Miramistin 0.01: malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito

Njira Yothetsera Nkhani
ntchito:
benzyldimethyl 3- (myristoylamino) propyl ammonium chloride monohydrate (malinga ndi chinthu chamafuta)0,1 g
wolandila: madzi oyeretsedwa - mpaka 1 l

Mankhwala

Miramistin ® imakhala ndi zochitika zambiri zokhudzana ndi antimicrobial, kuphatikiza zovuta zapachipatala zosagwirizana ndi maantibayotiki.

Mankhwala ali ndi tanthauzo la bactericidal motsutsana ndi gram (Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae etc.), gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. ndi ena), mabakiteriya aerobic ndi anaerobic, omwe amatanthauziridwa kuti ma monocultures ndi mayanjano okhala ndi ma virus, kuphatikiza zovuta zapachipatala zotsutsana ndi maantiotic.

Imakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi ascomycetes amtundu Aspergillus komanso wokoma mtima Penicilliumyisiti (Rhodotorula rubra, Torulopsis glabrata ndi zina zambiri)Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Pityrosporum orbiculare (Malassezia furfur) etc.), dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton schoenleini, Trichophyton violacent, Epidermophyton Kaufman-Wolf, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis etc.) komanso mafangayi ena okhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timayanjana ndi ma micobial, kuphatikiza microflora ya fungal yokana mankhwala a chemotherapeutic.

Ili ndi pulogalamu yotsatsira, yogwira motsutsana ndi ma virus (ma virus a herpes, kachilombo ka chitetezo cha munthu, etc.).

Miramistin ® imagwira ntchito pazilombo za matenda opatsirana pogonana (Chlamydia spp., Treponema spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae ndi ena).

Modziletsa kupewa matenda a mabala ndikuwotchedwa. Imayendetsa njira za kukonzanso. Zimatithandizanso kusintha komwe kumachitika pamalo ogwiritsira ntchito pochita ntchito yoyamwa ndi kugaya ntchito za phagocytes, ndikuwonetsa ntchito ya monocyte-macrophage system. Ili ndi ntchito yotchedwa hyperosmolar, chifukwa chomwe imayimitsa bala ndi zotupa, imayamwa exudate, ndikuthandizira kupanga khungu louma. Siziwononga khungu komanso ma cell othandizira pakhungu, sikuletsa epithelization.

Imakhala ilibe zinthu zakukwiyitsa kwanthawi.

Zowonetsera Miramistin ®

Opaleshoni, zoopsa: suppressure prophylaxis ndi mankhwalawa purulent mabala. Chithandizo cha purulent-yotupa njira ya minofu ndi mafupa dongosolo.

Obstetrics, gynecology: kupewa ndi kuchiza pakuwonjezera kuvulala kwapakhomo, mabala amimbayo ndi ukazi, matenda obwera pambuyo pake, matenda otupa (vulvovaginitis, endometritis).

Combustiology: Chithandizo cha mankhwala osachedwa kutentha komanso akuya kwa madigiri a II ndi IIIA, kukonzekera mabala owotcha a dermatoplasty.

Dermatology, venereology: mankhwalawa komanso kupewa matenda a pyoderma ndi dermatomycosis, candidiasis pakhungu ndi mucous nembanemba, mycoses phazi.

Kupewa komwe kumatengera matenda opatsirana pogonana (kuphatikizapo syphilis, chinzonono, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, maliseche, maliseche.

Urology: The zovuta mankhwala a pachimake ndi matenda urethritis ndi urethroprostatitis zachindunji (chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea) ndi sanali mwachindunji chikhalidwe.

Mano mankhwalawa komanso kupewa matenda opatsirana komanso otupa a pakamwa patsekeke: stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontitis. Zithandizo zaukhondo zochotsa mano.

Otorhinolaryngology: zovuta mankhwala a pachimake ndi matenda otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis.

Mu ana kuyambira 3 mpaka 14 zaka ntchito mankhwalawa zovuta pachimake pharyngitis ndi / kapena kukokomeza matenda a tonsillitis.

Mlingo ndi makonzedwe

Kwathu. Mankhwala ali okonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito kupopera mbewu kamizu:

1. Chotsani kapu pamtundu wa vial;

2. Chotsani pompopompo lopopera kuchokera pachitetezo chake.

3. Gwirizanitsani nozzle wopopera m'botolo.

4. Yambitsani phokoso la kupopera ndi kukanikiza kachiwiri.

Opaleshoni, traumatology, combustiology. Pofuna kupewa komanso kuchitira achire, amamwetsa mabala ndikuwotcha, amasinja mabala ndi magawo olimba, ndikusintha tampon yothira mankhwala. Njira yochizira imabwerezedwa kawiri pa tsiku kwa masiku 3-5. Njira yothandiza yogwiritsa ntchito mabala ndi zikhomo zofanizira tsiku lililonse mpaka 1 litre la mankhwala.

Obstetrics, gynecology. Pofuna kupewa matenda obwera pambuyo pake, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodutsira ukazi musanabadwe (masiku 5-7), pakubala pambuyo povunikira ukazi uliwonse ndi nthawi yobereka, 50 ml ya mankhwalawa mu mawonekedwe a tampon ndikutuluka kwa maola awiri kwa masiku asanu. Pa nthawi yoperekera azimayi ndi gawo la cesarean, nyini imagwiridwa nthawi yomweyo isanachitike opareshoni - chiberekero ndi chiberekero, ndipo patatha nthawi yotsatila, ma tampons osungunuka ndi mankhwalawa amalowetsedwa mu nyini ndikuwonetsa maola awiri kwa masiku 7. Chithandizo cha matenda otupa chimachitika ndi maphunziro kwa masabata awiri ndi intravaginal makonzedwe a tampons ndi mankhwala, komanso njira ya mankhwala electrophoresis.

Venereology. Popewa matenda opatsirana pogonana, mankhwalawa amagwira ntchito ngati sagwiritsidwa ntchito patadutsa maola awiri atagonana. Kugwiritsa ntchito urogenital, jekeseni zomwe zili mkatikati mwa mtsempha kwa mphindi ziwiri: kwa abambo - 2-3 ml, azimayi - 1-2 ml komanso kumaliseche - 5-10 ml. Kusintha khungu la mkati mwa ntchafu, tsitsi, kumaliseche. Pambuyo pa njirayi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti musakodze kukonzekera kwa maola awiri.

Urology Mankhwala osokoneza bongo a urethritis ndi urethroprostatitis, 2-3 ml ya mankhwalawa amapaka jekeseni wa 1-2 patsiku mu urethra, maphunzirowa ndi masiku 10.

Otorhinolaryngology. Ndi purulent sinusitis - munthawi yochotsera, maxillary sinus amatsukidwa ndi mankhwala okwanira.

Tonsillitis, pharyngitis ndi laryngitis amathandizidwa ndi gargling ndi / kapena kuthilira pogwiritsa ntchito siponji yopopera katatu kukanikiza katatu patsiku. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa 1 muzitsuko ndi 10-15 ml.

Ana. Mu pachimake pharyngitis ndi / kapena kukokomeza matenda a mamiliyoni ambiri, pharynx amathiriridwa ndikugwiritsira ntchito kuphipha kwamaso. Pa zaka 3-6 zaka - 3-5 ml pa ulimi wothirira (chosindikizira chimodzi pamutu wopanda mphuno) katatu patsiku, zaka 7-16 - zaka 7 - 7-7 ml pa ulimi wothirira patsiku, wamkulu kuposa zaka 14 - 10-15 ml pa ulimi wothirira (katatu kukanikiza) katatu patsiku. Kutalika kwa mankhwalawa kuyambira masiku 4 mpaka 10, kutengera nthawi yomwe chikhululukiro chikuchokera.

Mano Ndi stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzitsuka pamlomo wamkati ndi 10-15 ml ya mankhwala katatu patsiku.

Kutulutsa Fomu

Njira yothetsera apakhungu ya 0.01%. M'mabotolo a PE omwe mumagwira ntchito ya urological, okhala ndi screw cap, 50, 100 ml. M'mabotolo a PE okhala ndi umuna wofunikira, wokhala ndi kansalu kokwanira komwe kali ndi puloteni wapopera, 50 ml. M'mabotolo a PE okhala ndi pampu yothira ndi kapu yoteteza kapena chodzaza ndi mpweya wopopera, 100, 150, 200 ml. M'mabotolo a PE okhala ndi screw cap ndikuwongolera kotsegulira koyamba, 500 ml.

Botolo lililonse la 50 ml, 100 ml, 150 ml, 200 ml, 500 ml amaikidwa pabokosi lamakhadi.

Za zipatala: m'mabotolo a PE okhala ndi sikelo chotsekerera ndikuyang'anira kutsegulira koyamba, 500 ml. 12 fl. popanda paketi mu katoni ka makatoni ogula.

Wopanga

1. LLC INFAMED. 142704, Russia, dera la Moscow, chigawo cha Leninsky, mzinda wa Vidnoe, ter. Dera la mafakitale, nyumba 473.

Tele: (495) 775-83-20.

2. LLC "INFAMED K". 238420, Russia, dera la Kaliningrad, chigawo cha Bagrationovsky, Bagrationovsk, st. Omuna, 12.

Tele: (4012) 31-03-66.

Bungweli lidaloleza kuvomereza zodandaula: INFAMED LLC, Russia.

Zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa ntchito

Zisonyezo zogwiritsira ntchito Miramistin ndi:

  • Opaleshoni ndi traumatology: purulent-yotupa njira ya minofu ndi mafupa, mankhwalawa purifying mabala ndi kupewa supplement,
  • Obstetrics ndi gynecology: kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda a endometritis, vulvovaginitis, matenda opatsirana pambuyo pake, kuchuluka kwa mabala am'mimbayo ndi perineum, komanso kuvulala pambuyo pake.
  • Dermatology ndi venereology: kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda a dermatomycosis, pyoderma, mycosis, candidiasis a mucous membranes ndi khungu, kupewa munthu matenda opatsirana pogonana (kuphatikizapo gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, genidi candidiasis, syphilis, chlamydia, maliseche a herpes),
  • Combustiology: Chithandizo cha zopsya (zozama komanso zakuya za II ndi IIIA), kukonzekera dermatoplasty,
  • Chithandizo cha mano: kupewa kuchiritsa mano, kupewa komanso kuchiza matenda opatsirana ndi zotupa zamkamwa (gingivitis, periodontitis, stomatitis, periodontitis),
  • Otorhinolaryngology: zovuta chithandizo cha pachimake ndi matenda a mamiliyoni a mamillionitis, sinusitis, laryngitis ndi otitis media, zovuta chithandizo cha exacerbations aakulu a tonsillitis ndi / kapena pachimake pharyngitis ana 3-16 zaka,
  • Urology: zovuta za matenda osachiritsika komanso pachimake komanso urethroprostatitis (gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis).

Mlingo ndi makonzedwe

Mankhwala ali okonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito koyamba, chotsani kapu m'botolo, chotsani chopopera pamphukutchi, gwiritsitsani botolo ndikuyiyambitsa ndikanikizanso.

Odwala achikulire, akagwiritsidwa ntchito ku traumatology, opaleshoni, komanso kuphatikiza, Miramistin yothiriridwa pamoto woyaka ndi mabala, ma fistulous ndima ndi mabala amasungunuka mwachisawawa, mapira otsekemera amakhala okhazikika. Ndondomeko mobwerezabwereza katatu patsiku kwa masiku 3-5. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito kukoka kwamiyendo ndi mabala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala okwanira lita imodzi patsiku ndi othandiza kwambiri.

Mu matenda a gynecology ndi obstetrics, pofuna kupewa matenda obwera pambuyo pake, Miramistin amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodutsira ukazi masiku 5-7 asanabadwe, mwachindunji pakubadwa kwa ana nthawi iliyonse pambuyo pa kuyezetsa kwamkati mwa amayi ndi pambuyo pa nthawi yobereka pa mlingo wa 50 ml mwa mawonekedwe a tampon ndikutuluka kwa maola awiri kwa masiku 5 . Ngati kubereka kuchitidwa ndi gawo la cesarean, ndiye kuti nyini imagwiridwa ndi yankho lisanachitike opereshoni, chiberekero ndi chimbudzi chake zimathandizidwa pa nthawi ya opareshoni, ndipo ma tampon osungunuka ndi mankhwalawa amayamba kulowa mu nyini kwa maola awiri nthawi yopuma itatha. Mu zotupa, njira ya mankhwala ndi masabata awiri: mankhwalawa amalowetsedwa mu nyini pogwiritsa ntchito tampons kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya mankhwala a electrophoresis.

Pofuna kupewa matenda opatsirana pogonana, Miramistin sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pasanadutse maola awiri atagonana: jekeseni zomwe zili mkatikati mwa mtsempha kwa mphindi 2-3 pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya urological (kwa akazi - 1-2 ml, kwa amuna - 2-3 ml) komanso kumaliseche ( 5-10 ml). Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuchitira khungu la kumaliseche, pubis ndi ntchafu zamkati. Pambuyo pa njirayi, ndikofunika kuti musakodze kukonzekera kwa pafupifupi maola awiri.

Mankhwala ovuta a urethroprostatitis ndi urethritis, 2-3 ml yankho limalowetsedwa mu urethra. Pafupipafupi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi 1-2 pa tsiku, kutalika kwa mankhwalawa ndi masiku 10.

Ndi purulent sinusitis panthawi yopumira ndi yankho lokwanira, nkusani maxillary kumatsukidwa. Ndi pharyngitis, laryngitis ndi tonsillitis, Miramistin amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe a rinses kapena kuthilira pogwiritsa ntchito chopopera. Chotsuka chimodzi chimafuna 10-15 ml ya yankho. Kuthirira kumachitika ndi katatu kukanikiza sprayer, pafupipafupi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi katatu pa tsiku.

Ndi gingivitis, stomatitis ndi periodontitis 3-4 patsiku, nadzatsuka pakamwa ndi 10-15 ml ya mankhwalawa.

Ana omwe ali ndi pachimake pharyngitis ndi / kapena kufalikira kwa matenda oopsa a mamililita Miramistin amalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a kuthilira kwa pharynx pogwiritsa ntchito kupopera kwamizere 3-4 pa tsiku muyezo:

  • Zaka 3-6: chosindikizira chimodzi (cha 1 kuthirira 3-5 ml),
  • Zaka 7 mpaka 14: kukanikiza kawiri (kwa 1 kuthirira 5-7 ml),
  • Wakale kuposa zaka 14: katatu kukanikiza (kwa 1 kuthirira 10-15 ml).

Kutalika kwa mankhwalawa kumatengera nthawi yomwe chikhululukiro chikuchokera ndipo ndi masiku 4-10.

Zisonyezo za ntchito Miramistin

  • Obstetrics ndi gynecology: kupewa ndi kuchiza kusinthasintha kwa mabala osokoneza bongo
  • Opaleshoni, traumatology: mankhwalawa am'deralo a mabala omwe ali ndi matenda osiyana siyana komanso matenda amtundu, kupewa matenda opatsirana a mabala a granular.
  • Combustiology: mankhwalawa osachedwa kuwotcha komanso madigiri a IIIA, kukonzekera mabala owotcha a dermatoplasty.
  • Dermatology, venereology: kuchiza ndi kupewa kwa pyoderma ndi dermatomycosis, candidiasis pakhungu ndi mucous nembanemba, mycoses ya phazi.
  • Otolaryngology: Miramistin amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tonsillitis, purulent sinusitis, pharyngitis, ndi adenoids komanso mankhwala a otitis media.
  • Urology: zovuta zochizira pachimake komanso urethroprostatitis zachindunji (chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea) komanso chikhalidwe chake.
  • M'mano, amathandizira kupewa mankhwalawa chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana komanso otupa omwe amapezeka pamlomo wamkamwa. Mankhwala a Miramistin omwe ali ndi stomatitis amachitidwa (ndikotheka kugwiritsa ntchito ana mu stomatitis), gingivitis, periodontitis. Kuphatikiza pa izi, mano omwe amachotsedwa amatha kukonzedwa.

Miramistin imalimbikitsidwanso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati vuto lakhungu lawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuvulala kwapakhomo ndi mafakitale - izi ndizofunikira popewa matenda.

Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kuchiza zotupa zapakhungu popewa matenda. Miramistin ana analamula kuti kupewa bowa, mankhwalawa stomatitis, tonsillitis, mankhwala abrasions ndi mabala.

Malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito Miramistin, mlingo

Njira Zothetsera

Kwa prophylactic ndi achire, njira ya Miramistin imathiriridwa pamankhwala pazilonda ndikuwotcha, mabala ndi ma fistulous ndima ali omasuka tampon, gauze tampons wothira mankhwala amakhala okhazikika. Njira yochizira imabwerezedwa kawiri pa tsiku kwa masiku 3-5. Njira yothandiza yogwiritsa ntchito mabala ndi zikhomo zofanizira tsiku lililonse mpaka 1 litre la mankhwala.

Mankhwalawa urethroprostatitis kapena urethritis, yankho limagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera m'mitsempha. Mlingo wake ndi 2-5 ml katatu patsiku.

Ngati munthu akufunika kupewa matenda opatsirana mwakugonana, maliseche amatha kutsukidwa ndi yankho, kuthandizidwa ndi thonje lomwe limapukutidwa ndi yankho. Kufikira izi, zomwe zili mu vial zimalowetsedwa mu urethra pogwiritsa ntchito kwamikodzo kwamphindi zochepa: ma milliliters atatu amawerengedwa amuna, ndi 2 ml ndi 10 ml kumaliseche kwa akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuchitira khungu la pubic, ntchafu zamkati, komanso kumaliseche ndi yankho. Pambuyo pa njirayi, simuyenera kukodza kwa maola awiri, kuti mankhwalawo ali ndi nthawi.

Ndi purulent otitis media, 2 ml ya yankho iyenera kuyikidwa paziyang'aniro zakunja, ndi laryngitis ndi tonsillitis - gargle ndi yankho kangapo patsiku, ndi sinusitis - nadzatsuka ndi maxillary sinus makamaka atachotsa mafinya.

Odwala a stomatitis ndi matenda ena a mano amawayikira pakamwa katatu pa tsiku. Momwe mungatsukire pakamwa panu kumatengera kuuma kwa matendawa.

Mu ophthalmology, madontho 1-2 a Okomistin amakhalanso mu conjunctival sac 4-6 pa tsiku kuchitira achire. Pazifukwa zodzitetezera, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku 2-3 asanachitike opaleshoni, ndipo pakatha masiku 10-15 atachitidwa opaleshoni. Phunzitsani 1-2 akutsikira mu conjunctival sac 3 pa tsiku.

Ndi kangati komwe mungathe kuwaza Miramistin pammero?

Kwa ana, kudina kamodzi kumakhala kokwanira, koma njirayi ikufunika kuchitika katatu patsiku, ndipo kwa achikulire odwala, kuwonekera kwa 2-3 kukufunika nthawi zingapo masana. Kutalika kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa sikuyenera kupitirira masiku 10, koma atatha masiku 4 ogwiritsa ntchito, titha kudziwa ngati mankhwalawa amapereka zotsatira zake.

Otitis wakunja amathandizidwa ndikutsuka ngalande yamakutu, jekeseni 2 ml ya mankhwalawa. Izi zikuthandizira kupewa matendawa, kukhazikika kwa otitis media. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mutenge swab, ikulowetseni ndikulowetsamo nyama zowerengera, katatu mpaka kanayi pa tsiku. Ntchito mankhwalawa otitis media.

Mafuta a Miramistin

Mankhwalawa mabala oyeretsa ndikuwotchera gawo loyenda la mabala, mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi patsiku, komanso pakubwezeretsa - kamodzi pakadutsa masiku 1-3, kutengera ntchito yoyeretsa komanso kuchiritsa chilondacho. Mabala ofinya omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi maantibayotiki ambiri.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino (yapafupipafupi) ya dermatomycosis, makamaka rubromycosis, mafuta a Miramistin angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa masabata a 5-6 osakanikirana ndi mankhwala a antifungal mankhwala opangidwa pakamwa. Ndi fungal matenda amisomali, maula a msomali amapukutidwa musanachiritsidwe ndi mafuta a Miramistin-Darnitsa.

Zolemba zogwiritsira ntchito

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kumadziwika ndi kusakhala ndi mphamvu pakuyendetsa magalimoto ndikuchita zina zomwe zingakhale zowopsa zomwe zimafuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi chidwi komanso kuthamanga kwa zochitika zama psychomotor.

Kumwa mowa mwa njira iliyonse kumakhudzanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya Miramistin kapena mafuta.

Venereology. Pambuyo pa mankhwala a Miramistin ® a urethra, maliseche, ntchafu zamkati, malo a pubis ndi kunja kwa genitalia, kukodza mkati mwa 2:00 sikulimbikitsidwa.

Kuchepa pang'ono pakukaniza kwachilengedwe kwa maantibayotiki adadziwika ndi kuphatikiza komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Miramistin.
Mphamvu ya mafuta a Miramistin imawonjezeka ngati imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa bala, yomwe inatsukidwa kale ndi yankho la aseptic.

Zotsatira zoyipa ndi zotsutsana ndi Miramistin

Nthawi zina mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito Miramistin, kumamveka kutentha kochepa komanso kosatalika kwambiri, komwe, ndi mbali yake yokhayo. Kuwotcha kumangochitika pakokha pakapita kanthawi ndipo sikubweretsa vuto lalikulu.

Hypersensitivity zimachitika, kuphatikizapo kukwiya khungu kwanuko: kuyabwa, hyperemia, kutentha moto, khungu lowuma.

Bongo

Palibe umboni wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a Miramistin.

Zoyipa:

  • Hypersensitivity pamagawo a mankhwala,
  • ana ochepera zaka zitatu.

Palibe deta pa chitetezo cha mankhwalawa pa nthawi yoyembekezera komanso mkaka wa m`mawere.

Miramistin analogues, mndandanda wa mankhwala

Ma analogi a Miramistin ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Chofunikira - Malangizo a Miramistin ogwiritsira ntchito, mtengo ndi kuwunika sikugwira ntchito pa analogues ndipo sangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chiwongolero chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Nthawi zonse zochizira ziyenera kupangidwa ndi dokotala. Mukasankha Miramistin ndi analogue, ndikofunikira kufunsa katswiri, mungafunike kusintha njira zamankhwala, mankhwalawa, etc.

Kusiya Ndemanga Yanu