Kukhudza kosankha ndi Ultra glucometer kusiyana ndi kusiyana kotani

Kwa zaka zambiri osalimbana ndi ma DIABETES?

Mutu wa Bungwe: “Mudzadabwitsidwa kuti kumakhala kovuta motani kuchiritsa matenda a shuga tsiku lililonse.

Choboola chokha chokhala ndi zotenga zitha kutayika ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira zitsanzo za magazi pakayesa shuga kunyumba. Mtengo uliwonse uli ndi mawonekedwe ake pankhaniyi, ndipo OneTouch imasiyana. Nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kutenga miyezo ya matenda ashuga, mtengo wazakudya ndi nkhani yofunikira ku bajeti yake, ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse nkhaniyi.

Kutanthauzira kwa OneTouch Auto punuction

Cholembera cha OneTouch chimapangidwira makamaka kuti mutenge magazi a capillary ndi mita ya dzina lomweli. Kugwiritsa ntchito phukusili limodzi ndi mipiringidzo ya kukhudza kwa van ndikusankha glucometer kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwunika kosavomerezeka komanso kopweteka.

Mwa zabwino za OneTouch auto punicationr:

  • Kusintha kwakuya kwakuwukira. Chipangizocho chili ndi chowongolera chomwe chimakulolani kuti musinthe chizindikirochi kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 9, kutengera mawonekedwe a khungu.
  • Chowonjezera chowonjezera chowerengera magazi kuchokera kwina.
  • Kutulutsa kosafunikira kwa zoyipa zotayika.

Nthawi zina, zizindikiro za mita mutatenga zinthu zachilengedwe kuchokera ku zala zimasiyana ndi miyeso m'dera la malo ena. Nthawi zambiri, kusiyana kwakukulu kumawonedwa ndikusintha kowopsa m'magazi a glucose mutatha kudya zakudya zam'mimba, kumatula mlingo wa insulin, komanso katundu wolemera wa minofu. Ngati biomaterial imachotsedwa chala, zotulukapo zimathamanga kuposa kuchokera pamphumi kapena madera ena. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka mikhalidwe ya hypoglycemic.

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito masitampu a magazi a OneTouch

Zotsatira zoyesera kwambiri zimapezeka poyesa kudya magazi (shuga othamanga) kapena maola awiri mutatha kudya (shuga ya postprandial). Ndi kutengeka mtima, thupi, kusowa tulo, kuchuluka kwa shuga kumathanso kusintha.

Momwe mungapezere zotsatsa kuchokera pa chala:

  1. Ikani OneTouch Scarifier. Chotsani thumba lamtambo kuchokera kubowo lamagalimoto mwakusinthira kuzungulira. Singano iyenera kuyikidwamo, ndikuikankhira mbali yonseyo mpaka kuyimba. Kugulitsani cholumikizira sikumalimbikitsa.
  2. Kusintha mozama. Ndi kayendedwe kosunthika, ndikofunikira kuchotsa mutu woteteza kuchotsekerako ndi kulocha kapu yoboola auto. Sikoyenera kutaya mutu woteteza; ndikuthandizabe mukataya singano. Potembenuza cap ikubowola, mutha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwakukhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a khungu m'dera loyang'anira. Mulingo wocheperako (1-2) ndi woyenera pakhungu loonda la khanda, mulingo wocheperako (3-5) ndi wa m'manja wamba ndipo kutalika kwake (6-9) ndi wa zala zovunda zosafunikira.
  3. Kukonzekera zopumira. Wolocha choyambacho ayenera kukokedwa njira yonse. Ngati sigululi silikumveka, ndiye kuti chipangizocho chakonzedwa kale pa gawo la kukhazikitsa cholakwika.
  4. Kuchita pakhungu. Konzani manja anu powasambitsa ndimadzi ofunda a sokisi ndikumayimitsa ndi tsitsi kapena louma mwachilengedwe. Sankhani tsamba kuti lisanthule, pang'ono pang'ono. Phatikizani chogwirizira pamalopo ndikutulutsa batani. Ndondomekoyo imakhala yopweteka komanso yotetezeka ngati mungasinthe malondawo komanso malo omwe akupangidwaku munthawi yake.
  5. Kutaya koyipa. Mu mtundu uwu, lancet yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imachotsedwa limodzi ndi mutu woteteza. Kuti muchite izi, chotsani nsonga, ikani singano mu disk ndikusindikiza pansi. Chotsani anthu ocheperako pang'ono ndikuyenda kutali ndi inu. Pambuyo posunthira thumba lodumphira patsogolo, singano imasunthira m'mbuna zotayidwa. Pamapeto pa njirayi, woperekera chakudyacho amakhala pakati. Msonga wakuboola wokha umayikidwa.

Kuyeza kwa magazi kuli pafupi

Nthawi zina kuvulala kwa chala kosasunthika ndikosayenera kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kwa oimba. Makonzedwe athunthu a chipangizocho amalola kuyezetsa magazi osati chala chokha, komanso kuchokera pamphumi, minofu yofewa yamanja. Mwambiri, algorithm ndi yofanana, koma mphuno yapadera imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepa.

  1. Kupangira nsonga. Mukakonza chofiyacho, ndikofunikira kubwezeretsa kapu ya buluu yodziyimira nokha ndi yowonekera, yopangidwira sampuli yamagazi pamphumi kapena mkono. Ngati ndi kotheka, kuya kwakukhudzanso kungasinthidwe.
  2. Kusankhidwa kwa gawo loukira. Sankhani minofu yofewa padzanja, popewa kulumikizana, mbali zomata ndi ulalo wamitsempha.
  3. Malo olimbitsa. Kupititsa patsogolo magazi, mutha kuthira kutentha pamalo osankhidwa kapena kupukutira pang'onopang'ono.
  4. Kuchita njira yopumira. Kanikizirani chogwirizira mwamphamvu mpaka pamalo osankhidwa mpaka khungu limakhala pansi pa kapu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo dinani batani lotseka. Mwanjira imeneyi, magazi amawonjezedwa m'malo opumira.
  5. Yembekezerani dontho la magazi kuti lipange pansi pa cholembera chowonekera. Ndizosatheka kukakamiza zochitika, chifukwa kuchokera pakukakamiza mwamphamvu magazi amafesedwa ndi ma hydellular fluid, kupotoza pazotsatira. Dontho loyamba limachotsedwa nthawi zonse. Kuwunikanso mlingo wachiwiri kumakhala koyenera. Ngati dontho lafufutidwa kapena magazi afalikira, salinso oyeneranso kuwunika.
  6. Kugwiritsa ntchito dontho. Mukachotsa cholembera, muyenera kukhudza dontho mpaka dontho ndikumaliza kwa strip yoyeserera mpaka itangosunthira kumalo a mankhwalawo. Ngati izi sizingachitike mkati mwa mphindi zitatu, chipangizocho chimangozimitsa. Kuti mubweretse ntchito, muyenera kuchotsa mzere woyeserera ndikuyambiranso.

Kusamalira Galimoto

Mfundo yake sikuti singano za VanTouch Select glucometer yogwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza sizikhala zakuthwa kwambiri, ndipo kupumula kumakhala kowawa. Pambuyo pa kusanthula, magazi amatsalira pamiyendo - malo abwino kwambiri opangira tizilomboto. Popewa kutenga matenda, singano ziyenera kutayidwa mu zida zakuthwa munthawi yake, ndipo kuyika kwatsopano kwa silicone kuyenera kutsegulidwa musanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuphatikiza pa ma lancets, woboola auto amafunikanso kusamala. Ngati ndi kotheka, imatha kutsukidwa ndi chithovu cha sopo. Pofuna kupewetsa matendawa, bulach yanyumba imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuipukuta m'madzi muyezo wa 1: 10. Panjira iyi ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse utoto wa gauze ndikupukuta litsiro lonse. Mukatha kupha matendawa, muzimutsuka mbali zonse za mankhwalawo ndi madzi oyera ndikuuma.

Moyo wa alumali waopanga ma lancets Johnson & Johnson uli mkati mwa zaka 5. Zowonjezera zomwe zatha ntchito sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito, ma singano oterewa ayenera kutayidwa. Gwiritsani ntchito zida zaku America zokha ndi Wowonongera m'modzi.

Zovala zam'malo amodzi osankha mita imodzi, mtengo wake umatengera kuchuluka kwa zothetsera: bokosi lililonse lomwe lili ndi ma 25 ma PC. Muyenera kulipira ma ruble 250., kwa ma PC 100. - 700 ma ruble., Kwa 100 lancets kukhudza kukhudza kamodzi - ma ruble 750. Cholemba cha lancet cha lancets van touch chimafuna 750 rubles.

Njira zopewera kupewa ngozi

Ngati pali ngozi yopezeka ndi hypoglycemia (mwachitsanzo, ndi insulin yosasamala, yogwira insulin, zovuta za asymptomatic kapena kuwonongeka kwamayendedwe oyendetsa bwino), ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito zala zanu kuti mupeze kusanthula kwakunyumba, popeza kusanthula kwa magazi koteroko kudzakhala kwachangu komanso kolondola. Pambuyo masekondi 5, mutha kudalira zotsatira. Ngati shuga alumpha pafupipafupi, njirayi imakhalanso yabwino.

Onse oku kuboola okha ndi ma lancets amangochita kuti azigwiritsa ntchito payekhapayekha, ngakhale achibale sayenera kupatsidwira kwa kanthawi, makamaka cholembera chokhala ndi lancet.

Sinthani malo omwe mwapumira ndi muyeso uliwonse wotsatira. Ngati hematomas kapena zotupa zina pakhungu, musagwiritse ntchito malowa kuti mupange machubu atsopano.

One Touch Select magazi a shuga akuwunika pamafunika 1.0 μl. Mwina, mukamayang'ana biomaterial kuchokera kumanja kapena mkono, zidzakhala zofunikira kuti zikuwonjezere kuzama kwa nthawi komanso nthawi yokweza voliyumu yokwanira.

Wowboola wokha ndi zovala zake ayenera kukhala oyera nthawi zonse ndikutentha kanyumba, pogwiritsa ntchito singano yatsopano nthawi iliyonse poyeza.

Musanayambe kuyesa magazi, makamaka kuchokera kwina, funsani kwa endocrinologist.

Kodi mungasankhe bwanji glucometer kunyumba?

  • 1 Mitundu yamagalasi
    • 1.1 gluometeter wa Photometric
    • 1.2 Electrochemical glucometer
  • Mitundu 2 yotchuka ndi opanga
  • 3 Glucometer popanda kukhazikitsa ndi mizere yoyesera
  • 4 Magazi a shuga m'magazi
  • 5 Zingwe za Analyzer
  • Magazi 6 a shuga
  • Zida zolondola kwambiri
  • 8 Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani posankha glucometer?

Pochizira mafupa, owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito DiabeNot bwino. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

Matenda a shuga amafunika kuwunika konseko m'magazi. Pulogalamu ya electrochemical glucometer kapena chipangizo chopangira ma electrochemical chingathandize kuthana ndi ntchitoyo. Mitundu yayikulu yamagalasi imakupatsani mwayi wosankha chida chofunikira kwa wodwala aliyense. Kusankha koyenera ndikofunikira, chifukwa kutonthoza kwa tsiku ndi tsiku komanso moyo wa odwala matenda ashuga kumadalira. Musanapite ku malo ogulitsa mankhwalawa, ndikofunikira kudziwa bwino mitundu ya zida zamankhwala.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya glucometer

Malinga ndi lingaliro la magwiridwe antchito, ma glucometer onse amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri - Photometric ndi electrochemical. Imeneyi ndi glucometer yosavuta kwambiri, ndizosatheka kuyankha mosagwirizana, chifukwa kwa odwala njira zam'nyumba ndizosiyana. Zofunikira za chipangizocho sizimagwedezeka potengera luso komanso mtengo wake. Kwa nyumbayo, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugule osati chida chodula kwambiri, koma molondola kwambiri, zomwe ndizofunikira, makamaka kwa odwala matenda ashuga omwe ali ndi gawo lathanzi la matenda. Mutha kudziwana ndi magawo a chipangizocho poyang'ana ma CD. Samalani kulondola kwa muyeso, wopanga, komanso mwatsatanetsatane monga mtengo wa zothetsera pamtundu wamayeso oyesa. Ndi mtengo wotsika wa chipangizocho komanso mtengo wokwera wa zothetsera, phindu lazachuma kuchokera kugula likhala laling'ono.

Bwererani ku tebulo la zamkati

Photometric Glucometer

Zida zamtunduwu zimatengera kulumikizana kwa shuga wamagazi ndi ma reagents pamizere yoyesedwa ndipo amawonedwa kuti ndi achikale kuti agwiritse ntchito kunyumba. Kuwonongeka kwa glucometer kotereku kumachitika pa magazi a capillary. Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa shuga, njira yopweteka imachitidwa yomwe imayambitsa zovuta zina. Chifukwa chake, odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la jakisoni ndibwino kusankha mtundu wina wa chipangizocho.

Bwererani ku tebulo la zamkati

Electrochemical glucometer

Zolondola kwambiri zimawonedwa ngati ma electrochemical glucometer.

Kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa shuga pogwiritsa ntchito chosanthula ma electrochemical, mudzafunikiranso kuyesa mzere, koma zotsatira za kusanthula pamenepo zidzapezeka chifukwa cha zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano ndi ma reagents a gawo loyesa. Njirayi imapangitsa kuti shuga athe kudziwa zambiri, chifukwa zida zake sizitha kuzindikira zinthu zakunja. Zipangizo zamakono zamagetsi zimapangidwa ndi plasma, zomwe zimakhudza kusanthula ndikupereka zotsatira zolondola kwambiri. Zipangizo zozikidwa pa njira yodziwira zamagetsi ndizodziwika kwambiri, zimawoneka ngati zotsika mtengo ndipo zimadziwika ndi zitsanzo zapamwamba kwambiri.

Chovuta pakuyeza shuga ya magazi sayenera kupitilira 15%. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakuwerengedwa kwa chipangizocho ndikuwunika ma labotale ndi kuyambira pa 5 mpaka 8%.

Bwererani ku tebulo la zamkati

Mitundu yotchuka ndi opanga

Mwa mitundu yambiri ya ma glucometer, mitundu ya ma multimeter omwe ali ndi ntchito yambiri, kuyendera kwamawu ndi chophimba chokhala ndi ziwerengero zazikulu ndizodziwika. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chipangizochi chikhale chofalikira kwa anthu olumala komanso odwala okalamba. Mwa zida zambiri, mtundu wa EasyTouch ndiwotchuka. Chida chosavuta ichi chimazindikira kuchuluka kwa shuga ndi zina zokhudzana ndi magazi: cholesterol ndi hemoglobin. Zodziwika bwino monga zida za mtundu wa Accu Chek: TD-4227A ndi Kukhudza kamodzi. Zipangizo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana izi zimadziwika ndi kugwira ntchito mwachangu komanso kulondola kwakukulu, chifukwa chomwe zimasungidwa pamsika wapamwamba.

Munthu amene saona bwino komanso khungu ndi anthu olumala amafunikira zida zamagetsi. Mtundu wotchuka - Clever Chek. Chipangizocho chimawerengera magawo osanthula ndipo chimakhala ndi zosavuta kuzitsatira. Pali zitsanzo komwe zimayeza mu mawonekedwe akukhudza mabatani amalembedwa ndi braille. Zipangizo zatsopano za akhungu zimangobwera, ndipo sizifunika kukhathamiritsa magazi, ndikusinthidwa kwa mizere yoyeserera kapena makaseti, popeza njirayi imapangitsa kusokonekera kowonjezereka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lowona.

Bwererani ku tebulo la zamkati

Glucometer popanda kukhazikitsa ndi mizere yoyesera

Chida choterechi ndi chothandiza kwa iwo omwe sagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zoyeserera pafupipafupi.

Kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zamagetsi pamagetsi azinthu zamagetsi kumachepetsa kusuntha kwa odwala matenda ashuga, ndichifukwa chake glucometer popanda coding ndiyotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu omwe sangathe kuwerengera nthawi zonse pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe. Coding ndiyosavutikanso chifukwa ngati muyiwala kutsimikizira kachidindo mukakhazikitsa Mzere ndi zidziwitso pazenera la mita ndikuwona zomwe zili phukusi, amalandila kusanthula kolakwika.

Zipangizo zopanda zingwe zoyeserera zimakhala ndi zida zamagudumu zokutira pogwiritsa ntchito tepi yoyera ndi yoyera, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi ukonde nthawi zonse ngati tepi itha, komanso fanizirani kusintha kwa shuga chifukwa cha kusungidwa kosungidwa. Zida zopanda mikwingwirima sizofanana kwenikweni ndi ma analogi omwe amakhala ndi mikwingwirima ndipo ali ndi zofanana pakuyeza kulondola.

Bwererani ku tebulo la zamkati

Magazi a shuga m'magazi

Njira yolera ya odwala ambiri imayambitsa kusasangalala komanso kupweteka. Makamaka njirayi ndi yosasangalatsa kwa ana. Kuthandizira kuthana ndi kukayikira kuyang'anira shuga mu shuga, ma glucometer aposachedwa omwe sanayambike amapangidwa. Njira yowunikira popanda magazi ikufalikira kwambiri. Nkhani yatsopano yotchedwa FreeStyle Libre imapezeka pa intaneti. Chipangizochi chimapukusa magazi popanda kugwiritsa ntchito magazi, chikuwongolera kwathunthu chifukwa cha njira zaposachedwa. Kuwona kwake ndi 11.4%, chomwe ndi chizindikiro chabwino. Mamita amayikidwa paphewa akugwiritsa ntchito yapadera ndipo amakhala okonzeka kulowa ola limodzi.

Chipangizocho chidzakhala chothandiza kwa ana, chifukwa chololedwa kugwiritsa ntchito kuyambira zaka 4. Ndi njira yabwino kwambiri kwa odwala okalamba. Kukhazikitsa pa thupi sikupweteka ndipo kumatenga masekondi 15. Chida chowoneka bwino chogwira ntchito sichigwira zovala ndipo sichikakamiza mayendedwe, sichimapweteketsa nthawi yogwira ntchito. Zambiri zimawerengedwa nthawi zingapo zopanda malire, zomwe zimapatsanso zina zowonjezera, popeza kuti zingwe zamayeso sizifunikanso.

Bwererani ku tebulo la zamkati

Zovala za Analyzer

Chida choterechi ndi chothandiza kwa anthu omwe akukhala ndi moyo wakhama.

Chofunikira kwambiri cha mita ndikukhazikika, kusuntha, kukula ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta m'nyumba. Zabwino kwambiri pamadongosolo awa ndi chida chatsopano cha Japan chomwe chimawoneka ngati chibangili cholimba. Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa glucose m'malongo ndimangodzipangira ndipo kumachitika kumbuyo. Chithunzicho ndichabwino kwa munthu wotsogola. Mitundu iyi ya ma glucometer imagwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwira matenda a laser ndipo safuna kupereka magazi, ndipo safunikira zolemba zina zowonjezera.

Bwererani ku tebulo la zamkati

Madzi a glucose mita

Palibe wodziwika kwambiri ngati chibangiri chamchiwuni ndi glucometer pamaonekedwe a cholembera ndikukhala ndi singano zowonda za Accu-Chek Multiplex. Zabwino kugwiritsa ntchito kunyumba komanso popita. Damu la singano ndi 0,3 mm, singano imasiyanitsidwa ndi tsamba lachitatu, ndipo njira yotsatsira magazi ndi yopweteka. Screen ya chipangizocho imapereka chiwonetsero chachikulu. Mtengo wotsika kwambiri wa chipangizocho ndi gawo lochepera lazolakwika pang'onopang'ono pakupanga chipangizocho. Kugwiritsa ntchito mita ya glucose, magazi amatengedwa kuchokera ku chala, phewa, mwendo, pamimba ndi ziwalo zina za thupi.

Bwererani ku tebulo la zamkati

Zida zolondola kwambiri

Mitundu yamakono yamakono imakupatsani mwayi kuti mupewe shuga panyumba molakwika mpaka 15%. Izi sizabwino kwambiri ngati kuyesa magazi mu labotale, koma kwambiri ndi mafoni mwachangu, chifukwa kusanthula kumangochitika zokha. Kukwera bwino kwa chipangizocho komanso kuthamanga kwa zotsatira zake, zimakhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri.

Chipangizo cha Satellite chimakhala choyenera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zovuta zovuta zamatendawa.

Kuyerekeza glucometer kwa kulondola kumayankhula m'malo amitundu yama electrochemical, komanso zida zamagetsi zatsopano zosasokoneza mawonekedwe a wotchi kapena zomata. Mitundu yofunikira ndiyomwe ili ndi odwala matenda ashuga omwe amafunikira kusanthula kolondola; kuwunika shuga tsiku lililonse, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la matenda ashuga amalimbikitsidwa kuti asankhe mitundu ya panyumba yolakwika yofika 10-13%. Kuchokera pazida zamchipatala zotsika mtengo, tikulimbikitsidwa kugula "Satellite" yaku Russia, "Omelon" kapena "Diaconte".

Bwererani ku tebulo la zamkati

Zoyenera kusankha posankha glucometer?

Mukafuna kudziwa kuti mita ndi yolondola bwanji, samalani pa cholakwika choyeza. Khalidwe ili ndilofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa zowerengera za shuga mu zowerengera zasayansi ndi kuwunika komwe chipangizocho chimachita. Kwa odwala omwe apezeka ndi matenda a shuga a 2 ndipo osalandira insulin, ngakhale kupatuka pang'ono kumabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa. Chifukwa chake, glucometer ya matenda a shuga 2 imadziwika ndi cholakwa chosaposa 10-15%.

Pankhani ya mtundu woyamba wa matenda a shuga komanso vuto lokhala ndi vuto la hypoglycemia, pamafunika kuti kuwerenga kuzikhala kolondola, kolondola pakuwerengedwa kwa chipangizocho kuyenera kukhala kochepa. Kuyeza kwa miyeso sikuyenera kupitirira 5%. Magawo oyerekeza nawonso ndiofunikira, osagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kusanthula, koma okhudza kugwira ntchito kwa chipangizocho:

  • Chakudya. Samalani mtundu wa mabatire omwe chipangizocho chimayendetsedwera ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimapezeka kuti mita "isadulidwe" panthawi yomwe ikugwirizana kwambiri.
  • Kusunga. Poti ndi momwe mungasungire chipangizocho, pa kutentha ndi chinyezi chosavomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi zinthu ziti zakunja zomwe zimawononga zida kapena magawo ake.
  • Malangizo Malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane a chipangizocho, tebulo la zidziwitso, algorithm yobwezeretsanso mizere yoyeserera ndi makaseti m'makoma.

Chizindikiro chofunikira cha mtundu wa mita ndi chophimba, chomwe chimagawidwa pakukhudza kapena LCD, chakuda ndi choyera kapena mtundu. Kwa anthu achikulire komanso opuwala, chinsalu chokhala ndi ziwerengero zazikulu, zomveka ndizofunikira. Ndikofunikira kuti chinsalu chikugonjetsedwa ndi chinyezi komanso shockproof. Mukamasankha chida chogwirizira, musakhale aulesi kuti muone momwe chikuyendera, komanso ngati mawonekedwe oyendetsedwawo alipo.

Kusiya Ndemanga Yanu