Chiwindi ndimatenda akuluakulu kwambiri m'thupi la munthu; mwa munthu wamkulu, misa yake imafika 1.5 kg. Chiwindi chimayandikana ndi diaphragm ndipo chimakhala mu hypochondrium yoyenera. Kuchokera pansi, mitsempha ya portal ndi hepatic artery imalowa m'chiwindi, ndipo zotupa za hepatic ndi zotupa za m'mimba zimatuluka. Ndulu yayandikana ndi chiwindi (mkuyu 11.15). Maselo a hepatatic - hepatocytes - amatulutsa bile nthawi zonse (mpaka lita imodzi patsiku). Imadziunjikira mu ndulu ndikutsamira chifukwa cha madzi omwe amamwa. Pafupifupi 600 ml ya bile amapangidwa patsiku. Mukamadya zakudya zamafuta, bile limatulutsidwa m'mitsempha. Bile imakhala ndi ma asidi a bile, ma pigment a bile, michere, ntchofu, cholesterol.

Bile imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ndi iyo, zinthu za metabolic, monga pigment, zimachotsedwa. bilirubin - Gawo lomaliza la kuwonongeka kwa hemoglobin, komanso poizoni ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ma acid akhungu ndi ofunikira kuti emulsification ndi kulowetsedwa kwamafuta m'mimba.

Chovala chokhala ndi mafuta chikalowa m'matumbo a duodenum, maselo am'mimba mwake amapanga mahomoni cholecystokininzomwe zimalimbikitsa kuchepetsa

Mkuyu. 11.15.Chiwindi:

a - padzikoli b - chikhodzodzo ndi ndowe mu - hepatic lobule

chikhodzodzo. Pambuyo pa mphindi 15-90, bile lonse limachoka pachikhodzodzo ndikulowetsa matumbo ochepa. Zomwe zimachitika pokhudzana ndi ndulu ya ndulu zimakhumudwitsa mitsempha ya nyini.

Gawo la bile lomwe limalowa m'matumbo limalimbikitsa kusweka, emulsization ndi kuyamwa kwa mafuta. Mafuta ena onse amaphatikizidwa mu ileamu kulowa m'magazi, amalowa m'mitsempha, kenako ndi chiwindi, pomwe amaphatikizidwanso mu bile. Kuzungulira uku kumachitika ka 6-10 patsiku. Mbali zina za ndulu zimatulutsidwa m'thupi. Komanso, m'matumbo akulu, amawongolera kusinthasintha kwa ndowe.

Zida zonse zam'kati zotuluka kuchokera m'matumbo ndi zinthu zotengeka zimasonkhanitsidwa mkati mtsempha wamtundu wa chiwindi. Ikafika m'chiwindi, imagawika m'magulu, omwe ndi oyenera ma genatocytes omwe amatengedwa magawo a chiwindi. Pakati pa lobule pogona mtsempha wapakationyamula magazi kuti mitsempha ya hepatickulowa otsika vena cava. Mitsempha yama hepatic imabweretsa mpweya ku chiwindi. Bile imapangidwa m'chiwindi, chomwe chimayenda capillarieskupita ku hepatic duct. Kuchokera kwa iye chotupa cha cystic mpaka ndulu. Pambuyo pakuphatikizika kwa ma hepatic ndi ma vesicular ducts, amapanga wamba bile duct, yomwe imayamba mu duodenum (mkuyu. 11.16). Pafupi ndi hepatocytes pali maselo omwe amagwira ntchito ya phagocytic. Amamwa zinthu zovulaza m'magazi ndipo amatenga nawo mbali pakuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira amwazi. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zokhudzana ndi chiwindi ndi kusakhazikika kwa phenol, indole ndi zina zomwe zimapanga poizoni womwe umalowa m'magazi m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono komanso akulu. Kuphatikiza apo, chiwindi chimakhudzidwa ndi metabolism ya mapuloteni, mafuta, chakudya, mahomoni ndi mavitamini. Chiwindi chimakhudzidwa ndi poizoni wowopsa komanso wosakhalitsa, kuphatikizapo mowa. Pankhaniyi, kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito zake zoyambira kumaphwanyidwa.

Chiwindi chimayikidwa mu sabata lachinayi la kukula kwa embryonic ngati kutuluka kwa matumbo mu duodenum. Mitengo ya hepatatic imapangidwa kuchokera ku kukula kwa maselo, ndipo ma capillaries amwazi amakula pakati pawo. Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, minyewa ya m'mimba ya chiwindi ndi yotayirira kwambiri ndipo ilibe mawonekedwe. Mapangidwe a kusiyanasiyana kwa chiwindi amapezeka theka lachiwiri la chitukuko cha intrauterine komanso pambuyo pobadwa. Mu nthawi ya kubereka, chiwindi chimakula msanga kwambiri ndipo motero ndi chachikulu. Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha magazi m'magazi a chiwindi, magazi onse a m'magazi amapyola m'mimba mwake, ndikupereka zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mpweya ndi michere. Mitsempha ya portal imalandiranso magazi kuchokera pakupanga CT scan ku chiwindi. Munthawi imeneyi, chiwindi chimagwira ntchito ya depot yamagazi. Mpaka pobadwa

Mkuyu. 11.16.Pancreas, duodenum

hematopoiesis amapezeka m'chiwindi, pakapita nthawi yayitali, ntchitoyi imazirala.

Pa sabata la 10 la kubereka, glycogen imawonekera m'chiwindi, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumawonjezeka pamene mwana akukula akukula. Atangobadwa, wachibale wa glycogen yemwe ali m'chiwindi amaphatikizanso kawiri kuchuluka kwake mwa munthu wamkulu. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa glycogen koteroko kumapangitsa kuti mwana asamadutse zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kubadwa komanso kusintha kwa mlengalenga. Maola ochepa pambuyo pobadwa, kuchuluka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi kumatsika mpaka munthu wamkulu.

Mwana wakhanda, chiwindi chimakhala pafupifupi theka la m'mimba (mkuyu. 11.17). Unyinji wake ndi wokulirapo kuposa kawiri wa munthu wamkulu. Ndi ukalamba, kuchuluka kwake kumachepa, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kokwanira kumachuluka. Kuchuluka kwa chiwindi cha mwana wakhanda ndi 120-150 g, pofika kumapeto kwa chaka chachiwiri cha moyo kumachulukitsa, pofika zaka zisanu ndi zinayi - kasanu ndi kamodzi, mwa kutha msinkhu - mwa 10. Kuchuluka kwa chiwindi chachikulu kwambiri kumawonedwa mwa anthu zaka 20-30.

Mu ana, kuthira kwa magazi kwa chiwindi kuli chimodzimodzi monga wachikulire, kusiyanitsa kokhako kuti mwana atha kukhala ndi mitsempha yowonjezera ya chiwindi.

Mphepete mwa khanda ndi khanda ndizochepa. Mapangidwe a bile amapezeka kale mwana wakhanda wamiyezi itatu. Minyewa inayi imasungidwa mwana wakhanda pa 1 makilogalamu yakulemera kuposa munthu wamkulu. Kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa bile ndi kochepa komanso kumachuluka

Mkuyu. 11.17. Komwe kuli ziwalo zamkati za wakhanda zatsopano. Mu bile mu ana, mosiyana ndi akuluakulu, kuchuluka kwa asidi acid, kolesteroli ndi mchere kumakhala kotsika, koma ntchofu ndi mitundu yambiri. Kuchuluka kwa ma asidi a bile kumapangitsa kuti mafuta azingobowoleka ndi chimbudzi chake chambiri ndi ndowe, makamaka pakudya koyambirira ndi zosakaniza zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera mkaka wa ng'ombe. Kuphatikiza apo, mu bile ya ana a chaka choyamba cha moyo, pali zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala ndi bactericidal.

Pofika zaka 14 mpaka 14 kwa atsikana komanso pofika zaka 15-16 kwa anyamata, chiwindi ndi ndulu zimayambika. M'mbuyomu, pofika zaka zapakati pa 12-14, dongosolo la kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma biliary zakwaniritsidwa.

Kapamba - Gland yayikulu ya secretion yosakanikirana. Ili mkati mwa m'mimba ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe (onani mkuyu. 11.17). M'matumbo, mutu, khosi ndi mchira zimasiyanitsidwa. Tubules tuluka kuchokera ku zigawo zachinsinsi zimalumikizana ndi zolumikizana, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa main duct kapamba. Kutsegulira kwake kumatseguka kumtunda kwa duodenal papilla. Zikondazo zimabisika madzi a pancreatic (mpaka malita awiri patsiku), wokhala ndi ma enzyme athunthu omwe amaphwanya mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya chamagulu. Kapangidwe ka enzymatic kamadzimadzi kamene kamasiyana komanso kutengera mtundu wa chakudya.

Peptidases - ma enzyme omwe amaphwanya mapuloteni - amabisidwa m'njira yosagwira. Iwo adamulowetsa m'matumbo lumen ndi enzyme. enterocipaseyomwe ndi gawo lamadzi am'mimba. Mothandizidwa ndi enterokinase yogwira enzyme trypsinogen amatembenukira ku trypsin, chymotrypsinogen - mkati chemotripsy. Madzi a pancreatic amakhalanso amylase ndi ribonuc tafadhali omwe amaphwanya chakudya ndi ma nikic acid, motsatana, ndi lipaseadamulowetsa ndi bile ndikuphwanya mafuta.

Kuwongolera kwa kutulutsidwa kwa madzi a pancreatic kumachitika ndikugwira nawo mbali zamanjenje ndi zamanyazi. Kukopa koyenda komwe kumayenda kudzera mu mitsempha ya vagus kupita ku kapamba kumapangitsa kuti madzi amasungidwe pang'ono.

Mwa mahomoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kapamba, othandiza kwambiri ndi a secinin ndi cholecystokinin. Zimathandizira kutulutsidwa kwa ma enzymes, komanso madzi, bicarbonate ndi ma ion ena (calcium, magnesium, zinc, sulfates, phosphates). Chitetezo chimalepheretsedwa ndi mahomoni - somatostatiomas ndi glucagopes, omwe amapangidwa mu gland yokha.

Pakalibe chakudya, chakudya cham'madzi cha pancreatic sichimagwirizana ndipo chimakhala cha 10-15% cha msinkhu wake wokwanira. Gawo la neuro-Reflex, pakuwona ndi kununkhira kwa chakudya, komanso kutafuna ndi kumeza, kutulutsa kumadzuka mpaka 25%. Kugawidwa kwa madzi a pancreatic kumachitika chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwa mitsempha ya vagus. Chakudya chikalowa m'mimba, kutulutsa kwa ayodini kumawonjezereka chifukwa cha mitsempha yonse ya vagus ndi gastrin. Mu gawo lotsatira lamatumbo, chyme chikalowa mu duodenum, chinsinsi chimafika pamlingo wokwera. Acid, yomwe imabwera ndi chakudya chochuluka kuchokera m'mimba, imasokoneza bicarbonate (HCO3), yotulutsidwa ndi kapamba ndi duodenal mucosa. Chifukwa cha izi, pH yazomwe zili m'matumbo imakwera mpaka pomwe ma enzymes a pancreatic amagwira ntchito (6.0-8.9).

Zikondwererozi zimachitanso ntchito ya katulutsidwe wamkati, kumasula mahomoni m'magazi insulin ndi glucagon.

Mu nthawi ya embryonic, kapamba amawonekera sabata lachitatu ngati mawonekedwe akutuluka kwa matumbo m'chigawo choyandikana ndi m'mimba (onani mkuyu. 11.2). Pambuyo pake, ma bookmark amaphatikizika, mumagulu amtundu uliwonse amtundu wa endo ndi exocrine amakula. M'mwezi wachitatu wakutukuka kwa prenatal, michere ya trinsinogen ndi lipase imayamba kupezeka m'maselo a gland, amylase imayamba kupangidwa pambuyo pobadwa. Mapulogalamu a Endocrine amawonekera kuthengo kutangotsala procrine, mu sabata lachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi glucagon amapezeka m'maselo a-cell, ndipo mu 12-insulin mu p-cell. Kukula koyambirira kumene kwa zinthu za endocrine kukufotokozedwa ndi kufunika kwa mwana wosabadwayo kuti apange dongosolo lake loyendetsera kagayidwe kazachilengedwe, popeza nthawi imeneyi gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu ndi glucose kuchokera mthupi la mayi kudzera mu placenta.

Mwa wakhanda, kulemera kwa chithokomiro ndi 2-5 g; podzafika kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo, imachulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kukula kwa zinthu zakunja ndipo imafikira 10-12 g. Izi zimathandizanso kuti chiwopsezo cha pancreatic chithe. M'miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo, pamene hydrochloric acid sichinapangidwe m'mimba, chimbudzi chimachitika chifukwa chobisa.

Ntchito za ma enzymes omwe amaphwanya mapuloteni m'miyezi yoyamba ya moyo wa mwana ali pamlingo wokwera bwino, omwe akupitiliza kuchuluka ndikufikira zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Pa tsiku lachitatu la moyo wa mwana, zochitika za chymotrypsin ndi trypsin zimawonetsedwa mu madzi a pancreatic, lipase idakalibe mphamvu. Pofika sabata lachitatu, ntchito za michereyi zikuchulukirachulukira. Ntchito ya amylase ndi lipase ya pancreatic madzi imachulukira kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo, chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa mwana kudya zakudya zosakanikirana. Kupanga zakudya kumapangitsanso kuchuluka kwa katulutsidwe ndi ntchito ya ma enzyme. Ntchito za Amylolytic ndi lipolytic zimakwanitsa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi zinayi za moyo wamwana. Kuwonjezeka kwawobisika kwa michereyi kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa katulutsidwe kobisika nthawi zonse.

Mwana wosabadwayo sakhala ndi nthawi yoberekera m'mimba. Zomwe zimachitika m'deralo zimachitika poyankha kukwiya kwa mucous, pomwe zomwe zili m'matumbo zimayang'ana kunjira.

56. Udindo wa chiwindi ndi kapamba m'mimba.

Kudzimbidwa kwa chiwindi ndi bile

Chiwindi chimakhala kumtunda kwa m'mimba, imakhala mu hypochondrium yonse ndikudutsa mbali yakumanzere. Pamunsi kumanja kwa chiwindi chachikasu ndi chikaso. kuwira. Pamene cystic ndi bile ducts zimalumikizana, wamba bile duct mitundu, yomwe imatseguka mu duodenum 12. Chiwindi chimagwira ntchito zingapo zofunika mthupi:

amatenga nawo mapuloteni ena. Imapanga 100% ya plasma albin, 70-90% alpha-globulins, ndi 50% beta-globulins. Ma amino acid atsopano amapanga chiwindi.

Chitani nawo mafuta kagayidwe. Madzi a m'magazi a lipoprotein, cholesterol amapangidwa.

nawo kagayidwe kazakudya. Chiwindi ndi glycogen yosungirako.

kutenga nawo mbali mu magazi. Mbali imodzi, zophatikizika zambiri zimapangidwa pano, ndipo mbali inayo, anticoagulants (siparin) amapangidwa.

amatenga nawo mbali mayankho a chitetezo cha mthupi.

Chiwindi ndi gawo la magazi.

amatenga nawo kagayidwe ka beryrubin. Erythrocyte amawonongeka, hemoglobin imasandulika kukhala beryrubin yosalunjika, imagwidwa ndi ma hypothocyte, ndikudutsira ku beryrubin mwachindunji. Mu kapangidwe ka bile, zimatulutsidwa m'matumbo ndipo kumapeto kwa stercobillinogen ndowe - zimapereka mtundu wa ndowe.

yogwira mitundu ya vit amapangidwa m'chiwindi. A, D, K ndi chiwindi ....

57. Njira zoyendetsera chimbudzi.

Kukuwongolera katulutsidwe ka m'mimba

Mitsempha ya Vagus (parasympathetic kugawanika kwa NS) imapangitsa gastric gastric, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa secretion. Zingwe zazingwe zimakhala ndi zotsutsana. Chosangalatsa champhamvu kwambiri cha katulutsidwe kam'mimba ndi mahomoni - gastrin, omwe amapangidwa m'mimba palokha.

Zoyimbitsa thupi zimaphatikizapo zinthu zokhudzana ndi biology - histamine, yomwe imapangidwanso m'mimba. Katulutsidwe ka m'mimba kamalimbikitsidwanso ndi zinthu zomwe zimayamwa m'madzi a protein. Kutupa kwakanthawi kwam'mimba kwamatumbo (minyewa yamkati) kumalepheretsa katulutsidwe, monga secretin, neurotensin, somatostatin, enterogastron, serotin.

Njira yosankhira chikaso. Madzi amagawika m'magawo atatu: - Reflex yovuta, - chapamimba, - m'mimba.

Zinakhazikitsidwa kuti chakudya chomwe chimalandilidwa pakamwa komanso pharynx mwachisawawa chimasangalatsa chinsinsi cha tizi m'mimba. Izi ndizowonetseranso zopanda mawonekedwe. Ref. arc imaphatikizapo zolandirira pakamwa, zamkati. ulusi wopita ku medulla oblongata, ulusi wamkati wa parasympathetic, ulusi wamitsempha ya vagus, maselo am'mimba tiziwalo tamatumbo.

Komabe, Pavlov adapeza pazoyeserera m'malingaliro kuti ntchito zachinsinsi zam'mimba zimatha kusinthidwa ndi mawonekedwe, kununkhira kwa chakudya, ndi ziwiya. Chikasu. Madzi amatchedwa kusangalala. Imakonzera m'mimba chakudya.

2 gawo. Gastric gawo la secretion.

Gawo ili limalumikizidwa ndi kumeza chakudya mwachindunji m'mimba. Kurtsin adawonetsa kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa bulloon pamimba, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kufupika, kumabweretsa kubisala kwa gland. madzi pambuyo mphindi 5 Kupanikizika kwa mucous membrane wam'mimba kumakwiyitsa mechanoreceptors a khoma lake. Zizindikirozi zimalowa mkati mwa dongosolo lamanjenje, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kudzera mu ulusi wamkati wa vagus kupita ku gastric gastric. Mechanoreceptor kuyamwa kumachepetsa chilimbikitso. kubisala mu gawo ili ndi chifukwa chamachititsidwe manyazi. Ikhoza kukhala zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa m'mimba zomwezi, komanso zinthu zomwe zili muzakudya. Makamaka, timadzi timene timataya timimba - gastrin, histamine, zakudya zowonjezera zina.

3 gawo. Gawo lamkati la secretion.

Kutalikirana Madzi amapitilira chakudya chikamalowa m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono. M'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, zinthu zomwe zimayamwa zimatengedwa m'magazi ndikusokoneza ntchito zam'mimba. Ngati zakudya wamba zimakhala m'mimba kwa maola awiri, ndiye kuti chinsinsi cha m'mimba chimatha maola 5-6.

Ntchito yamagalimoto m'mimba.

Minofu yosalala ya makoma am'mimba ndi odzipangira okha ndipo amapereka mota f-ju wam'mimba. Zotsatira zake, chakudyacho chimasakanikirana, gelusiyo imakhala yokhazikika. madzi ndikulowa 12 duodenal zilonda. Mahomoni amalimbikitsa ntchito yamagalimoto - gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine. Inhibit - adrenaline, norepinephrine, enterogastron.

Chakudya chimakhala m'mimba kwa maola 5 mpaka 10, mafuta mpaka maola 10Kutalika kwa chakudya kumatengera mtundu wa chakudya.

Madzi amapita m'matumbo aang'ono atangolowa m'mimba. Chakudya chimayamba kulowa m'matumbo atakhala madzi kapena madzi pang'ono. Mwanjira iyi, imatchedwa chyme. Kuthamangitsidwa kupita ku duodenum 12 kumachitika magawo osiyanasiyana, chifukwa cha sphincter ya dipyloric department yam'mimba. Masamba akudya a acidic akafika pylorus, minofu ya sphincter imapumula, chakudya chimalowa mu duodenum 12, pomwe sing'anga ndi alkaline. Kusintha kwa chakudya kumakhala mpaka r-i m'magawo oyamba a duodenum 12 akhale acidic. Pambuyo pa izi, minyewa ya sphincter imagwirizana ndipo chakudya chimayima kuchoka m'mimba mpaka chilengedwe cha p-th chimakhala chamchere.

Ntchito yamagalimoto yamatumbo ang'ono.

Chifukwa cha kuchepetsedwa kwa zinthu za minofu ya khoma lamatumbo, kusuntha kovuta kumachitika. Izi zimathandizira kusakanikirana kwa masaizi a chakudya, komanso kayendedwe kawo kudutsa matumbo.

Kuyenda kwa matumbo ndi pendulum ndi peristaltic. Kish. minofu imadziwika ndi zochita zokha, ndipo kuyera ndi kulimba mtima kwa mgwirizano kumakonzedwa mowoneka bwino. Gawo la parasympathetic limakulitsa ma peristalsis, ndipo omvera chisoni - zoletsa.

Zowakhumudwitsa za humor zomwe zimathandizira ma peristalsis zimaphatikizapo: gastrin, histomine, prostaglandins, bile, zinthu zina zowonjezera nyama, masamba.

Zochita za chiwindi ndi kapamba

Kodi kapamba ndi chiwindi ndi chiyani?

Chikhansa ndi gawo lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri la chimbudzi. Ili pakati pamimba, ili ndi mawonekedwe. Monga chithokomiro chotulutsa, chimabisa madzi a kapamba omwe amakhala ndi ma enzyme omwe amapukusa chakudya, mapuloteni ndi mafuta. Monga endocrine England, mahomoni insulin, glucagon ndi ena achinsinsi. 99% ya nduluyo ili ndi mawonekedwe ooneka - awa ndi gawo loyipa la chimbudzi. Gawo la endocrine limangokhala gawo limodzi mwa 1% ya voliyumu, yomwe ili mchira wa gland munthawi yazilumba za Langerhans.

Chiwindi ndi chiwalo chachikulu kwambiri cha munthu. Ili mu hypochondrium yoyenera, ili ndi mawonekedwe. Pansi pa chiwindi pali chikhodzodzo, chomwe chimasunga bile yopangidwa m'chiwindi. Kuseri kwa ndulu ndi zipata za chiwindi. Kudzera mwa iwo, mitsempha ya portal imalowa m'chiwindi, imanyamula magazi kuchokera m'matumbo, m'mimba ndi ndulu, chotupa cha hepatic chomwe chimadyetsa chiwindi chokha, mitsempha. Zida za Lymphatic ndi chotupa chachikulu cha hepatic chimatulutsa chiwindi. The cystic duct kuchokera ku ndulu imatsikira kumapeto. The wamba bile duct, limodzi ndi kutulutsa kwa pancreatic gland, amatseguka mu duodenum.

Zikondamoyo ndi chiwindi - tiziwopsezo, zotsekera?

Kutengera komwe gland imabisa chinsinsi chake, tiziwalo timene timakhala kunja, mkati ndi mosakanikirana timasiyanitsidwa.

Tizilombo ta endocrine timatulutsa timadzi timene timalowa m'magazi. Zitsamba izi zimaphatikizapo: pituitary, chithokomiro, parathyroid, gren adrenal,
Tizilombo ta Endocrine timatulutsa timatulutsa timene timasungidwa pakhungu kapena m'mbali iliyonse ya thupi, kenako kunja. Awa ndi thukuta, sebaceous, lacrimal, salivary, gland mammary.
Tizilombo timene timasakanikirana timatulutsa timadzi tomwe timatulutsa m'thupi. Amaphatikizapo zikondamoyo, zofunitsa kugonana.

Malinga ndi zomwe zidafotokozedwa pa intaneti, chiwindi ndi chofufumitsa chakabisika chakunja, komabe, m'mabuku asayansi, funso: "Chiwindi ndi chofufumitsa, chinsinsi chake ndi chiani?", Imapereka yankho lenileni - "Wosakanikirana", chifukwa mahomoni angapo amapangika mu chiwalochi.

Ntchito yachilengedwe ya chiwindi ndi kapamba

Ziwalo ziwiri izi zimatchedwa kuti ma gges. Udindo wa chiwindi ndi kapamba m'mimba ndi chimbudzi cha mafuta. Zikondamoyo, popanda kutenga chiwindi, zimapukusa chakudya ndi mapuloteni. Koma ntchito za chiwindi ndi kapamba ndizosiyanasiyana, zina zomwe sizigwirizana ndi kupukusa chakudya.

Ntchito za chiwindi:

Hormonal Amapanga mahomoni ena - chinthu china chopanga insulini, thrombopoietin, angiotensin ndi ena.
Kuyika. Mpaka 0,6 l magazi amasungidwa mu chiwindi.
Hematopoietic. Chiwindi pa intrauterine chitukuko ndi gawo la hematopoiesis.
Kupepesa. Imasunga ndulu, yomwe imakonza mafuta a chimbudzi - imawalimbikitsa, komanso imakhala ndi bactericidal.
Chotchinga. Zakudya zoopsa zosiyanasiyana zimalowa m'thupi la munthu nthawi zonse: mankhwala, utoto, mankhwala ophera matumbo, microclora metabolism amapangidwa m'matumbo. Magazi oyenda kuchokera m'matumbo ndipo ali ndi zinthu zoopsa sapita pamtima, kenako amafalikira thupi lonse, koma amalowa m'mitsempha ya chotupa mu chiwindi. Gawo lililonse mwa magawo atatu a munthu limadutsa chiwalo ichi miniti iliyonse.

Mu chiwindi, kusalolera kwa zinthu zakunja ndi zapoizoni zomwe zalowamo zimachitika. Kuopsa kwa zinthu zotere ndikuti zimachitika ndi mapuloteni ndi ma lipids a maselo, kusokoneza kapangidwe kake. Zotsatira zake, mapuloteni oterewa ndi ma lipids, motero maselo, ndi minyewa ndi ziwalo, sizikukwaniritsa ntchito zawo.

Kusalowerera ndale kumachitika magawo awiri:

Kutanthauzira kwa zinthu zakupha zosapatsa madzi kuti zisungunuke,
Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zomwe zimasungunuka ndi glucuronic kapena sulfuric acid, glutathione ndikupanga zinthu zopanda poizoni zomwe zimatuluka m'thupi.

Ntchito ya metabolism ya chiwindi

Chiwalo chamkati chimakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe ka mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya.

Carbohydrate kagayidwe. Amapereka shuga wamagazi osasinthika. Pakudya, chakudya chochuluka chikalowa m'magazi, kupezeka kwa glycogen kumapangidwa m'chiwindi ndi minofu. Pakati pakudya, thupi limalandira shuga chifukwa cha hydrolysis ya glycogen.
Mapuloteni a protein. Ma amino acid omwe angolowa kumene m'thupi kuchokera m'matumbo amatumizidwa kudzera mu mitsempha ya portal kupita ku chiwindi. Apa, ma protein a coagulation (prothrombin, fibrinogen), ndi madzi am'magazi (onse a albin, α- ndi β-globulins) amapangidwa kuchokera ku amino acid. Apa, ma amino acid amalowa m'mawu osinthika komanso kusintha kosinthika kofunikira pakusinthika kwa amino acid, kaphatikizidwe ka shuga ndi matupi a ketone kuchokera ku amino acid. Zinthu zapoizoni za protein metabolism, makamaka ammonia, zomwe zimasandulika urea, sizimatulutsa chiwindi.
Mafuta kagayidwe. Mukatha kudya, mafuta ndi ma phospholipids amaphatikizidwa m'chiwindi kuchokera ku mafuta acids omwe amachokera m'matumbo, gawo la mafuta acids limaphatikizidwa ndi mapangidwe a matupi a ketone ndikutulutsa mphamvu. Pakati pa chakudya, mafuta acids amalowa m'chiwindi kuchokera ku minofu ya adipose, komwe amakumana ndi β-oxidation ndikutulutsa mphamvu. Mu chiwindi, ¾ mafuta a cholesterol onse m'thupi amapangidwa. Ndi ¼ yokha yokha yomwe imabwera ndi chakudya.

Ntchito ya pancreatic

Kodi kapamba amawaganizira kale ndi chiyani, tsopano, mupeze zomwe imagwira?

Zogaya Ma pancreatic enzymes amapukusa magawo onse a chakudya - ma nucleic acids, mafuta, mapuloteni, chakudya.
Hormonal Kapamba amatulutsa mahomoni angapo, kuphatikizapo insulin ndi glucagon.

Kodi chimbudzi ndi chiyani?

Thupi lathu limakhala ndi ma cell pafupifupi 40 thililiyoni. Pa moyo wa aliyense wa iwo amafunikira mphamvu. Maselo amafa, zida zatsopano zimafunikira zida zomangira. Gwero lamphamvu ndi zinthu zomanga ndi chakudya. Imalowa m'matumbo am'mimba, imaphwanyidwa (kupakidwa) mu mamolekyulu amodzi, omwe amalowetsedwa m'magazi m'matumbo ndikufalikira thupi lonse, gawo lililonse.

Chimbudzi, ndiko kuti, kuphwanya kwa zinthu zovuta za chakudya - mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (ma amino acid), mafuta ochulukirapo komanso shuga, motero, zimachitika pansi pa zochita za ma enzymes. Amapezeka m'madzimadzi okumba - malovu, chapamimba, kapamba ndi matumbo a m'mimba.

Zakudya zomanga thupi zimayamba kupakidwa kale m'mkamwa, mapuloteni amayamba kupakidwa m'mimba. Komabe kusokonekera kambiri komwe kumachitika mu chakudya, mapuloteni, ndi kusintha konse kwa ma lipids kumachitika m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono motsogozedwa ndi michere yamatumbo.

Magawo osavomerezeka a chakudya amawachotsa.

Udindo wa kapamba pakugaya mapuloteni

Mapuloteni, kapena ma polypeptides a chakudya, amayamba kuthyoka m'mimba motsogozedwa ndi enzyme trypsin to oligopeptides, omwe amalowa m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono. Pano, oligopeptides amakhudzidwa ndi michere ya pancreatic madzi - elastase, chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase A ndi B. Zotsatira za ntchito yawo yolumikizika ndikuwonongeka kwa oligopeptides kuti di- ndi tripeptides.

Chimbudzi chimamalizidwa ndi ma enzymes am'matumbo, mothandizidwa ndi ma tchuthi amtundu wa di- ndi ma tripeptides omwe amawonongeka pakati pa amino acid, omwe ndi ochepa kuti amalowetse mucous membrane ndi matumbo kenako kulowa m'magazi.

Udindo wa kapamba pakugaya chakudya

Zakudya zamafuta a polysaccharide zimayamba kumilidwa mkati mwazinthu zamkati mothandizidwa ndi ma encyme a encyme ya salivary ndikupanga zidutswa zazikulu - dextrins. M'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, ma dextrins, motsogozedwa ndi pancreatic enzyme, pancreatic α-amylase, agwetse ma disaccharides, maltose ndi isomaltose. Izi zotulutsa, komanso zomwe zimabwera ndi chakudya - sucrose ndi lactose, zimagwa mchikakamizo cha michere yamadzimadzi am'mimba ku monosaccharides - glucose, fructose ndi galactose, komanso glucose wambiri amapangidwa kuposa zinthu zina. Ma monosaccharides amalowetsedwa m'matumbo am'mimba, kenako kulowa m'magazi ndipo amatengedwa kudutsa thupi lonse.

Udindo wa kapamba ndi chiwindi pakugaya mafuta

Mafuta, kapena ma pracylglycerols, amayamba kumiloweredwa mwa akulu okha m'matumbo (mwa ana pamatumbo amkamwa). Kuwonongeka kwa mafuta kumakhala ndi gawo limodzi: sizolowerera m'malo am'madzi am'matumbo, chifukwa chake, amadzisonkhanitsa ndi madontho akulu. Kodi timatsuka bwanji timinyeti tomwe timakutidwa ndi mafuta? Timagwiritsa ntchito zothimbirira. Amatsuka mafuta, chifukwa mumakhala zinthu zomwe zimagwira pansi zomwe zimaphwanya mafuta m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ochapidwa ndi madzi. Ntchito ya zinthu zogwira ntchito m'matumbo zimachitidwa ndi bile opangidwa ndi ma cell a chiwindi.

Bile imalimbikitsa mafuta - imaphwanya madontho akulu amafuta m'mamolekyulu amodzi omwe amatha kuwonekera pancreatic enase, pancreatic lipase. Chifukwa chake, ntchito za chiwindi ndi kapamba panthawi ya kugaya zam'mimba zimachitika motsatana: kukonzekera (emulsation) - kugawanika.

Pakusweka kwa triacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols ndi mafuta aulere acids amapangidwa. Amapangira ma micelles osakanikirana, omwe amaphatikiza cholesterol, mavitamini osungunuka mafuta, ndi ma acid acid. Ma micelleswo amalowetsedwa m'matumbo am'mimba kenako kulowa m'magazi.

Pancreatic timadzi ntchito

Mu kapamba, mahomoni angapo amapangidwa - insulin ndi glucagon, omwe amatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi, komanso lipocaine ndi ena.

Glucose imagwira ntchito kwambiri m'thupi. Glucose ndiyofunikira mu khungu lililonse, chifukwa kusintha kwake kumabweretsa kubala kwa mphamvu, popanda zomwe moyo wa khungu umakhala wosatheka.

Kodi kapamba amayambitsa ntchito yanji? Glucose kuchokera m'magazi kupita m'maselo amalowa ndikutenga mapuloteni apadera amitundu yambiri. Chimodzi mwazinthu izi chimanyamula shuga kuchokera pagazi kupita kumaselo a minofu ndi minofu ya adipose. Mapuloteni awa amagwira ntchito kokha limodzi ndi mahomoni a kapamba - insulin. Minofu yomwe glucose imangolowa ndi gawo la insulin imatchedwa kudalira insulin.

Kodi ma kondeni amatha bwanji kudya? Mukatha kudya, insulini imabisidwa, yomwe imapangitsa kutulutsa kwamphamvu kumapangitsa kutsika kwamagazi a shuga:

kusintha kwa shuga kukhala chakudya chosungira - glycogen,
kusintha kwa glucose komwe kumachitika ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu - glycolysis reaction,
kutembenuka kwa glucose kukhala mafuta acids ndi mafuta ndizinthu zosungira mphamvu.

Ndi insulin yokwanira, matenda a shuga amachitika, limodzi ndi zovuta zamatumbo, mafuta ndi mapuloteni.

Kodi ndimadzi otani omwe kapamba umabisala pakasala? Patatha maola 6 mutadya, chimbudzi ndi mayamwidwe a michere yonse chimatha. Magazi a shuga m'magazi amayamba kutsika. Ndi nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba - glycogen ndi mafuta. Kuyambitsa kwawo kumayamba chifukwa cha mahomoni a kapamba - glucagon. Kupanga kwake kumayamba ndi kutsika kwa shuga wamagazi, ntchito yake ndikuwonjezera izi. Glucagon imalimbikitsa zochita:

kusintha kwa glycogen kukhala glucose,
kutembenuka kwa amino acid, lactic acid ndi glycerol ku glucose,
kuchepa kwamafuta.

Ntchito yolumikizira insulin ndi glucagon imapangitsa kuti shuga izikhala yayitali m'magazi nthawi zonse.

Kodi kapamba ndi momwe angachitire?

Mu matenda a chiwindi ndi kapamba, chimbudzi cha chakudya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya kapamba ndi kapamba. Matendawa amakula ngati kutsekeka kwa kapamba. Ma Enzym opangidwa ndi chitsulo komanso amatha kupukusa mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya samalowa m'matumbo. Izi zimabweretsa kuti:

michere imayamba kupukusa chiwalocho, ndipo zimaphatikizidwa ndi kupweteka kwambiri pamimba,
Chakudya sichidagwidwa, chimabweretsa chikhazikitso komanso kuwonda kwambiri.

Amathandizira kapamba ndimankhwala omwe amaletsa kupanga michere ndi gland. Zakudya zoyenera za pancreatic pancreatitis ndizofunikira. Kumayambiriro kwa mankhwalawa, kwa masiku angapo, ayenera kupereka kudya kwathunthu. Lamulo lalikulu la zakudya za kapamba kapamba ndizosankha zakudya ndi zakudya zomwe sizikulimbikitsa kupanga michere ndi England. Kuti muchite izi, chakudya chofunda chomwe chimayikidwa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Zakudya ndizosankhidwa koyamba zopatsa mphamvu, mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi. Kenako, ululu ukachepa, chakudyacho chimakulitsidwa, kupatula zakudya zamafuta. Amadziwika kuti kapamba, malinga ndi malingaliro onse, amabwezeretsedwa kwathunthu patatha chaka chimodzi chiyambireni chithandizo.

Ntchito za chiwindi ndi kapamba m'thupi ndizosiyanasiyana. Ziwalo ziwirizi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugaya, chifukwa zimapereka chimbudzi cha mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya mu chakudya.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya chiwindi

Kunja, chiwindi chimakutidwa ndi kapisozi. Ndulu yamtundu wa chikwama chokhala ndi voliyumu ya 40-70 ml imapezeka pakuzama kwa chiwindi. Kuchepa kwake kumalumikizana ndi kufalikira kwa chiwindi.

Minofu ya chiwindi imakhala ndi lobules, yomwe imapangidwa ndi maselo a chiwindi - hepatocytes wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a polygonal. Amapitiliza bile, amatenga timiyala tating'ono, kuphatikizira kumodzi. Imatsegulidwa mu duodenum, kudzera momwe bile limalowa pano. Masana, amapatsidwa 500-1200 ml.

Chinsinsi ichi chimapangidwa m'maselo a chiwindi ndipo chimayenda mwachindunji m'matumbo (hepatic bile) kapena gallbladder, pomwe imadziunjikira (cystic bile). Kuchoka pamenepo, bile limalowa m'matumbo momwe limafunikira, kutengera ndi kukhalapo kwa chakudya chomwe chatengedwa. Chimbudzi chikapanda kuchitika, bile limasonkhanitsidwa mu chikhodzodzo. Apa amadziunjikira chifukwa cham'madzi amachokera, imakhala yowoneka bwino komanso yamitambo poyerekeza ndi chiwindi.

Bile ali ndi mphamvu yothandizira kuyendetsa michere yam'matumbo, komanso kuphatikiza mafuta ndipo, motero, amawonjezera mawonekedwe amtundu wa ma enzymes (lipases) ndi mafuta, othandizira kusweka kwawo.Bile imasokoneza ma tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kuletsa kubereka kwawo.

Bile muli: madzi, ma asidi a bile, ma pigment a bile, cholesterol, mafuta, mchere wachilengedwe, komanso ma enzyme (makamaka ma phosphatases).

Kuphatikiza pa kutenga chiwindi pakudya m'mimba, kagayidwe kazakudya zam'madzi, mapuloteni, mafuta, mavitamini, ili ndi ntchito zotsogola monga zoteteza komanso kuchotsa detoxifying. Mu chiwindi ndi osalowerera:

Zoopsa zamkati (phenols),
mankhwala osokoneza mapuloteni a nayitrogeni,
mowa
Urea amapangidwa
monosaccharides amasinthidwa kukhala glycogen,
monosaccharides amapangidwa kuchokera ku glycogen.

Kuphatikiza apo, chiwindi chimagwira ntchito ina yowonjezera. Ndi bile, zinthu za metabolic monga uric acid, urea, cholesterol, komanso mahomoni a chithokomiro - thyroxine amachotsedwa.

Mu nthawi ya embryonic, chiwindi chimagwira ngati hematopoietic organ. Tsopano ndikudziwika kuti pafupifupi mapuloteni onse am'magazi amapangidwa m'chiwindi - albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, ndi ma enzyme ambiri.

M'matimuwa mumakhala kusinthana kwa cholesterol ndi mavitamini, zimatha kuwonekera kuchokera apa kuti chiwindi ndi "fakitale" wotsogolera wa thupi ndipo amafunikira kuisamalira mosamala. Kuphatikiza apo, maselo ake amamvera kwambiri mowa.

Kapangidwe ndi kagwiridwe kake ka kapamba

Pancreas ili kuseri kwa m'mimba, pomwe adalandira dzina lake, m'mbali mwa duodenum. Kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 12 mpaka 15. Muli mutu, thupi ndi mchira. Imakutidwa ndi kapisolo woonda kwambiri ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe. Ma lamu amakhala ndi maselo a glandular, momwe ma michere osiyanasiyana am'mimba amapangidwira.

Gland iyi imakhala ndi mitundu iwiri yobisika - yakunja ndi yamkati. Udindo wopusa wa gland iyi ndikuti umatulutsa madzi a pancreatic omwe ali ndi michere yofunika kwambiri yamagaya omwe amalowa mu duodenum: trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase, maltase, lactase, ndi zina zambiri.

M'malo mwake, chofufumitsa "chovundikira" ndi ma enzyme. Chifukwa chake, kuyimitsidwa kwa magawidwe awo ngati kuwonongeka kwa chiwalochi kumayendera limodzi ndi kudzimbidwa kwa minofu yake kwa maola angapo.

Madzi a pancreatic alibe khungu, owonekera, ali ndi zamchere. Nthawi zambiri, umayenda mumayenje ang'onoang'ono, omwe amalumikizana ndi gawo lalikulu la chisa, chomwe chimatseguka mu duodenum pafupi kapena palimodzi ndi duct wamba wa bile.