Cholesterol ndi amodzi mwa mafutawo, phata limapangidwa ndi chiwindi ndipo ndilofunikira kwambiri pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa ziwalo zonse ndi thupi lonse.

Selo lililonse la thupi lathu limakhala ndi gawo la cholesterol kunja kwa membala.

Mu nyama, piritsi iyi imaperekedwa ngati waid wa steroid yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi magazi. Cholesterol amatanthauza ma alcohols. Ndi mankhwala nomenclature amatchedwa cholesterol. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mayina onsewa.

Izi zimagwira ntchito zingapo:

• imakwirira ulusi wamanjenje
• nawo kagayidwe ka mavitamini sungunuka,
• amatenga nawo mbali popanga vitamini D pakhungu mothandizidwa ndi dzuwa,
• yogwira pophika mahomoni ogonana,
• nawo ntchito yopanga cortisol, aldosterone.

Kwa thupi la munthu, mulingo wabwinobwino wa kupanga cholesterol umakhala ndi chizindikiro cha 3.5 mmol pa lita mpaka 7.7 mmol pa lita. Ngakhale, ngati mumvera malingaliro a akatswiri ochokera ku UK, ndiye kuti chizindikiro chazikulu kuposa 6 mol pa lita imodzi chimaganiziridwa kale kwambiri. Ndi chizindikiro ichi, chiopsezo cha atherosulinotic matenda chikukula. Pafupifupi madokotala onse amagawa zizindikiro - milligram / deciliter kapena millimol / lita, kotero malingaliro ovomerezeka amasiyana:

1. zambiri zosakwana 200 mg / dl,
2. kuposa zabwinobwino - mpaka 239 mg / dl,
3. mkulu - 240 mg / dl,
4. mulingo woyenera kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 6.3 mmol / l,
5. kudya kochulukirapo - kuyambira 6.4 mmol / l,
6. chovomerezeka, koma chokwera - kuyambira 6.5 mpaka 7.7 mmol / l,
7. mulingo wambiri kuposa 7.9 mmol / l.

Mulingo woyenera wa cholesterol wa anthu seramu uyenera kukhala kachulukidwe ka 5 mmol pa lita.

Njira Zodziwika ndi Cholesterol

Mankhwala amakono masiku ano apanga njira zambiri zodziwira mafuta m'thupi.

Chimodzi mwazofufuza, pitani kuchipatala chapafupi.

Ngati mulingo wokwanira upezeka m'thupi, izi zitha kubweretsa mavuto.

Pankhaniyi, kudzipereka palokha ndi koletsedwa.

Njira ndi kutsimikiza:

• Gravimetric
• Titrimetric
• Njira ya fluorimetric imatha kuyeza cholesterol yokhala ndi seramu yaying'ono kwambiri yamagazi,
• Mafuta a chromatographic ndi chromatographic,
• Njira ya colorimetric
• Makulidwe owaza
• Gasi wamadzimadzi amadzimadzi,
• Njira ya polarographic imatha kudziwa bwinobwino serum cholesterol, komanso mfulu,
• Njira yotsitsimutsa. Zimachitika molingana ndi ma algorithm ena.
• Spectrophotometric - zimatengera cholesterol zomwe zili.

Palinso njira ya polarimetric. Njirayi imakhazikitsidwa pamitundu ingapo.

Njira yoyamba ndi Biol Croft. Acetic acid ndi sulfuric acid amagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa chake: pamaso pa cholesterol, yankho limakhala lofiira.

Maganizo achiwiri ndi a Wrigley. Zomwe zimachitika pakulimbana kwa cholesterol ndi yankho lomwe lili ndi methanol ndi sulfuric acid.

Kuthetsa kwachitatu ndi Chugaev, kutengera kuyanjana kwa cholesterol ndi acetyl chloride ndi zinc chloride.

Pamaso pa cholesterol, yankho limakhala lofiira. Zotsatira za Lieberman-Burchard. Nthawi yochita izi, cholesterol imaphatikizidwa mu acidic sing'anga yomwe ilibe madzi.

Zotsatira zake, zolumikizana zolimbitsa thupi ziwiri zimapangidwa. Zotsatira zake ndizophatikizika zovuta za mtundu wa emerald wobiriwira. Izi zimasiyana ndi zina zonse chifukwa sizikhala ndi madontho osatha. Mu medliterature pali gawo lina losiyana la zomwe zimachitika.

Njira yotsiriza ndi momwe Kaliani-Zlatkms-Zach angachitire.

Zotsatira zake zimayenera kuwoneka ngati utoto wofiira wa yankho. Njira yonseyi imachitika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeredwa kwa cholesterol mothandizidwa ndi sulfure ndi acetic acids.

Matenda okhala ndi cholesterol yayikulu yamagazi

High cholesterol imatha kubweretsa matenda osiyanasiyana.

Madokotala amalimbikitsa kutenga kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa magazi kwa cholesterol chaka chilichonse.

Njira iyi imakuthandizani kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwa ma pathologies kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko.

Ngati pali zopatuka kuzinthu zomwe zili mu HDL ndi LDL mthupi, matenda angapo amatha kuchitika, monga:

1. angina pectoris
2. sitiroko
3. myocardial infaration
4. matenda a mtima
5. atherosulinosis ndi zina matenda.

Angina pectoris ndi matenda omwe amadziwika ndi kupweteka kwambiri, kusapeza bwino pachifuwa. Zizindikirozi zimakwiya chifukwa chakuti minofu yamtima sililandira kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi michere pakuchita bwino.

Microstroke, sitiroko. Zimachitika chifukwa chopanga chovala m'magazi chomwe chitha kutseka mtsempha wamagazi womwe uli mu ubongo.

Zotsatira zake, pali kuphwanya kayendedwe ka magazi, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kufa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa maselo m'dera linalake la ubongo.

Myocardial infarction ndi matenda omwe amapanga pamene magazi azitsekedwe za minofu ya mtima atatsekedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njala yofunikira. Nthawi zambiri, izi zimakhumudwitsidwa chifukwa cha kupangidwe kwa thrombus komwe kumayambira m'mitsempha yama coronary. Izi zitha kubweretsa kufa pang'ono kwa minofu ya mtima.

Atherosulinosis Izi matenda ndi amitundu angapo.

Atherosulinosis yokhala m'munsi, mitsempha ya mtima, chiwindi, impso, m'mimba ndi ziwalo zina zimadzipatula. Zimachitika chifukwa cha mapangidwe a atherosulinotic malo, omwe amapezeka muzombo zamagazi. Zimaletsa kapena kutsekereza magazi, zomwe zimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa magazi. Kukula kwa matendawo kungayambitse zotsatira zoyipa.

Chifukwa chake, pozindikira zakuphwanya koyambirira, muyenera kulumikizana ndi akatswiri kuti muchepetse mapangidwe.

Amayambitsa ndi Zizindikiro za Cholesterol Akulu

Pali zizindikiro zambiri zosiyana siyana zomwe umatha kudziwa pawokha kuti pali cholesterol yayikulu m'magazi.

Katswiri odziwa ntchito amasankha izi popanda kufufuza. Ndikosavuta kudziwa kukhalapo kwa kuchuluka kowonjezera mwa kukhalapo kwa thupi la zonyansa zantchito.

Kwa cholesterol yayikulu, wodwalayo ali ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• Maonekedwe achikasu akhungu pakhungu, makamaka kuzungulira maso. Chizindikiro ichi chili ndi dzina lachipatala - xanthoma. Nthawi zambiri, izi zimatha kufalitsidwa ndi cholowa.
• Maonekedwe a ululu womwe umatuluka m'miyendo mukamachita zolimbitsa thupi. Zizindikiro zimayamba chifukwa chakuchepetsa kwamitsempha yamagazi yomwe imapereka magazi ku miyendo.
• Kupezeka kwa angina pectoris chifukwa cha kupendekeka kwa mitsempha ya mtima.
• Mapangidwe mini sitiroko, chifukwa cha mapangidwe magazi kuwundana ndi chotumphukira chotengera.
• Kukula kwa kulephera kwa mtima, kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa mpweya ndi michere.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cholesterol yamagazi imakweze imagawidwa m'magulu awiri, osinthika komanso osasinthika.

Chochititsa chachikulu chomwe chikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yamagazi ndichakudya chopanda thanzi komanso moyo wopanda thanzi. Kuphatikiza apo, chizindikiro ichi chikhoza kukhudzidwa ndi mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe.

Zinthu zosasintha zimaphatikizapo zaka komanso chibadwidwe chamtundu wamtundu kuti pakhale cholesterol yambiri.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kukwera kwa cholesterol ndi:

1. Zizolowezi zoipa. Kusuta ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa kungayambitse kudalira mowa, monga lamulo, zidakwa zonse zimakhala ndi LDL yayikulu, ndipo mulingo wa HDL umatsitsidwa.
2. Kulemera kwambiri. Gulu la anthu omwe akudwala mapaundi owonjezera kapena kunenepa kwambiri ali ndi LDL yayikulu. Izi ndizofala kuposa anthu wamba onenepa.
3. Moyo wosasintha. Kuti mukhale ndi cholesterol yokhazikika, muyenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi m'mawa tsiku lililonse kwa mphindi 20. Ngati ndi kotheka, ndikulimbikitsidwa kupita ku malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi ophunzitsa, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndikukwera njinga kamodzi pa sabata. Iwo omwe alibe mwayi woterewu amatha kulowa osagwirizana ndi ola limodzi. Sikulimbikitsidwa kukhala moyo wongokhala.

Kuphatikiza apo, zoyambitsa zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi. Zakudya zina zimakhala ndi cholesterol yambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mazira, impso. Kuti mupewe chiwonetsero chokwanira, muyenera kutsatira zakudya zoyenera. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zopatsa mphamvu tsiku lililonse, poganizira mphamvu zamankhwala ndi zopatsa thanzi.

Zambiri za cholesterol zikukambidwa mu kanema munkhaniyi.

Kudziwitsa za cholesterol yathunthu

Xc
- HDL - lipoprotein cholesterol
kachulukidwe kwambiri, kapena alpha - cholesterol.
M'thupi mumakhala chodzitchinjiriza,
ntchito ya antiatherogenic. Kodi
mu mawonekedwe a lipid
kugawana.

Mulingo
HDL-C imafotokozedwa ngati yokhutira
seramu cholesterol otsalira mkati
seramu pambuyo kuchoka kwa LDL
ndi VLDL. Gawo la ntchito
HDL ndizomwe amachita
Chs imanyamula kuchokera ku ma cell a mtima
Makoma, zotumphukira m'chiwindi,
pomwe Xs imasinthidwa kukhala bile acid
ndikuchotseredwa m'thupi.

Zizindikiro
milingo ya plasma ya HDL-C
ndi 0,9-11.9 mmol / L. Kukana
kuchuluka kwa HDL-C mpaka 0,9 mmol / l
imayambitsa chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha atherosulinosis
(kutsika kwa ndende ya HDL-C kuchokera ku 0.91
mpaka 0.

Kuchulukitsa
Kuzungulira kwa HDL-C
mu plasma amadziwika ndi:

chachikulu
kuchita zolimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse

chikoka
mankhwala ochepetsa
lipids okwana

Kukana
Kuzungulira kwa HDL-C
zalembedwa pa:

Kukana
Mulingo wa HDL-C umayendera limodzi ndi zinthu
chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima, omwe amaphatikizapo:

amangokhala
kakhalidwe

HS-LDL
-Cholesterol otsika lipoproteins
kachulukidwe kapena beta cholesterol. LDL -
chachikulu mayendedwe Xc,
kunyamula makamaka mwanjira ya
Chs esters kuchokera ku chiwindi kupita ku maselo a ziwalo ndipo
zimakhala.

Mu
zachilengedwe za plasma LDL-C ndizochepa
3.5 mmol / l, okwera - 3.5 -4.0 mmol / l,
okwera - oposa 4.0 mmol / l.

Kuchulukitsa
Kuzungulira kwa LDL-C
mu plasma amadziwika ndi:

Poyamba
hyperlipoproteinemia (cholowa
chifukwa cha matenda a metabolic)

ischemic
matenda a mtima

Kuchepa
serum cholesterol-LDL woipa
zalembedwa pa:

HS-LDL
= yathunthu Xc - (Xc-HDL = TAG / 2.2)

IA
= (General Xc - Xs-HDL) / (Xs-HDL)

Index
atherogenicity ndi abwino mu
makanda (osapitirira 1), amafika pafupifupi
2,5 mwa amuna athanzi ndi 2.2 okhala athanzi
azimayi. Mwa amuna azaka 40-60 opanda chipatala
mawonetseredwe a atherosulinosis chiŵerengerochi
33,5, odwala odwala matenda a mtima - opitilira 4,
nthawi zambiri mpaka mayunitsi 5-6.

Ntchito
ntchito yodziyimira pawokha:

Konzekerani
malo ofufuzira,

Chezani
kutsimikiza zazomwe zili tizigawo
cholesterol mu seramu yomwe akufuna,

Voterani
Zotsatira zomwe mwapeza

Chitani
zomaliza pantchito ndi zojambula,

Yankho
Mafunso:

Xc-
LDL: kapangidwe, malo ake,
ntchito m'thupi.

HS-HDL:
kapangidwe, malo kapangidwe, ntchito
mthupi.

Njira
matanthauzidwe a HDL-C.

4 * Werengani
Zolemba za LDL-C ndi mndandanda wa atherogenic
Mwachitsanzo.

5.
Lemberani zizindikiro zamankhwala
hyperlipoproteinemia.

Calcium
ndi chida chodabwitsa kwambiri,
pafupifupi 99% ya Ca imapezeka m'mafupa.
Zokhudza thupi
makaloni ionized, nthawi zonse
zopezeka m'madzi am'magazi. Yona
kashiamu amafunikira kuti afalitse mitsempha
zimachitika kuthandiza minofu
contractions, magazi kukoka, kuwongolera
ena enzymatic
zimachitika.

Mu
zizolowezi
seramu okwanira calcium ndende
kuchuluka kwa magazi ndi 2.0 - 2.8 mmol / L.

Kafukufuku
seramu yamagazi:
ziwiya zogwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula
kusanthula kuyenera kupangidwa ndi
calcium ion zaulere zinthu.
Kusintha kuyenera kuchitidwa
pamimba yopanda kanthu, ndikulekanitsa seramu mwachangu
kuchokera kuvalidwe.

Hypercalcemia
yomwe ili ndi:

Hyperfunctions
zotupa za parathyroid,

Acromegaly
gigantism (hypersecretion kulowa m'magazi
kukula kwamafuta),

Bongo
Vitamini D

Osteolysis
chifukwa cha metastases, neoplasms
mu minofu yamafupa

Hypocalcemia
yomwe ili ndi:

Zotsatira
zotupa za parathyroid,

Zosathandiza
Mavitamini D

Kuchotsa
magazi ambiri a citrate,

Matenda
Kulephera kwaimpso, yade,

Kuphwanya
mayamwidwe calcium

Konzekerani
malo ofufuzira,

Chezani
kutsimikiza kwa calcium mu
seramu yomwe akufuna

Voterani
Zotsatira zomwe mwapeza

Lembani
mitundu yosanthula,

Chitani
zomaliza pantchito ndi zojambula,

Yankho
kwa mafunso owonjezera.

Gulu
zinthu za mchere. Zitsanzo.

Mpaka
gulu liti la zinthu
calcium?

Kodi
kwachilengedwe gawo la calcium mthupi?

Patsani
mawonekedwe a mahomoni omwe amawongolera
calcium kagayidwe m'thupi.

5*.
Kodi matenda akuluakulu omwe amakhudzana ndi
kuphwanya calcium kagayidwe, fotokozani
limagwirira.

Zothandiza
ntchito

Phosphorous
- chinthu
omwe metabolism yake imagwirizana kwambiri ndi metabolism
calcium. Zimachitika makamaka
mu mawonekedwe a anions RO-34.
Zimatenga gawo popereka thupi
mphamvu. Phosphorous 80 - 85% ndi gawo la
mafupa, ena onse amagawidwa
pakati pa tiziwalo tathupi ndi madzi akathupi.
Phosphorous imathandizira pakupanga ma nucleic
acid, ma nucleotides, phospholipids.

Mu
zizolowezi
zomwe zili
phosphorous wasayansi mu seramu
magazi ndi 0,65 - 1,3 mmol / L.

Kuchulukitsa
zochita kupanga phosphorous
- hyperphosphoemia
- choonedwa
pa:

zotupa
mafupa,

Kukana
zochita kupanga phosphorous
Hypophosphoemia
- Wolemba ndi:

kusala
uchidakwa wosatha

kugwiritsa ntchito
okodzetsa

Konzekerani
malo ofufuzira,

Chezani
kutsimikiza kwa phosphorous zili
seramu yomwe akufuna

Voterani
Zotsatira zomwe mwapeza

Lembani
mitundu yosanthula,

Chitani
zomaliza pantchito ndi zojambula,

Mpaka
gulu liti la zinthu
phosphorous?

Kodi
ntchito yachilengedwe ya phosphorous m'thupi?

Patsani
mawonekedwe a mahomoni omwe amawongolera
phosphorous kagayidwe m'thupi.

4*.
Fotokozani zazikuluzikulu
mavuto okhudzana ndi
phosphorous kagayidwe (matenda a Paget,
mafupa am'mimba, osteomalacia, rickets).

—
Phunzirani kuzindikira
mtengo wamtundu wa acid-base
magazi

—
Dziwani machitidwe a buffer: tanthauzo,
mitundu, magwiridwe antchito, mtengo wa
chamoyo

—
Kutha kudziwa kuwongolera kwa buffer
seramu yamagazi.

phosphate
pH 7.4 buffer

hydroxide
sodium pH = 9,

burette
posankha,

Cholesterol
Ndi yachiwiri
mowa wonunkhira wa monohydric. Iye ali
opezeka minyewa yonse ndi zamadzimadzi
cha thupi laumunthu, monga momasuka
chikhalidwe, ndi mawonekedwe a esters.
Mwa anthu athanzi labwino, 2/3 ya cholesterol
plasma ili ndi atherogenic
, 1/3 - antiatherogenic lipoproteins.

Osachepera 10% ya anthu amadwala
hypercholesterolemia. Zingayambitse
Kusintha kwakukuru kwa matenda
khoma lamankhwala. Magawo azambiri
Ma Ch ndi TAG m'magazi ndiwo kwambiri
Zizindikiro zofunika za metabolidi ya lipid.

Mu
mulingo wabwinobwino wathunthu Xc ukusinthiramo
malire osiyanasiyana - 3,6 - 6.7 mmol / l,
mfundo zofunika - zosakwana 5.2
mmol / l, okwera - oposa 6.5 mmol / l.
Zomwe mungafufuze ndi
Seramu kapena plasma imatumikira.

Kuchulukitsa
seramu cholesterol ndende anati
pa:

Poyamba
hyperlipoproteinemia (cholowa
chifukwa cha matenda a metabolic)

Sekondale
hyperlipoproteinemia - ischemic
matenda, matenda a chiwindi, zotupa
aimpso kuwonongeka kwa chithokomiro
zotupa, matenda a kapamba
nyemba, shuga
uchidakwa, mankhwala.

Kuchepa
seramu cholesterol ndende anati
pa:

Matenda
chiwindi (cirrhosis chakumapeto kwa matendawa,
pachimake dystrophy, matenda).

Kuchuluka
chithokomiro ntchito.

Gwiritsani ntchito
kuyesa koyenera kufufuza
odwala omwe ali pachiwopsezo choyambirira
atherossteosis, ndi mtima wamatenda
ndi mtima, xanthomas, hyperuremia,
anthu onenepa kwambiri
kusuta.

Konzekerani
malo ofufuzira,

Chezani
kutsimikiza kwathunthu mafuta m'thupi
mu seramu yomwe mukufuna

Voterani
Zotsatira zomwe mwapeza

Chitani
zomaliza pantchito ndi zojambula,

Cholesterol
- kapangidwe, katundu, mitundu ya zopezera
mthupi.

Mndandanda
ntchito zazikuluzikulu za cholesterol.

Lembani
kapangidwe ka cholesterol m'thupi la munthu,
tchulani kutulutsa kwawoko ndi michere ya njirayi.

Udindo
Chs mu chitukuko cha atherosulinosis, ischemic matenda a mtima.

Mndandanda
njira zofufuzira Xc.

Kuzindikira
mtengo wa seramu Xc
magazi

• Imakhazikika pamisempha ya shuga kwa nthawi yayitali
• Imabwezeretsa kapangidwe ka insulin

• cholesterol yathunthu
• lipid LDL lipids (ldl) kocheperako,
• HDL mkulu density lipids (hdl),
• triglycerides wa TG.

Kafukufuku wama biochemical a seramu yamagazi a cholesterol ali ndi mitundu:

• mtundu
• nephelometric
• titrometric
• fluorimetric ndi njira zina.

Kuyesa kolesteroli kofala kwambiri ndi mitundu. Otsatsa owonetsa bwino amatengera njira iyi.

Njira ya kusanthula.

Cholesterol ndiyofunikira m'thupi lathu. Imathandizira kukhazikika kwa nembanemba ya khungu yamatumbo onse. Cholesterol imapanga chotchinga cha myelin cha ulusi wamitsempha. Ma hormone onse amuna ndi akazi amapangidwa chifukwa cha cholesterol.

Mafuta acids ali ndi izi mu kapangidwe kake, ndipo amatenga nawo gawo pazakudya. Zomwe zili mu magazi siziyenera kupitirira 5.5 mmol / l. Kuwonjezeka kwa chizindikiro chachikulu kumayambitsa matenda a atherosclerosis ndipo, chifukwa chake, ischemic matenda a mtima, sitiroko, mtima.

Madotolo amalimbikitsa kuti aliyense amene wafika zaka 20 aziyang'anira cholesterol.

Kuti mupeze kusanthula mwachangu komanso kuyeza nyumba, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwamphamvu kwa magazi a biochemical. Zida zowunikira zowonetsera ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Kwa anthu opitilira 60, akuyenera kutenga mayeso a cholesterol chaka chilichonse.

Atherosulinosis imakhala ndi mawonetsedwe azachipatala ambiri: kupweteka mutu komanso chizungulire, kusokonezeka kukumbukira kukumbukira ndi kupatsa chidwi, kutsekemera komanso kutsekeka kwa malekezero, kupweteka kwakanthawi mumtima.

Ngakhale izi, zizindikiro za matendawa nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa ndi odwala, ndipo zovuta za lipid metabolism zimapezeka pokhapokha kuyesa magazi kwa cholesterol.

Kuunika kofunikiraku kukuthandizirani kumvetsetsa chithunzi chazomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta azitha kuyamwa mthupi, komanso kuchitapo kanthu moyenera kuti athetse matendawa.

Ganizirani zomwe kafukufuku wamankhwala osokoneza bongo angawonetse, momwe mungaperekere magazi moyenera pazigawo zing'onozing'ono, komanso zomwe muyenera kulabadira mukamafufuza mawunikidwewo.

Selo lililonse la thupi lathu limakhala ndi gawo la cholesterol kunja kwa membala.

Mu nyama, piritsi iyi imaperekedwa ngati waid wa steroid yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi magazi. Cholesterol amatanthauza ma alcohols. Ndi mankhwala nomenclature amatchedwa cholesterol. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mayina onsewa.

Izi zimagwira ntchito zingapo:

• imakwirira ulusi wamanjenje
• nawo kagayidwe ka mavitamini sungunuka,
• amatenga nawo mbali popanga vitamini D pakhungu mothandizidwa ndi dzuwa,
• yogwira pophika mahomoni ogonana,
• nawo ntchito yopanga cortisol, aldosterone.

Kwa thupi la munthu, mulingo wabwinobwino wa kupanga cholesterol umakhala ndi chizindikiro cha 3.5 mmol pa lita mpaka 7.7 mmol pa lita.

Ngakhale, ngati mumvera malingaliro a akatswiri ochokera ku UK, ndiye kuti chizindikiro chazikulu kuposa 6 mol pa lita imodzi chimaganiziridwa kale kwambiri. Ndi chizindikiro ichi, chiopsezo cha atherosulinotic matenda chikukula.

Pafupifupi madokotala onse amagawa zizindikiro - milligram / deciliter kapena millimol / lita, kotero malingaliro ovomerezeka amasiyana:

1. zambiri zosakwana 200 mg / dl,
2. kuposa zabwinobwino - mpaka 239 mg / dl,
3. mkulu - 240 mg / dl,
4. mulingo woyenera kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 6.3 mmol / l,
5. kudya kochulukirapo - kuyambira 6.4 mmol / l,
6. chovomerezeka, koma chokwera - kuyambira 6.5 mpaka 7.7 mmol / l,
7. mulingo wambiri kuposa 7.9 mmol / l.

Mulingo woyenera wa cholesterol wa anthu seramu uyenera kukhala kachulukidwe ka 5 mmol pa lita.

Mankhwala amakono masiku ano apanga njira zambiri zodziwira mafuta m'thupi.

Chimodzi mwazofufuza, pitani kuchipatala chapafupi.

Ngati mulingo wokwanira upezeka m'thupi, izi zitha kubweretsa mavuto.

Pankhaniyi, kudzipereka palokha ndi koletsedwa.

Njira ndi kutsimikiza:

• Gravimetric
• Titrimetric
• Njira ya fluorimetric imatha kuyeza cholesterol yokhala ndi seramu yaying'ono kwambiri yamagazi,
• Mafuta a chromatographic ndi chromatographic,
• Njira ya colorimetric
• Makulidwe owaza
• Gasi wamadzimadzi amadzimadzi,
• Njira ya polarographic imatha kudziwa bwinobwino serum cholesterol, komanso mfulu,
• Njira yotsitsimutsa. Zimachitika molingana ndi ma algorithm ena.
• Spectrophotometric - zimatengera cholesterol zomwe zili.

Palinso njira ya polarimetric. Njirayi imakhazikitsidwa pamitundu ingapo.

Njira yoyamba ndi Biol Croft. Acetic acid ndi sulfuric acid amagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa chake: pamaso pa cholesterol, yankho limakhala lofiira.

Maganizo achiwiri ndi a Wrigley. Zomwe zimachitika pakulimbana kwa cholesterol ndi yankho lomwe lili ndi methanol ndi sulfuric acid.

Kuthetsa kwachitatu ndi Chugaev, kutengera kuyanjana kwa cholesterol ndi acetyl chloride ndi zinc chloride.

Pamaso pa cholesterol, yankho limakhala lofiira. Zotsatira za Lieberman-Burchard. Nthawi yochita izi, cholesterol imaphatikizidwa mu acidic sing'anga yomwe ilibe madzi.

Zotsatira zake, zolumikizana zolimbitsa thupi ziwiri zimapangidwa. Zotsatira zake ndizophatikizika zovuta za mtundu wa emerald wobiriwira. Izi zimasiyana ndi zina zonse chifukwa sizikhala ndi madontho osatha. Mu medliterature pali gawo lina losiyana la zomwe zimachitika.

Njira yotsiriza ndi momwe Kaliani-Zlatkms-Zach angachitire.

Zotsatira zake zimayenera kuwoneka ngati utoto wofiira wa yankho. Njira yonseyi imachitika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeredwa kwa cholesterol mothandizidwa ndi sulfure ndi acetic acids.

High cholesterol imatha kubweretsa matenda osiyanasiyana.

Madokotala amalimbikitsa kutenga kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa magazi kwa cholesterol chaka chilichonse.

Njira iyi imakuthandizani kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwa ma pathologies kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko.

Ngati pali zopatuka kuzinthu zomwe zili mu HDL ndi LDL mthupi, matenda angapo amatha kuchitika, monga:

1. angina pectoris
2. sitiroko
3. myocardial infaration
4. matenda a mtima
5. atherosulinosis ndi zina matenda.

Angina pectoris ndi matenda omwe amadziwika ndi kupweteka kwambiri, kusapeza bwino pachifuwa. Zizindikirozi zimakwiya chifukwa chakuti minofu yamtima sililandira kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi michere pakuchita bwino.

Microstroke, sitiroko. Zimachitika chifukwa chopanga chovala m'magazi chomwe chitha kutseka mtsempha wamagazi womwe uli mu ubongo.

Zotsatira zake, pali kuphwanya kayendedwe ka magazi, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kufa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa maselo m'dera linalake la ubongo.

Atherosulinosis Izi matenda ndi amitundu angapo.

Atherosulinosis yokhala m'munsi, mitsempha ya mtima, chiwindi, impso, m'mimba ndi ziwalo zina zimadzipatula. Zimachitika chifukwa cha mapangidwe a atherosulinotic malo, omwe amapezeka muzombo zamagazi.

Chifukwa chake, pozindikira zakuphwanya koyambirira, muyenera kulumikizana ndi akatswiri kuti muchepetse mapangidwe.

Pali zizindikiro zambiri zosiyana siyana zomwe umatha kudziwa pawokha kuti pali cholesterol yayikulu m'magazi.

Katswiri odziwa ntchito amasankha izi popanda kufufuza. Ndikosavuta kudziwa kukhalapo kwa kuchuluka kowonjezera mwa kukhalapo kwa thupi la zonyansa zantchito.

Kwa cholesterol yayikulu, wodwalayo ali ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• Maonekedwe achikasu akhungu pakhungu, makamaka kuzungulira maso. Chizindikiro ichi chili ndi dzina lachipatala - xanthoma. Nthawi zambiri, izi zimatha kufalitsidwa ndi cholowa.
• Maonekedwe a ululu womwe umatuluka m'miyendo mukamachita zolimbitsa thupi. Zizindikiro zimayamba chifukwa chakuchepetsa kwamitsempha yamagazi yomwe imapereka magazi ku miyendo.
• Kupezeka kwa angina pectoris chifukwa cha kupendekeka kwa mitsempha ya mtima.
• Mapangidwe mini sitiroko, chifukwa cha mapangidwe magazi kuwundana ndi chotumphukira chotengera.
• Kukula kwa kulephera kwa mtima, kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa mpweya ndi michere.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cholesterol yamagazi imakweze imagawidwa m'magulu awiri, osinthika komanso osasinthika.

Chochititsa chachikulu chomwe chikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yamagazi ndichakudya chopanda thanzi komanso moyo wopanda thanzi. Kuphatikiza apo, chizindikiro ichi chikhoza kukhudzidwa ndi mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe.

Zinthu zosasintha zimaphatikizapo zaka komanso chibadwidwe chamtundu wamtundu kuti pakhale cholesterol yambiri.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kukwera kwa cholesterol ndi:

1. Zizolowezi zoipa. Kusuta ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa kungayambitse kudalira mowa, monga lamulo, zidakwa zonse zimakhala ndi LDL yayikulu, ndipo mulingo wa HDL umatsitsidwa.
2. Kulemera kwambiri. Gulu la anthu omwe akudwala mapaundi owonjezera kapena kunenepa kwambiri ali ndi LDL yayikulu. Izi ndizofala kuposa anthu wamba onenepa.
3. Moyo wosasintha. Kuti mukhale ndi cholesterol yokhazikika, muyenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi m'mawa tsiku lililonse kwa mphindi 20. Ngati ndi kotheka, ndikulimbikitsidwa kupita ku malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi ophunzitsa, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndikukwera njinga kamodzi pa sabata. Iwo omwe alibe mwayi woterewu amatha kulowa osagwirizana ndi ola limodzi. Sikulimbikitsidwa kukhala moyo wongokhala.

Kuphatikiza apo, zoyambitsa zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi. Zakudya zina zimakhala ndi cholesterol yambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mazira, impso. Kuti mupewe chiwonetsero chokwanira, muyenera kutsatira zakudya zoyenera.

Zambiri za cholesterol zikukambidwa mu kanema munkhaniyi.

Sonyezani shuga yanu kapena sankhani jenda kuti muyimikize.

Kafukufuku wama biochemical ndi kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kwa zomwe zikuwonetsa zigawo zonse zamagazi. Kupanga kwake kumalola kuwunika mawonekedwe ndi kuchuluka kwake. Malinga ndi zotsatira za njira yothandizira ma labotale, ndizotheka kudziwa momwe thanzi laanthu likugwirira ntchito ndi makina onse.

Kuchulukitsa kwa magazi kwa biochemistry kumatengedwa kuchokera kumitsempha ya ulnar. Kuzindikira gawo lililonse la magazi pogwiritsa ntchito ma reagents apadera. Amakulolani kuti mudziwe cholesterol modabwitsa. Reagents amayeza momwe zinthu zimakhalira pang'onopang'ono.

Zambiri
chitsanzo, ml

Osakwatiwa
chitsanzo, ml

1. Gawirani m'mawa m'mimba yopanda kanthu: kuyambira maora 8 mpaka 10 njira zonse zamankhwala am'thupi zomwe zimachitika molimba mtima zimapitilirabe mwakhama.
2. Osamadya m'maola angapo musanawunike: ndikofunikira kuti chakudya chatha usiku usanadutse kuposa maola 20. Moyenera, ngati chakudya chamadzulo chiyenera kuyamba.
3. Ngati mukumva ludzu m'mawa wa mayeso, ndimamadzi ochepa okha omwe amaloledwa (opanda mpweya ndi zowonjezera).
4. Idyani mwachizolowezi kwa milungu iwiri musanapereke magazi: palibe chifukwa chotsatira zakudya zina, popeza zotsatira zake zidzakhala zosadalirika.
5. Osamamwa mowa tsiku limodzi musanapite ku labotale.
6. Osasuta osachepera mphindi 60 musanapange kusanthula.
7. Ndikofunika kupatula masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe akufooketsa ndi zomwe zimawakhumudwitsa m'masiku oti phunzirolo lisanafike.
8. Ngati munapita kuchipatala mwachangu, kapena mutakwera masitepe, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale pansi ndikukhazikika musanatenge magazi.
9. Ngati patsikuli mwakonzanso njira zina zodzifufuzira komanso kuunikira (kuyezetsa ma X-ray, ma ultrasound, kupita kwa dotolo, ndi zina zotere), ndikwabwino kuwatsogolera magazi atatengedwa kuti awunike.
10. Onetsetsani kuti muchenjeza dokotala ngati mukuyenera kumwa mankhwala aliwonse. Katswiri wakufotokozerani momwe mungakonzekerere kusanthula mwanjira iyi, ndipo adzalingalira momwe mankhwalawo akumasulira zotsatira za mayeso.

Lipidogram - Kusanthula Kwambiri Kwa Metabolism

At
kafukufuku wama mineral metabolism
Zotsatirazi ziyenera kuonedwa:

Zokonda
zofufuza ndizo
seramu yamagazi yopanda hemolyzed
Osatinso khothi,

Mwazi
kudya pamimba yopanda kanthu, chakudya chomaliza
musanatenge magazi osachepera 12
h. Zolimbitsa thupi siziyenera kuphatikizidwa,
Zakumwa zoledzeretsa, zinthu zomwe zimakhala
mayeso amaminolo

Ayi
osachepera masiku 5 ayenera kusiyanitsidwa
Zokonzekera zomwe zimakhala ndi chitsulo, calcium
etc.,

At
magazi magazi wodwalayo ali
kukhala kapena kugona, ndikubwereza
Kafukufuku akuyenera kuwunika
malo omwewo

Mwazi
osonkhanitsidwa pazitsulo zosapanga zitsulo kapena ayi
galasi, pulasitiki
machubu oyesera kupewa venous stasis ndipo
hemolysis

At
mayendedwe anyumba ayenera
pewani kugwedezeka kwa machubu, osakhalitsa
kusunga magazi athunthu ndikosavomerezeka

At
kupeza magazi a seramu kuyenera kukhala
ikhoza kuchepetsedwa mwachangu, ndipo
mulekanitse ndi ma cell ndi ma cell a magazi,

Mu
kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane pulogalamu
sodium ndi potaziyamu ziyenera kuchitidwa
osapitirira mphindi 30 kuchokera nthawi yomwe amalandila.

Chifukwa
maphunziro a kotekisi yabwino
ndi magazi ochepa omwe
Nthawi zambiri amatengedwa ku radiation, ulnar,
galasi la mitsempha yachikazi kapena
syringe pulasitiki.

Nthawi
kutenga magazi kuchokera maola 7 mpaka 9, pamimba yopanda kanthu, kupatula
zolimbitsa thupi 3 masiku kale
kafukufuku

Chifukwa
Mphindi 5 musanatengere magazi
yopuma, kutenga ikuchitika mkati
udindo umodzi - wokhala kapena kugona,

Nthawi
Kugwiritsa ntchito alendo osapitilira 1 min,

Kwakukulu
zofunika kulandira -
kutenga anaerobic zinthu, kusakhalapo
thovu m'mimba syringe, kusankha
anticoagulant wokwanira popanda iwo
owonjezera (heparin),

Kafukufuku
magazi pambuyo sampuli ayenera kuchitidwa
osati mochedwa kuposa pambuyo pa mphindi 5 mpaka 10, ngati
kafukufuku sangachitike
munthawi yoyikidwa, syrinji yolumikizidwa
kuyikidwa m'madzi ndi zidutswa za ayezi, ayi
kuposa ola limodzi

Zisanachitike
syringe imachotsedwa ndi kuyezetsa magazi
kuchokera ku madzi oundana ndikusungidwa
firiji kwa mphindi zosachepera 10

Zisanachitike
magazi amasakanikirana ndi kuyeza
kuzungulira kwa syringe pakati pa manja ndi
kutembenuzira mmwamba ndi pansi

At
odwala odwala kwambiri
kusanthula kumachitika nthawi yomweyo.

LDL cholesterol low density lipoproteins, yoyenda kudutsa mu kayendedwe kazungulire, ili ndi katundu woyikiridwa pamakoma amitsempha. Ndi kuchuluka kwa magazi m'magazi, njirayi ikuchitika mwachangu kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, nthenda yotchedwa vascular atherosulinosis imachitika ndikukula.

HDL cholesterol imayang'anira njira yochotsera mafuta ochulukirapo m'makina oyenda ndi ozungulira - kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yoyipa m'thupi. Mthupi la munthu wathanzi labwino, pamakhala muyeso womwe umayikidwa mwachilengedwe pawokha pakati pa cholesterol choyipa ndi chabwino.

Pafupifupi, masana munthu akamadya chakudya chama 300 mg, thupi limatulutsa pafupifupi 1000 mg. Kunyowa kwake kumachitika m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, gawo lalikulu limakonzedwa m'chiwindi ndikupanga ma asidi a cholic ndi chenodeoxycholic. Ambiri amalowa lipoprotein otsika kwambiri ndipo amalowa ziwalo ndi magazi.

Cholesterol chochuluka chimaloŵa m'thupi ndi chakudya, chimalimba kwambiri m'magazi ndi m'mimba.

Koma vuto lalikulu ndikuti njira zomwe zimapangira cholesterol wamkati (endo native) zimangoleka kukhalapo ndipo kugwiriridwa kwake kumatsika kwambiri. Kusintha ndi kutaya kwa LDL kukuchepa. Chiwerengero cha choyipa cholesterol chabwino chikusintha.

Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cholesterol ikhale:

• kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi la chiwindi
• kuchuluka kwam'mimba,
• kuthamanga kwa kuthamangitsidwa kwake ndi bile,
• kukula kwa lipoprotein kagayidwe.

Ndi kusintha pang'ono kapena kuphwanya njira zapamwambazi, kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'thupi la munthu, komwe kumawonetsedwa mwachangu pazotsatira zoyesa magazi.

Thupi limagwira gawo lofunikira mu kagayidwe kachakudya ka thupi, komanso ndizinthu zomanga zomwe zinthu ndi mahomoni amapangidwa, kuphatikiza, ndiwowongolera momwe kagayidwe kazinthu zimapangidwira. Ntchito zake zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

• ndi gawo la membrane wa khungu,
• imapereka kupezeka kwamitsempha yama cell,
• imayang'anira kuyanjana pakati pa maselo, amatenga nawo gawo pakusintha kwa ma cell amanjenje mu cell,
• imayimira maziko mu kapangidwe kazitsulo za myelin sheti ya mitsempha,
• mahomoni monga cortisol, testosterone, progesterone, estrogens amapangidwa kuchokera ku icho
• amatenga nawo kagayidwe ka vitamini: A, D, E ndi K.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti cholesterol yabwino (HDL) ili ndi katundu wa antioxidant.

Kutengera ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, titha kunena kuti ndi gawo limodzi ndipo limathandizira kuti magawo onse a thupi apangidwe.

Posachedwa ndidawerenga nkhani yomwe imafotokoza za madzi a chokoleti achilengedwe kuti achepetse cholesterol ndikuwongolera mtima. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, mutha kuchepetsa cholesterol yotsimikizika, kubwezeretsa mitsempha yamagazi, kuthetsa atherosulinosis, kusintha dongosolo lamtima, kuyeretsa magazi ndi zamitsempha kunyumba.

Sindinazolowere kudalira zidziwitso zilizonse, koma ndidaganiza zowunika ndikuyitanitsa phukusi limodzi. Ndinaona kusintha pambuyo pa sabata: mtima wanga unasiya kuda nkhawa, ndinayamba kumva bwino, mphamvu ndi mphamvu zinawonekera.

Mitundu ya Cholesterol

Cholesterol ndi chinthu chopezeka m'thupi la munthu pamaselo a ma cell. Amachita nawo njira zambiri za metabolic komanso kaphatikizidwe ka mahomoni ndi mavitamini. Kuchokera pakuwona terminology, cholesterol yathunthu ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka m'magawo onse a thupi ndi ziwalo zamunthu, mawonekedwe ake amakanidwe ali ndi mawonekedwe C27H45OH.

Cholesterol yopangidwa m'thupi la munthu imatchedwa kuti amkati, ndipo yomwe imachokera kunjaku imatchedwa yakunja. Popeza, ndipofunikira, mafuta, samasungunuka m'madzi, chifukwa chake, mayendedwe m'magazi, cholesterol iyenera kusungunuka mothandizidwa ndi lipoproteins.

Kuchokera pamalo oyambira - chiwindi, ma lipoprotein amalowa m'magazi kuti aperekedwe kwa ziwalo ndi ziwalo zathupi. Kachulukidwe kawo kali kochepa kwambiri, motero cholesterol yomwe ali nayo imatchedwa otsika kachulukidwe lipoprotein cholesterol - LDL. Ichi ndiye cholesterol yotchedwa "yoyipa".

Mtundu wina wa cholesterol womwe umabweretsedwa ndi lipoprotein kuchokera ku ziwalo ndi ziwalo zathupi kupita kuchiwindi umatchedwa cholesterol yapamwamba kwambiri - HDL - "wabwino" cholesterol. Mitundu yonseyi imazungulira mthupi la munthu ndipo imakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa komanso zosasangalatsa mthupi, motsatana.

Mwa munthu wamkulu, cholesterol yathunthu ndi 5 mmol / l (osatinso). Kuti muwone kuthekera kwa atherosulinosis ndi matenda amtima wamatumbo, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira zomwe zili LDL ndi HDL lipoproteins.

Chimodzi mwa matenda owopsa kwambiri ndi atherosulinosis yamitsempha yamagazi. Imayimira matenda a khoma la chotengera; chifukwa cha kusintha kwake, kusakhazikika kwa mitsempha yamagazi ndi mitsempha kumachepa.

Popeza taphunzira njira za Renat Achkurin kuti abwezeretsenso mitsempha yamagazi ndikuyeretsa kwawo ku cholesterol, komanso kupewa kupewa matenda a mtima ndi mikwingwirima - tidaganiza zomvera izi.

Kuchuluka kwa cholesterol ya LDL kumabweretsa kuyika kwake pamakoma a mitsempha yamagazi ndikupanga mawanga oyambira amafuta, ndipo kenako cholesterol plaques. Popita nthawi, amachepetsa komanso kuzizira.

Ngati, malinga ndi zotsatira za kuyezetsa magazi, kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi kumaposa 5.1-6.5 mmol / l, kuti mupeze zotsatira zodalirika, kusanthula kumachitika kachiwiri ndi masabata a 4-6. Nthawi yomweyo, sikulimbikitsidwa kusintha moyo, zakudya, zina.

Koma izi zisanachitike ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku wapadera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo: kuyezetsa magazi konse, kuyezetsa magazi kwa shuga, mahomoni a chithokomiro TSH, creatinine, kuyesa kwa mkodzo, etc. Koma tikumbukire kuti ngati zotsatira zoyambirira zikupitilira chizindikiro cha 6.5 mmol / l, ndikofunikira kuti nthawi yomweyo ndiyambe kuchiritsa ndi ma statins osakanikirana ndi zakudya zapadera.

• C cholesterol chonse. Phunziroli limachitika malinga ndi imodzi mwazomwe tafotokozazi. Momwe mungaperekere magazi a cholesterol, muzochitika zonse, zimatsimikiziridwa ndi adokotala. Chizindikirochi chikuwonetsa zakumwa za mafuta aulere komanso a lipoprotein. Kuwonjezeka pamlingo wake kumatha kuwonetsa matenda a mtima, matenda amitsempha. Ndi cholesterol yotsika, yomwe imakhala yocheperako, ingaganiziridwe kuti palibe mafuta osakwanira a nyama m'thupi kapena mavuto aliwonse ndi chiwindi.
• Lowensens lipoproteins. Kuphatikizika kwawo kumatsimikizika pakuwunika zomwe zili mu seramu yamagazi chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe amapanga ndi pyridine sulfate. Chizolowezi chowunikira ndi ≤ 3.9 mmol / l. Kuchulukitsa izi ndi chizindikiro cha labotale cha atherosulinosis.
• High osalimba lipoproteins. Kachigawo kakang'ono ka cholesterol “chabwino” kaŵirikaŵiri kamawerengeredwa pochotsa zigawo zochepa za cholesterol. Kutanthauzira kwake ndikofunikira pakuwunika kwathunthu matenda a metabolic m'thupi. Chowerengera pakuwunika ndi ≥ 1.42 mmol / L mwa akazi ndi ≥ 1.68 mmol / L mwa amuna. Ndi dyslipidemia, kuchepa kwa zizindikirozi kumawonedwa.
• Triglycerides ndi VLDL. Pali njira zingapo zodziwira serum triglycerides ndi VLDL. Odziwika kwambiri a iwo amaphatikizidwa ndi michere ya enzymatic yotengera zochita za acetylacetone, chromotropic acid, glycerol. Mwa kuchuluka kwa triglycerides ndi VLDL yophatikizira kuposa yofananira (0.14-1.82 mmol / l), chiopsezo chachikulu cha atherosulinosis, zamtima ndi chithokomiro chimaweruzidwa.
• Kukwanira kwa atherogenic. Kuthekera kwa atherogenicity - mtengo wofunikira womwe umakupatsani mwayi woweruza kuti mukhale ndi matenda atherosulinotic wodwala wina. Zimakhazikitsidwa pofufuza kuchuluka pakati pa zigawo za cholesterol “zabwino” ndi “zoyipa.” = = OX - HDL) / HDL, pomwe KA ndiye cholembera cha Atherogenicity ndipo OX ndi cholesterol yokwanira. Mwachizolowezi, KA siyenera kupitilira 3.

1. Makina ojambula.

Moto
kujambula ndi imodzi mwa
mitundu yamtundu wa umuna
kuwunika kwa Photometric
poizoniyu wa zinthu mu lawi ndipo amalola
kudziwa kulunjika kwawo molondola
mpaka 2-4%.

Mfundo ya njirayo ndi
kuthekera kwa zinthu zingapo kuzitulutsa
mphezi zowala za mphamvu inayake mkati
lawi lamoto wowotcha. Sodium ndi potaziyamu
wokhoza kuyatsa kwambiri
moto wamoto wochepa.

Akubwera
mu malawi a
chinthu chimatsimikiziridwa ndi
Zosefera zochokera ku ma radiation ena
kupanga ndi kujambulira,
kuyambitsa photoc frequency yayo
yoyesedwa ndi galvanometer. Sodium
amatembenuzira lawi chikaso chowala.
Potaziyamu ndi wofiyira-wofiyira.

2. Njira ya ionometric.

Njira
Kutsimikiza kwa ionometric wa sodium
ndi potaziyamu, mumakhala mukuyeza
kuthekera kwa electrochemical
ion kusankha electrode kumizidwa
mu yankho. Zamagetsi
potentiometer potengera
rejista electrode (yomwe ingathe
kudziwika) ndi chizindikiro (kusankha
ma electrode omwe kuthekera kwake kumayesedwa.

3.
Njira ya colorimetric: yozikidwa
pakapangidwe kazinthu zopanga utoto
ma electrolyte okhala ndi ma michere osiyanasiyana.

4.
Njira ya titrimetric. Popeza
Njira ili ndi zovuta zina -
Kusintha kwazowongolera sikumachita bwino nthawi zonse
konzekerani.

Kuunika kodziwitsa za cholesterol yathunthu.

Ndi gawo lama cell membrane, maulalo mu kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala a bile acids, mahomoni amtundu wa asidi (glucocorticoids, aldosterone, mahomoni ogonana), vitamini D, amapezeka mu minofu yonse komanso zamadzimadzi m'thupi momasuka komanso munthawi ya ma estor okhala ndi mafuta acids, makamaka okhala ndi lamoleic (pafupifupi 10% ya cholesterol yonse).

Cholesterol kaphatikizidwe kamapezeka m'maselo onse a thupi. Mitundu yayikulu yoyendera m'magazi ndi α-, β- komanso preβ - lipoproteins (kapena, motsika, otsika, otsika kwambiri komanso ochepa otsika lipoproteins).

Mu madzi am'magazi, cholesterol imakhala makamaka mu ma esters (60-70%). Ma esters amapangidwa mwina m'maselo mu zomwe zimapangidwira ndi acyl-CoA-cholesterol-acyltransferase, pogwiritsa ntchito acyl-CoA ngati gawo lapansi, kapena plasma chifukwa cha ntchito ya enzyme lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase, yomwe imasamutsa asidi wamafuta kuchokera ku mpweya wachiwiri wa atomu ya hydropolidolch. .

Njira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa magazi a cholesterol:

1. Titrometric.
2. Gravimetric.
3. Nephelometric.
4. Zosanjikiza kakang'ono ndi mpweya wamagalasi amadzimadzi.
5. Njira za polarographic zimalola kutsimikiza kwa cholesterol yathunthu ndi yaulere pamaso pa cholesterol oxidase ndi michere ya cholesterol esterase.
6. Fluorimetry pochita ndi o-phthalaldehyde ndi ma reagents ena.
7. Njira za Enzymatic - kutsimikiza kumachitika mu chubu chimodzi cha mayeso, koma m'magawo angapo: enzymatic hydrolysis ya cholesterol esters, oxidation wa cholesterol ndi mpweya wa m'mlengalenga kuti apange cholest-4-en-3-ol ndi hydrogen peroxide. Cholesterol oxidase, cholesterol esterase, peroxidase, catalase imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati michere. Kukula kwa zomwe mungathe kujambula:

• spectrophotometrically ndi kuchulukana kwa cholestenol.
• ndi kutayika kwa mpweya pakati.
• Kusintha mtundu wa yankho, 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-aminophenazone, 4-aminoantipyrine amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chromogens - chizindikiro cha zomwe zimachitika.

Njira zonsezi ndi zachindunji komanso zothandiza kubereka.

1. Njira za colorimetric potengera mtundu uwu:

• Zotsatira za Biol-Croft pogwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu (potaziyamu), sodium ndi sulfure ndi mawonekedwe ofiira.
• Zomwe Wrigley adachita, kutengera kulumikizana kwa cholesterol ndi reagent yomwe imakhala ndi methanol ndi sulfuric acid.
• Zomwe Chugaev adachita, momwe mtundu wofiira umawonekera pambuyo poyankha cholesterol ndi acetyl chloride ndi zinc chloride.
• zomwe Lieberman-Burchard zimachitika, momwe cholesterol imaphatikizidwa mu acidic acid wambiri wamphamvu kwambiri wopanga ma cell awiri olumikizika. Zotsatira zake, gulu la cholestehexaene lophatikizika la sulufule wa mtundu wa emerald wobiriwira limapangidwa ndi kuyamwa kwakukulu pa 410 ndi 610 nm. Chimodzi mwa izi ndi kuperewera kwa kukhazikika. M'mabuku, munthu akhoza kupeza magawo ena a zosakaniza mu Lieberman-Burchard reagent: kukwera zomwe zimakhala ndi acetic anhydride, zimachitika mwachangu. Zomwe zimathandizidwazo zimathandizidwa ndi sulfosalicylic, paratoluensulfonic, dimethylbenzene-sulfonic acid. Ndi ma cholesterol esters, momwe zimachitikira pang'onopang'ono kuposa mafuta aulere, kuchuluka kumawonjezeka ndi kutentha kowonjezereka, kuunika kumakhala ndi zowononga pazinthu zomwe zimachitika. Njira zonse kutengera zomwe Lieberman-Burchard anachita zimagawidwa mwachindunji komanso m'njira zina:

• Kaliani-Zlatkis-Zak anachita, omwe akuwoneka ngati mawonekedwe ofiira ofiira a vutoli panthawi ya makutidwe ndi cholesterol ndi chitsulo cha chloric mu acetic ndi acid yokhazikika ya sodium. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri 4-5 kuposa momwe Lieberman-Burchard amachitira, koma sizodziwika bwino.

Njira zokhazikitsidwa ndi njira za mtundu wa Ilk ndi Kaliani-Zlatkis-Zak.

Zimakhazikitsidwa ndi momwe Lieberman-Burchard amachitira: m'malo okhala acidic kwambiri pamaso pa acetic anhydride, mafuta a cholesterol kuti apange bischilestadienyl monosulfonic acid yobiriwira.

Makhalidwe wamba

Cholesterol chaulere komanso chomangika chimaphatikizidwa ndi chloride pamaso pa acetic, sulfuric ndi phosphoric acid popanga zinthu zopanda mafuta zojambula zofiirira.

Zimakhazikitsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma conjugated enzymatic reaction omwe amathandizidwa ndi: 1) cholesterol esterase, yomwe imapangitsa hydrolysis ya cholesterol esters kumasula cholesterol, 2) cholesterol oxidase, yomwe imathandizira kusintha kwa cholesterol kukhala cholesterone ndikupanga hydrogen peroxide.

Lowensens lipoproteins

LDL - mapuloteni amaphatikizika ndi cholesterol.Amapereka ziwalo zonse zamthupi. Kuwonjezeka kwa LDL kumabweretsa mapangidwe, kukula kwa atherosclerosis. Zilonda zopangidwa ndi sclerotic zimachepetsa lumen, potero zimapangitsa magazi kulowa mu mtsempha.

• mayeso amachitika pamimba yopanda kanthu, kudya zakudya kuyenera kukhala maola 12 maphunziro asanafike,
• Musasute mu ola limodzi musanapereke magazi.

Cholinga cha phunziroli ndikuwona kuwopsa kwa atherosulinosis komanso kuopsa kwa matenda a mtima (coronary mtima matenda). Kuyesedwa kumayikidwa pakamayesedwa pafupipafupi komanso ngati pakufunika kuchuluka kwa ambiri. LDL mwa akazi ndi amuna ndi osiyana.

Tebulo 1. Lipoproteins Yotsika

Zifukwa zazikulu zowonjezera kuchuluka kwa LDL m'magazi ndi:

• zakudya zamafuta ambiri,
• kusowa kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi
• onenepa kwambiri
• zizolowezi zoyipa zimazunza
• shuga ndi matenda oopsa,
• hyperlipoproteinemia,
• Kusokonezeka kwa chiwindi,
• zaka (mwa akazi pambuyo zaka 55).

Kuchuluka kwa LDL kumatha kukhudzidwa ndikusala kudya kwakutali, kutenga corticosteroids, androgens, komanso pakati mwa azimayi.

HDL (hdl) ili ndi anti-atherogenic katundu. Kuwonjezeka kwa lipoproteins kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima, ischemic matenda a mtima. Ma lipids osalimba kwambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku mapuloteni ndi mafuta ndipo amapangidwa m'chiwindi. Amachotsa cholesterol owonjezereka m'matupi, ndipo mawonekedwe a bile acids amachotsedwa m'chiwindi.

Ndi cholowa chokhala ndi cholowa cha hypercholesterolemia, chakudya chopatsa thanzi chamafuta ambiri, HDL sichitha kuchotsa cholesterol yowonjezera. Idzayikidwa pamakoma amitsempha yamagazi, ndikupanga zolembera za atherosrance.

Gome 2. Wapamwamba osachulukitsa Lipoproteins

High osalimba lipids m'munsi LDL ndende. Gawo la cholesterol ili ndi asidi ambiri a polyunsaturated. Amayendetsa magwiridwe antchito amanjenje. Kutsika kwa HDL ndizowopsa.

HDL (hdl) ili ndi anti-atherogenic katundu. Kuwonjezeka kwa lipoproteins kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima, ischemic matenda a mtima. Ma lipids osalimba kwambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku mapuloteni ndi mafuta ndipo amapangidwa m'chiwindi. Amachotsa cholesterol owonjezereka m'matupi, ndipo mawonekedwe a bile acids amachotsedwa m'chiwindi.

Ndi cholowa chokhala ndi cholowa cha hypercholesterolemia, chakudya chopatsa thanzi chamafuta ambiri, HDL sichitha kuchotsa cholesterol yowonjezera. Idzayikidwa pamakoma amitsempha yamagazi, ndikupanga zolembera za atherosrance.

9,8 mayeso a ethanol

—
Kuti muphunzire
ulaliki wapansi
mtengo wodziwa zinthu za heestasis.

—
Dziwani zamtundu wanthawi zonse,
njira zophunzirira njira ya hemostasis,
matenda a heestasis.

—
Kutha kuchita
mayeso a plasma ethanol
magazi.

Mfundo:
maphunziro
gel osakaniza mu plasma pambuyo kuwonjezera 50% yankho
Mowa. Pamaso pa zovuta mu plasma
fibrin monomer yokhala ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi cleavage
fibrinogen / fibrin ndi fibrinogen
fibrin monomer wamasulidwa,
zomwe kenako polymer
mapangidwe a gel.

4. Njira enzymatic kutsimikiza kwathunthu mafuta m'thupi seramu.

Mfundo za njira limakhala kuti cholesterol imaphatikizidwa ndi cholesterol oxidase ndi kutulutsidwa kwa hydrogen peroxide, komwe pamaso pa peroxidase amatembenukira p-aminoatipyrine kukhala gulu la utoto, ukulu wa mtunduwo umalingana ndi kuchuluka kwa cholesterol.

Zowonjezera, zida zoyesera1. Kugwira ntchito reagent. 2. Yankho la cholesterol wamba. 3. Yesani seramu.

Mafuta a cholesterol amawerengedwa ndi njira:

komwe c_op - kuchuluka kwa cholesterol mu mayeso, E_op - kutalika kwa mawonekedwe a mayeso, C_st - kuchuluka kwa cholesterol mu muyeso wamba, E_op - mawonekedwe opingasa a muyeso woyenera

Mulingo wabwinobwino wa cholesterol yokwanira ndi 140-200 mg / dl kapena 3.65-5.2 mmol / l,

Pobadwa, kuchuluka kwa cholesterol kwathunthu kumakhala kochepera 2.6 mmol / L, ndiye kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, komabe, muubwana, monga lamulo, sizidutsa 4.1 mmol / L.

Mafuta akulu kwambiri (hypercholesetinemia- - Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa atherosulinosis. Mukamayang'ana kudalira kwaimfa pamatenda a mtima ndi cholesterol kuchokera ku 5.2 mpaka 6.5 mmol / L, kumawonjezeka kanayi pa cholesterol ndende ya 7.8 mmol / L.

European Society polimbana ndi atherosulinosis imagawa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol muzovuta:

Hypercholesterolemia ofatsa - 200-250 mg / dl (5.2-6.5 mmol / l).

Hypercholesterolemia wolimbitsa - 250-300 mg / dl (6.5-7.8 mmol / l).

mkulu hypercholesterolemia - kupitilira 300 mg / dl (7.8 mmol / l).

Izi ndizofunikira kuwunika kuopsa kokhala ndi matenda a mtima komanso, motero, kudziwa njira zoyendetsera odwala.

Komabe, kutsimikiza kwampweya kwathunthu wa cholesterol pakali pano sikofunikira. Monga mukudziwa, cholesterol yathunthu ndi kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yomwe imakhala m'makalasi apamwamba a lipoprotein: HDL-C, HDL-VLDL ndi LDL-C. Mwakuchita, kutsimikiza kwa cholesterol yathunthu, cholesterol ya HDL ndi triacylglycerols ikuchitika, pamaziko a zotsatira zowerengedwa cholesterol-VLDL ndi cholesterol-LDL (njira yowerengera ikufotokozedwa mu "Kuwerenga kwa index ya lipid atherogenicity"). Kutengera zotsatira zomwe mwapeza, tsimikizani mtundu wa hyperlipoproteinemia.

Hypercholesterolemia imatha kukhala yoyambira kapena ya banja, chifukwa cha kutengera kwa chibadwa (mwachitsanzo: chifukwa cha kusowa kapena kusowa kwa zolandila za LDL) kapena kuchuluka kwa zakudya zamafuta a cholesterol muzakudya (mafuta a nyama, mazira, tchizi zolimba, ndi zina zotere).

Koma hypercholesterolemia yachiwiri, i.e. chifukwa cha matenda osiyanasiyana. Hypercholesterolemia yodziwika bwino imakhala ndi: hypothyroidism, cholestasis, kunenepa kwambiri, matenda a impso, matenda a shuga, kumwa mankhwala ena (njira zakulera zamkamwa, mankhwala a antihypertensive, etc.)

Hypocholesterolemia - i.e. kuchepa kwa anthu osachepera 3, 65 mmol / l (mwa akulu) kumakhala ndi mtengo wochepa kwambiri wopima matenda, womwe umawonetsedwa ndi: kufa ndi njala, ma neoplasms oyipa, hyperthyroidism, matenda oopsa a chiwindi, etc.

Cholesterol ndi zigawo zake: gawo lobadwa nalo m'thupi

Cholesterol (cholesterol) ndi mowa wamafuta m'mapangidwe ake amakanidwe. Ambiri a iwo (70-80%) amapangidwa m'maselo a chiwindi ndipo amatchedwa endo native, ochepa (20-30%) amabwera ndi chakudya.

Udindo wachilengedwe wa chinthuchi mthupi ndi wawukulu: ndi gawo la michere ya micoplasmic ya maselo, kuwapatsa kukhazikika komanso kusasunthika, ndiko kukhazikika kwawo, kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa maselo a maselo, kutenga nawo gawo pakupanga kwa mahomoni a steroid omwe amapanga gawo la kugaya chakudya kwa bile , ulusi wamitse mitsempha yoteteza ndi kutulutsa bwino, amateteza magazi kuti asawonongeke ndi zinthu zoyipitsa ndi chiphe cha hemolytic.

Popeza mowa wamafuta awa suyenda bwino m'madzi, umayenda m'magazi monga gawo la mapuloteni onyamula - apolipoproteins. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa cholesterol, mitundu ingapo ya lipoprotein imasiyanitsidwa:

1. Chylomicron ndiye kachigawo kakang'ono kwambiri kotsika komwe kali ndi 85% triglycerides ndi cholesterol yaying'ono. Mafuta akulu oterewa samayenda m'matumbo ndipo samakhazikika pakhoma lawo lamkati.
2. VLDL - lipoproteins yotsika kwambiri - komanso ma chylomicrons ali m'gulu lambiri la mafuta a triglyceride.
3. LDL - lipoproteins otsika - kalasi yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku VLDL chifukwa cha lipolysis. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa cholesterol "yoyipa" chifukwa chakutha kuyiyika kukhoma lamkati lamitsempha yamagazi ndikupanga ma atherosulinotic plaques.
4. HDL - lipoproteins yapamwamba kwambiri - tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri komwe timapuloteni timapamwamba kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol. Chifukwa cha anti-atherogenic yake komanso kuthekera kwake kuyeretsa m'mitsempha yama HDL, amatchedwa "cholesterol" yabwino.

Chifukwa chake, VLDL ndi LDL zimapereka chithokomiro cha cholesterol kuchokera ku chiwindi kupita ku zotumphukira. Ndiye kuwonjezeka kwa kupendekera kwawo komwe kumatsogolera ku kuyatsidwa kwa cholesterol pamakoma amitsempha yamagazi ndikupanga mapangidwe a atherosranceotic. HDL, imasinthanso maselo amafuta m'chiwindi kuti atayenso. Ndi atherosclerosis, kuchepa kwa gawo kumawonedwa.

Ma chylomicrons m'thupi la munthu wathanzi samakhalapo ndipo amangopangika ndi mafuta osokoneza bongo.

Kukonzekera kuyezetsa magazi a labotale

Momwe mungapereke kuyesa kwa magazi kwa cholesterol kuti ikhale yodalirika momwe ingathere? Zachidziwikire, m'njira zambiri zotsatira zimadalira mtundu wa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu labotore. Koma momwe wodwalayo angakhudzire zotsatira za mayeso.

Maphunziro apadera samachitika, komabe, madokotala amazindikira kufunika kotsatira malingaliro awa:

1. Gawirani m'mawa m'mimba yopanda kanthu: kuyambira maora 8 mpaka 10 njira zonse zamankhwala am'thupi zomwe zimachitika molimba mtima zimapitilirabe mwakhama.
2. Musadye chakudya kwa maola 1010 musanayesedwe: ndikofunikira kuti chakudya chotsiriza usiku watha sichinathe maola 20. Moyenera, ngati chakudya chamadzulo chimagwera pa maola 18-19.
3. Ngati mukumva ludzu m'mawa wa mayeso, ndimamadzi ochepa okha omwe amaloledwa (opanda mpweya ndi zowonjezera).
4. Idyani, mwachizolowezi, kwa milungu iwiri musanapereke magazi: palibe chifukwa chotsatira zakudya zinazake, chifukwa chotsatira mayeso sichingakhale chodalirika.
5. Osamamwa mowa tsiku limodzi musanapite ku labotale.
6. Osasuta osachepera mphindi 60 musanapange kusanthula.
7. Ndikofunika kupatula masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe akufooketsa ndi zomwe zimawakhumudwitsa m'masiku oti phunzirolo lisanafike.
8. Ngati munapita kuchipatala mwachangu, kapena mutakwera masitepe, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mukhale pansi kwa mphindi 10 mpaka 15 musanakhazikike magazi.
9. Ngati patsikuli mwakonzanso njira zina zodzifufuzira komanso kuunikira (kuyezetsa ma x-ray, ma ultrasound, kukaonana ndi dokotala), ndibwino kuwatsogolera magazi atatengedwa kuti awunike.
10. Onetsetsani kuti muchenjeza dokotala ngati mukuyenera kumwa mankhwala aliwonse. Katswiri adzakuuzani momwe mungakonzekerere kusanthula mwanjira iyi ndipo adzalingalira momwe mankhwalawo akumasulira zotsatira za mayeso.

Kuyesa kwa magazi a biochemical: zizindikiro zoyambira zaumoyo

Kusanthula kwamankhwala am'mimba ndi njira yotsika mtengo yofufuzira bwino mavuto amthupi la munthu, pomwe zizindikiro zazikulu za mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya zimatsimikizika, komanso kuwunika momwe magwiridwe amkati am'kati mwanu alili.

Pofufuza, munthu amatenga 2-5 ml ya magazi a venous. Kenako biomaterial imalembedwa moyenerera ndipo imatumizidwa ku labotale kuti ikawunikidwe.

• Kudziwitsa za cholesterol. Pa kusanthula kwamomwe magazi, ndimagazi a cholesterol okha omwe amatsimikizika - chiwonetsero chonse cha zigawo zake zonse. Nthawi zambiri, mulingo wake umasiyanasiyana kutengera zaka komanso mtundu wa munthu, koma pafupifupi ndi 3.2-5.6 mmol / L. Kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'thupi ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe limayambitsa kukula kwa atherosulinosis ndi zovuta zina za metabolic.
• Mapuloteni onse amwazi. Mapuloteni onse ndi chisonyezo china chonse chomwe chikuwonetsa mtundu wa protein metabolism. Mukamayesedwa, kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni onse pakupanga magawo onse amawerengedwa. Makhalidwe abwinobwino a kusanthula ndi 66-83 g / l. Ndi kuchepa kwamapuloteni athunthu mthupi, kuphwanya kwambiri ntchito ya chiwindi ndi impso kungayikiridwe. Kuwonjezeka kwa ndende yake kumawonetsa kutupa. Mlingo wa mapuloteni ungathenso kukhudza chitukuko cha atherosulinosis, popeza chinthu ichi chimakhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe ka mamolekyulu a cholesterol pam kama pa mtima.
• Urea ndi creatinine. Zizindikiro izi zimawerengedwa pamodzi ndikuwonetsa ntchito ya impso m'thupi. Kukula kwa urea ndi 2.5-8.3 mmol / l, creatinine - 44-106 mmol / l. Komabe, kuchuluka kwawo kumawonedwa osati ndi pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis kapena matenda aimpso kulephera, komanso ndi kuwonongeka kwa lipid metabolism. Kuwonjezeka kwa creatinine ndi urea kutsutsana popanda matenda a impso kungasonyeze atherosulinosis.

Kusanthula kwa zamankhwala osokoneza bongo - njira yodziwitsira matenda

Kuwona kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofotokozera mwachangu njira yofulumira kwambiri komanso yosavuta kwambiri yodziwira matenda a lipid metabolism.

Chowunikira ndi chida chaching'ono choyendetsera batire. Malizitsani ndi izo mumapatsidwa mayeso apadera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza: cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, lactic acid. Njira yoyesira ndiyosavuta: wogwira ntchito zachipatala kapena wodwala amalumula nsonga ya chala chamkati ndi cholocha ndipo mosamala amabweretsa nsonga ya mzere woyeza womwe unayikidwamo kuti udonthe magazi. Pambuyo masekondi 180, zotsatira zake zakonzeka, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pawonetsero lalikulu. Ndikosavuta kuti chipangizocho chimapulumutsa zotsatira zopitilira 100 pakuwunika matendawa.

Kusanthula kolesterolo wogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri kumachitika pofufuza mayeso, muzipinda zothandizira odwala kuchipatala ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ali ndi vuto lalikulu.

Ubwino wa njirayi: kuthekera kwa chipangizo kuyeza cholesterol panyumba, kuwononga kochepa, magazi ochepa okha amafunikira kuti aunike, kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta, kuwongolera sikofunikira, kuchuluka kwakukulu. Zoyipa za njirayi: kukwera mtengo kwa wotsimikizira, mwayi wolakwika mukamagwiritsa ntchito molakwika.

Njira zolembetsera zasayansi

Masiku ano, pali njira zingapo zodziwira cholesterol mu labotale. Kugwiritsa ntchito, mutha kudziwa zomwe zili mu cholesterol m'mwazi wa magazi. Ngakhale njira zodziwira matendawa zimatenga nthawi yayitali (nthawi zambiri masiku 1-2), ndizodalirika kuposa zomwe zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito chosanthula cha biochemical.

• Njira ya Zlatkis-Zach. Njira ya Zlatkis-Zack imakupatsani mwayi wodziwa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol, yonse yaulere komanso yogwirizana ndi mapuloteni a plasma. Bokosi la reagent limaphatikizapo: sulfuric (H2SO4) acid, acetic acid, ferric chloride, phosphate acid. Seramu imawonjezeredwa ndi kusakaniza kwa zinthu izi. Pambuyo pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni amisala, seramu imapeza imodzi mwazithunzi zofiira - kuchokera ku karoti wowala kupita ku burgundy yokhazikika. Kuwunika kwa zotsatira kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo yapadera. Mlingo wa cholesterol wokhazikitsidwa ndi njira ya Zlatkis-Zack ndi 3.2-6.4 mmol / l.
• Way Ilka. Kuwerenga uku kwa cholesterol kumapangidwanso pakukhudzana ndi seramu yamagazi ndi kusakanikirana kwa ma organic ndi anorganic acids: wozikika wa sulfure, glacial acetic, acetic anhydride. Zochita za Ilk zimawonedwa kuti ndizowopsa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma asidi, kotero zimatha kuchitidwa mu labotale ndi othandizira kapena opangira ma labotale. Muyezo wa cholesterol womwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi njira ya Ilk ndi 4.6 5-6.45 mmol / l.
• Njira yodziwira cholesterol pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha Novokhol. Njirayi imaphatikizira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotetezeka m'malo mwa zidulo: cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, peroxidase, aminoantipyrine. Panthawi zotsatizana zamankhwala, kuphatikiza zigawo ndi kutembenuka kwa ma seramu cholesterol kuti amasuke, amakhudzana ndi aminoantipyrine.Kukula kwazinthu kumadalira maupangiri wa labotale inayake, komanso jenda ndi zaka za wodwalayo.

Kuyeza kwa Cholesterol Kwaulere

Kuti mumve matenda athunthu, kwa odwala ena, kuphatikiza ambiri, tanthauzo la cholesterol yaulere imayikidwa. Ngakhale kuphatikiza ndende yamagazi m'magazi, ndi gawo laling'ono lamowa lomwe ndi mafuta kwambiri ndipo limapangitsa kupangika kwa khoma lamkati lamitsempha yamagazi.

Kwa kusanthula, katswiri amachotsa cholesterol yonse ku seramu yamagazi ndi mowa wa ethyl. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma reagents (phwetekere, digitonin, pyridine sulfate), cholesterol yaulere imakonzedwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumatsimikiziridwa. Chikhalidwe cha kusanthula ndi 1.04-2.33 mmol / l.

Zambiri pa kutsimikiza kwa urea mu seramu yamagazi

Kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni m'thupi kumayendera limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa urea. Nthawi yomweyo, nayitrogeni wokhazikika mu urea, palimodzi ndi iye, amachotsedwa m'thupi. Kuchita magazi kwambiri ndi chizindikiro cha kulephera kwa impso, chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, mu uremia. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, kutsimikiza kwa urea mu seramu yamagazi kumakhala kofunikira.

Zambiri pa phunziroli

Zochita zapadera zakufufuza pa seramu yamagazi zimachitika kuti akhazikitse matenda a impso, komanso kuchuluka kwa chitukuko chake. Kusanthula kwakanthawi ndi mwayi wochepetsera nthawi yamankhwala.

Kusanthula ndi kotheka m'mabotolo azachipatala omwe ali ndi chiphaso choyenera kugwira ntchito yotere, komanso zida zamakono ndi ma reagents a mankhwala.

Kafukufuku wa seramu yamagazi ya urea wambiri ungathe kuchitidwa ndi njira zingapo, zogawika m'magulu otsatirawa:

Owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito bwino Aterol kutsitsa cholesterol. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

• Magesi.
• Kuthetsa.
• Mizere ya Photometric.

Mwa njira zina zodziwira urea mu seramu yamagazi, zida zopangidwa mwapadera zofunikira ndi kuphatikizika kwa ma labgents zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Zizindikiro zofufuzira

Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha ndende ya urea mumunthu wamkulu ali pamlingo wa 640-660 mg pa lita. M'masewera othamanga, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kuchuluka kwa kupezeka kwa urea kumakwezeka pang'ono. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni ambiri. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa urea kungakhale chifukwa cha zovuta zotsatirazi:

• Leukemia
• Kamwazi.
• Jaundice parenchymal.
• Pyelonephritis.
• Kulephera kwamkati (mawonekedwe osakhazikika).
• Glomerulonephritis.

Matendawa omwe atchulidwa ndiwofotokozera, omwe angafunike kuwunika kwa urea m'magazi.

Mfundo za kusanthula

Ngakhale njira yosanthula, kutsimikiza kwa uric acid kumakhala ndi zotsatirazi zofunika:

• Nthawi yoyeserera magazi kuyambira maora 8 mpaka 11 tsiku.
• Wodwala sayenera kukhala ndi njala kwa maola opitilira 14.
• Mwazi umatengedwa kuchokera m'mitsempha ya wodwala.
• Mwazi wokwanira wamagazi mkati mwa 8 ml.

Onerani kanema wa urea

Funsani dokotala wanu kuti akuuzeni ngati muli ndi matenda ena

Anna Ponyaeva. Amaliza maphunziro awo ku Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy (2007-2014) ndi Residency in Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (2014-2016). Funsani funso >>

Njira zofufuzira

Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa uric acid mu seramu yamagazi, wodwalayo atha kupatsidwa njira izi:

• Xanthhydrol.
• Hypochlorite.
• Diacetylmonoxime.
• Njira zochulukitsa pogwiritsa ntchito pepala.
• Njira zogwiritsira ntchito ma ion-electrodes osankhidwa.
• Zosangalatsa.
• Magesi.

Maphunziro a Diacetylmonoxime

Kutsimikiza kwa uric acid m'magazi kumachitika kudzera mu mawonekedwe a Firon, pamene diacetyl monooxime ndi urea amalowa.

Zotsatira zake ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Njira zochulukitsa pogwiritsa ntchito pepala

Ubwino wa njirazi ndi kuthamanga kwa kupeza deta.

Pafupifupi, kuwunikirako kumatenga zosaposa mphindi 10.

Mapepala oyesedwa omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi ma reagents pansi pa dzina la brand "Ureatest", "Uranal".

Mfundo za mawunikidwewo ali pafupifupi ofanana, ngati kuti gluceter woyezera cholesterol ndi shuga agwiritsidwa ntchito (chida chonyamulirachi chimakhazikitsa bwino mafuta a cholesterol mthupi la munthu).

Njira zamagesi

Dzina lina lofufuzira ndi kusanthula kwa hypobromite kwa ndende ya urea. Lingaliro la njirazi ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa oxidative reaction komanso kuwonongeka kwa urea pogwiritsa ntchito hypobromite. Panthawi imeneyi, nayitrogeni ndi kaboni dayokiti zimamasulidwa. Gawo lomaliza limachotsedwa ndi yankho lapadera, pambuyo pake kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni amawerengedwa.

Zinthu Zotsatira Zotsatira

Mtengo wa urea ungasokonezedwe pazinthu zotsatirazi:

• Mukamamwa mankhwala monga "Cisplatin", "Tetracycline", "Aspirin", komanso ndi mitundu yambiri yazokongoletsa.
• Pa nthawi yoyembekezera.
• Amakonda kudya mapuloteni ambiri.

Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku

Ndi mtundu wa diacetyl monoxime wodziwitsa kuchuluka kwa urea m'magazi, njira zotsatirazi zimatengedwa:

• 1 ml ya trichloroacetic acid, 0,8 ml ya madzi, 0,5 ml ya seramu amawonjezeredwa pa chubu choyesera.
• Kuphatikiza zigawo za centrifuge kwa mphindi 15.
• 0,5 ml ya osakaniza a centrifuge, komanso 5 ml ya labotale yapadera ma reagent, amalowetsedwa mu chubu choyera.
• Chubu imasungidwa kwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ola kuposa madzi osambira owiritsa.
• Mukasamba madzi, zomwe zili mu chubu choyesedwa zimaloledwa kuziziritsa kwa mphindi 2-3.
• Ntchito ina pazomwe zili mu chubu choyeserera imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito makina ojambula ndi mawonekedwe.

Kuwerengera kwa urea pokonzekera mkodzo tsiku lililonse

Kuchulukana kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa urea mumkodzo kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi:

Msut ndiwo kuchuluka kwa mkodzo patsiku la mkodzo (unit - mmol),

• Ck ndi ndende ya urea mu chitsanzo cha calibration (mmol),
• Eop - kutha kwa zitsanzo zoyeserera,
• A kuchuluka kwa mkodzo tsiku lililonse,
• b - kuchuluka kwamkodzo pakufufuza (ml),
• Ek - kutha kwa chitsanzo cha mayeso,
• K - mkodzo wothira mkodzo.

Kuwerengera kwa algorithm komwe amakupatsani mwayi kumakuthandizani kudziwa kuchuluka kwa urea.

Mitundu ya urea m'magazi

M'badwo uliwonse umakhala ndi ndende inayake ya urea

• Kuyambira kubadwa mpaka zaka 4, kuyambira 1.8 mpaka 6 mmol, pa lita.
• Ana kuyambira zaka 4 mpaka zaka 14 - kuyambira 2,5 mpaka 6 mmol pa lita.
• Kuyambira zaka 14 mpaka 20 - pamtunda kuchokera pa 2.9 mpaka 7.5 mmol pa lita.
• Amuna azaka zapakati pa 20 mpaka 50 - kuyambira 3.2 mpaka 7.3 mmol pa lita.
• Amayi azaka zapakati pa 20 mpaka 50 - kuyambira 2,6 mpaka 6.7 mmol pa lita.
• Amuna azaka zapakati pa 50 ndi kupitirira kuchokera pa 3.0 mpaka 9.2 mmol pa lita.
• Amayi azaka zapakati pa 50 ndi kupitirira kuchokera pa 3.5 mpaka 7.2 mmol pa lita.
• Pa nthawi yoyembekezera, kuyambira 1.9 mpaka 6.0 mmol pa lita.

Zizindikiro zomwe zili pamwambapa kapena pansipa zomwe zikuwonetsedwa zikuwonetsa matenda enaake, omwe amalola kuzindikira koyenera.

Magetsi Ofunika

Kuchita maphunziro ku urea, pali zinthu zina:

• Miyeso imatengedwa mwachangu, mkati mwa kotala la ola. Izi ndichifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa mtundu wa zinthu zosakanikirana.
• Njira yowerengera imatsimikiziridwa panjira ndi maphunziro aliwonse atsopano. Izi ndichifukwa cha mtundu wosasunthika wa urea womwe umapangika ndi diacetyl monooxime.
• Ngati kuchuluka kwa urea mu seramu ya magazi ndi kupitilira 17 mmol pa lita imodzi, isotonic sodium chloride imagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa seramu. Zotsatira zomaliza zimasinthidwa ndikuchulukitsa ndi dilution factor.
• Kuwerengera zomwe zili ndi nayitrogeni, zotsatira zomaliza zimagawidwa ndi 2.14.