Aspirin Cardio

Pezani mdani wolumbirira MUSHROOM wa misomali! Misomali yanu idzatsukidwa m'masiku atatu! Tengani.

Momwe mungasinthiretu kusintha kwakanthawi kwa zaka 40? Chinsinsi ndi chosavuta, lembani.

Kutopa ndi zotupa? Pali njira yotulukirapo! Itha kuchiritsidwa kunyumba masiku ochepa, muyenera kutero.

Pafupifupi kupezeka kwa mphutsi akuti KUDULA mkamwa! Kamodzi patsiku, kumwa madzi ndi dontho ..

Zotsatira zoyipa

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a Aspirin Cardio, ndikofunikira kuti mupewe mlingo womwe mwatsatiridwa mu malangizo, gwiritsani ntchito zotsatirazi zotsatirazi:

1. Hematopoietic dongosolo: kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa maselo ofiira am'magazi, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha leukocytes, kuchuluka kwa ma eosinophils, kuchuluka kwa agranulocytes, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mapulateleti, mawonekedwe a nosebleeds, mawonekedwe a magazi am'matumbo, mawonekedwe a magazi am'mimba.
2. Pakati ndi zotumphukira mantha dongosolo: mutu, chizungulire,
3. Mitsempha yamafupa: yachepa magwiridwe antchito a impso,
4. Dongosolo la kupumira: brasmchial spasm, chifuwa, mkodzo wa edema,
5. Matumbo: Kutumphukira, kusokonezeka kwa tulo, kuchepa kwa chakudya, kutupa kwa kapamba, kupweteka kwam'mimba, mawonekedwe a zilonda zam'mimba, kutupa kwa chiwindi,
6. Kuwonongeka pakhungu: urticaria, thrombocytopenic purpura, kuyabwa kwa khungu, matenda osiyanasiyana a khungu.

Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito acetylsalicylic acid kumawonjezera mwayi wokhetsa magazi. Nthawi zina, pamene mukumwa mankhwala a Aspirin Cardio, kuwonjezeka kwa chiwindi transaminases kumachitika, kukula kwa bronchospasm.

Contraindication

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kumafunika kuwerengetsa zaka zambiri ndikuwunika ma contraindication kuti tipewe ngozi. Izi zikuphatikiza:

• Mphumu ya bronchial yomwe imapangidwa ndi ma salicylates ndi ma NSAID ena,
• kuphatikiza kwa mphumu ya bronchial, polyposis ya mphuno ndi zolakwika zamkati ndi tsankho kwa ASA,
• zotupa ndi zotupa zam'mimba m'mimba kwambiri.
• m'mimba,
• hemorrhagic diathesis,
• kuphatikiza methotrexate pa mlingo wa 15 mg pa sabata kapena kupitirira,
• kutenga pakati (Ine ndi oyambira atatu),
• kuyamwa
• ana ndi achinyamata (mpaka zaka 18),
• kulephera kwambiri kwaimpso (CC zosakwana 30 ml / min),
• kulephera kwambiri kwa chiwindi (kalasi B komanso pamwambamwamba pa Mwana-Pugh),
• NYHA Class III-IV kukomoka mtima,
• Hypersensitivity ku acetylsalicylic acid, okonda mapangidwe a mankhwala ndi ena NSAIDs.

Mawonekedwe olakwika mukamagwiritsa ntchito Aspirin Cardio amapezeka pafupipafupi ngati mukuledzera ndipo mumamwa mankhwalawa osamwa ma contraindication.

Bongo

Kuledzera kwa salicylate (kumayamba kumwa ASA pa mlingo woposa 100 mg / kg / tsiku kwa masiku opitilira 2) kumatha kuchitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa nthawi yayitali ngati njira imodzi yochiritsira yosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kapena kumwa mwanjira inayake mwanjira inayake kapena mwadala. wamkulu kapena mwana (kuledzera pachimake).

Pali magawo atatu azovuta zakuthwa kwa vuto la bongo.

1. Digiri yoyamba imachitika ndi muyezo umodzi wa Aspirin Cardio ochepera 0,15 g / kg wa wodwala. Zizindikiro: dyspepsia, mutu, kusokonezeka kowoneka, kutentha thupi.
2. Digiri yachiwiri kumachitika ndi muyezo umodzi wa Aspirin Cardio kuyambira 0,15 mpaka 0,3 g / kg wa wodwala, chachitatu milandu yoposa 0,3 g / kg.
3. Pankhani ya poyizoni, chakumwa cha m'mimba ndi ma sorbyts amkamwa, mankhwala othandizira pakhungu amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chithandizo chamankhwala chimachitika. M'pofunika kuwongolera pH wa magazi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa sodium bicarbonate, milandu ya biost homeostasis mbali ya acidic. Hemodialysis ndi makina mpweya wabwino ntchito milandu milandu, malinga ndi zikuwonetsa.

Malinga ndi kuwunika kwa deta, mtengo wapakati wa mapiritsi a ASPIRIN CARDIO m'masitolo ogulitsa mankhwala (ku Moscow) ndi ma ruble 78.

Ma fanizo odziwika a Aspirin Cardio ndi Trombo Ass, Avix, Axanum, Agrenox, Brilinta, Gendogrel, Disgren, Ilomedin, Ipaton, Kropired, Cardogrel, Clopidal, Lopired, Pingel, Plavix, Platogril, Trombonet, Mwachangu. Nthawi zambiri mtengo wa analogues umasiyana kwambiri ndi mtengo wamankhwala oyambira.

Chidwi: kugwiritsa ntchito ma fanizo kuyenera kuvomerezana ndi adokotala.

Mlingo

Enteric Ovomerezeka Mapiritsi 100 mg ndi 300 mg

Piritsi limodzi lili

ntchito yogwira - acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg kapena 300 mg,

obwera: cellulose ufa, wowuma chimanga, eudragit L30D, polysorbate 80, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, triethyl citrate.

Ozungulira, biconvex, wowuma pang'ono, wopakidwa miyala yoyera m'mphepete - pamtunda wowoneka bwino-woyera, wazunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo cha mtundu womwewo

Mankhwala

Pharmacokinetics

Pambuyo pakukonzekera kwamlomo, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) imathamanga mwachangu komanso kwathunthu kuchokera m'mimba.

Munthawi ya mayamwidwe ndipo pambuyo pake, acetylsalicylic acid imasandulika kukhala yogwira metabolite - salicylic acid.

Chiwopsezo chachikulu cha acetylsalicylic acid m'madzi am'magazi chimalowa pambuyo pa mphindi 10 mpaka 20, kuchuluka kwa mchere wa salicylic mumaola 0.3-2.

Chifukwa chakuti kuphatikizika kwa enteric kwa mapiritsi a Aspirin Cardio ® kumalimbana ndi asidi, chinthu chogwira sichimatulutsidwa m'mimba, koma m'malo amchere wamatumbo. Chifukwa cha izi, kuyamwa kwa acetylsalicylic acid kumachedwetsedwa ndi maola 3-6 poyerekeza ndi mapiritsi osaphimbidwa ndi oma oma.

Acetylsalicylic ndi salicylic acids amamangiriza kwakukulu mpaka mapuloteni a plasma ndipo amagawidwa mwachangu mu minofu.

Salicylic acid amachotseredwa mkaka wa m'mawere ndikuwoloka chotchinga.

Salicylic acid imapangidwa makamaka mu chiwindi ndimapangidwe a metabolites - salicylurate, salicylophenol glucuronide, salicylacyl glucuronide, njonda komanso ma glizuric acid.

Kutupa kwa salicylic acid kumadalira mlingo.

Hafu ya moyo mukamamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi maora awiri kapena atatu, mukamamwa mankhwalawa kwambiri ndi maola 15. Salicylic acid ndi metabolites ake amuchotsa makamaka ndi impso.

Mankhwala

Makina a zochita za acetylsalicylic acid amachokera pa cholepheretsa kusintha kwa cycloo oxygenase (COX-1), chifukwa chomwe kapangidwe ka thromboxane A2 chatsekedwa ndipo kuphatikiza kwa mapulateleti kumakanikizidwa. Mphamvu ya antiplatelet imatchulidwa kwambiri m'mapulateleti, chifukwa samatha kupanga ma cycloo oxygenase.

Amakhulupirira kuti acetylsalicylic acid ali ndi njira zina zothandizira kuponderezana kuphatikizana kwa maselo othandiza magazi kuundana, omwe amakulitsa kukula kwake m'magulu osiyanasiyana a mtima.

Acetylsalicylic acid ndi m'gulu la mankhwala omwe si a anti -idalidal, ndipo ali ndi zotsatira za analgesic, antipyretic komanso anti-yotupa.

Mlingo wapamwamba umagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa ululu ndi zovuta zazing'onoting'ono, monga chimfine ndi chimfine, kuchepetsa kutentha thupi, kuchepetsa kupweteka kwa minofu ndi kuphatikizika, komanso matenda oyipa kwambiri komanso otupa monga rheumatoid nyamakazi, nyamakazi ndi ankylosing spondylitis.

Mlingo ndi makonzedwe

Zokhudza pakamwa.

Mapiritsi a Enteric-wokutira kwa cardio, enteric wokutira, ayenera kumwedwa musanadye zakudya zamadzimadzi zambiri.

Kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kufa ndi odwalapachimake myocardial infaration

Mlingo woyambirira wa 100-300 mg (piritsi loyamba liyenera kutafunidwa mwachangu) uyenera kutengedwa ndi wodwalayo atatha kukayikirana kuti chitukuko cha kulowetsedwa kwamphamvu kwambiri chikuchitika.

M'masiku 30 otsatira chitukuko cha kulowetsedwa kwa myocardial, mlingo wa 100-300 mg / tsiku uyenera kusamalidwa.

Pambuyo masiku 30, kufunikira kwina kwa chithandizo chamankhwala kuyenera kuganiziridwanso kuti mupewe kukula kwa kubwerezeredwa kwa myocardial.

Kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuchepa kwakuthupi ndi kufa kwa odwala pambuyo pa kulowetsedwa kwa myocardial

Kwa kupewa kwachiwiri kwa sitiroko

Kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha TIA ndi stroke mwa odwala TIA

Kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa magazi ndi kufa ndi angina osakhazikika

Pofuna kupewa thromboembolism pambuyo pa opaleshoni ndi zina zowonjezera mtima

Pofuna kupewa kwambiri mitsempha ya thrombosis ndi pulmonary thromboembolism

100-200 mg / tsiku kapena 300 mg tsiku lililonse

Kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha pachimake myocardial infarction

100 mg patsiku kapena 300 mg tsiku lililonse lililonse.

Zotsatira zoyipa

Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zatchulidwa pansipa zimachokera pa malipoti obwera pambuyo podzitsatsa komanso kudziwa momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mitundu yonse ya Aspirin, kuphatikizapo mafomu amkamwa kwakanthawi kochepa.

Mwa ichi, kuyimira kwawo pafupipafupi malinga ndi magulu a CIOMS III sikungatheke.

- dyspepsia, kupweteka pamimba ndi ululu m'mimba

- kutupa kwam'mimba, zilonda zam'mimba zam'mimba ndi duodenum (sizowonjezera zomwe zimayambitsa kutuluka kwa magazi m'mimba ndi kufukiza ndi zofananira zamankhwala ndi ma labotale)

Si kawirikawiri - kawirikawiri:

- Milandu yambiri yotaya magazi, monga kutaya magazi m'mimba, kutaya magazi mu ubongo (makamaka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto losagonja kapena / kapena kulandira chithandizo chofanana ndi mankhwala opha anticagant), omwe nthawi zina amatha kukhala owopsa m'moyo.

- kwambiri hypersensitivity zimachitika, kuphatikizapo anaphylactic mantha

- kuchepa kwakanthawi kwa chiwindi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ya “chiwindi” transaminases

Ndi ma frequency osadziwika:

- kutaya magazi, monga magazi a perioperative, hematomas, epistaxis (epistaxis), kutulutsa magazi mu urogenital, magazi

- hemolysis ndi hemolytic magazi m'thupi mwa odwala kwambiri mitundu ya shuga-6-phosphate dehydrogenase akusowa

- Matenda aimpso ndi kuwonongeka kwaimpso

- Hypersensitivity zimachitikira ndi yolingana matenda ndi zasayansi mawonetseredwe (asthmatic syndrome, ofatsa pang'ono zolimbitsa pakhungu, kupuma thirakiti, m'mimba thirakiti ndi mtima dongosolo, kuphatikizapo zotupa pa khungu, uritisaria, edema, kuyabwa pakhungu, rhinitis, edema) mucous nembanemba wa mphuno, Cardio-kupuma nkhawa matenda)

- chizungulire ndikulira m'makutu, zomwe zingakhalenso chizindikiro cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Zochita zamankhwala osokoneza bongo

Methotrexate pa mlingo wa 15 mg / sabata kapena kupitirira

Pogwiritsa ntchito munthawi yomweyo ASA yokhala ndi methotrexate, kuwopsa kwa hematological kwa methotrexate kumawonjezera chifukwa chakuti NSAIDs imachepetsa kutsimikizika kwa methotrexate, ndi salicylates, makamaka, kuyichotsa pakukhudzana ndi mapuloteni a plasma.

Kuphatikiza komwe kumafunikira kusamala

Ibuprofen wogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi ndi ASA akutsutsa zotsatira zake zabwino pamapulateleti.

Odwala omwe ali ndi chiopsezo cha matenda amtima, kugwiritsa ntchito ibuprofen komanso ASA kumapangitsa kutsika kwa mtima wake.

Maanticoagulants, thrombolytic ndi mankhwala ena a antiplatelet

Pali mwayi wotaya magazi.

Ma NSAID ena okhala ndi salicylates ambiri (3 g / tsiku kapena kupitilira)

Chifukwa cha kugwirizanitsidwa kwa chochitikacho, chiopsezo cha ulceration wa mucosa wam'mimba komanso magazi amatuluka.

Kusankha Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

Chifukwa cha kugwirizanitsidwa kwa chochitikachi, chiopsezo chotaya magazi kuchokera kumtunda wam'mimba kwambiri ukuwonjezeka.

Pochepetsa chilolezo cha impso, ASA imakulitsa kuchuluka kwa digoxin m'madzi a m'magazi.

Othandizira odwala matenda ashuga, mwachitsanzo, insulin, sulfonylureas

Mlingo wapamwamba wa ASA umathandizira kusintha kwa mankhwala a hypoglycemic chifukwa cha hypoglycemic zotsatira za acetylsalicylic acid komanso kusamutsidwa kwa zotuluka za sulfonylurea polumikizana ndi mapuloteni amadzi a m'magazi.

Ma diuretics osakanikirana ndi mlingo waukulu wa ASA

Pali kuchepa kwa kusefedwa kwa glomerular chifukwa chakuchepa kwa kapangidwe ka ma prostaglandins mu impso.

Systemic glucocorticosteroids (GCS), kuphatikiza ndi hydrocortisone, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa chithandizo cha matenda a Addison

Ndi corticosteroid mankhwala, kuchuluka kwa ma salicylates m'magazi kumachepa ndipo pamakhala chiwopsezo chokhala ndi mankhwala ochulukirapo a salicylates atasiya kumwa mankhwalawa, popeza corticosteroids imakulitsa kuchulukitsidwa kwa chomaliza.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) zoletsa kuphatikiza ndi Mlingo waukulu wa ASA

Pali kutsika kwa kusefera kwa glomerular chifukwa cha kuletsa kwa ma prostaglandins ndi zotsatira za vasodilating, motero, kufooka kwa mphamvu ya hypotensive.

The kawopsedwe wa valproic acid ukuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kuchoka kwa kulumikizana ndi mapuloteni amadzi a m'magazi.

Pali chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha kuwonongeka kwa mucosa wam'mimba komanso kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi yotuluka magazi chifukwa chakuwonjezereka kwa zotsatira za ASA ndi ethanol.

Mankhwala a uricosuric monga benzbromaron, probenecid

Mphamvu ya uricosuric imachepetsedwa chifukwa cha mpikisano wa impso ya chibayo.

Malangizo apadera

Mankhwala ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala pazinthu zotsatirazi:

- ndi hypersensitivity kwa analgesics, anti-kutupa, anti-rheumatic mankhwala ndi mitundu ina ya chifuwa

- kukhalapo kwa mbiri ya zilonda zam'mimbamo zam'mimba, kuphatikiza matenda aposachedwa kapena achiberekero a zilonda zam'mimba

- mukamagwiritsa ntchito limodzi ndi anticoagulants (Onani gawo la "Mankhwala Osokoneza bongo")

- odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la impso kapena kuzungulira kwa magazi (mwachitsanzo, ndimatenda a impso, mtima wosakhazikika, magazi amachepetsa, magazi ambiri, njira zopangira opaleshoni yayikulu, sepsis kapena magazi kwambiri, chifukwa acetylsalicylic acid imatha kuwonjezera ngozi ya kuwonongeka kwa impso kapena pachimake. kulephera kwa aimpso

- odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la shuga-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6FD), acetylsalicylic acid angalimbikitse kukula kwa hemolysis kapena hemolytic anemia. Zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha hemolysis zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, kutentha thupi, kapena kukhalapo kwa matenda owopsa

- vuto la chiwindi

Ibuprofen ikhoza kuletsa zotsatira za zoletsa za ASA pa kuphatikizika kwa maselo ambiri. Odwala omwe amalandila chithandizo cha ASA komanso kumwa ibuprofen kuti athandizire kupweteka ayenera kudziwitsa dokotala.

ASA imatha kupangitsa bronchospasm, komanso kuyambitsa matenda amphumo a bronchial ndi ena hypersensitivity reaction. Zowopsa ndi mbiri ya mphumu, hay fever, mphuno yam'mimba, matenda osagwirizana ndi kupuma, komanso matupi awo a zinthu zina (mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa khungu, kuyabwa, urticaria).

Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa maplatifomu, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa aspirin Cardio zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha magazi. Chifukwa cha kufooka kwa kuphatikizira kwa kupatsidwa zinthu za m'magazi, komwe kumapitilira masiku angapo atatha kumwa mankhwalawa, acetylsalicylic acid imatha kubweretsa magazi nthawi yayitali komanso atatha kuchita opaleshoni (kuphatikizapo kulowererapo kwazinthu zazing'ono, monga kuphipha mano).

Kuchepetsa magazi kumatha kubweretsa kukula kwa magazi m'thupi kapena matenda a posthemorrhagic / iron akusowa (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha michere yam'mimba) yolumikizana ndi zizindikiro zamankhwala komanso ma labotale, monga asthenia, pallor pakhungu, hypoperfusion.

ASA yotsika Mlingo amachepetsa kuchulukitsa kwa uric acid, komwe kumatha kupangitsa kukula kwa gout mwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ana

Pali ubale pakati pa kumwa Aspirin ndi kukula kwa matenda a Reye mukamagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa ana omwe ali ndi matenda enaake a virus. Chiwopsezochi chitha kuchuluka chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe ali ndi ASA, koma chiyanjano sichinadziwike. Kukula kwa kusanza kosalekeza m'matenda oterewa kumatha kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda a Reye.

Reye's syndrome ndi matenda osowa kwambiri omwe amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa ubongo ndi chiwindi ndipo amatha kupha.

Pankhaniyi, aspirin Cardio sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa ana ndi achinyamata ochepera zaka 18, pokhapokha ngati zikuwonetsedwa.

Gwiritsani ntchito pa nthawi yoyembekezera

Kuletsa kuphatikiza kwa prostaglandin kumatha kukhala ndi vuto lililonse pa mimba komanso kukula kwa mluza kapena mwana wosabadwayo. Zambiri kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamatenda akuwonetsa kuti chiwopsezo cha kusinthaku ndikusokonekera ndikugwiritsa ntchito zoletsa synthesis ya prostaglandin m'mimba yoyambirira. Nthawi yomweyo, akukhulupirira kuti chiwopsezocho chimawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa komanso nthawi yayitali ya chithandizo. Zambiri zomwe zilipo sizitsimikizira mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa acetylsalicylic acid ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha kutha kwa mimba msanga. Zomwe zilipo za miliri yokhudzana ndi kukhazikika kwa zosintha ndizotsutsana, komabe, chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha kusinthika - kulephera kwa khoma lakunja kwam'mimba sikungathetsedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ASA koyambilira kwa miyezi yoyambirira (miyezi 1-4) mwa amayi a 14.800 azimayi / ana sanawululire chiyanjano chilichonse chowonjezeka.

Kafukufuku wammbuyo wasonyeza kuwopsa kwa kubereka. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kukonzekera kokhala ndi acetylsalicylic acid m'nthawi yoyamba komanso yachiwiri yam'mimba sikumawonetsedwa, mpaka atalamulidwa ndi chofunikira kwambiri.

Ndi izi m'malingaliro, oyamba ndi oyambilira okonzekera kutenga pakati, Aspirin CardioMlingo wa 100 mg umatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati dokotala ataziyesa mosamala chiopsezo / phindu.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe ali ndi acetylsalicylic acid mkazi atatenga pakati, kapena nthawi yayitali komanso yachiwiri yomwe mayi ali ndi pakati, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa otsika kwambiri a mankhwalawa ndikuthandizira kwakanthawi kochepa.

Mu nyengo yachitatu ya mimba, ma protein onse a prostaglandin synthes inhibitors angayambitse mwana wosabadwayo:

kuwopsa kwa mtima (monga kutsekeka msanga kwa botallal duct ndi matenda oopsa a m'mapapo)

kukanika kwa aimpso, komwe kumatha kupita patsogolo ndikulephera kwa aimpso ndi oligohydramnios,

Amayi ndi mwana wosabadwayo kumapeto kwa pakati:

kuchuluka kwa magazi nthawi ya antiplatelet, komwe kumachitika ngakhale ndi waukulu

kuponderezedwa kwa ntchito zachiberekero cha chiberekero, zomwe zingayambitse kuchuluka kapena kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali

Pankhaniyi, ASA imaphatikizidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu nyengo yachitatu ya mimba.

Gwiritsani ntchito pokonza mkaka

Ma salicylates ndi ma metabolites ang'onoang'ono amachotsedwa mkaka wa m'mawere. Kukhazikika mwangozi kwa masililicular pakhungu kumafunikira kuti asamusiye kuyamwitsa. Komabe, dokotala akakuwuzani kuti mugwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kumwa acetylsalicylic acid muyezo waukulu, kuyamwitsa kuyenera kusiyidwa.

Zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mankhwalawa amatha kuyendetsa galimoto kapena njira zoopsa

Poganizira zoyipa zomwe zingakhalepo, monga chizungulire, chisamaliro chikuyenera kuthandizidwa poyendetsa galimoto kapena makina owopsa.