Kusiyana pakati pa insulin ndi glucagon

Glucagon ndi insulin ndi mahomoni apancreatic. Ntchito yamahomoni onse ndikuwongolera kagayidwe kachakudya mthupi. Ntchito yayikulu ya insulin ndi glucagon ndikupatsanso thupi mphamvu zamagetsi pambuyo pa chakudya komanso panthawi yosala kudya. Mukatha kudya, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti glucose amatuluka mumaselo ndikusungidwa kwa owonjezera. Mukasala kudya - kuchotsa glucose m'masungidwe (glycogen) kapena kuphatikiza kapena gawo lina lamphamvu.

Amakhulupilira kuti insulin ndi glucagon zimaphwanya chakudya. Izi sizowona. Milandu imaphwanya zinthu. Ma Horone amawongolera njirazi.

Kaphatikizidwe wa glucagon ndi insulin

Mahomoni amapangidwa m'matumbo a endocrine. Insulin ndi glucagon - mu kapamba: insulini mu β-maselo, glucagon - m'magulu a maselo a Langerhans. Ma hormone onsewa ndi mapuloteni m'chilengedwe ndipo amapangidwa kuchokera kwa asayansi. Insulin ndi glucagon amatulutsidwa mosiyanasiyana: insulin ya hyperglycemia, glucagon ya hypoglycemia. Hafu ya moyo wa insulin ndi mphindi 3-4, kutulutsa kwake kosiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana kumatsimikizira kusungidwa kwa shuga m'magazi mkati mwa malire.

Zotsatira za insulin

Insulin imayendetsa kagayidwe, makamaka shuga. Zimakhudza ma membrane ndi njira za intracellular.

Membrane zotsatira za insulin:

• imalimbikitsa mayendedwe a shuga ndi ma monosaccharides ena angapo,
• imathandizira kuyendetsa ma amino acid (makamaka arginine),
• imalimbikitsa mayendedwe amafuta acid,
• imapangitsa kuyamwa kwa potaziyamu ndi ion ya magnesium ndi khungu.

Insulin ili ndi zotsatirapo zina:

• imalimbikitsa kapangidwe ka DNA ndi RNA,
• kumapangitsa kaphatikizidwe wa mapuloteni,
• imawonjezera kukondoweza kwa enzyme glycogen synthase (imapereka kaphatikizidwe ka glycogen ku glucose - glycogeneis),
• imalimbikitsa glucokinase (enzyme yomwe imalimbikitsa kutembenuka kwa glucose kukhala glycogen mikhalidwe ya kuchuluka kwake),
• amalepheretsa shuga-6-phosphatase (ma enzyme omwe amathandizira kusintha kwa glucose-6-phosphate kuti akhale ndi shuga komanso, motero, amawonjezera shuga m'magazi),
• amamutsutsa lipojiais,
• linalake ndipo tikulephera lipolysis (chifukwa chophatikizika ndi kapangidwe ka cAMP),
• imadzetsa kaphatikizidwe wamafuta acid,
• imayendetsa Na + / K + -ATPase.

Udindo wa insulini potengera shuga kumaselo

Glucose amalowa m'maselo pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni apadera opatsirana (GLUT). Ma GLUT ambiri ali ndi maselo osiyanasiyana. Pazimba za mafupa am'matumbo ndi mtima, minyewa ya adipose, maselo oyera am'magazi, ndi a reort cortex, othandizira odalira a insulin a GLUT4. The insulin onyamula mu nembanemba a chapakati mantha dongosolo ndi chiwindi maselo si odziimira payokha, kotero, kuperekera kwa glucose ku maselo a izi zimakhala zimangotengera kukhazikika kwake m'magazi. Glucose amalowa m'maselo a impso, matumbo, ndi maselo ofiira amwazi popanda kunyamula konse, mwa kungoyambitsa. Chifukwa chake, insulin ndiyofunikira kuti glucose alowe m'maselo a adipose minofu, minofu yamatumbo ndi minofu yamtima. Ndikusowa kwa insulini, shuga wocheperako ndi amene amapezeka m'maselo a minofu iyi, osakwanira kuti azitsimikizira kufunika kwa metabolic, ngakhale atakhala kuti ali ndi glucose yambiri m'magazi (hyperglycemia).

Udindo wa insulini mu shuga kagayidwe

Insulin imalimbikitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa shuga, kuphatikiza njira zingapo.

1. Kuchulukitsa kwa glycogen synthase mu maselo a chiwindi, kulimbikitsa kaphatikizidwe ka glycogen kuchokera kutsalira la glucose.
2. Kuchulukitsa kwa glucokinase m'chiwindi, kumalimbikitsa phosphorylation ya glucose-6-phosphate, yomwe "imatseka" glucose mu cell, chifukwa sangathe kudutsa nembanemba kuchokera mu cell kupita malo ophatikizana.
3. Imalepheretsa chiwindi phosphatase, kuyambitsa kusinthika kwa glucose-6-phosphate kumasula shuga.

Njira zonsezi zimathandizira kuyamwa kwa glucose ndi maselo a zotumphukira komanso kuchepa kwa kapangidwe kake, komwe kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa glucose kwakukulu ndi maselo kumasunga nkhokwe zina zamkati mphamvu - mafuta ndi mapuloteni.

Udindo wa insulin mu kagayidwe kazakudya

Insulin imapangitsa kuti ma amino acid azikhala ndi ma cell am'magazi komanso kuphatikiza mapuloteni mkati mwake. Mapulogalamu a Protein amalimbikitsidwa m'njira ziwiri:

• chifukwa cha activation ya mRNA,
• pakukulitsa kutuluka kwa ma amino acid mu cell.

Kuphatikiza apo, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kuchuluka kwa glucose monga gawo lapansi lamagetsi kumachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni mmenemo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapuloteni awonjezeke. Chifukwa cha izi, insulin imakhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe kakulidwe ndi kukula kwa thupi.

Udindo wa insulin mu mafuta kagayidwe

Membrane ndi intracellular zotsatira za insulin zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa malo ogulitsa mafuta mu minofu ya adipose ndi chiwindi.

1. Insulin imalowerera mkati mwa glucose m'maselo a adipose minofu ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yake ya okosijeni mkati mwake.
2. Imalimbikitsa mapangidwe a lipoprotein lipase mu maselo a endothelial. Lipase yamtunduwu imapatsa hydrolysis ya triacylglycerols yogwirizana ndi lipoprotein yamagazi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mafuta omwe amapezeka m'maselo a adipose minofu.
3. Imalepheretsa intracellular lipoprotein lipase, motero, imalepheretsa lipolysis m'maselo.

Maselo a insulin:

Insulin imapangidwa ndi amino acid ndipo imakhala ndi maunyolo awiri, omwe amatchedwa unyolo A ndi B-chain, omwe amalumikizidwa palimodzi pogwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu za sulfure. Insulin imapangidwa kuchokera ku hormone ya insulin yomwe ilidi ndi ma amino acid atatu. Ma enzyme amasintha timadzi tating'onoting'ono m'njira yoti ma cell A ndi B okha azitsalira popanga insulin.

Choyimira chobisalira:

Insulin katulutsidwe amayamba chifukwa cha shuga wambiri (hyperglycemia) m'magazi ochepa. Mitundu ina yamafuta acids, ma keto acids, ndi ma amino acid amathanso kubweretsa katulutsidwe ka insulin. Momwe kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumachepera, kuchuluka kwa insulini kumatsika, kuonetsetsa kuti insulini sikubisikanso kuposa momwe iyenera.

Zotsatira za kubisidwa:

Insulin imakhudza mayamwidwe a glucose mu adipose minofu (adipose minofu) komanso imathandizira kuyamwa kwa mafuta acids. Insulin imathandizanso kuyamwa kwa shuga m'magazi ndi minofu. Mu minofu yam'mimba komanso minyewa ya chiwindi, shuga amasandulika kukhala glycogen pa glycogeneis. Glycogen ndi momwe glucose amasungidwira m'thupi la munthu. Insulin imaletsa kuwonongeka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi ndikuletsa kupangika ndi kutulutsidwa kwa glucose m'magazi. Insulin kwenikweni imayambitsa kuyamwa kwa glucose m'misempha ndipo, motero, imayambitsa kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi.

Matenda a shuga ndi matenda omwe mumakhala mavuto omwe amabwera ndi insulin. Mtundu woyamba wa shuga, insulin siyimasulidwa, ndipo mu mtundu 2 wa shuga, insulin siyimasulidwa, koma maselo samayankhanso insulin. Anthu odwala matenda ashuga angafunike kutenga jakisoni wa insulini kuti athe kulipira kuchepa kwa insulin.

Ntchito za Glucagon

Glucagon imakhudza chakudya chamthupi, mapuloteni komanso metabolism yamafuta. Titha kunena kuti glucagon ndi mdani wa insulini potengera zotsatira zake. Zotsatira zazikulu za glucagon ndikuwonjezereka kwa ndende yamagazi. Ndi glucagon yomwe imatsimikizira kukonzanso kwa gawo lamagetsi ofunikira - shuga, mapuloteni ndi mafuta m'magazi posala kudya.

1. Udindo wa glucagon mu chakudya cha metabolism.

Amapereka kapangidwe ka shuga ndi:

• kuchuluka kwa glycogenolysis (kuwonongeka kwa glycogen mpaka glucose) m'chiwindi,
• kulimbitsa kwa gluconeogenesis (kaphatikizidwe wa glucose kuchokera kwa omwe sanapangidwe ndi carbohydrate precursors) pachiwindi.

2. Udindo wa glucagon mu metabolism ya protein.

Mahomoni amalimbikitsa kayendedwe ka glucagon amino acid ku chiwindi, komwe kumapangitsa maselo a chiwindi:

• mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe
• shuga kaphatikizidwe kwa amino acid - gluconeogeneis.

3. Udindo wa glucagon mu metabolism yamafuta.

Homoni imayambitsa lipase mu minofu ya adipose, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwamafuta acid ndi glycerin m'magazi. Izi zimabweretsanso kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi:

• glycerin ngati pre -or yopanda carbohydrate imaphatikizidwa ndi gluconeogenesis - kaphatikizidwe ka shuga,
• mafuta acids amasinthidwa kukhala matupi a ketone, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma substrates a mphamvu, omwe amasunga mphamvu zama glucose.

Kodi insulin ndi glucagon ndi chiani?

Hemeni wa insulin ndi mapuloteni. Amapangidwa ndi ma cell a gland, amaonedwa ngati woyamba pakati pamahomoni a anabolic.

Glucagon ndi okana polypeptide mahomoni okonda insulin. Amapangidwa ndi ma cell a kapamba ndipo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri - imayendetsa mphamvu zamagetsi pamene thupi limafunikira kwambiri. Ili ndi mphamvu ya catabolic.

Ubwenzi wa insulin ndi glucagon

Ma hormone onse amabisika ndi kapamba kuti azitha kuyendetsa kagayidwe. Izi ndi mawonekedwe:

• Yankhani mwachangu kusintha kwamankhwala a shuga, insulini imapangidwa ndikuwonjezereka, ndipo glucagon - ndi kuchepa,
• zinthu zimagwira nawo lipid kagayidwe: insulin imalimbikitsa, ndipo glucagon imawonongeka, ndikusintha mafuta kukhala mphamvu,
• nawo mapuloteni kagayidwe: glucagon amalepheretsa mayamwidwe amino acid ndi thupi, ndipo insulin imathandizira kaphatikizidwe kazinthu.

Zikondazo zimapangitsanso mahomoni ena, koma kuperewera kwa zinthuzi kumawonekera nthawi zambiri.

Tebulo limawonetsa bwino mbali zomwe zimatsutsana pakuwongolera kwa kagayidwe kazinthu ka mahomoni.

Chiwerengero cha mahomoni m'thupi

Kutenga nawo gawo mu metabolism ya mahomoni onse awiri ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamlingo wolimba womwe umapezeka chifukwa cha kupanga ndi kuwotcha zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kuchita kwa mahomoni kumatchedwa insulin glucagon index. Imaperekedwa kuzinthu zonse ndipo zikutanthauza kuti thupi lidzalandira zotsatira zake - mphamvu kapena mafuta osungira.

Ngati chisonyezo chili chotsika (chokhala ndi glucagon), ndiye ndikusweka kwa magawo a chakudya, ambiri amapita kukabwezeranso mphamvu zamagetsi. Ngati chakudya chimalimbikitsa kupanga insulin, ndiye kuti izikhala m'mafuta.

Ngati munthu agwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira mapuloteni kapena ma carbohydrate, ndiye kuti izi zimapangitsa kutsika kwazomwezo. Zotsatira zake, zovuta za metabolic zimayamba.

Zakudya zamafuta osiyanasiyana zimawonongeka:

• zosavuta (shuga, ufa woyengeka) - kulowa mkatikati mwa magazi ndikupangitsa kuti insulini ituluke.
• zovuta (ufa wonse wa chimanga, chimanga) - pang'onopang'ono uonjezere insulin.

Glycemic index (GI) - kuthekera kwa zinthu kuti zichititse shuga. Mokulira mlozo, akamakulirakulira mphamvu. Zogulitsa zomwe zili ndi GI ya 35-40 sizimayambitsa masipidwe mwadzidzidzi mu shuga.

Pankhani yakusokonekera kwa metabolic, zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi index yayikulu kwambiri ya GI sizimachotsedwa muzakudya: shuga, makeke, Zakudyazi za mpunga, uchi, mbatata zophika, kaloti owiritsa, mapira, mapala am chimanga, mphesa, nthochi, semolina.

Chifukwa chiyani kusamala kwa insulin ndi glucagon ndikofunikira?

Zochita za glucagon ndi insulin zimagwirizana kwambiri, zimangokhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kagayidwe kazakudya, mapuloteni ndi chakudya chamagulu amakhalanso abwinobwino. Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zakunja ndi zamkati - matenda, cholowa, kupsinjika, zopatsa thanzi komanso zachilengedwe - mawonekedwe omwewo akhoza kusintha.

Kuperewera kwa insulin ndi glucagon kumawonetsedwa ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• njala yayikulu, ngakhale munthu adya ola lapitalo,
• kusinthasintha kwa magazi m'magazi - kenako amachepetsa, koma kumawonjezeranso.
• misa yamisempha imachepetsedwa
• Kusintha kumakhala kosintha - kuchokera pakukwerera mpaka kukhala wopanda chidwi masana,
• munthu akulemera - m'chiuno, mikono, m'mimba.

Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi njira yabwino yothanirana ndikuchotsa kunenepa kwambiri. Ngati vuto likupitilira kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti munthu ali ndi matenda:

• matenda ashuga
• zolakwika zamanjenje,
• kuchepa kwa ntchito yaubongo,
• matenda amtima
• kunenepa kwambiri ndi vuto lakudya,
• mavuto a shuga
• kapamba
• atherosclerosis, hyperlipoproteinemia,
• kagayidwe kazakudya ndi minyewa ya misempha.

Ngati vuto la kusungunuka kwa maganizidwe likukayikiridwa, kuyezetsa magazi kumachitika, ndipo endocrinologist amakambirana.

Ntchito za insulin ndi glucagon ndizosiyana, koma zosasinthika. Ngati hormone imodzi imasiya kupangidwa momwe iyenera kukhalira, ndiye kuti magwiridwe antchito achiwiriwo amavutika. Kuchotsa msanga kwa vuto la mahomoni ndi mankhwala, mankhwala wowerengeka ndi zakudya ndiye njira yokhayo yotetezera matenda.

Ubwenzi wa mahormone

Insulin ndi glucagon ndizolumikizana mosagwirizana. Ntchito yawo ndikuwunikira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Glucagon imapereka kuwonjezeka kwake, insulini - kuchepa. Amagwira ntchito yosiyana. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti insulin ipange ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, glucagon - kuchepa. Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga insulin kumalepheretsa kubisalira kwa glucagon.

Ngati kuphatikiza kwa imodzi mwazinthuzi mwa mahinji kusokoneza, enawo amayamba kugwira ntchito molakwika. Mwachitsanzo, mu shuga mellitus, kuchuluka kwa insulini m'magazi kumakhala kochepa, mphamvu ya insulini m'magazi imafooka, chifukwa, kuchuluka kwa glucagon m'magazi kumakhala kokwanira kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, zomwe zimadziwika ndi izi.

Zolakwika mu zakudya zimapangitsa kuti mahomoni asakhale olondola, kuchuluka kwake kolakwika. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kwa zakudya zamapuloteni kumapangitsa kuti pakhale shuga wambiri, komanso zovuta zopatsa mphamvu - insulin. Kuwoneka kwa kusalinganika pamlingo wa insulin ndi glucagon kumabweretsa kukula kwa pathologies.