Matenda a shuga: Kufufuza matenda a matenda ashuga
Shuga mellitus amatanthauza mkhalidwe wam'magazi a endocrine ya munthu, yodziwika ndi kuperewera kwa insulin kapena kukana kwa maselo a thupi kupita ku mahomoni akapangidwa mokwanira. Zotsatira zake ndi kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi, komwe kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka metabolism, maselo a trophic ndi minofu, mtima wamitsempha yama cell ndi mitsempha.
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Kuzindikira matenda ashuga kuyenera kuchitika poyambirira, kuti chithandizo chokwanira komanso chapanthawi yake. Nkhaniyo ikuyankha mafunso okhudza matenda osiyanasiyana amtundu 1 ndi mtundu wa 2 mwa ana ndi akulu, za kuwunika kofunikira kuti atsimikizire za matendawa, komanso pofotokoza zotsatira zake.
Mitundu ya matenda
Matenda a Type 1 (mawonekedwe a insulin) nthawi zambiri amapezeka ali aang'ono ndi ana, popeza zomwe zimayambitsa mawonekedwe ake ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha ana. Ma viral ndi bacteria, njira za autoimmune zimayambitsa kufa kwa maselo omwe amapanga insulin. Hormone siinapangidwe kuchuluka kofunikira. Chithandizo cha mawonekedwe awa ndi mankhwala a insulini kuphatikiza ndi zakudya zama carb ochepa.
Matenda a Mtundu Wachiwiri (mtundu wopanda insulin) amadziwika ndi anthu achikulire, omwe ali onenepa kwambiri, amakhala moyo wongokhala. Zikondazo zimapanga mahomoni okwanira, nthawi zina kuposa momwe amafunikira. Maselo ndi minyewa ya thupi zimayamba kuzindikira insulin popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Chipatala cha mawonekedwe awa sichimatchulidwa ngati matenda amtundu 1. Chithandizo cha mankhwala ndichakudya chochepetsedwa cha carb komanso mankhwala ochepetsa shuga.
Mawonekedwe a shuga
Zizindikiro zomwe mungaganizire pakukula kwa matendawa ndi izi:
- kuyabwa pakhungu,
- kuchuluka kukodza
- ludzu losalekeza
- kusintha kwa kulemera kwa thupi (pamagawo oyamba, kutsika kwakukulu, kenako phindu lochulukirapo),
- Fungo la acetone kuchokera mkamwa (ndi mtundu 1),
- kugwedezeka mwamphamvu m'misempha ya ng'ombe,
- zotupa pakhungu ngati furunculosis.
Mawonetseredwe oterewa amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a shuga wodalira insulin. Mtundu 2 umatha kukhala wa asymptomatic kwa nthawi yayitali (latent, latent).
Mu ana, matendawa amakhala ndi zizindikiro zowoneka bwino. Wodziwika ndi kutopa msanga, kugona, kuchepa mphamvu, kuchepetsa thupi pazoyala kwambiri.
Kusiyanitsa
Kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda a shuga kumakhala ndi mayeso a labotale komanso mbiri yachipatala. Kuphatikiza podziwitsa anthu moyenera, ndikofunikira kudziwa mawonekedwe ake. Kusiyana Kuzindikira kumachitika ndi zotsatirazi zamatchulidwe azikhalidwe zomwe zafotokozedwa pagome.
Matendawa | Tanthauzo | Mawonetseredwe azachipatala |
Matenda a shuga | Pathology ya hypothalamic-pituitary system, yodziwika ndi kuchepa kwa mahomoni vasopressin | Kukodza kwakukulu, ludzu, nseru, kusanza, khungu lowuma, kusowa kwamadzi |
Matenda a shuga | Matendawa amapezeka chifukwa cha matenda a adrenal gland kapena atagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a mahomoni nthawi yayitali | Kukodza kambiri, ludzu lokwanira, kufooka, kutopa. Zizindikiro ndi ulesi |
Renal glucosuria | Kukhalapo kwa shuga mumkodzo pamlingo wake wabwinobwino m'magazi. Amachitika motsutsana ndi maziko a matenda a impso | Kufooka, kupsinjika mosalekeza, khungu limakhala louma, kukhala ndi chikasu chamasamba. Kulimbitsa khungu kosalekeza |
Alimentary Glucosuria | Kukhalapo kwa shuga mumkodzo pambuyo pakupanga chakudya chambiri mu zakudya ndi zakumwa | Kukodza pafupipafupi, ludzu, kufooka, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kugona |
Urinalysis
Njira imodzi yodziwira matenda, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo loyeserera la kuyesa thupi. Munthu wathanzi sayenera kukhala ndi shuga mumkodzo, nthawi zina kukhalapo kwa 0,8 mmol / l ndizovomerezeka. Ngati pali zizindikiro pamwambapa, mawu akuti "glucosuria" amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuti musonkhe zinthu zofufuzira, muyenera kukonzekera chidebe chouma ndi ukhondo. Gawo loyamba la mkodzo siligwiritsidwa ntchito, pakati limasonkhanitsidwa mumtsuko, ndipo lomaliza limatulutsidwanso kuchimbudzi. Iyenera kutumizidwa ku labotale posachedwa kuti zotsatira zake zikhale zolondola.
Matupi a Ketone
Maonekedwe a acetone mu mkodzo ndikuwonetsa kuti kusokonezeka kwa metabolic kumachitika pamlingo wa lipid ndi carbohydrate metabolism. Mayeso apadera amafunikira kuti adziwe matupi a ketone. Kuphatikiza pa ma diagnostics a labotale, acetone mu mkodzo wa ana ndi akulu "amatha kuwoneka" mothandizidwa ndi ma strapps oyesa, omwe amapezeka mumafesi ogulitsa mankhwala.
Kuwerengera magazi kwathunthu
Magazi ndi madzi achilengedwe, zizindikilo zazikulu zomwe zimasinthana ndikuphwanya ziwalo ndi machitidwe a thupi. Njira zoyenera zowunikira panthawi ya kusanthula:
- Zizindikiro zochulukirapo,
- mulingo wa hemoglobin
- zikuwonetsa
- hematocrit
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Kuyesa kwa gluu
Gwiritsani ntchito magazi a capillary kapena venous. Kukonzekera kusonkhanitsa zakuthupi ndi motere:
- m'mawa kusanachitike kusadya, musadye chilichonse, mungathe kumwa madzi,
- pa maola 24 omaliza osamwa mowa,
- Musamawashe mano anu m'mawa, temani kutafuna chingamu, chifukwa muli ndi shuga.
Kupenda kwazinthu zam'thupi
Kuzindikira kusiyanasiyana kwa matenda ashuga kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kutsimikiza kwa izi:
- cholesterol - odwala matenda ashuga, msinkhu wake umakhala wabwinoko,
- C-peptide - ndi matenda amtundu 1, msambo umachepetsedwa, ndimatenda a 2 - abwinobwino kapena apamwamba,
- fructosamine - zizindikiro zikuwonjezeka,
- kuchuluka kwa insulin - ndi mtundu 1, Zizindikiro zimachepetsedwa, ndi mawonekedwe odziyimira pawokha a insulin, abwinobwino kapena owonjezereka pang'ono,
- lipids - mulingo ukuwonjezeka.
Mayeso a kulolera a glucose
Kusanthula kumaperekedwa m'mawa pamimba yopanda kanthu. Mwazi wofufuza amatengedwa kuchokera ku chala kapena mtsempha. Wothandizira labotale amapereka kuti wodwalayo amwe njira yothetsera shuga wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ena ake. Pambuyo maola 2, zinthuzo zimasonkhanitsidwa chimodzimodzi monga momwe zinalili koyamba. Monga akuwonetsera ndi endocrinologist, zitsanzo zapakati pa magazi zingakhale zofunikira.
Kutanthauzira kwa zotsatira (mmol / l):
- Palibe matenda ashuga: pamimba yopanda kanthu - mpaka 5.55, pambuyo maola 2 - mpaka 7.8.
- Matenda a shuga: pamimba yopanda kanthu - mpaka 7.8, pambuyo pa maola 2 - mpaka 11.
- Matenda a shuga: pamimba yopanda kanthu - pamwamba 7.8, atatha maola 2 - pamwamba 11.
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Kuyesedwa kovomerezeka pakuwonetsetsa kuti pali shuga. Kukhazikitsa kwake kumakupatsani mwayi woti mumvetse bwino kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi miyezi itatu yapitayo. Gawirani kuyambira m'mawa mpaka chakudya. Kuganizira zotsatira:
- zopezeka ndi 4.5-6.5%,
- matenda a shuga 1 - 6.5-7%,
- lembani matenda ashuga 2 - 7% kapena kuposerapo.
Kutolere zinthu ndi kukonza kwa wodwala pazinthu zonsezi pamwambapa ndi gawo la chisamaliro cha unamwino kwa odwala
Kuzindikira zovuta za matenda
Nthawi zina, kuwunika kwa "matenda okoma" kumayikidwa motsutsana ndi maziko a zovuta. Ngati izi zidachitika kale, wodwalayo amayenera kuwerengedwa pafupipafupi kuti adziwe zovuta zomwe zili m'mayeso oyambira. M'mizinda ndi m'magawo, ndondomeko zoyeselera zimakonzedwa ndi omwe amapita ku ma endocrinologists, ndipo m'midzi gawo ili ndi la oyang'anira paramedic.
Zitsanzo za kafukufuku:
- Kuonana ndi kuyesedwa ndi akatswiri a maso. Kuphatikiza ndi ophthalmoscopy, gonioscopy, mayeso a fundus, kuwala kwa maso (kupatula matenda a shuga a shuga).
- Kukambirana ndi mtima, kuchititsa ECG, echocardiography, coronary angiography (kudziwa kukhalapo kwa mtima, matenda amtima).
- Kuyesedwa ndi angiosurgeon, Doppler ultrasonography ndi arteriography ya m'munsi malekezero (kuyesa kuchuluka kwa ziwiya zamiyendo, kuteteza kukula kwa atherosclerosis)
- Kuonana kwa Nephrologist, aimpso ultrasound, renovasography, aimpso mtima dopplerography (kupatula matenda ashuga nephropathy).
- Kuyesedwa ndi katswiri wa mitsempha, kutsimikiza mtima, kulingalira, mphamvu zamagalamu ofufuza zaubongo (kutsimikiza mtima kwa matenda ashuga a m'mimba, encephalopathy.
Njira zodziwira panthawi yake zimakupatsani mwayi woyambira, kupewa zovuta zovuta komanso kukhalabe ndi moyo wabwino kwa wodwalayo.
Kodi matenda ashuga ndi chiani?
Popeza matendawa amafalikira msanga mokwanira, ndipo odwala ambiri amafa chifukwa cha zovuta, amatchedwa "mliri" m'zaka zam'ma 2000. Matenda a shuga mellitus (DM) kapena "matenda okoma", monga iwo amati, ndi autoimmune pathology. Pakadali pano pali mitundu ya matendawa, monga mtundu 1 ndi mtundu 2, komanso matenda a shuga. Onsewa ali ndi chinthu chimodzi chogwirizana - shuga wambiri kapena hyperglycemia.
Matenda a shuga a Mtundu woyamba ndi njira yomwe imapangira insulin. Chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa chitetezo cha mthupi, zimayamba kukhudza maselo a beta a pulogalamu ya islet, yomwe imayang'anira kupanga timadzi timene timatsitsa totsitsa.
Zotsatira zake, glucose simalowa m'maselo owonongeka ndipo pang'onopang'ono amayamba kudziunjikira m'magazi. Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amakula ali aang'ono, motero amatchedwa achinyamata.
Chofunikira pakuchizira matendawa ndi insulin.
Type 2 shuga mellitus ndi mkhalidwe womwe mapangidwe a insulin sasiya, koma chiwopsezo cha maselo chandamale pakusintha kwa mahomoni. Zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa T2DM zimawonedwa ngati kunenepa kwambiri komanso genetics.
Ngati palibe chomwe chingachitike pamtundu wakubadwa, ndiye kuti mapaundi owonjezera ayenera kumenyedwa. Matendawa amakhudza mbadwo wachikulire kuyambira wazaka 40-45.
Pa magawo oyambilira a chitukuko cha matenda ammagazi, mutha kuchita popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (hypoglycemic), kuyang'ana kudya komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Koma popita nthawi, kapamba amatha, ndipo kupanga insulini kumachepa, komwe kumafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.
Mitundu ya matenda ashuga
Mitundu yodziwika bwino yamatenda ndi mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga ndi mtundu 2 shuga. Mu mtundu woyamba wamatenda kapena matenda a shuga omwe amadalira insulin, zaka za odwala zimasiyana kuyambira zaka 0 mpaka 19, i.e. Anthu azaka zazing'ono omwe ali ndi vuto la insulin lokwanira amatha kutenga matendawa.
Izi ndichifukwa choti ma cell a kapamba omwe amayambitsa kupangika kwa mahomoni awa amawonongeka. Matenda osiyanasiyana a ma virus, kupsinjika, matenda omwe amachititsa kuchepa kwambiri kwa chitetezo chathupi, ndi zina zotere.
Nthawi yomweyo, thupi la wodwalayo limakomoka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa insulin, ndipo zisonyezo zakukula za matenda ashuga zimawonekera kumaso, tikulankhula za kukodandaula pafupipafupi komanso mwamphamvu, ludzu losalephera komanso kuwonda. Ndizotheka kuchiza matenda amtunduwu kokha ndi kukonzekera kwa insulin.
Kuzindikira matenda ashuga aubwana
Kwenikweni, matenda a shuga kwa ana amapezeka ali ndi zaka 5 mpaka 12. Zodandaula za mwana ndizogwirizana kwathunthu ndi zomwe akulu anganene.
Nthawi zina, matenda ashuga amakula mwa akhanda. Kuzindikira matenda amtundu woyamba wa ana mu ana koyambirira kumaphatikizapo kuwayang'anira. Zotupa zosakhwima zimachitika mwa makanda, kuphwanya kwa chopondapo kumachitika, mkodzo umakhala womata, kutupa kumawonekera pakhungu.
Chifukwa chake zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga mu ana sizingakhale zakudya zopanda malire komanso kumwa kwambiri mowa, komanso zamaganizidwe ndi thupi.
Izi ndi izi:
- Kuchulukitsa kwa malingaliro.
- Kupsyinjika.
- Kusintha kwa mahomoni.
M'malo mwake, kupezeka kwa matenda ashuga mwa ana sikufanana kwenikweni ndi kupezeka kwa akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri, katswiri wokhala ndi "matenda okoma" omwe amakayikira amapatsa mwana mwayi wopititsa kukayezetsa magazi.
Misingo ya shuga ndi yosiyana ndi akuluakulu. Chifukwa chake, mwa ana ochepera zaka 2, chizolowezi chimachokera ku 2.8 mpaka 4,4 mmol / L, wazaka kuyambira 2 mpaka 6 - kuyambira 3.3 mpaka 5.0 mmol / L, muunyamata, Zizindikiro zimayenderana ndi akulu - kuyambira 3 3 mpaka 5.5 mmol / L.
Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zizindikiro, matenda a shuga amapezeka mwa ana. Ngati zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuchokera 5.6 mpaka 6.0 mmol / L, ndiye kuti adotolo amakupatsani mayeso ololera a glucose. Pambuyo pa kumwa kwa maola awiri, chizindikiritso cha 7 mmol / L chimadziwika. Momwe mfundozo zimachokera ku 7.0 mpaka 11.0 mmol / L - ichi ndi prediabetes, pamwamba pa 11.0 mmol / L - matenda a shuga kwa ana.
Atatha maphunziro angapo, katswiri amatha kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa zomwe akuti wapezeka. Kuti mudziwe matendawa, ndi ana otani, monga nthawi zonse, kuwunika kwa C-peptides kumachitika.
Kuzindikira komanso kuchiza matenda ashuga mwa ana ndi akulu onse kumaphatikizaponso kumwa mankhwala kapena mankhwala a insulin, kusunga zakudya zoyenera, kuyang'anira glycemia nthawi zonse komanso masewera.
Kuti adziwe matenda ashuga oyamba kupangidwa, makolo, makamaka amayi, ayenera kuyang'ana mwana mosamala.
Ana ali ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba, ndiye kuti, amadalira insulin. Matendawa amatuluka chimodzimodzi monga akulu, ndipo makulidwe amakula matendawa ndi omwewo.
Komabe pali kusiyana kwakukulu, chifukwa thupi la mwana likukula, kupanga ndipo likuchepa kwambiri. Zikondwerero za khanda lobadwa chatsopano ndizochepa kwambiri - 6 cm zokha, koma pofika zaka 10 zimakhala pafupifupi kawiri, mpaka kukula kwa 10-12 cm.
Kansa yamwana imakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi ziwalo zina, zonse zimalumikizana kwambiri ndipo kuphwanya kwina kulikonse kumayambitsa matenda a chiwalo china. Ngati kapamba wa mwana satulutsa bwino mankhwala a insulin, ndiye kuti, ali ndi vuto linalake, ndiye kuti pamakhala chiopsezo chokhudza kupweteka kwam'mimba, chiwindi, ndulu mu ndulu.
Kupanga kwa insulin ndi kapamba ndi imodzi mwazinthu zake zofunikira, zomwe zimapangidwa kumapeto kwa chaka chachisanu cha moyo wa mwana. Ndikutengera m'badwo uno mpaka pafupifupi zaka 11 pomwe ana amatenga kwambiri matenda ashuga. Ngakhale kuti matendawa amatha kupezeka ndi mwana wazaka zilizonse. Matenda a shuga ndi oyambira pakati pa matenda onse a endocrine mwa ana.
Komabe, kusintha kwakanthawi m'magazi a mwana sizikusonyeza kuti ali ndi matenda ashuga. Popeza mwana amakula pafupipafupi ndipo amakula, ziwalo zake zonse zimakhazikika ndi iye.
Zotsatira zake, njira zonse za metabolic mthupi mwa ana zimachitika mwachangu kuposa akuluakulu. Carbohydrate metabolism imathandizidwanso, motero mwana amafunika kudya kuyambira pa 10 mpaka 15 g wa zakudya pa 1 makilogalamu amodzi patsiku.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake ana onse amakonda maswiti - izi ndizofunikira za thupi lawo. Koma ana sangathe, mwatsoka, kuyimilira pazokonda zawo ndipo nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito maswiti ochulukirapo kuposa momwe amafunira.
Chifukwa chake, amayi sayenera kulanda ana maswiti, koma kuwongolera kumwa kwawo moyenera.
Kupewa Kwa Akuluakulu a Ashuga
Popeza zifukwa zikuluzikulu zomwe zimabweretsa matenda osokoneza bongo omwe amadalira odwala omwe ali ndi insulin mwa achikulire ndi kunenepa kwambiri, matenda oopsa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa insulini ndipo, pocheperako, chinthu chobadwa nacho, njira zodzitetezera zimachepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo chotenga matendawa.
Kuti mupewe kukula kwa matenda a shuga omwe samatengera insulin mukamakula, muyenera, choyamba, kuwunika zakudya zanu komanso kulemera kwanu, chachiwiri, kuchitapo kanthu molondola paumoyo, kupewa kupsinjika ndi kukweza kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndikuwongolera kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi zomwe zili ndi insulin . Mutha kukhala opanda matenda ashuga ngati mukufuna.
Zizindikiro za matendawa
Kuphatikiza apo, kudziwitsani munthawi yake kumakupatsani mwayi wosankha mankhwala othandiza. Aliyense ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa zizindikiro za matenda:
- Kufooka ndi kutopa,
- Udzu wokhazikika
- Mavuto amawonedwe
- Zovuta zakusintha
- Khungu loyera.
Zizindikiro sizitchulidwa kawirikawiri, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa odwala omwe ali m'gulu langozi kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi matenda a labotale yapachaka. Chizindikiro choyamba kwambiri ndi magazi ochokera pachala kapena kuchokera mu mtsempha. Njira zamakono zoyezera matendawa zimazindikira matenda poyambira - prediabetes, kudziwa mtundu wake - woyamba, wachiwiri, gestational.
Zizindikiro za matendawa
Zizindikiro za matenda ashuga zimawonekera kutengera mtundu wamatenda. Ndi zovuta zamtundu 1, zikondamoyo zomwe zakhudzidwa pang'ono kapena ziletsa kwathunthu kupanga kwa mahomoni. Chifukwa cha izi, thupi siliphatikiza glucose pazakudya. Popanda mankhwala, chitukuko cha matendawa sichitha kuthandizidwa.
Zizindikiro za matenda a shuga 1
Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amtundu woyamba amakhala ndi zaka 30. Amawona zizindikiro zotsatirazi zamatsenga:
- kuwonda mwadzidzidzi
- kulakalaka
- kununkhira kwa acetone mu mkodzo,
- kusintha kwadzidzidzi,
- kutopa kwambiri,
- kuwonongeka kwakuthwa m'moyo wabwino.
Popanda kugwiritsa ntchito insulin, matenda a shuga 1 amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi ketoocytosis. Chifukwa cha matendawa, mankhwala oopsa amapezeka m'thupi, omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha kusweka kwa maselo a lipid.
Zizindikiro za Matenda Awiri A shuga
Matenda a shuga a Type 2 amapezeka kawirikawiri mwa anthu atatha zaka 35. Matendawa amakonda kwambiri onenepa. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, 85% ya anthu omwe amapezeka ndi matenda osokoneza bongo ali ndi matenda a mtundu 2. Matendawa amadziwika ndi kupanga kwambiri insulin mthupi. Koma pamenepa, insulin imakhala yopanda ntchito, chifukwa minofuyo imatha kutaya chidwi ndi mphamvu imeneyi.
Matenda a 2 matenda a shuga sakonda kuvuta ketoocytosis. Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zoyipa: kupsinjika, kumwa mankhwala, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumatha kukwera pafupifupi 50 mmol / L. Mkhalidwe umakhala chifukwa cha kusowa kwamadzi, kulephera kuzindikira.
Gawani zambiri zamatenda omwe amapezeka ndi mtundu 1 ndi mtundu wa 2 matenda:
- kumverera kopanda pakamwa kowuma
- ludzu
- kusintha koopsa kwa thupi,
- kusinthika bwino kwa mabala ngakhale ndi kuwonongeka pang'ono pakhungu.
- kugona ndi kufooka
- kulemala
- kuchepera kuyendetsa galimoto,
- mikono ndi miyendo,
- kumva kugwedezeka kwa miyendo
- furunculosis,
- kutsitsa kutentha kwa thupi
- Khungu.
Kuzindikira zovuta
Kuzindikira matenda a shuga Mellitus Akatswiri adapanga malingaliro angapo momwe njira zozindikira matenda a shuga zimakhalira. Kuzindikiridwa kwa matenda a shuga kumachitika ngati pakumangoyesedwa kamodzi m'magazi, magazi a shuga amakhala is7.0 mmol / L m'magazi am'magazi kapena ≥6.1 mmol / L m'magazi athunthu, kapena poyeserera magazi nthawi zonse. amatenga pamimba yopanda kanthu, kuchuluka kwa shuga kumadutsa 11 mmol / L m'madzi a m'magazi kapena 10 mmol / L m'magazi athunthu.
Dziwani kuti mwa ena mwa odwala (alipo ochepa okha), mumapezeka kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi (pamwambapa pa mfundo zomwe zakhazikitsidwa), koma matendawa siwokwera kwambiri kotero kuti zizindikiro za matenda a shuga zimawonekera. Odwala oterewa amalangizidwa kuti achite kuyesa kwa GTT - kuyeserera kwa glucose.
Kusiyanitsa mitundu ya matenda ashuga kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwira mtundu wa matenda. Katswiriyu amatenga chidwi ndi zizindikiro za matenda, chifukwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya shuga imadziwika ndi chithunzi chawo. Mtundu woyamba wa matenda amodzi umadziwika ndi kuyamba kwachangu, 2 - Kukula pang'onopang'ono.
Gome likuwonetsa njira zomwe zimayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana a shuga
Chikhazikitso | Mtundu 1 | Mtundu 2 |
Kunenepa kwambiri | Zochepera kuposa zabwinobwino | Koposa zabwinobwino |
Chiyambitsi cha matenda | Lakuthwa | Pang'onopang'ono |
M'badwo wopirira | Amapezeka mwa ana a zaka 7 mpaka 14 komanso mwa achikulire osakwana zaka 25. | Dokotala atapezeka atatha zaka 40 |
Zizindikiro | Lakuthwa | Kuzunza |
Mlozera wa insulin | Otsika | Wokwera |
C peptide gawo | Zowonjezera kapena osasilira | Wokwera |
Ma antibodies kuma β cell | Mulipo | Sapezeka |
Chizolowezi chokhala ndi ketoacidosis | Ikupezeka | Kutheka kochepa |
Kukana insulini | Zopanda chizindikiro | Nthawi zonse amapezeka |
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa shuga | Otsika | Pamwamba |
Kufunika kwa insulin | Constant | Kuwonekera kumapeto kwa matendawa |
Nyengo | Kuchulukana kumachitika nthawi yophukira-yozizira | Osadziwika |
Zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pakuwonetsa mkodzo | Acetone ndi shuga | Glucose |
Pogwiritsa ntchito matenda osiyanasiyana, mutha kuzindikira mitundu ya matenda ashuga: latent, steroidal kapena gestational.
Ketoacitosis. Matendawa amatha kudwala aliyense amene ali ndi matenda ashuga. Zina mwa zizindikiro za keocytosis ndi:
- kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi,
- kukodza pafupipafupi,
- nseru
- kupweteka m'mimba
- kupuma kwambiri
- khungu lowuma
- redness la nkhope.
Zizindikiro zimayambitsa chisamaliro chamankhwala.
Hypoglycemia ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa shuga m'magazi. Mkhalidwewo umatsatiridwa ndi:
- kunjenjemera m'thupi
- kufooka
- chisangalalo,
- kumverera kwanjala kosalekeza
- mutu.
Ngati zizindikiro zotere zikupezeka, wodwalayo ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.
Mtima matenda. Ndi matenda a shuga, mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi nthawi zambiri imavutika. Pali chiwopsezo cha kulephera kwa mtima kapena vuto la mtima.
Kuzindikira magazi a capillary ndi venous amathandizira kuzindikira matenda ashuga, komabe, iyi sinjira yokhayo. Kuyesa kolondola kwambiri ndi kuyesa kwa hemoglobin ya glycosylated. Nthawi yomweyo, kubwereranso kwake kwakukulu ndi kutalika kwa kafukufuku - mpaka miyezi itatu.
Mosiyana ndi kupereka magazi mwachizolowezi, komwe matendawa amatsimikiziridwa pambuyo poyesedwa kangapo, kuyesa kwa glycosylated hemoglobin molondola kumathandiza kuzindikira matenda a shuga.
Kuphatikiza apo, kudziwikitsa matendawa kumaphatikizanso mkodzo tsiku lililonse. Nthawi zambiri, shuga mumkodzo mulibe kapena sachita kuchuluka kwa 0,02%. Mkodzo umayang'anidwanso chifukwa cha zomwe zili ndi acetone. Kukhalapo kwa zinthu zotere kumawonetsa kuphunzira kwa matenda a shuga nthawi yayitali komanso kupezeka kwa zovuta.
Atazindikira hyperglycemia, adokotala ayenera kudziwa mtundu wa matenda. Kuzindikira matenda a shuga a mtundu 1 ndi 2 kumachitika chifukwa cha kuphunzira kwa C-peptides. Makhalidwe abwinobwino samatengera mtundu kapena zaka komanso kuyambira 0,9 mpaka 7.1 ng / ml. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku pa C-peptides amathandiza mtundu wa 1 odwala matenda ashuga kudziwa kuchuluka kwa jakisoni wa insulin.
Kufufuza njira zoterezi kumapereka chitsimikiziro chokwanira cha matenda a shuga komanso kuopsa kwake.
Dokotala amatenga anamnesis, amazindikira zoopsa, cholowa, amamva madandaulo, amayesa wodwalayo, amamuwona kulemera kwake.
Zizindikiro zomwe zimatengedwa mukazindikira matenda ashuga:
- ludzu losatha - polydipsia,
- kupangika kwamikodzo kwamkodzo - polyuria,
- Kuchepetsa thupi ndi chidwi chambiri - monga mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga,
- kuthamanga, kulemera kwakukulu - kwenikweni kwa matenda amitundu iwiri,
- thukuta, makamaka mutatha kudya,
- kufooka wamba, kutopa,
- kuwonda kwambiri pakhungu komwe sikungakhutire ndi chilichonse,
- kusanza, kusanza,
- matenda opatsirana, monga matenda amkhungu amkhungu, kukokana pafupipafupi mkamwa kapena nyini, ndi zina zambiri.
Sizofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi zisonyezo zonse, koma ngati 2-3 zikuwonetsedwa nthawi imodzi, ndiye kuti muyenera kupitiliza kuyeserera.
Kuzindikira matenda ashuga kumakhala makamaka pakuphunzira shuga m'magazi ndi mkodzo. Kupatula apo, ndikuwonjezereka kwa shuga, kuwonjezera apo, mwadzidzidzi komanso mosalekeza, chimenecho ndicho chizindikiro chachikulu cha matenda ashuga. Zikuwonekeratu kuti maphunziro azachipatala sayenera kukayikira, chifukwa chake ayenera kuchitidwa mu labotale.
Pofuna kukhazikitsa bwino matendawa ndikuwona gawo la chitukuko cha matendawa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayeso a labotale imachitidwa, momwe simangokhala capillary (kuchokera pachala), komanso magazi a venous amatengedwa, ndipo zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi katundu wamagalamu zimatengedwanso.
Popeza kupezeka kwa matenda ashuga kumatha kutha chifukwa chothandizidwa mochedwa, zovuta zina za matenda a shuga zimachitika nthawi imeneyi. Choyamba, amphaka ndi retinopathy samachotsedwa, chifukwa cha ichi, katswiri amawunika fundus ndi cornea.
Kuzindikira matenda a mtima ndikotheka ndi thandizo la ECG, ndipo kulephera kwa impso kumaonekera bwino mu urinalysis. Munthawi yabwinobwino, magazi atangokwera kumene, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumawuka, womwe ndi chizindikiro choti amapanga insulini. Katulutsidwe wa kuchuluka kokwanira kumayambitsa kutsika kwa shuga wamagazi. Ndiye kuti, patatha maola awiri, kuchuluka kwa shuga kuyenera kubwerera ku chisonyezo choyambirira (pamimba yopanda kanthu). Gome limafotokoza momwe zotsatira za kuyeserera kwa glucose zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pozindikira matenda ashuga. Pali njira zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali za matenda a shuga, omwe amadziwika ndi WHO. Choyamba, izi ndi chizindikiro cha matenda ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga mu plasma ya venous magazi mpaka 11.1 mmol. Izi zimadziwika, ngati lamulo, kuwerengera mosasinthika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuyeza maalgorithms nthawi iliyonse ya tsiku popanda kuganizira nthawi yanthawi kuyambira chakudya chomaliza. Zizindikiro zofala kwambiri za matendawa ziyenera kuonedwa ngati polyuria (kuchuluka kwamkodzo), polydipsia (ludzu losalekeza), kuchepa kwa thupi posakhalitsa pazifukwa zomveka. Mukuyankhula za njira zodziwira matenda, samalani:Kusanthula kosiyanasiyana
Njira zazikulu zodziwira matenda ashuga
Palibe mawonekedwe owonetsa matenda a shuga mellitus, pofuna kutsimikizira matendawa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tionenso bwino tsiku lotsatira. Ngati mulingo wa glycemia pamimba yopanda kanthu kapena mwanjira zosasinthika sungatsimikizidwe, kuyesedwa kwa shuga kumachitika.
Kuyesa kwelebhu kuti mupeze matendawa
Kuzindikira mtundu 2 wa matenda a shuga kumaphatikizapo njira zoyambira komanso zowonjezera. Polankhula zoyamba, amalabadira kuwunika kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa glycosylated hemoglobin, ndi kuyeserera kwa glucose. Njira zosafunikira zodziwikiratu monga kuyang'ana kuchuluka kwa shuga mkodzo, kuyezetsa mkodzo ndi magazi kuti mupeze matupi a ketone komanso kuchuluka kwake.
Pochita mayeso a labotale, katswiri angalimbikitse kuzindikira milingo ya fructosamine. Njira zowonjezera zodziwira matenda (zofunikira kufotokozera za matendawa) ziyenera kuganiziridwa ngati kuwunika kwa insulin m'magazi, kuyesa kwa autoantibodies kumaselo a beta a kapamba omwe amapanga insulin. Kudziwa bwino matenda a shuga a 2 kungafune kuyesedwa kwa proinsulin, komanso:
- kusanthula kwa ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, resistin,
- kafukufuku pa IIS peptide,
- Kulemba kwa HLA.
Kuti mupambane mayeso omwe aperekedwa poyamba, muyenera kuyitanitsa kuchokera kwa a endocrinologist. Ndiye amene athandizira odwala matenda ashuga kudziwa mtundu wa matenda omwe angafunike, ndipo atalandira zotsatira za kafukufukuyu, asankha njira yoyenera yomwe ingathandize kukwaniritsa zotsatira zoyambirira.
Kufunika kwakukulu kopeza zotsatira zolondola za 100% kumaperekedwa pandime yoyenera ya mayeso onse omwe apatsidwa. Kuti izi zitheke, ndikofunikira kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo okhudzana ndi kukonzekera kuzindikira matenda. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pakuyesa wodwala matenda a shuga, chifukwa njira zofufuzira izi ndizovuta kwambiri ngakhale ndikuzunzidwa kochepa pazinthu zakukonzekera.
Njira Zosiyanitsira Zosiyanasiyana
Kuzindikira mosiyanitsa kumaphatikizapo kupeza kusiyana pakati pa mtundu 1 ndi 2 ndikuzindikiritsa mtundu wa matenda. Tisaiwale kuti titha kulankhula za mawonekedwe akakhalidwe, zina zapadera ndi zina. Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti osaposa 10-20% ya odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu woyamba 1, mwa ena onse omwe ali ndi insulin yodziyimira payokha.
Poyambirira, zizindikirazo zimawunika ngati pachimake, matendawa ndi oopsa, ndipo palibe kunenepa kwambiri. Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga, odwala ndi onenepa kwambiri ndipo ali pakati kapena okalamba. Kwakukulu, mkhalidwe wawo umawerengedwa ngati wovuta kwambiri. Pofuna kusiyanitsa matenda 1 ndi mitundu yachiwiri ya matenda, akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira ngati izi:
- Kuyesa kwa C-peptide kuti muwone ngati kapamba amapanga gawo la mahomoni,
- ma autoantibodies okhala ndi ma cell a ma pancreatic beta-cell anti - iyi ndi njira imodzi yotchuka yodziwitsira matenda a shuga 1,
- matupi a ketone m'mwazi,
- njira zakuwerengera chibadwa.
Polankhula mwatsatanetsatane za matendawa, akatswiri amalabadira za zotsatirazi zazikulu zotsatana zamitundu mitundu yamatendawa. Chifukwa chake, poyambirira, matendawa amayamba zaka 30 zisanachitike, chachiwiri pambuyo pa 40. Kulemera kwa thupi mu fomu yodalira insulin kumayesedwa ngati wopanda vuto, ngati matenda a kunenepa kwa mtundu 2 apezeka. Kukhazikika kwa matendawa ndi nthenda yoyamba 1 kwayamba, ndipo 2 kumayamba pang'onopang'ono.
Kuphatikiza apo, odwala matenda ashuga amtundu wa 1 ali ndi vuto lotenga ketoacidosis, pomwe mtundu 2 kulibe. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito matupi a ketone, omwe amapezeka ochulukirapo m'magazi ndi mawonekedwe odalira insulin. Zofunikanso kwambiri ndi insulin ndi C-peptide, yochepetsedwa koyamba ndikukweza kapena yabwinobwino yachiwiri. Ma antibodies to islet beta cell, omwe sapezeka mu non-insulin-Independent pathology, sayenera kunyalanyazidwa.
Mwambiri, kusiyanitsa mitundu sikovuta kwa akatswiri. Komabe, nthawi yakugwiritsa ntchito komanso kufunika kwa zochitika zomwe zikuchitika ndizofunikira kwambiri. The endocrinologist ayenera kuunikira zizindikiro zomwe zilipo, kuzifanizira ndi zotsatira za mayesowo, ndipo motengera kujambulaku koyenera.
Kuzindikira matendawa mu ana
Mankhwala amakono ali ndi njira zofunikira komanso zachangu kwambiri zodziwira matenda a shuga. Kuyankhula za mayeso a anthu odwala matenda ashuga ali ana, tchulani izi:
- Nthawi zambiri, kuti apeze matenda, magazi a shuga amaphunziridwa pamimba yopanda kanthu ndipo pambuyo pa mphindi 120 kuchokera nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito shuga,
- kuchuluka kwa shuga pamimba yopanda kanthu kuyenera kukhala kuyambira 3,3 mpaka 5.5 mmol. Ngati kuchuluka kwakukulu kuposa 8 mmol kwapezeka ndi magazi othamanga, izi zikuwonetsa mapangidwe a matenda a shuga,
- Kuphatikiza pa kuyezetsa magazi, kuyesa kwamkodzo pamlingo wa shuga, komanso kupenda mphamvu yake yeniyeni, kuyenera kuwonedwa moyenera. Mapeto ake amayamba ndi matenda a shuga.
Njira zamakono zodziwira matenda ashuga mwa ana zimapangitsa kuzindikira zam'mbuyo ngakhale kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Pachifukwa ichi, kuyesa kwapadera kwa ma antibodies ku cell ya beta kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Maselo omwe aperekedwa amapanga timadzi tokhala ndi mahomoni, ndipo ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa ma antibodies kwa iwo, titha kulankhula za zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa matenda osokoneza bongo.
Kunyumba, ngati mukukayikira kupangika kwa matenda a shuga 1 mwa ana, shuga ya magazi imayang'aniridwa masana. Zimafunanso kutsimikizika kwa zizindikiro musanadye chakudya komanso maola awiri mutakhazikitsa gawo la mahomoni. Kuwongolera zochitika zolimbitsa thupi ndikofunikiranso. Zonsezi zidzachitika mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito glucometer.
Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa shuga, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti ndikafunse katswiri wofufuza kuti adziwe bwino matenda anu. Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti kuwerengera kwa glucometer si 100% chifukwa cha matenda, koma amapangitsa kuti azitha kupeza nthawi yofufuza moyenera.