ashuga amatenga mankhwala a cholesterol okwera otchedwa statins. Ili ndi gulu lovuta kwambiri la mankhwala.

Statin amachepetsa chiopsezo cha myocardial infarction, makamaka amuna. Izi mwina sizichitika chifukwa cholesterol m'magazi yachepetsedwa, koma pazifukwa zina.

Ma Statin ndiwokayikitsa kuti muchepetse chiwopsezo cha kugunda kwa mtima koyamba. Nthawi zambiri amayambitsa mavuto.

Werengani apa zambiri za kuwunika za chiopsezo cha mtima komanso kufunsa kwa ma statins.

Kupanga Hormone Y matebulo

Mitundu itatu yazosiyanasiyana ya insulin monomer

Kafukufuku wa asayansi aku Russia adatha ndikuwonetsa kukonzekera bwino kwa insulini ndi dzina loyambirira "Ransulin", lomwe likuyesereranso.

Chochitika china m'derali chinali kupangidwa kwa makapisozi osadziwika ndi asayansi aku America ku University of California. Adapanga kapisozi kabwino ndi chipolopolo choteteza, chomwe chimateteza zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi madzi a m'mimba ndikuwanyamula mofatsa m'matumbo aang'ono.

Mkati mwa kapisozi muli mucoadhesive wapadera (ma polima apadera omwe amatha kugwira chinthu chilichonse) "zigamba" zolowa mu insulin.

Katundu wa polymer komwe chigambacho chimapangika chimatha kutsatira khoma lamatumbo.

Ikalumikizidwa ndi khoma lamatumbo, imateteza insulini ku zowonongeka za ma enzymes mbali imodzi, ndipo mahomoni omwe ali momwemo amawatengeka kuchokera kutsidya lina kupita m'magazi.

Mfundo yogwira ntchito

Insulin ndi mahomoni omwe kapamba amapanga. Kudzera m'magazi, limafikira minofu ndi ziwalo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malowedwe amoto alowamo.

Ngati njira za metabolic zimasokonekera, kuchuluka komwe adapatsidwa sikungakhale kokwanira pazolinga izi. Pali matenda ashuga. Pakufunika mankhwala a insulin.

Njira yotsimikiziridwa kwambiri komanso yodalirika yosungirako shuga ndikuyambitsa kwa ena, makamaka omwe amawerengera wodwala aliyense, Mlingo wa mahomoni.

Odwala amakakamizidwa kupereka mankhwala kangapo patsiku ndi syringe yapadera. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti onse amalota za nthawi yomwe mankhwalawa atha kupezeka pakamwa.

Zikuwoneka kuti zikunyamula katundu mu piritsi - ndipo vutolo lithetsedwa. Koma osati zophweka. Mimba imazindikira kuti insulini ndi mapuloteni abwinobwino omwe amafunikira kumisimba.

Asayansi mwadala anafufuza yankho la funsoli - kodi zingachitike kuti asidi am'mimba asachitepo kanthu?

Kufufuza kunachitika m'magawo angapo.

Choyamba, kunali kofunikira kupeza chipolopolo chomwe sichingawope chilengedwe cha acidic.

Tinaganiza zoika insulin m'malo otchedwa liposome. Uwu ndi kapisozi wamafuta opangidwa kuchokera kumitsempha yama cell yomwe imateteza motsutsana ndi zovuta za m'mimba acid.

Chigoba china chomwe chimapangidwa ndi mamolekyulu a polyelectrolyte chinakhala chotetezera. Amatchedwa "wosanjikiza". Anayenera kusungunuka, ndipo mankhwalawo anamwetsa. Koma kunyowa sikunachitike. Zinanditengera ntchito yambiri komanso nthawi kuti ndikwaniritse zotsatira zabwino.

Pazifukwa izi, asayansi aku Russia apanga hydrogel. Polysaccharide idawonjezeredwa, cholinga chake chomwe chinali chofuna kulimbikitsa ntchito za zolandilira zomwe zimakhala pakhoma la matumbo aang'ono. Mankhwala amaperekedwa mkati mwa hydrogel kotero kuti sanaphatikizidwe ndi polysaccharide.

The nanocoating scheme microparticles of insulin kapena insulin ndi chitosan mu nanoengineered polysaccharide makapisozi.

Folic acid (vitamini B9) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati polysaccharide, katundu yemwe amadziwika kuti amalowetsedwa m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono. Katunduyu ndiwothandiza kwambiri pano.

Zotsalira zonse zamagetsi ndi ma polima anatuluka modekha ndi zinthu zowola. Ndipo insulin idalowetsedwa bwino m'magazi. Zimatsalira kuwerengera ndi kuwerengera muyeso womwe mukufuna.

Zinakhazikitsidwa poyesa kuti kuchuluka kwa insulin m'mapiritsi kuyenera kuchuluka.

Ubwino wa mankhwala pamapiritsi

Ubwino womwa mankhwalawa pakamwa ndikuwonekeratu.

Odwala atopa ndi jakisoni wokhazikika.

Mlingo wosapweteketsa wa mankhwalawa akupereka:

• popewa kukangana nthawi zonse ndi ma syringe,
• chisamaliro chosafunikira cha singano wosabala,
• Kuperewera kwa njira yosankhira malo oyenera jakisoni,
• Kuthana ndi chidwi chachikulu pakubweretsa singano pakona inayake.

Mutha kumeza piritsi nthawi yabwino komanso kulikonse. Palibe chifukwa chofunira zipinda zapadera. Mutha kusunga ndikunyamula popanda kuchita khama. Ndiosavuta kumeza mwana kuti ameza piritsi kuposa kuvulaza ndi jakisoni wamuyaya.

M'maphunziro oyesera, zidadziwika kuti mlingo womwe mapiritsiwo amagwira ntchito amakhala wodwala, ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi pafupifupi kanayi. Zawonekanso kuti kukonzekera kwa insulin pamlomo kwa nthawi yayitali kumakhala ndi zotsatira za hypoglycemic.

Anthu odwala matenda ashuga a dziko lonse lapansi adzakhala okondwa kusinthira ku mapiritsi a insulin. Sichinayambitsidwe popanga misa, ilibe dzina. Ndizosatheka kupeza kukonzekera kwa insulin m'mapiritsi - mtengo wawo ukadali wokwera kwambiri.

Koma chiyembekezo chakuchotsa jakisoni owawa adawonekera.