Kapangidwe, malo ndi ntchito ya kapamba

Kapamba yosakanizidwa, imaphatikizapo endo - ndi mbali za exocrine.

Mu gawo la procrine, pancreatic juice amapangidwa (pafupifupi malita awiri pa kugogoda), okhala ndi chimbudzi. Ma enzyme (trypsin, lipase, amylase, ndi ena otere) polowa m'malo obisalamo mu duodenum, pomwe ma enzyme amatenga nawo gawo la kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, mafuta, chakudya kumapeto omaliza.

Amapanga gawo lalikulu la kuchuluka kwa maubongo a gland ndipo ndi zovuta ku alveolar-tubular serous gland, yomwe imakhala ndi zigawo za kumapeto (pancreatic acini) ndi dongosolo la ma excucory ducts.

1) Acini - magawo ndi magwiridwe antchito. Ali ndi mawonekedwe ozunguliridwa (ofanana ndi thumba) kapena mawonekedwe ofikira komanso chowongolera chopapatiza. Kukula kwake ndi ma micons a 100-150. Pakati pawo, ulusi wa reticular, magazi. capillaries, mitsempha. CHIKWANGWANI, mitsempha. ganglia. Amapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya ma cell:

a) Exocrine Pancreatocytes (acinocyte) (8-12pcs) - maselo akuluakulu a mawonekedwe a piramidi. Gawo loyambira (zone zone) Yokhala ndi banga la basophilia, zida zopangidwa mwaluso - graPS, cytolemma form folds.

Gawo lopepuka la apical (zymogenic zone) ndi oxyphilic; imatenga ndere zazikulu za ezmogenic (zokhala ndi ma proenzymes), ma cytolemma mawonekedwe a micvilli, microfilaments ndi microtubules zilipo.

Ma nyukiliya nthawi zambiri amakhala gawo loyambira, lomwe limakhala ndi 1-2 noli, CG pakati pa granules ndi nucleus.

b) Ma cellroacinous maselo - yaying'ono, yosalala, yosawoneka bwino nyenyezi, ma nyukiliya ndi okuta, opepuka ma cytoplasm, ma organelles opangidwa bwino. Mu ziphuphu, amapezeka pakatikati, kuphatikiza kutuluka kwake, ndikupanga gawo lozungulira.

2) Dongosolo la ma excretory ducts zimaphatikizapo zimbudzi zakunyumba, zimbudzi zamkati, zitsekerezo, ndi zotupa wamba.

a) zolowetsa - machubu opapatiza okhala ndi chosanjikiza chimodzi kapena kiyubiki. epithelium

b) ma ducts a intralobular - imapangidwa chifukwa chogwirizanitsa kwamalumikizidwe, itamangidwa ndi kiyubiki imodzi yosanjikiza. kapena prism yotsika. epithelium. Kuzungulira RVST, momwe iye akudwala. zotengera ndi mitsempha. CHIKWANGWANI

c) zotupa zakutchire gonani m'magawo olumikizana pakati pa lobules, omwe ali ndi chokhazikika chimodzi. epithelium, yomwe ili ndi ma goblet osiyana ndi maselo endocrine.

d) wamba duct akudutsa chithaphwi chonse, amatseguliramo duodenum m'chigawo cha Vater papilla. Imakhala ndi gawo limodzi lokhathamiritsa kwambiri la epithelium, ilinso ndi maselo otsogola ndi endocrine, yomwe imakhala ndi malo ake omwe ali ndi zigawo za gland.

DERMA. SKIN GLANDS.

Dermis - khungu zoyenera, makulidwe 0,5-5 mm, zotumphukira mbali ya khungu. ili pansi pa epidermis ndikulekanitsidwa ndi iyo ndi nembanemba wapansi. Iagawika m'magawo awiri:

1. Zosanjidwa ndi papillary m'gawoli limaperekedwa ngati gulu la papillae likulowera khungu. Imakhazikitsidwa mwachindunji pansi pake ndikupanga PB neoform ST, ikuchita trophic f-ju. Ma papillae ambiri pakhungu la manja ndi zina. CT yamtunduwu imakhala ndi ulusi woonda wa collagen, zotanuka komanso zopindika, pali ma fibroblasts ndi fibrocyte, macrophages ndi ma cell cell, Tlymph. Pali maselo osalala osakanikirana ndi muzu wa tsitsi - minofu yomwe imakweza tsitsi. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha macrophages, minofu ya basophil ndi ma cell ena a immunocompetent imakupatsani mwayi woti mukwaniritse ntchito yoteteza chitetezo chokwanira.

2. Mesh wosanjikiza (gawo lalikulu la dermis) limapangidwa ndi wandiweyani B neoform ST ndipo imakhala ndi ulalo wopingika mbali zitatu zamitengo yamphamvu ya collagen yolumikizana ndi netiweki ya zotanuka. Amachita ntchito yothandizira, imapereka khungu mphamvu. Zinthu zama ma cell ndi ma fibroblasts.

Khungu lotupa - Zotengera za khungu. Perekani thermoregulation, muteteze khungu kuti lisawonongeke, perekani zotulutsa za zinthu za metabolic m'thupi.

1. Thukuta lotupa amapezeka pafupifupi m'malo onse akhungu. Ndalama zoposa mamiliyoni 2,5. Pafupifupi thukuta la 500-600 ml limatulutsidwa tsiku lililonse. Mu kapangidwe kake ndi yosavuta tubular yopanda dongosolo. Amakhala ndimtundu wautali woyenda komanso gawo lomalizira, lomwe limapindika ngati mawonekedwe a glomerulus. Danga la glomerulus ndi 0.3-0.4 mm. Magawo omaliza amapezeka m'malo ozungulira a dermis pamalire ndi minofu yaying'ono, ndipo zotumphukira zake zimatseguka pakhungu ndi chotupa cha thukuta.

Malinga ndi njira ya secretion tiziwalo thukuta timagawidwa mu eccrine (merocrine) ndi apocrine.

A) Ntchito za tezi zapamwamba - tubular yosavuta, ili pakhungu la madera onse (khungu la pamphumi, nkhope, manja ndi zigawo), ili mkati kwambiri. kutulutsa thukuta lomveka bwino. Dipatimenti yotsiriza Mulinso mitundu iwiri ya ma cell:

- zachinsinsi mawonekedwe a piramidi, amapanga mawonekedwe amkati, amagawidwa kukhala:

maselo owala - chachikulu, pamtunda wapansi, pali mitochondria ndi glycogen, omwe amayang'anira kayendedwe ka madzi

maselo amdima ochepa, olemera muPSPS, pali zokumba zazinsinsi, zomwe zimapanga thukuta zimapanga chiwalo.

- maselo opatsirana njira yokhotakhota, yokhala ndi zolaula za actin, tengani nawo mbali pobisalira.

Zodzikongoletsera - mwachindunji, amapangidwa ndi bilayer cubic epithelium, mitundu iwiri ya maselo:

- zotumphukira - mawonekedwe a polygonal, okhala ndi maziko ozunguliridwa, mitoch., Ribosomes,

- zapamwambae - polygonal mawonekedwe, okhala ndi phimbidwe, osapangika bwino ma organelles ndi ma tonofilaments

B) Tizilombo ta Apocrine - yosavuta tubular alveolar, yomwe ili m'malo ena (m'makoma, pamphumi, anus, maliseche). Pambuyo pake amapangika pa kutha msambo, thukuta lamkaka limasungidwa ndipo limakhala ndi zinthu zampweya.

Madipatimenti omalizaa) myoepithelial maselo, b) maselo achinsinsi ndi oxyphilic, chinsinsi chimadziunjikira mu gawo lodziwikiratu. Zodzikongoletsera - amadulidwa ndi ma cell ofanana ndi maukizi a eccrine.

2. Matenda a Sebaceous- yosavuta, nthambi, ma alveolar, omwe nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe a tsitsi, kufalikira kulikonse, mawonekedwe mkati mwa kutha.

Madipatimenti omaliza - alveoli, mitundu iwiri ya maselo:

- basal - yaying'ono, basophilic, wokhoza kugawanitsa,

- sebocyte - yayikulu, yokhala ndi lipids, imawonongeka, ndikukhala chinsinsi - sebum.

Njira yabwino - lonse, lalifupi, lalifupi, loyenda komanso loyenda.

Pancreas anatomy ndi topography

Mwa anthu, gland iyi imapezeka m'mimba, kumbuyo kwa m'mimba komanso pang'ono kumanzere. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a chikoma ndi mtundu wa imvi.

Iron idalandira dzina chifukwa chazachilendo ndi malo m'thupi: ngati munthu wagonekedwa kumsana wake, amapezeka pansi pamimba. Pali magawo atatu a anatomical a gland - mutu, thupi ndi mchira:

1. Mutu umayandikana ndi khola la duodenum. M'malire a mutu ndi thupi mumakhala tchuthi, minyewa yapa port imadutsa apa.
2. Thupi la chiwalo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe a prism. Khoma lakunja lili moyandikana ndi khoma lam'mbuyo lam'mimba ndipo limalunjikitsidwa pang'ono m'mwamba. Khoma lakumbuyo likuyang'ana msana. Imalumikizana ndi ziwiya zam'mimba zam'mimba komanso zotsekemera za dzuwa. Khoma lakumunsi lili m'munsi mwa mesentery.
3. Mchira uli ndi mawonekedwe a peyala. Pafupi naye pali zipata za ndulu.

Magazi amapezeka m'magulu angapo. Mutu umalandira zakudya kuchokera kummunsi komanso kumtunda kwa mitsempha ya pancreatoduodenal. Thupi ndi mchira zimaperekedwa ndi magazi ndi nthambi za splenic artery. Vuto lotuluka mu venous limatuluka kudzera m'mitsempha ya pancreatoduodenal, pomwe magazi amatuluka mumtsempha wamagazi.

Malangizo amanjenje amachitika chifukwa cha anthu achifundo komanso parasympathetic. Parasympathetic innervation imayimiriridwa ndi nthambi za vagus nerve, achifundo - ndi celiac plexus.

Kapangidwe ka m'mbiri ya chiwalo

Kapangidwe ka gland ka m'mbali mwake kamakhala kovuta kwambiri ndipo kamakhala ndi mawonekedwe a alveolar-tubular. Zinthu zonse zomwe limba limapangidwa amagawidwa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Pakati pa lobules pali mitsempha yamagazi ndi mitsempha. Kuphatikiza apo, pali tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta tiziwalo tomwe timatulutsidwa.

Kutengera ndi mawonekedwe ndi ntchito zake, chiwalo chonsecho chimagawidwa m'magawo awiri akulu - endocrine ndi exocrine.

Gawo lazopanikizana ndi kapamba limakhala ndi masango amitundu - acini. Ndiwo gawo la lobules. Ziphuphuzi zimalumikizidwa ndi duct system yomwe imakhala ngati mtengo. Ma ducke amtundu wambiri amasonkhanitsidwa mu maumbulidwe, omwewo, amawalowetsa mumtsinje waukulu.

Gawo la endocrine limayimiridwa ndi zisumbu za Langerhans. Izi magawo a kapamba ndi masango a maselo ozungulira - insulocytes. Malinga ndi morphology ndi magwiridwe antchito, maselo amenewa amagawidwa m'magulu angapo ang'onoang'ono - alpha, beta, delta, D-cell, PP-cell.

Pancreatic duct system

Chiwalochi chimakhala ndi dongosolo losakanikirana bwino lomwe lomwe madziwo amalowera m'matumbo.

Chophwera chachikulu, chodutsa chiwalo chonsecho, chimatchedwa Virsungova. Matumba a pancreatic amenewa amayenda ku lumen ya duodenum. Pamalo ano pali mawonekedwe osalala a minofu - sphincter, yomwe imalepheretsa kulowa kwa madzi a m'mimba ndi bile ku gland.

Kutalika kwa dambo la Wirsung kumayambira 16 mpaka 20 cm, m'lifupi mwake umasiyana kuchokera 4 mm pamutu mpaka 2 mm mu caudal. Mawonekedwe a duct nthawi zambiri amabwereza mawonekedwe a England. Koma nthawi zina, imatha kukhala yopindika kapena mawonekedwe a S.

Kenako, ma ducts ang'onoang'ono amalowa mkati mwake - interlobular and intralobular. Mu Wirsung duct, malo 30 mpaka 50 a tubules ang'onoang'ono amatha kutseguka.

Pulogalamu ya Wirsung duct nthawi zambiri imalumikizana ndi kugula kwa choledochus. Nthawi zina, mabowo awa amatha kukhala patali motalikirana ndi 1−2 cm kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Izi zikuwoneka kuti sizowona ndipo zimachitika mu 20-30% ya anthu onse.

Kuphatikizika kwa kapangidwe ka anatomical kungakhale kugawanitsa kwa Wirsung duct kukhala nthambi ziwiri. Amasiyanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake ndipo ali ndi malo awiri otseguka. Zinthu zakubadwa mwanjira imeneyi ndizosowa.

Pakati penipeni pa mutu pali santorinium duct yowonjezera. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu, imatha kutsegukira payokha pakumveka kwa duodenum ndikupanga santorinia nipple, komwe ma enzyme amatsitsidwa. Ngati kukwiya kwa duct yayikulu kumachitika, ina yowonjezera imagwira ntchito yake. Pakati pa njira yowonjezera ndi kuwunikira kwa duodenum ndi Helly sphincter. Zimalepheretsa kubwereranso kwa madzi a pancreatic ndi matumbo m'matumbo a ngalande.

Mutu wa gland umakhala ndi njira yakeyake ya njira zowonekera. Pali mitundu itatu ya izo - kumtunda, wotsika komanso wamba. Mayendedwe apamwamba alibe njira zawo zophatikizira ndi kuphatikiza ndi otsika, amapanga ma ducts wamba.

Kutenga nawo gawo mu chakudya

Ntchito ya exocrine (exocrine) ya gland ndikupanga michere ya m'mimba. Izi ndi zinthu zopanda moyo zomwe zimathandizira kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, zakudya zamafuta ndi mafuta. Maselo omwe amapanga chiphuphuchi amapanga madzi a pancreatic, omwe, limodzi ndi bile, amaphwanya chakudya kuzinthu zake zosavuta ndikulimbikitsa kuyamwa.

Ma enzyme otsatirawa amapangidwa m'maselo a exocrine system:

1. Trypsin imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphwanya mapuloteni.
2. Kuwonongeka kwa zovuta zamankhwala - zovuta, maltase, invertase, lactase.
3. Pakutha kwa mafuta - lipase.

Mtundu wa chakudya ukangolowa m'thupi, amapanga michere. Njirayi imatenga maola 7 mpaka 12.

Kuchuluka kwa michere yopangidwa mwachindunji kutengera mtundu wa chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, mukamadya zakudya zamafuta, kupanga lipase kumachulukanso, etc.

Ntchito ya endocrine

Ntchito ya intra-secretory (endocrine) ndikupanga mahomoni. Mosiyana ndi michere yam'mimba, mahomoni samasungidwa m'matumbo, koma mwachindunji kulowa m'magazi, komwe amafalikira thupi lonse ndikukhudza ziwalo ndi machitidwe. Hormoni iliyonse imapangidwa ndi mtundu wa insulocyte cell:

1. Ma cell a Alfa ndi omwe amachititsa kuti glucagon aphatikizidwe.
2. Maselo a Beta amatulutsa insulin.
3. Maselo a Delta ndi omwe amachititsa kuti somatostatin ipangidwe.
4. Maselo a D1 amatulutsa VIP factor (vaso-matumbo polypeptide).
5. Maselo a PP amapanga pancreatic polypeptide.

Insulin ndi glucagon amawongolera chakudya. Ma mahomoni ena amapereka mchitidwe wochititsa manyazi m'thupi. Njira yakuwongolera homeostasis ndi imodzi yosavuta komanso yosinthika poyambira.

Anomali pamapangidwe a chiwalo

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ntchito ya parenchyma kapena kusokonezeka kwa ma ducts, ma matenda oopsa a m'mimba a m'mimba amatuluka.

Vuto lofala kwambiri ndikuphwanya njira yayikulu kapena zowonjezera. Poterepa, ma lumens a ma ducts amakula. Madzi a pancreatic amadziunjikira mkati mwawo, omwe amachititsa kuti katundu azikhala wolimba komanso azitukuka.

Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa m'mimba mwa Wirsung duct, matenda oopsa amatha kukhala - pachimake kapena kupweteka kwa kapamba kapena neoplasms yoyipa.

Matenda a kapamba

Matenda a kapamba ndiofala masiku ano. Pakati pawo, ndizachikhalidwe kusiyanitsa:

1. Pachimake kapamba. Matendawa amapezeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa katulutsidwe wa kapamba ndi kufinya kwa ma ducts. Izi zimabweretsa zovuta pakumasulidwa kwa michere mu duodenum. Zotsatira zake, ma enzymes amayamba kugaya minyewa yawo. Parenchyma edema amakula. Amayamba kukanikiza pa kaphatikizidwe kazinthu. Chifukwa cha magazi abwino, njira yotupa imafalikira mwachangu kwambiri. Matendawa amaphatikizidwa ndi ululu wokhazikika wa m'chifuwa. Choyambitsa matendawa chimatha kukhala chakudya chosasamala, kumwa mowa kwambiri, matenda a ndulu.
2. Pancreatic necrosis imatha kukhala zovuta za pachimake kapamba. Izi zimadziwika ndi kupangika kwa njira za necrotic mu minofu ya England. Nthawi zambiri matenda a m'matumbo amakhala ndi peritonitis.
3. Matenda a peritonitis aakulu ndi matenda otupa. Amadziwika ndi kusakwanira kwa chinsinsi cha ntchito ya ziwalo, chifuwa cha ma ducts komanso mawonekedwe a miyala mwa iwo. Matendawa amatha kukhala oyamba (kumachitika chifukwa cha kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa, zakudya zopanda thanzi), sekondale - motsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa njira zina zopatsirana ndi kutupa mthupi. Poyerekeza ndi kuvulala, kupweteka kwammbuyo yapambuyo pake kumatha.
4. Cysts ya glandular minofu imatha kukhala ndi chiyambi chosiyana - chowopsa, chotupa, cham'mimba.
5. Zotupa za chiwalo zimatha kukhala zogwira thupi komanso zopanda mphamvu. Tumors yokhala ndi ntchito ya mahomoni - insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma - sizipezeka kawirikawiri. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka wodwala akapezeka ndi matenda a shuga. Chotupa pamutu wa m'matumbo nthawi zambiri chimayambitsa chitukuko cha jaundice.

Kuphatikizika kwa matenda a kapamba kumatha kukhala matenda oopsa a endocrine - matenda ashuga. Izi zokhudza zonse matenda limodzi ndi zovuta kagayidwe kazakudya ndi mafuta kagayidwe. Kuti mupeze momwe matendawa akufalikira, ultrasound imagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuyesa kwa magazi ndi mayere a mkodzo.