Atromide ndi gawo limodzi mwa gulu lotchedwa lipid-kuchepetsa mankhwala. Mankhwala omwe ali mgululi amathandizira kutsitsa lipids yamagazi. Zamoyo zotere zimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira mthupi la munthu, koma zochulukirapo zimatha kubweretsa kuwoneka matenda osiyanasiyana.

Milingo yokwezeka ya lipid imayambitsa atherosulinosis, matenda omwe ali ponseponse masiku ano. Mapangidwe a atherosulinotic amawaika m'mitsempha, omwe pamapeto pake amakula ndikufalikira, kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa mitsempha ndipo potero amasokoneza magazi. Izi zimaphatikizira kuonekera kwa matenda ambiri a mtima.

Hypolipidemia mwina singachitike mwa iyo yokha, kuyezetsa magazi kwamomweku kumathandiza kuzindikira. Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimatha kukhala moyo wosayenera, zakudya komanso kumwa mankhwala ena ake. Kugwiritsa ntchito Atromide kumaphatikizidwa ndi zovuta zochizira matenda a lipid metabolism ndipo nthawi zonse amalandila ndemanga zabwino kuchokera kwa odwala, koma musanagwiritse ntchito, mukufunikabe kuonana ndi dokotala.

Zisonyezero zakugwiritsa ntchito komanso mphamvu yakepi

The achire zotsatira za mankhwala kuchepetsa zinthu triglycerides ndi cholesterol m'madzi am'magazi ndi otsika komanso otsika kwambiri kachulukidwe lipoproteins.

Atromide, nthawi yomweyo, imabweretsa kukwera kwa cholesterol mu milingo yayitali kwambiri ya lipoproteins, yomwe imalepheretsa kuwoneka kwa atherosulinosis.

Kutsika kwa cholesterol kumachitika chifukwa chakuti mankhwalawa amatha kuletsa enzyme, yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndi biosynthesis ya cholesterol ndikuwonjezera kusweka kwake.

Komanso, mankhwalawa amakhudza mulingo wa uric acid m'magazi kuti atsike, amachepetsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe a plasma komanso kuphatikiza kwa mapulateleti.

Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zovuta zotsatirazi:

• matenda ashuga angiopathy (kuphwanya kamvekedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mitsempha yamagazi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga),
• retinopathy (kuwonongeka kwa kuwala kwa kuwala kwa chibadwa chosatupa),
• sclerosis ya zotumphukira ndi koronare ziwiya ndi ziwiya
• matenda omwe amadziwika ndi mkulu plasma lipids.

Mankhwalawa angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati njira yoteteza pakakhala matenda a hypercholesterolemia - chibadwa chomwe chimayambitsa matenda a cholesterol mthupi, komanso kuchuluka kwa lipids ndi triglycerides m'mwazi, komanso kuchepa kosafunikira kwa kuchuluka kwa lipoproteins otsika. Ndi zovuta zonsezi, Atromidine ithandiza. Mphamvu zake zabwino zochiritsa zimatsimikiziridwa ndi odwala othokoza.

Mtengo wa mankhwalawa ukhoza kuyambira pa 850 mpaka 1100 rubles pa paketi imodzi yama 500 milligram.

Malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa

Musanagule Atromid, muyenera kuwunika ngati pali malangizo oti mugwiritse ntchito phukusi. Popeza mankhwalawa, monga ena aliwonse, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamalitsa malinga ndi mankhwala. Mankhwalawa amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a makapisozi omwe ali ndi mulingo wa 0,250 magalamu ndi 0,500 magalamu. Kodi mankhwalawa amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji? Amawerengera mkati, mulingo woyenera ndi 0,250 magalamu. Tengani mankhwalawa mutatha kudya, makapisozi awiri katatu patsiku.

Mwambiri, ma milligram 20-30 amalembedwa pa kilogalamu imodzi ya kulemera kwa thupi la munthu. Odwala omwe ali ndi kulemera kwa thupi kuyambira 50 mpaka 65 kilogalamu amaikidwa ma milligram 1,500 tsiku lililonse. Ngati kulemera kwa wodwalayo kudutsa chizindikiro cha 65 kilogalamu, mwanjira iyi, 0,500 magalamu a mankhwalawa ayenera kumwedwa kanayi patsiku.

Njira ya mankhwalawa nthawi zambiri imayamba 20 mpaka 30 ndikusokonezedwa nthawi yofanana ndi kumwa mankhwalawa. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kubwereza maphunzirowa katatu, kutengera kufunika kwake.

Contraindication ndi zoyipa

Monga mankhwala ena aliwonse, Atromide pamene imatengedwa imatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa mthupi.

Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwalawa ali ndi ma contraindication angapo omwe amalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pochiritsa.

Musanagwiritse ntchito malonda, muyenera kudziwa bwino mndandanda wazolimbana ndi zovuta zomwe zingachitike.

Izi zikuyenera kuchitika pofuna kupewa mavuto obwera chifukwa chomwa mankhwalawo.

Malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito akuwonetsa kuchitika kwa zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

1. Matenda am'mimba, limodzi ndi mseru komanso kusanza.
2. Urticaria ndi kuyabwa pakhungu.
3. Kufooka kwa minofu (makamaka m'miyendo).
4. Minyewa.
5. Kulemera kwakuthupi chifukwa cha kusayenda kwa madzi mthupi.

Zizindikiro zotere zikachitika, muyenera kusiya kumwa mankhwalawo kenako amachoka okha. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kwa Atromide kumatha kuyambitsa kukula kwa intrahepatic stagnation ya bile ndi kuchulukitsa kwa cholelithiasis. M'mayiko ena a padziko lapansi, mankhwalawa salimbikitsidwanso kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amiyala mu ndulu. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga ayenera kumwa mankhwalawa mosamala, popeza ali ndi mwayi wochepetsa shuga.

Kutsutsana kwa Atromid kumaphatikizapo:

• Mimba ndi kuyamwa
• matenda a chiwindi
• aimpso ntchito, kuphatikizapo matenda ashuga nephropathy.

Ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kuphatikizidwa ndi ma anticoagulants, muyezo wotsiriza uyenera kutha. Kuti muwonjezere mlingo, muyenera kuyang'anira prothrombin wamagazi.

Mndandanda wa mankhwala

Mankhwalawa ali ndi ma analogi omwe amatha kuperekedwa ndi dokotala m'malo mwa Atromide. Izi zikuphatikizapo Atoris kapena Atorvastatin, Krestor, Tribestan.

Zomwe mankhwala aliwonse ayenera kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

Atoris ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi Atromide pazinthu zake. Amachepetsa bwino kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yathunthu ndi LDL m'magazi. Gawo lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ndi atorvastatin, lomwe limathandizira kuchepetsa ntchito ya enzyme GMK-CoA reductase. Komanso, mankhwalawa ali ndi anti-atherosulinotic effect, yomwe imapangidwira mphamvu ya atorvastatin yokhudza kukhudzana, kuchuluka kwa magazi ndi macrophage metabolism. Mtengo wa mankhwala muyezo wa 20 mg umachokera ku 650-1000 rubles.

Tribestan amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa Atromide. Mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa imatha kuonekera pakatha masabata awiri chiyambireni chithandizo. Zotsatira zabwino zimawonekera patatha milungu itatu ndikupitilira nthawi yonse ya chithandizo. Mtengo wa analoguewo ndiwokwera kuposa wa Atromid, kuti phukusi la mapiritsi 60 (250 mg), muyenera kulipira kuchokera ku 1200 mpaka 1900 rubles.

Chowonjezera china cha mankhwala omwe tatchulawa ndi Krestor. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi odwala akuluakulu, ngakhale ali ndi zaka komanso amuna ndi akazi, omwe ali ndi hypercholesterolemia (kuphatikizapo cholowa), hypertriglyceridemia ndi mtundu 2 shuga. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, mu 80% ya odwala omwe ali ndi mtundu wa IIa ndi IIb hypercholesterolemia malinga ndi Frederickson (ali ndi kuchuluka koyamba kwa cholesterol ya LDL m'chigawo cha 4.8 mmol / l) chifukwa chotsatira kumwa mankhwala omwe ali ndi 10 mg, mlingo wa LDL cholesterol ndende yochepera 3 mmol / l

Mphamvu yodziwikiratu imawonekera pakatha sabata yoyamba kumwa mankhwalawo, ndipo patatha milungu iwiri imakwana 90% ya zomwe zingatheke. Mankhwalawa amapangidwa ku UK, mitengo yonyamula ma 10 mg imatha kuchoka ku ruble 2600 pazinthu 28.

Akatswiri amalankhula za ma statins mu kanema munkhaniyi.

Meldonium wa matenda ashuga

Anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti mtundu wa 2 wa matenda ashuga umakhudza mitsempha yamagazi kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri umayambitsa matenda a mtima. Mavutowa ndi ena mwa mitu 10 yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe imapangitsa kufa. Pachifukwa ichi, madokotala amatha nthawi yayitali poletsa matendawa.

Meldonium (Mildronate) ndi mankhwala omwe amateteza kagayidwe ka maselo omwe adakumana ndi vuto la okosijeni komanso matenda a m'mitsempha. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a mtima, ubongo, zowona, ndi zina. Komanso, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwezeretsa thupi pambuyo poti apsinjike mwamphamvu ndimaganizo. Meldonium yokhala ndi matenda a shuga a 2 amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi komanso kupewa mavuto osiyanasiyana.

Kufotokozera kwamitundu

Meldonium ndi mankhwala a ku Latvia omwe amathandizira kuchiza matenda a mtima.

Kutulutsidwa kwa masabolic m'mitundu iwiri.

Madzi a jekeseni, omwe ali ndi izi:

• meldonium dihydrate,
• madzi osalala.

• meldonium dihydrate,
• wowuma mbatata
• chofinya,
• calcium stearic acid,
• gelatin
• titanium dioxide.

Njira yothetsera jakisoni imawoneka ngati madzi owoneka bwino omwe ali m'matumba ambiri. Makapisozi oyera ndi ufa mkati mwa zidutswa 30 kapena 60 mu chithuza.

Mankhwala a anti-ischemic amalepheretsa enzyme y-buterobetaine hydroxylase ndikuchepetsa ß-oxidation wamafuta acids.

Kuchiritsa katundu

Zotsatira za meldonium mu shuga mellitus zidawerengedwa mu zikhalidwe zasayansi mu makoswe. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kuyesaku, mwa nyama zomwe zili ndi matenda ashuga, omwe adapatsidwa mankhwalawa kwa milungu 4, kuchuluka kwa shuga kunachepa ndipo mavuto osiyanasiyana anasiya.

Ku chipatala, mankhwalawa adagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri. Pambuyo kudya pafupipafupi kwa odwala, kuchuluka kwa shuga kumachepa. Kuphatikiza apo, Meldonium inaletsa dyscircular encephalopathy (kuwonongeka kwa ubongo), matenda ashuga retinopathy (kuwonongeka kwa retinopathy, matenda ashuga), kutengera zotsatira za kuyesaku, madotolo adatsimikizira kufunikira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa popewa zovuta za matenda ashuga azisamba amisinkhu yosiyanasiyana.

Anthu ambiri odwala matenda ashuga amakhala ndi nkhawa komanso amatopa kwambiri. Mankhwala amachepetsa thupi, amapangitsa kuti odwala azikhala olimba mtima, amathandizira kulimbitsa thupi. Pogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi, mphamvu zimabwezeretsedwa mwachangu.

Meldonium imafinya mitsempha yamagazi, imasintha magazi. Mothandizidwa ndi mankhwalawa, wodwalayo amachira msanga pambuyo pophwanya myocardial. Mankhwalawa amachedwetsa mapangidwe a malo a necrosis, chifukwa, amayambira.

Mukugwira kwina kwamphamvu kwa mtima, mankhwalawa amathandizira kukonzekera kwa mtima, kumawonjezera kupirira kwake pamitolo yambiri. Zotsatira zake, kugunda kwa angina kumachepetsedwa.

Meldonium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mtima wamatenda am'maso (dystrophic fundus pathology). Mankhwala amatithandizanso kufalikira kwa magazi m'derali.

Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuledzera kosatha. Mildronate amakhalanso magwiridwe antchito amanjenje, omwe amasokonezedwa ndi kumwa kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake, Meldonium idakhala yabwino pamankhwala ovuta a matenda osiyanasiyana a pathologies, kuphatikizapo matenda amtundu wa 2 shuga.

Kupereka mankhwala

Mildronate adalembedwa motere:

Owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito bwino Aterol kutsitsa cholesterol. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

• Matenda a mtima (angina pectoris, kupumula, kulowetsedwa kwa minofu yamtima).
• Yogwira ntchito osakwanira kwa mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi yokhala ndi maphunziro osatha.
• Ululu mu mtima chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya ka m'thupi ndi kuchepa kwa mahomoni.
• Kusokonekera kwa mtima ndi mtima wa achinyamata.
• Matenda ozungulira a cerebral mu diabetes ndi mtundu wa 2 matenda, komanso matenda oopsa, cervical osteochondrosis, etc.
• Kusokonezeka kwa mitsempha ya retina, magazi m'matumbo am'mimba, mitsempha yotupa.
• Kuwonongeka kwa retina motsutsana ndi matenda a shuga komanso matenda oopsa.
• Mphumu ya bronchial ndi bronchitis yodwala (mankhwalawa amabwezeretsa chitetezo chokwanira m'derali).
• Kuletsa mowa.
• Anachepa mphamvu m'maganizo ndi m'thupi.
• Nthawi yogwira ntchito (kuthamanga kwa kusintha kwa minofu).

Musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa, pitani kuchipatala.

Ntchito ndi mlingo

Makapisozi amatengedwa pakamwa, kutsukidwa ndi madzi, ndipo yankho limayendetsedwa ndi minyewa masana.

Mlingo wa mankhwala zimatengera matenda:

• Pankhani ya matenda amtima (zovuta mankhwala): makapisozi - kuchokera 0,5 mpaka 1 g, yankho - kuchokera 5 mpaka 10 ml kawiri kapena kamodzi. Kutalika kwa mankhwalawa ndikuchokera ku milungu 4 mpaka 6.
• Kwa kupweteka mumtima motsutsana ndi maziko a dishormonal dystrophy ya minofu yamtima: makapisozi - 0,25 g kawiri pa tsiku. Mankhwalawa amatha masiku 12.
• Kwa kuzungulira kwa bongo muubongo gawo: yankho - 5 ml kamodzi kwa masiku 10, kenako makapisozi - kuyambira 0,5 mpaka 1 g patsiku. Njira yochizira imatenga milungu 4 mpaka 6.
• Pankhani ya ngozi ya cerebrovascular yoopsa: makapisozi - 0,5 mpaka 1 g kwa milungu 6. Ngati ndi kotheka, dokotalayo angadziwike maphunziro obwereza kawiri kapena katatu pachaka.
• Mu matenda a retina: parabulbar njira (jekeseni m'munsi chikope) - 0,5 ml ya mankhwalawa kwa masiku 10.
• Kwa kuchuluka kwa m'maganizo ndi kwakuthupi: 1 g mu maola 24 (0.25 kanayi kapena 0,5 kawiri) kwa masiku 10 mpaka 14. Njira yachiwiri ndiyotheka mu masabata awiri ndi atatu.
• Osakhalitsa kudalira mowa: makapisozi - 0,5 g kanayi, yankho - 5 ml kawiri. Njira yochizira imatenga masiku 7 mpaka 10.

Mlingo womaliza umatsimikiziridwa ndi dokotala kwa wodwala aliyense payekhapayekha.

Njira zopewera kupewa ngozi

Meldonium imatsutsana mu milandu yotsatirayi:

• Kusagwirizana ndi zigawo za mankhwala.
• Kuphatikiza kwamphamvu kwa intracranial pamsika wa kudulika (kuphwanya kwa venous outflow) kwa ubongo kapena neoplasms mkati mwa cranium.

Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwalawo amaletsedwa kwa amayi apakati komanso oyembekezera.

Ngati mumakonda mopitirira muyeso, mwayi wazovuta umakulirapo:

• kupweteka kwa palpitations, ochepa hypotension,
• kuvutika kwamanjenje, mavuto ogona,
• nseru, kupuma, kusanza,
• matupi awo sagwirizana, angioedema.

Chifukwa chake, Meldonium ndi mankhwala othandiza omwe amasintha njira ya matenda a shuga a 2 komanso matenda ena owopsa. Mankhwala amatengedwa m'maphunziro kuti abwezeretsenso magwiridwe antchito a mtima. Mankhwalawa amatengedwa pokhapokha pazamankhwala, chithandizo chodziyimira pawokha chimawopseza ndi zotsatira zowopsa.

Zisonyezero zogwiritsidwa ntchito:

Monga othandizira othandizira, imagwiritsidwa ntchito povuta pa matenda a sclerosis of coronary (mtima) ndi ziwiya zotumphukira, mitsempha yamitsempha, shuga ya angiopathy (mkhutu wamitsempha yamagazi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga wamagazi) ndi retinopathy (kusawonongeka kwa kutupa kwa retina), matenda osiyanasiyana limodzi ndi hyperlipidemia (okwera magazi lipids), kuphatikiza hyperlipidemia yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa uric acid m'madzi am'magazi.

Pa prophylaxis, clofibrate imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mabanja a hypercholesterolemia (cholowa chamagulu a cholesterol metabolism), hyperlipidemia ndi triglyceridemia (triglyceridemia (high triglycerides m'magazi), idiopathic (chifukwa chosadziwika) m'munsi LDL (low lowens lipoproteins).

Zochitika:

Mafuta am'mimba (nseru, kusanza), kuyabwa pakhungu, urticaria, kupweteka kwa minofu, kufooka kwa minofu (nthawi zambiri m'miyendo), kulemera chifukwa chosungidwa ndi madzi mthupi ndikotheka. Akamaliza kumwa mankhwalawa, zinthu izi nthawi zambiri zimazimiririka.

Pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali ya clofibrate, intrahepatic cholestasis (kusayenda kwa ndulu) imatha kuyamba, ndipo matendawa amatha kuchuluka. Pogwiritsa ntchito clofibrate, kupanga miyala mu ndulu ndi ma ducts a bile kunawonedwa (mogwirizana ndi momwe mankhwalawa sanagwiritsidwenso ntchito m'maiko ena).

Clofibrate imawonjezera zotsatira za coumarin anticoagulants, butadiene, salicylates, mankhwala opatsirana a antiidiabetes. Clofibrate iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga mosamala kuti apewe hypoglycemia (kutsitsa shuga wamagazi).

Malo osungira:

Pamalo abwino.

Mgwirizano: Atromidine, Clofibrate, Lipomid, Miskleron, Acolestol, Amadol, Amotil, Dnt Philippines , Lysisterol, Neo-Atromide, Nibratol, Normolipol, Regelan, Fibramide.

Kukonzekera kofananako:

Atorvacor (Atorvacor) Vazoklin (Vasocleen) Tulip (Tulip) Livostor (Livostor) Storvas

Sanapeze zomwe mukufuna?
Malangizo onse amomwe mankhwalawa amatha kuphatikizidwa pano:

Madokotala okondedwa!

Ngati mukumva kuperekera mankhwala kwa odwala anu - gawani zotsatira (kusiya ndemanga)! Kodi mankhwalawa adathandizira wodwala, kodi panali zotsatirapo zilizonse zomwe zimachitika panthawi ya chithandizo? Zomwe mukuwona zidzakhala zosangalatsa kwa anzanu komanso odwala.

Okondedwa odwala!

Ngati mankhwalawa adakulangizani inu ndipo mwalandira chithandizo chamankhwala, ndiwuzeni ngati chinali chothandiza (ngakhale chinathandizapo), ngakhale panali zovuta, zomwe mumakonda / zomwe simunazikonde. Anthu zikwizikwi akufuna kuyang'ana pa intaneti zamankhwala osiyanasiyana. Koma ochepa okha ndi omwe amawasiya. Ngati inu panokha simusiya ndemanga pamutuwu - ena onse sangakhale ndi zomwe angawerenge.

Neuromidine

Kufotokozera kogwirizana ndi 11.04.2014

• Dzina lachi Latin: Ip>

Piritsi limodzi lili: 0,2 ipidacrine hydrochloride + okonda (wowuma, calcium wowonda, lactose monohydrate).

Mphekesera imodzi imakhala ndi yogwira ntchito (ipidacrine hydrochloride) 0,05 kapena 0,15 + zotulutsa (madzi a jekeseni).

Pharmacodynamics ndi pharmacokinetics

Neuromidine ndi blocker njira za calcium ndikuchepetsa zomwe zili potaziyamu, motero, kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa calcium m'maselo a mitsempha. Komanso, mankhwalawa amaletsa kuwonekera cholineterase mu mitsempha ndi minyewa. Chifukwa cha njira ziwiri izi, kuchuluka kwa oyimira pakatimonga serotonin, adrenaline,oxetocinhistaminem'maselo. Ntchito nsanamira maselo adakweza, oyimira pakati amatha kudutsa mosavuta kulowa nembanemba maselo. Mankhwalawa amateteza njira kufala kwa mitsempha kudzera mu minofu.

Mwa munthu amene amafinya mankhwalawo, kamvekedwe kamawonjezeka minofu yosalalazikubwezeretsedwa kulumikizana mu ulusi wamitsempha, njira yoloweza imathandizidwa.

Mukamwa mankhwalawo, amangiriza agologolo m'magazi ndipo amalowa mwachangu ziwalo zomwe mukufuna. Mankhwala amakhala ndi chiwindi. Kuzindikira kwambiri m'magazi ndi pambuyo pa mphindi 30. Amamuchotsa m'thupi kudzera mu njira yowonekera - kudzera mu impso ndi mkodzo komanso kudzera m'mimba.

Bongo

Ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kumachepa kudya, kusanza, mseru, matenda am'mimba, bronchospasmzotupa zamtima (tachycardia, bradycardia) kutsitsidwa HERE kumverera kwa mantha kukokana,jaundicekufooka wamba. Chithandizo cha Zizindikiro, gwiritsani ntchito Atropine kapena Cyclodol.

Kuchita

Zotsatira za kupsinjika kwa CNS zimalimbikitsidwa zikagwiritsidwa ntchito sedative. Zotsatira zoyipa zimachuluka Mowa ndi ena anticholinesteraseamatanthauza. Kuchita kumafooka opaleshoni. Mankhwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi nootropics.

Mafunso, mayankho, ndemanga pa mankhwala Atromid-C

Zomwe zimaperekedwa zimakonzekera akatswiri azamankhwala komanso zamankhwala. Chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza mankhwalawa chili m'malangizo omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi zomwe amapanga ndi wopanga. Palibe chidziwitso chomwe chatumizidwa patsamba lino kapena tsamba lililonse la tsamba lathu chomwe chingagwire ntchito ngati cholowa m'malo mwapadera kwa katswiri.