Mlingo - mapiritsi okhala ndi filimu:

• 300 mg: wozungulira, wonenepa mbali zonse, wachikasu,
• 600 mg: oblong, convex mbali zonse, chikasu, ndi zoopsa mbali zonse ziwiri.

Mapiritsi ali ndi ma PC 10 ndi 30 ma PC. matuza, 3 kapena 1 chithuza chonyamula mukatoni.

Zogwira ntchito: alpha-lipoic (thioctic) acid, piritsi limodzi - 300 mg kapena 600 mg.

Zothandiza: cellcrystalline cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, croscarmellose sodium, anhydrous colloidal silicon dioxide, chimanga wowuma, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate.

Kapangidwe kake 104).

Zotsatira za pharmacological

The yogwira thunthu a-lipoic (thioctic) asidi limapangidwa m'thupi ndipo limagwira ngati coenzyme mu oxidative decarboxylation a-keto acids, limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu metabolism ya cell. Mu mawonekedwe amide (lipoamide) ndi cofactor yofunika yama michere enzyme yambiri yomwe imapangitsa ma decarboxylation a-keto acids kuzungulira kwa Krebs, a-lipoic acid ali ndi katundu wa antitoxic ndi antioxidant, amathanso kubwezeretsa antioxidants ena, mwachitsanzo, mu shuga. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga, a-lipoic acid amachepetsa kukana kwa insulin ndipo amalepheretsa chitukuko cha zotumphukira za m'mitsempha. Amathandizira kuchepetsa shuga wamagazi ndi kuchuluka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi, a-lipoic acid amakhudza kagayidwe ka cholesterol, amatenga nawo gawo pokhudzana ndi lipid ndi carbohydrate metabolism, amakongoletsa ntchito ya chiwindi (chifukwa cha hepatoprotective, antioxidant, detoxification zotsatira).

Mukamwa pakamwa, a-lipoic acid amachedwa msanga ndipo amatsala pang'ono kulowa m'mimba. Mankhwalawa amachotsedwa kudzera mu impso (93-97%).

Alpha lipon

ntchito: Piritsi limodzi lili ndi 300 mg kapena 600 mg alpha lipoic (thioctic) acid

obwera : lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose sodium croscarmellose, chimanga wowuma sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide colloidal magnesium stearate chipolopolo: kusakaniza kwa Opadry II Wopanga filimu ating (lactose monohydrate, hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), polyethylene glycol (macrogol) indigotine (E 132), chikasu cha dzuwa FCF (E 110) quinoline chikasu (E 104), titanium dioxide (E 171) triacetin.

Mlingo

Mapiritsi okhala ndi mafilimu.

Zoyambira zathupi komanso mankhwala:

300 mg mapiritsi ozungulira okhala ndi biconvex pamtunda, wokutidwa ndi filimu yachikasu

600 mg mapiritsi okhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi bevel, wokhala ndi zoopsa mbali zonse ziwiri, zokutidwa ndi filimu yachikasu.

Mankhwala

Thioctic acid ndi chinthu chomaliza chokhala ndi mavitamini, chimagwira ngati coenzyme ndipo chimagwira oxidative decarboxylation wa α-keto acid. Chifukwa cha hyperglycemia yomwe imapezeka m'matenda a shuga, shuga amaphatikizana ndi mapuloteni amitsempha yamagazi ndikupanga zomwe akuti "kumapeto kwa kuthamanga kwa glycolysis". Njirayi imayambitsa kuchepa kwa magazi a endoneural hypoxia / ischemia, omwe, pomwepo, amatsogolera pakupanga mapangidwe aulere okhala ndi okosijeni aulere omwe amawononga mitsempha yapang'onopang'ono. Kuchepa kwa mulingo wa ma antioxidants, monga glutathione, mu mitsempha yapamadzi kwawonekeranso.

Pambuyo pakamwa, thioctic acid imatengedwa mwachangu. Chifukwa cha kagayidwe kachilengedwe kofunikira, kuphatikiza kwa bioavailability wa thioctic acid pafupifupi 20%. Chifukwa chakugawa mwachangu mu minofu, theka la moyo wa thioctic acid mu plasma pafupifupi mphindi 25. The bioavailability wa thioctic acid mwa pakamwa makonzedwe olimba Mlingo mitundu oposa 60% molingana ndi yankho. Mkulu paz plasma ndende ya 4 μg / ml anayeza pafupifupi mphindi 30 atatha kumwa kwa 600 mg ya thioctic acid. Mu mkodzo, ndizinthu zochepa chabe zomwe zimapezeka kuti sizisinthidwe. Metabolism imachitika chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa oxidative kwa tcheni cham'mbali (β-oxidation) ndi / kapena S-methylation ya thiol yolingana. Thioctic acid mu vitro imakhudzana ndi ma ayoni a ayoni a zitsulo, mwachitsanzo, ndi chisplatin, ndipo imapangidwa mosiyanasiyana sungunuka ndi mamolekyulu a shuga.

Paresthesia mu matenda ashuga polyneuropathy.

Kuyanjana ndi mankhwala ena ndi mitundu ina yoyanjana

Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa chisplatin kumachepa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito munthawi yomweyo mankhwala a Alpha-lipon. Thioctic acid ndimakina othandizira pazitsulo motero, malingana ndi mfundo zoyambirira za pharmacotherapy, sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo ndi zinthu zachitsulo (mwachitsanzo, ndi zina zowonjezera zokhala ndi chitsulo kapena magnesium, zomwe zimakhala ndi mkaka, popeza zimakhala ndi calcium). Ngati mankhwalawa okwanira tsiku lililonse amagwiritsidwa ntchito mphindi 30 musanadye chakudya cham'mawa, ndiye kuti zopatsa thanzi zomwe zimakhala ndi chitsulo ndi magnesium ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa tsiku kapena madzulo. Mankhwala a thioctic acid akagwiritsidwa ntchito, odwala matenda a shuga amatha kuwonjezera kuchepa kwa shuga kwa mankhwala a insulin komanso mankhwala opatsirana pakamwa, chifukwa chake, makamaka pamayambiriro a chithandizo, kuwunika mosamala kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumalimbikitsidwa.

Zolemba zogwiritsira ntchito

Kumayambiriro kwa chithandizo cha polyneuropathy kudzera pakubwezeretsa, kuwonjezereka kwakanthawi kochepa paresthesia ndikumverera kwa "zokwawa zokwawa" ndizotheka. Pogwiritsa ntchito thioctic acid odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi ndikofunikira. Nthawi zina, m`pofunika kuchepetsa mlingo wa mankhwala antidiabetesic kupewa kupewa hypoglycemia.

Kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa pafupipafupi ndizotheka kwambiri pakubweretsa kukulira kwa polyneuropathy ndipo kungalepheretse chithandizo, chifukwa chake, mowa uyenera kupewedwa panthawi ya chithandizo komanso pakati pa maphunziro.

Mankhwala a Alpha-Lipon ali ndi lactose, chifukwa chake sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osowa monga galactose tsankho, kuchepa kwa lactase kapena glucose-galactose malabsorption. Dye E 110, yomwe ndi gawo la zigamba za piritsi, imatha kuyambitsa mavuto.

Gwiritsani ntchito pa nthawi yoyembekezera kapena mkaka wa m'mawere.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a thioctic acid panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati sikulimbikitsidwa chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chidziwitso chakuchipatala. Palibe chidziwitso pakulanda kwa thioctic acid mkaka wa m'mawere, motero sikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito mkaka wa mkaka.

Kutha kukopa momwe zinthu zikuyendera mukamayendetsa magalimoto kapena njila zina.

Mankhwala, chisamaliro chikuyenera kuchitika mukamayendetsa magalimoto, makina, kapena kuchita zinthu zina zowopsa zomwe zimafuna kuwonjezeredwa liwiro ndi kuthamanga kwa zochitika zama psychomotor, mwa kuthekera kwa kuchitapo kovuta monga hypoglycemia (chizungulire komanso kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe).

Mlingo ndi makonzedwe

Mlingo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi 600 mg ya thioctic acid (mapiritsi awiri a 300 mg kapena piritsi 1 ya 600 mg), omwe ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mlingo umodzi mphindi 30 asanadye chakudya choyamba.

Ndi zovuta paresthesias, chithandizo chitha kuyambitsidwa ndi makina a parenteral a thioctic acid pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yoyenera.

Alfa-lipon sayenera kupatsidwa kwa ana, popeza palibe chidziwitso chokwanira chazachipatala cha gulu ili.

Bongo

Zizindikiro . Pakakhala vuto la bongo, nseru, kusanza, ndi mutu. Pambuyo mwangozi kapena poyesa kudzipha ndi pakamwa pothandizidwa ndi thioctic acid mu 10 mg mpaka 40 g osakanikirana ndi mowa, zakumwa zoledzeretsa zambiri zimachitika, nthawi zina zakupha.

Poyamba, chithunzi cha kuledzera kwa matendawa chimatha kuwonekera pakukhumudwa kapena kuwonekera kwa chikumbumtima. Mtsogolomo, kupweteka kwakukulu ndi lactic acidosis kumachitika. Kuphatikiza apo, pa kuledzera ndi mlingo waukulu wa thioctic acid, hypoglycemia, mantha, pachimake mafupa a minofu necrosis, hemolysis, kufalitsa intravascular coagulation, kuletsa mafupa ntchito ndi ziwalo zingapo zolephera zimafotokozedwa.

Chithandizo . Ngakhale mutakayikira kuledzera kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi Alpha-lipon (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi oposa 20 a 300 mg kwa akuluakulu kapena mlingo wa 50 mg / kg kulemera kwa ana), kugonekedwa kuchipatala mwachangu ndi njira zomwe zingatengedwe ngati mwachitika mwangozi (monga, kusanza, kusanza m'mimba, kudya kaboni yoyambitsa). Chithandizo cha kukomoka kwakukulu, lactic acidosis ndi zovuta zina zoopsa pamoyo ziyenera kukhala zodziwikiratu ndipo ziyenera kuchitika molingana ndi mfundo zamakono zosamala kwambiri. Phindu la hemodialysis, hemoperfusion kapena njira zosefera mwachangu mokakamizidwa kusiya kwa thioctic acid sizinatsimikizidwebe.

Zotsatira zoyipa

Kuchokera ku dongosolo lamanjenje: Kusintha kapena kuphwanya kukoma.

Kuchokera m'mimba: kusanza, kusanza, kupweteka kwam'mimba komanso kupweteka m'mimba, kutsegula m'mimba.

Kuchokera kumbali ya kagayidwe: kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi. Pakhala malipoti akudandaula omwe akuwonetsa machitidwe a hypoglycemic, ndiko kuti chizungulire, kutuluka thukuta, kupweteka mutu, komanso kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe.

Kuchokera ku chitetezo chamthupi: thupi lawo siligwirizana, kuphatikizapo zotupa pakhungu, urticaria (urticaria totupa), kuyabwa, kupuma movutikira.

Ena: eczema (kuwunika pafupipafupi sikungachitike malinga ndi zomwe zilipo).

Malo osungira

Sungani phukusi loyambirira pa kutentha osapitirira 25 ° C.

Pewani kufikira ana.

Mlingo wa 300 mg . Mapiritsi 10 mu chithuza, matuza atatu mu paketi.

Mlingo wa 600 mg. Mapiritsi 6 mu chithuza, matuza asanu mumphika.

Mapiritsi 10 mu chithuza, 3 kapena 6 matuza mumpaketi.

ALPHA LIPON

• Zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa ntchito
• Njira yogwiritsira ntchito
• Zotsatira zoyipa
• Contraindication
• Mimba
• Kuchita ndi mankhwala ena
• Bongo
• Malo osungira
• Kutulutsa Fomu
• Kupanga
• Zosankha

Mankhwala Alpha lipon - chida chomwe chimakhudza kugaya chakudya ndi njira zama metabolic.
Alpha lipoic acid ndi antioxidant yemwe amapanga thupi. Amatenga nawo oxidative decarboxylation wa alpha-keto acid ndi pyruvic acid, amawongolera lipid, cholesterol ndi carbohydrate metabolism. Kukhala ndi hepatoprotective komanso detoxifying zotsatira, kumathandiza chiwindi.
Mu matenda a shuga mellitus, amachepetsa lipid peroxidation m'mitsempha yamafungo, yomwe imathandizira kusintha kozungulira kwa magazi ndikuwonjezera kuyambitsidwa kwa mitsempha. Kuphatikiza apo, mosasamala kanthu za zovuta za insulini, alpha-lipoic acid imathandizira kuyamwa kwa glucose mu minofu yamafupa. Odwala omwe ali ndi motor neuropathy amawonjezera zomwe zimakhala ndi macroergic mu minofu.
Mutatha kumwa mankhwalawo mkati, alpha-lipoic acid imatha msanga komanso mokwanira popanda chotsalira. Mphepete mwakachulukidwe oxidation ndi conjugation zimatsogolera ku biotransfform ya alpha lipoic acid. Mu mawonekedwe a metabolites omwe amachotsedwa m'thupi ndi impso. Hafu ya moyo wa lipoic acid ndi mphindi 20-30.

Zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa ntchito

Alpha lipon Amawonetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mu neuropathies ochokera kumayendedwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo matenda ashuga, mowa. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati matenda a chiwindi, cirrhosis, poyizoni ndi mchere wazitsulo, bowa, kuledzera kosatha. Monga othandizira kutsitsa lipid, Alpha-lipon amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati prophylactic pochiza komanso kupewa atherosulinosis.

Zotsatira zoyipa

Mwina chitukuko cha thupi lawo siligwirizana mu urticaria, eczema, anaphylactic mantha. Pokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa shuga, hypoglycemia ndiyotheka ndi mawonekedwe a chizungulire, thukuta lomwe limakulirakulira, komanso mutu. Kuchokera pamimba, kupweteka kwam'mimba, nseru, kusanza, ndi matenda am'mimba nthawi zina. Pambuyo pakukonzekera mwachangu, nthawi zina, pamakhala kukomoka, kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, kuwona kawiri, ndikuwongolera mwachangu, kumva kuwawa kumawonekera m'mutu, kufupika, kumangopita kwa iwo eni. Nthawi zina, pambuyo pokonzanso mtsempha wa magazi, ma hematomas amawonedwa pansi pa khungu ndi mucous membrane. Makamaka zotsatirazi zonsezi zimatha pazokha.

Zosankha

Pa chithandizo Alpha lipon Ndikulimbikitsidwa kusaganizira zakumwa zoledzeretsa, chifukwa mowa umathandizira kuti chiwopsezo cha neuropathy chithandizire ndikuchepetsa kwambiri chithandizo.
Kumayambiriro kwa maphunzirowa, kuwonjezereka kwapakati paresthesia chifukwa cha kutsegulanso kwa minyewa ya mitsempha ndikotheka.
Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga, makamaka kumayambiriro kwa mankhwala a alpha-lipon, amafunika kuwunika pafupipafupi kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.
Chifukwa cha lactose, mankhwalawa samalimbikitsidwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi galactose tsankho, kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya encyme kapena glucose-galactose mayamwidwe akusowa.
Kuperewera kwakanthawi kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kwa ana kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito kwake odwala omwe ali ndi zaka 12.
Palibe deta pazomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwalawo azigwira ntchito poyendetsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta.

Mlingo wa Alpha Lipoic Acid ndi Administration

Kuti muthandizenso achire, tengani mphindi 30 mpaka 40 musanadye, osafuna kutafuna ndi kumwa ndi kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi.

Mlingo:

• Kupewa komanso kukonza mankhwala a matenda ashuga a polyneuropathy: 0,2 g 4 nthawi patsiku, maphunziro 3 milungu. Ndiye kuchepetsa tsiku ndi tsiku 0,6 ga, ndikugawa magawo angapo. Njira ya chithandizo ndi miyezi 1.5-2.
• Matenda ena: 0,6 g m'mawa, nthawi 1 patsiku.
• Kupanga Mafuta Alpha Lipoic Acid: Chitani zolimbitsa thupi tsiku lililonse 50 mg mpaka 400 mg, malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu. Maphunzirowa ndi milungu 2-4, yopuma ndi miyezi 1-2.
• Alpha Lipoic Acid: kutumikiridwa limodzi ndi mitundu ya mankhwala, tsiku lililonse 100-200 mg, masabata 2-3.

Alfa Lipoic Acid Slimming

Mlingo watsiku ndi tsiku umasiyana 25 mg mpaka 200 mg, kutengera kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwakukulu. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muigawe mgawo 3 - musanadye chakudya cham'mawa, mutangotha ​​kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso musanadye chakudya chomaliza. Kupititsa patsogolo mafuta omwe amawotcha, mankhwalawa amayenera kudyedwa ndi zakudya za zakudya - zipatso, mpunga, semolina kapena buckwheat.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito kuchepa kwa thupi, makonzedwe munthawi yomweyo omwe mumamwa mankhwala a l-carnitine amalimbikitsidwa. Kuti akwaniritse kwambiri, wodwalayo ayenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi. Kukula kwamafuta kwamankhwala kumapangidwanso ndi mavitamini a B.

Mtengo wa mankhwala a alpha lipoic acid, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe omasulira ndi ma CD

Kukonzekera kwa Alpha lipoic acid:

• Amapezeka m'mapiritsi a 12, 60, 250, 300 ndi 600 mg, 30 kapena 60 makapisozi pa paketi iliyonse. Mtengo: Kuchokera 202 UAH / 610 rub makapisozi 30 a 60 mg.

Kupanga:

• Chogwira ntchito: thioctic acid.
• Zowonjezera zina: lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, croscarmellose sodium, wowuma, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide.

Alpha Lipoic Acid Zizindikiro

Kulandila kukuwonetsedwa ku:

• Matenda a shuga ndi mowa.
• Poizoni wamphamvu komanso woopsa.
• Hepatitis ndi matenda amitsempha.
• Kupewa komanso kuchiza matenda a atherosulinosis.
• Allergodermatosis, psoriasis, chikanga, khungu louma ndi makwinya.
• Pores zazikulu ndi zipsera za ziphuphu.
• Khungu lowonda.
• Kuchepetsa mphamvu kagayidwe chifukwa hypotension ndi magazi m'thupi.
• Kunenepa kwambiri.
• Kupanikizika kwambiri.

Malangizo apadera

Osavomerezeka poyamwitsa. Pa nthawi yomwe mayi ali ndi pakati, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kumaloledwa ngati chithandizocho chikuyembekezeka kupitilira chiwopsezo cha mayi ndi mwana wosabadwayo. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi shuga.

Panthawi yamankhwala, kumwa mowa kumaletsedwa kotheratu. Izi zimatha kuyambitsa kukula kwa mitsempha. Gwiritsani ntchito mosamala odwala omwe ali ndi galactose tsankho ndi kuperewera kwa lactase. Palibe umboni wa kuchepa kwa nthawi yamomwe mungayang'anire njira zowopsa.

Malangizo a Alpha lipoic acid

Odwala omwe amamwa mankhwalawo amayambira kusintha kwa zoonekera pambuyo pomaliza maphunziro. Imathandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi matenda ashuga a m'mimba ndi matenda amkhungu omwe amagwirizana ndi ma pathologies a collagen. Zotsatira zabwino zakukhazikitsa shuga m'magazi odwala matenda ashuga atchulidwanso zambiri.

Mosasamala za zomwe zimayambitsa matenda, odwala ambiri adanenanso kusintha kwakukhalitsa, kuwonekera kwamawonekedwe ndi kusintha kwa magawo a mtima. Pambuyo pa kutenga alpha-lipoic acid, angapo omwe amafunsidwa omwe ali ndi ziwonetsero za chiwindi adawonetsa kutulutsa mphamvu.

Contraindication

• shuga-galactose malabsorption syndrome, kuchepa kwa lactase kapena galactose tsankho (chifukwa mankhwalawa amaphatikiza lactose)
• kutenga pakati (chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zambiri zachipatala),
• Nthawi ya mkaka wa m'mawere (zambiri za alpha-lipoic acid mu mkaka wa m'mawere sizikupezeka),
• zaka mpaka zaka 18 (chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso chokwanira mu ana ndi achinyamata),
• Hypersensitivity ku zilizonse za mankhwala.

Mlingo ndi makonzedwe

Alfa Lipon amatengedwa pakamwa, mapiritsiwo amawameza yonse popanda kutafuna kapena kusweka, kutsukidwa ndi madzi okwanira (pafupifupi 200 ml).

Mankhwala amatengedwa pa 600 mg (mapiritsi awiri a 300 mg kapena piritsi 1 ya 600 mg) nthawi imodzi patsiku mphindi 30 asanadye chakudya cham'mawa. Ndikofunika kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa musanadye kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lalitali m'mimba, chifukwa kudya kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupeza thioctic acid.

Pankhani ya zovuta kwambiri paresthesias, makulidwe a makolo a thioctic acid mu mitundu ina yoyenera ya mankhwala atha kutumikiridwa kumayambiriro kwa chithandizo.

Kuyanjana kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Alfa-Lipon akaphatikizidwa ndi chisplatin amatha kufooketsa zotsatira zam'mbuyo.

Thioctic acid sayenera kumwedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi zinthu zachitsulo, mwachitsanzo, magnesium kapena zakudya zokhala ndi chitsulo kapena zopangidwa ndi mkaka (chifukwa calcium ili mkati mwake). Ngati mankhwalawa atengedwa m'mawa asanadye chakudya cham'mawa, ndiye, ngati kuli kotheka, kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zowonjezera, kudya kwawo kumalimbikitsidwa pakati pa tsiku kapena madzulo.

Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga, thioctic acid amatha kupititsa patsogolo shuga kutsika kwa insulin ndi mankhwala amkamwa a hypoglycemic. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa maphunzirowa komanso pafupipafupi munthawi yonse ya mankhwala, ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, ndipo ngati kuli koyenera, sinthani mlingo wa insulin kapena othandizira a hypoglycemic.

Ma Analogs a Alpha Lipon ndi awa: Panthenol, Bepanten, Folic acid, Nicotinic acid.

Migwirizano ndi magwiritsidwe akusungidwa

Sungani choyikiratu choyambirira kwa ana kuti chisafikire, pamalo amdima komanso owuma firiji (18-25 ºС).

Moyo wa alumali ndi zaka 2.

Zambiri zokhudzana ndi mankhwalawa ndizofanana, zimaperekedwa pazidziwitso ndipo sizilowa m'malo mwa malangizo ovomerezeka. Kudzipatsa nokha mankhwala kuopsa!