Omwe amathandizira, zigawo za gelling
Minyewa imapangira njira zowoneka bwino ndi madzi, ndipo ma gel osakaniza ndi opanga ma gel amapanga ma gels. M'magawo onse awiriwa, madzi amamangidwa, chifukwa mu colloidal dongosolo limataya kuyenda kwake ndikusintha kusinthasintha kwa chakudya. Mwamwambo, magulu onse awiriwa ndi ofanana. M'magawo onse awiriwa, awa ndi ma macromolecules momwe magulu a hydrophilic amagawanizidwa chimodzimodzi. Madzi achilengedwe amayanjana ndi magulu awa. Othandizira ma cell amatha kusinthana ndi ma ion anorganic (hydrogen, calcium), ndi ena. Palibe kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa.
Zomata ndi ma gelling othandizira amagawika zachilengedwe, zopanga zochepa komanso zopangidwa.
Makulidwe achilengedwe ndi zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku mbewu, kupatula gelatin. Izi zikuphatikiza chingamu cha mbewu ndi ntchofu zochokera ku "Irish moss" (carrageenan), orchis (Salep), nthomba ndi quince, carob, astragalus, acacia arabian, komanso agar ndi pectin.
Zopanga zopindika amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimachokera kuzomera zofanana ndi cellulose kapena wowuma. Izi ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimatha kusintha momwe zimayendera magulu ena. Izi zimaphatikizapo methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose (ethoxose), carboxymethyl cellulose (mwachitsanzo, cellulose yotupa yozungulira, fondin, cellin), amylopectin.
Zopangira zopindika - Awa ndi madzi osungunuka a polyvinyl kapena ma ether, ma polyacrylates.
Makina amtundu wachilengedwe ndi opanga amaloledwa pakupanga zakudya zochepa. Zonunkhira zopanga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha popanga zinthu zodzikongoletsera.
Lingalirani za thickeners ndi ma gelling othandizira (cellulose ethers yosavuta, ma starches osinthika, pectins, alginic acid, etc.)
Yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera chakudya. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga soseji, phala zansomba, ayisikilimu, ndi zina zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, imathandizira kukhetsa shuga kwa shuga popanga zinthu za confectionery ndikupanga njira zothetsera zakumwa ndi zakumwa.
Zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimachokera kuzinthu zonse za cellulose siziyenera kupitirira 25 mg pa kilogalamu ya thupi. Kuchokera pamawonedwe azakudya zamtunduwu, zinthu izi ndizopanda vuto, chifukwa ma ether a cellulose amadutsa pamtundu wa chakudya ndipo amachotsedwa osasinthika.
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) amapangidwa pamaziko a selulosi. MCC ndi cellulose pang'ono hydrolyzed ndi acid ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosula m'mafakitale azakudya. MCC siikumbidwa, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhalabe tikuyenda mozungulira magazi ndipo timatha kukhumudwitsa komanso kuwononga makhoma a mitsempha yamagazi, makamaka ma capillaries. Chifukwa chake, pakadali pano, MCC imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zochepa.
Ma module ndi mafelemu. M'mafakitale azakudya, zakudya zokhala ngati wowuma ndi zomwe zimapangidwira pang'ono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thickeners ndi ma gelling othandizira. Ma Dextrins, ma starches omwe amathandizidwa ndi ma acid, ma alkali kapena ma enzymes, ma starches omwe amagwira ntchito (acetylated), phosphorylated ndi oxidised starches amagwiritsidwa ntchito, hydroxypropyl ndi kusintha kwina kwa starch kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse yazakudya kumakhala kokha pokhapokha pakuganiza zaukadaulo zopangira zakudya zabwino. Amadyedwe oyendayenda komanso osinthika ali ndi zofunikira pakuyera. Zomwe zili ndi sulufuleti ndi phulusa (m'magawo onse osinthidwa), arsenic, manganese (m'magulu ophatikizika), sodium chloride ndi magulu a carboxyl mumagulu amtundu wa oxidized, magulu a acetyl mumagulu a acetylated, ndi zotsalira za phosphate m'magawo a phosphorylated ndizochepa mu owuma.
A l ginov a y k k ndi slot ndi e ndi pafupifupi l ndi. Alginic acid ndi zotuluka zake ndi ma polysaccharides ochokera ku D-mannuric ndi L-glucuronic acid, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi ma glycosidic. Alginic acid samasungunuka m'madzi, koma imamangiriza bwino, mchere wa asidi (alginates) amasungunuka bwino m'madzi.
Alginates amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thickeners, gelling othandizira ndi emulsifiers. Pazogulitsa zakudya amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipatso zamalonda, marmalade, puddings, maswiti ofewa, pofuna kumveketsa bwino vin ndi timadziti. Kuphatikiza apo, zokutira zoteteza ku zinthu za nyama, tchizi ndi zipatso zimapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo. Kuchulukitsa kwa alginates m'magulogalamu azakudya kumakonzedweratu kuyambira gramu imodzi mpaka 10 g. Malinga ndi malingaliro a FAO-WHO, ndizovomerezeka kudya alginic acid ndi mchere wake mu chakudya popanda chiopsezo chathanzi la anthu mu kuchuluka kwa 25 mg pa kilogalamu ya kulemera kwa thupi (malinga ndi free alginic acid).
Pektiny. Ma pectins ndi zinthu zachilengedwe momwe zidutswa za D-galacturonic zimalumikizidwa ndi ma glycosidic ma cell mu mamolekyulu a filimu. Pectins amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso ndi asidi kapena zamchere zamkati kapena ndi chimbudzi cha enzymatic. Magulu a Carboxyl amaphatikizidwa pang'ono ndi methanol. Ma pectins apamwamba komanso otsika amadziwika chifukwa cha mtundu wa esterization.
Mafuta apamwamba kwambiri amapezeka mu 1-5 g pa kilogalamu imodzi ya mankhwala, makilogalamu, mafuta am'madzi, ayisikilimu, nsomba zamzitini, mayonesi, msuzi, ndi zina zambiri, komanso pokonzekera kirimu ya curd - mpaka 8 g / kg. Ma pectin otsika kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zochepa zama shuga, makamaka mafuta odzola ndi masamba, ma jellies, ma puddings amkaka, ndi zina zambiri.
Mu thupi la munthu, mpaka 90% ya ma pectins amawonongeka ndikugayidwa. Zotsatira zoyipa za pectins paumoyo wa anthu sizinakhazikitsidwe. Pectins itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kuchuluka kwa malire, kupatula ma pectins apakati, momwe gawo lamagulu a carboxyl aulere amasinthidwa kukhala amide. Kwa ma pectins awa, PSP imafika mpaka 25 g pa kilogalamu imodzi ya kulemera kwa thupi.
Ndipo r. Agar ndi msanganizo wa ma polysaccharides a agarose ndi agaropectin ndipo amapezeka mwambiri. Agar mu mawonekedwe amchere wamchere kapena magnesium amapezeka m'magulu ofiira ambiri, omwe amachokera ndikuchotsa madzi. Mphamvu ya kupanga ma agar imakhala yokwera kwambiri maulendo 19 kuposa ya gelatin.
Agar amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusunga nyama ndi nsomba, popanga marmalade, confectionery, puddings, ayisikilimu ndi mbale zambiri zotsekemera zakumaso mpaka 20 g / kg. Popanga mtundu wina wa tchizi, agar imagwiritsidwa ntchito palokha komanso kuphatikiza ndi zina zazikulazo zokwanira 8 g / kg. Kuphatikiza apo, agar amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupepuka timadziti.
Agar sivulaza thupi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kololedwa kumayiko ambiri.
Karragen ("Irish Moss"). Carrageenan imakhala ndi ma polysaccharides, ndipo mumapangidwe amchere a calcium, sodium kapena potaziyamu, ndi gawo la algae ofiira osiyanasiyana, omwe amachokera ndi madzi.
Carrageen amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani ogulitsa zakudya monga othandizira a gelling nyama ndi nsomba zam'madzi, ma jellies, puddings, komanso zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimayikidwa 2-5 g / kg. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati stabilizer ndi emulsifier popanga zakumwa za cocoa ndi mkaka mu ndende ya 200-300 mg / l. Popanga ayisikilimu, kuwonjezera kwa carrageenan kumalepheretsa mapangidwe akuluakulu a ayisi.
Furcellaran ndi chinthu chofanana ndi carrageenan chopezeka kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya udzu wanyanja. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a carrageenan. PSP ya carrageenan ndi furcellaran idakhazikitsidwa mpaka 75 mg pa kilogalamu ya zinthu zowuma, zomwe 2040% zimakhala sulfates.
Gummaribik. Gum arabic ndi polysaccharide yomwe ili ndi D-galactose, L-arabinose, L-ramnose ndi D-glucuronic acid. Amachotsedwa pamitengo ya acacia ya ku Africa ndi Asia ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya kuti apange ndiwo zamasamba zamzitini, soseji, mafuta, etc. monga okhazikika ndi chometera. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda choletsa, koma polingalira zaukadaulo zamitundu ina zamasamba zamzitini, ndi bwino kuti gamu ya 10 g / kg ikulimbikitsidwa.
ZHELATIN Gelatin ndi polypeptide yozungulira yopanda kukoma ndi fungo, imapezeka kuchokera m'mafupa ndi khungu la nyama. Popanga nyama, gelatin imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga brawn, ham zamzitini, etc. M'mafakitale othandizira nsomba amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza msuzi komanso zodzaza zingapo, mumsika wa confectionery - popanga ma jellies a zipatso, ma puddings, ayisikilimu, kutafuna chingamu. Kuphatikiza apo, gelatin imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumveketsa vinyo. Pazinthu zamagulu azakudya, Mlingo wa gelatin umachokera ku 8 mpaka 60 g / kg, kutengera mtundu ndi ukadaulo wopanga. Malinga ndi malingaliro a FAO-WHO, gelatin imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda zoletsa, koma nthawi yomweyo, zofunika zimapangidwa chifukwa cha kuyera kwake kwa mankhwala ndi ma Microbiological. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu za phulusa siziyenera kukhala zosaposa 3.5%, sulufa sulfure - mpaka 100-125 mg / kg.
M'mayiko ena, gamu wamasamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thickeners ndi emulsifiers - polysaccharides guaran, tragementum, ka-raich chingamu, dzombe nyemba ndi ena. M'dziko lathu, sanapeze zolemba.
Mimbamu imakhala ndi zotsalira za D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid, arabinose ndi rhamnose. Ndizigawo za makoma am'ma cell.
Carob ndi guarana chingamu ndi ma polysaccharides a nthanga (nyemba) za mtengo wam'kati wa Ceratonia siliqua, mapira omwe amadziwika kuti Tsaregradsky. Ma polysaccharides awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thickeners ndi emulsifiers. Amakhala ndi galactomannan (galactose ndi mannose).
Guaran ndi polysaccharide galactomannon, koma galactose imakhazikikamo. Wopezeka ku mbewu za chomera cha India chotchedwa cyamopsis tetragonolobus. Palibe choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake.
Traganth (tragacanth) ndi msanganizo wa polysaccharides osaloleka komanso acidic wokhala ndi L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose ndi galacturic acid. Amachokera ku mbewu zamtundu wa astragalus zomwe zimamera ku Middle East. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotchinga pa ayisikilimu komanso ngati galasi la gel lomwe mpaka 20 g / kg.
Gum karaich ndi msamuki waku India. Wopezeka ku Sterculia mtengo, wobadwira ku India.
Sanapeze zomwe mukuyang'ana? Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka:
Gelatin amagwiritsidwa ntchito:
Mankhwala ngati gwero lamapuloteni pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana;
· Mu pharmacology - kupanga ma kapisozi ndi ma suppositories,
· Mukugulitsa zakudya zopanga confectionery mankhwala - odzola, marmalade, etc.
Gelatin amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ayisikilimu kuti alepheretse shuga kulowa m'magazi komanso kuchepetsa kuphatikizika kwa mapuloteni.
Gelatin yowuma ndi yopanda utoto kapena kuwala wachikasu, wopanda kukoma kapena kununkhira. M'madzi ozizira ndikuchepetsa asidi, amatupa kwambiri, koma osasungunuka. Kutupa kwa galatin kumasungunuka ndikakwiya, ndikupanga njira yothetsera mavinidwe ake.
Kalori Gelatin
Gelatin yodyetsa imakhala ndi mapuloteni ochulukirapo, ndipo zopatsa mphamvu zake zimakhala 355 kcal pa 100 g. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kwakukulu kungapangitse kuwonekera kwa mapaundi owonjezera.
Ndi mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri a gelling. Mu katundu wake, imakhala nthawi zingapo kuposa ma gelatin wamba.
Ndi ufa oyera wachikasu kapena mbale. Agar agar samatha kulowa m'madzi ozizira. Imasungunuka pokhapokha kutentha kuchokera ku 95 mpaka 100 madigiri. Yankho lotentha ndi lomveka bwino komanso looneka bwino. Ikakhazikika kuti ikhale kutentha 3540 ° C, imakhala gel osadetsa komanso lamphamvu, lomwe limatha kusintha. Atatenthedwa mpaka 85-95 ° С, imasinthanso njira yamadzimadzi, ndikusinthanso kukhala galasi pa 35-40 ° С.
Thickener "Zomangira Zofewa"
Ndi kukonza, makulidwe a zigawo zikuluzikulu za zipatso, zipatso, zoteteza, timadziti. Amayang'aniridwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha ndi kuzizira.
kapangidwe: kirimu masamba, shuga, wowuma, (E 1414), kapangidwe ka gelling (E 450, E 440)
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito: thickener imawonjezeredwa mu 25% mpaka kulemera kodzaza.
Njira yoyamba. Tengani 1000 g. SOFT - BENDers, 1000 g. Zipatso zatsopano kapena zatsopano, 1000 g. shuga - sakanizani chilichonse, onjezani 2000 ml. madzi. Sungani.
Njira yachiwiri. Tengani compote yolemera 3000 g, patulani madzi ndi zipatso, yambitsani 1000 g wa osakaniza mu msuzi, sakanizani. Yembekezerani kuti chisakanizocho chichepe. Thirani zipatsozo mu msanganizo womaliza, tsitsani, gwiritsani ntchito monga momwe mwawanenera.
Njira yachitatu. Zipatso zouma, osati defrosting, zimayikidwa mmatumba mu chidebe. Sakanizani ufa ndi shuga ngati zipatsozo zili acidic (tengani shuga kwa ufa 1: 1), ngati zotsekemera (1: 0.5).
Kudzaza mandimu: mandimu 1000g. + shuga 1000g. + zagustig. Madzi 1500 ml.
Kudzazidwa kwa lalanje: lalanje 100g. + shuga 1000 g + zagustig. Madzi 2000ml.
Kudzaza kwa Apple: apulo 1200g. + Shuga 800g. + zagustig. Madzi 2000ml.
Chipatso mu zakudya: zipatso zamzitini (compote) 2 kg. + manyuchi 1 zipatso + yolimbitsa 1 kg.
· Kukoka kwa zoumba ma almonds: minced zouma ndi ma amondi 11,2 kg. + madzi 2l + thickener 1 makilogalamu.
· Kudzaza tchizi: Kanyumba tchizi (mafuta aliwonse) 500g. + dzira 50 g. (1 pc.) + shuga 200 g. + stabilizer 100 - 150 g.
Kukonzekera kudzazidwa kwa zipatso, kuwaza zipatso (mandimu, maapulo). Onjezani shuga wosakanizika ndi stabilizer. Sakanizani misa, kenako gwiritsani ntchito popanga. Kukonzekera zipatso mu zakudya, sakanizani stabilizer ndi shuga ndikuwonjezera pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi ndikulimbikitsa mwachangu. Pang'onopang'ono yambitsani zidutswa za apulo mutangoyamba kukula. Pazakudya, nyama yokhazikika iyenera kusakanikirana ndi zimbudzi kenako ndi njira yophikira.
DOSAGE: 100g. kusakaniza kwa 300g. - 600g. shuga ndi 1000g. chipatso.
· Njira yozizira, kuphika mwachangu.
· Imagawidwa mosavuta mu unyinji wa kudzaza, ndikukulitsa bwino.
· Maonekedwe a zipatso ndi kukoma kwawo kwachilengedwe kwasungidwa.
· Kudzazidwa kumalimbana ndi kuzizira komanso mankhwala othandizira kutentha.
Kulongedza: makatoni okhala ndi cholimira cha pulasitiki.
Alumali moyo ndi malo osungira - miyezi 12 m'malo abwino owuma.
Zida zoyipa zopangira confectionery
Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu za confectionery zitha kugawidwa kukhala pulayimale ndi sekondale. Zopangira zazikulu zimapanga mtundu wina wa zopangidwa ndi confectionery pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi ndi zokutira. Zopangira zazikulu ndi shuga, mavu, nyemba za cocoa, mtedza, zipatso ndi mabulosi omalizidwa, ufa wa tirigu, wowuma, mafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa 90% yazinthu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zopangira zowonjezera, popanda kusintha zochitika zawo zamatsenga, zimapereka mawonekedwe a confectionery, mawonekedwe okongola, kusintha kapangidwe kake, ndikukulitsa moyo wa alumali. Zinthu zina zowonjezera monga ma gelatiners, ma acid akudya ndi utoto, zonunkhira, ma emulsifiers, othandizira opanga thobvu, zowonjezera zoteteza chinyezi, etc.
1.1. Omwe amamera ndi othandizira
Omwe amathandizira ndi ma gelling othandizira ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zochepa zomwe zimawonjezera mamasukidwe azakudya, kupanga mawonekedwe onunkhira ngati zinthu zamafuta ndi maswiti okhala ndimilandu yamafuta, komanso kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe opusa a zinthu zopangidwa ndi mafuta a pastel, zotsekemera maswiti.Kulekanitsidwa momveka bwino pakati pa ma thickeners ndi ma gellants sikungatheke nthawi zonse, chifukwa pali zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana amitundu yonse ya ma thickeners komanso mphamvu za ma gellants. Makina amtundu wina amatha kupanga ma gels olimba pansi pazinthu zina.
Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu zimaphatikizira: wowuma wosinthika, carboxymethyl cellulose E466, dzombe nyemba E410, gar Eum 12, xanthan chingamu E415, gamu ya Arabia ya E414. Izi ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi okwanira, ma hydrocolloids okhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira komanso mitundu yambiri yolimbitsa. Othandizira am'magazi: agar-agar E406, gelatin yanyama, carrageenan E407, pectin E440, sodium alginate E401. Zinthu izi ndizophatikizanso ma hydrocolloids a polymer, okhala ndi ntchito yayitali kwambiri, yopitilira ntchito yawo yokhutitsidwa, komanso ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana azolimbitsa.
Ma thickeners ambiri ndi ma gelling othandizira ndi ma polysaccharides. Chosiyana ndi gelatin ya gelatin yomwe imakhala ndi protein.
Kugawidwa kwa polysaccharides ndi mphamvu ya makulidwe a ma thickeners ndi ma gelling othandizira kutengera magawo a mpweya omwe awonetsedwa mu mkuyu. 1.
Pectins E 440 ndi gulu la ma polysaccharides okwera kwambiri omwe amapanga makoma a cell ndi ma cell ophatikizana pamodzi ndi selulosi, hemicellulose ndi lignin. Ma pectins ndi ulusi wazomera zomwe zimadya ndikuchotsa zinthu zopangira poyizoni, ma radionuclides, zitsulo zolemera, poizoni m'thupi, zimapangitsa kugwira ntchito kwa m'mimba thirakiti, mtima wamagazi, komanso kuchepetsa magazi.
Kuchuluka kwa pectin kumapezeka mu zipatso ndi mizu. Pazogulitsa zamalonda, pectin imapezeka kuchokera ku apulo pomace, kuchokera ku zamkati za beet ndi mabasiketi a mpendadzuwa. Ma pectins a citrus amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso zosachedwa ndi za malalanje: malalanje, mandimu, etc.
Zinthu za pectic zikuphatikiza: ma pectic acids - mabacteria a galacturonic acid omwe amalumikizidwa ndi ma-1,4-glycosidic omangidwa m'matayala amtali, amasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi, alibe mphamvu ya kupangira gel, ma pectic acid ndi mchere wa pectic acid gawo laling'ono lama gulu a carboxyl limasinthidwa ndi mowa wa methyl, ma pectinates ndi mchere wa pectic acid, protopectin ndi asidi pectic, momwe gawo lalikulu m'magulu a carboxyl limaphatikizidwa ndi mowa wa methyl. Ndi protopectin yemwe ali ndi kuthekera kwa gelling.
Kuthekera kopanga kwa khungu la pectin kumadalira kulemera kwa maselo (20,000 - 50,000), komanso kuchuluka kwa magulu a methyl omwe amapanga mamolekyu, komanso zomwe zili m'magulu a ma carboxyl aulere ndi kusintha kwawo ndi zitsulo. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa magulu ama carboxyl, ma pectins otsika kwambiri komanso osakanikirana amatha kusiyanitsidwa, omwe amapezeka muzoweta mwina ndi asidi kapena zamchere zamchere, kapena ndi enzymatic cleavage. Ma pectins abwino kwambiri amapezeka kuchokera ku zipatso za ma zipatso ndi maapulo, ndipo ma pectins kuchokera ku pulp ya beet ndi apamwamba kwambiri.
Pectin yotsika kwambiri (kwambiri methoxylated) imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani a confectionery makamaka pokonzekera zipatso (marmalade, marshmallows, jellies, jams), zokometsedwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zopangidwa ndi zipatso kapena zokometsera zopangidwa. Pectin wokhala ndi magulu ambiri a methoxy ndiwokhazikika pazodzikakamiza zoziziritsa kukhosi: ma pasilles, marshmallows, maswiti otsekemera.
Ma pectins omwe ali ndi mafuta ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala opangira gel, popanga zipatso, ayisikilimu, nsomba zamzitini ndi mayonesi.
Ma pectin otsika kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga masamba ndi zipatso zam'madzi, ma pastes ndi jellies. Mtundu wamtunduwu wa pectin, womwe sufunikira kuwonjezeredwa kwa asidi a gelation, umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zamafuta ndi zonunkhira (mwachitsanzo, zinthu zopangidwa ndi timbewu tonunkhira kapena timinononi), momwe mtundu wochepa wa pH wofunikira wa gelation wa pectin wokhala ndi methoxylated kwambiri suvomerezeka. Pectin yotsika kwambiri (otsika methoxylated) pamunsi yotsika imatha kupereka mawonekedwe a thixotropic pazodzaza za confectionery. Pamalo okwera, gelation yozizira imatha kupezeka ngati kulowetsedwa kwa calcium ions mukudzazidwa kumachitika.
Pakupanga zakudya zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana, mankhwala a pectin amachokera ku 8 kg kwa zipatso mpaka 26 kg kwa beet pectin pa 1 toni yomaliza.
Poyerekeza ndi othandizira ena a gelling omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zinthu za confectionery, pectin imafuna kuti kapangidwe kake ndi magawo a kapangidwe kazomwe zimatsatiridwa. Kumbali inayi, pectin imapereka maubwino monga mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri ndi kakomedwe mkamwa, kuwonjezera apo, pectin, chifukwa cha kutsekeka kwakanthawi komanso koyendetsedwa bwino, ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira yamakono yopitilira ukadaulo.
Mukugulitsa zinthu zopangira malonda a confectionery, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafakitoni akunja amaimiridwa kwambiri. Pafupifupi 80% ya pectin yakunja ndi pectin kuchokera ku zipatso zazikulu za zipatso. Wopanga wamkulu wa zipatso za panjini ndi kampani yaku America Gercules Inc. kukhala ndi othandizira pafupifupi 150 m'maiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Chovala chachikulu kwambiri cha Kopenhagen pectin nsalu (Denmark) chimapanga mitundu 20 ya ma pectins okhala ndi mtundu wa GENU m'malo osiyanasiyana ogulitsa zakudya. Apple pectin imapangidwa makamaka ku England, France, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Mexico, Italy. Makampani akulu kwambiri opanga pectin pectin zouma ndi Grill & Grossman, Grinstedt, Herbsrtreit & Fox KG, Cesalpina.
Gelatin (kuchokera ku lat. gelatus - mazira, mazira) - chinthu chama protein, chomwe ndi chosakanizika ndi ma polypeptides okhala ndi miyeso yosiyanasiyana ya kulemera kwa nyama. Gelatin imapangidwa kuchokera ku mafupa, tendon, cartilage ndi zinthu zina pomazizira ndi madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Pano, collagen, yomwe ndi gawo la minofu yolumikizana, imadutsa mu glutin. Njira yothetsera vutoli idasinthidwa, kumveketsa bwino ndikukhathamiritsa ndi mafuta, yomwe idadulidwa ndikuuma. Kutulutsa pepala gelatin ndi wosweka.
Okonzeka kuyamwa gelatin - wopanda, wopanda fungo, wowonekera, pafupifupi wopanda khungu kapena wachikasu pang'ono. M'madzi ozizira ndikuchepetsa asidi, amatupa kwambiri, koma osasungunuka. Akatentha, gelatin yotupa imasungunuka, ndikupanga njira yotsatira yomwe imakhazikika mu zakudya.
Gelatin amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafuta odzola, zipatso, ayisikilimu, popanga mafuta odzola, marmalade ndi zinthu zina zotchedwa confectionery, komanso kuphika. Kuphatikiza apo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito matekinoloje pokonzekera mowa ndi vinyo kuti amvetse bwino. Mlingo wamba wa gelatin ndi 0.5-8% mwa kulemera kwazinthu. Pogulitsa zakudya, mitundu ingapo ya ma gelatins imagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mtundu wazogulitsa komanso ukadaulo wazinthu zomwe amapanga.
Zosinthidwa. Njira yothira mafuta osalala ndi yayitali, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga milandu ya maswiti. Wowuma wowoneka bwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa pamafunika madzi ambiri (nthawi 10-12) kuti apange jelly, womwe uyenera kuchotsedwa. Sayansi ya Kafukufuku wa Sayansi ya Confectionery yapanga kupanga mtundu wowuma wa nandolo. Maswiti omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida za pea sizimasiyana konse ndi maphikidwe achikhalidwe (omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito agar) samalawa, kapena mtundu, kapena fungo. Nthawi yomweyo, mtengo wa zinthu zaku Russia umakhala wotsika 20 kuposa wakunja.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), kapena mchere wa CMC, umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati bata. Choyipitsachi ndi choyera kapena chofufumitsa cha granule kapena ufa womwe ndi wosakanizira, wopanda fungo, wosasunthika, wosungunuka m'madzi ndikusungunuka mu acid, mowa wa methyl, ethanol, benzene, chloroform ndi ma organic sol sol. CMC siyikhala ndi mafuta a nyama kapena masamba omwe amawala.
Carboxymethyl cellulose imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ochepa chabe a chakudya. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ayisikilimu, confectionery (odzola, mousse, marmalade, jams, zipatso ndi mabulosi kudzaza, kirimu, pasitala, makeke, pasitala), masoseji ndi malonda a nyama, ndi gawo la kapisozi ndi mapepala apaleti.
Ubwino wa CMC kuposa okhazikika ena ndikuyenda kwawo pamunsi mozama, kuthekera kosinthasintha kwakukulu, kuchepetsa kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi, kugwirizika kwathunthu ndi mbali zonse za zinthu, kuphatikiza ma hydrocolloids ena.
CMC ili ndi izi:
- madzi osungunuka mosavuta, amathandizira kukulitsa njira zonse zamadzi,
- mamvekedwe sasintha kwa nthawi yayitali,
- amakhala ndi madzi
- ili ndi katundu wokhazikika komanso womangika,
- ikuwonetsa zotsatira za synergism ndi mapuloteni a biopolymers (casein, soya protein),
- amapanga filimu yowonekera komanso yolimba,
- osapezeka mu organic sol sol, mafuta ndi mafuta, osanunkhira komanso opanda vuto, mwakuthupi osavulaza ndikuzindikiridwa ngati chakudya chopatsa thanzi.
"Aquaborz" imakhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezera madzi: gawo limodzi limatha kumanga magawo 100 amadzi. Zowonjezera izi zimapeza kuti sizigwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati zidutswa za mtanda, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito moyenera pakukulitsa ndi kutentha kukana zipatso, kupewa shuga omwe amaphatikiza ndi chokoleti glaze, kukhazikika meringues ndi marshmallows.
Kugwiritsa ntchito "Stabilan" kumakuthandizani:
- pezani malonda okhala ndi kusasinthasintha, kuphatikiza wopanda shuga kapena shuga wochepa,
- sinthani kapangidwe kake ndi zomalizira pamapeto pake,
- Pewani kudzipatula.
Agar-agar imapezeka kuchokera kumadzi am'madzi otchipa kwambiri (anfelcium, helidium, gracillaria, eucheum). Kalelo koyambirira kwa zaka zam'ma 1990. Ku Russia, kupanga agar-agar undergrowth adachepera, pomwe pano akugulidwa kwathunthu kunja.
Opanga kwambiri agar-agar ndi makampani otsatirawa: Volf & Olsen, Algas Marinas SA, B & V, Setexam, Licimpex Consfit kuagiza & kampani yotumiza katundu, etc. Zinthu zazikulu za agar-agar zimachokera ku mayiko monga Germany, Chile, Spain, Italy , Morocco, China, etc.
Agar ndiye wothandizila wamphamvu kwambiri wa ma gelling. Mphamvu ya agar ku zakudya imacheperanso mukamawotha pamaso pa zidulo. Njira yonyamula yamadzimadzi imapanga jellies pakazizira mpaka 45 ° C. Malo osungunuka a madzi odzola ndi 80-90 ° C. Agar amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga ma confectionery popanga marmalade, jelly, popanga nyama ndi nsomba zam'madzi, popanga ayisikilimu, pomwe amalepheretsa mapangidwe a makhiristo, komanso pofotokozera za timadziti. Ma Jellies okonzedwa pamaziko a agar-agar, mosiyana ndi ena onse opanga ma gel, amadziwika ndi kuwonongeka kwa galasi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito agar pamalonda azakudya sikuchepera, ndipo kuchuluka kwake komwe kumawonjezeredwa pazogulitsa zakudya kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mitundu ndi mfundo za zinthuzi.
Mlingo wowerengeka mu confectionery ndi 1-1.2% mwa kulemera kwa zinthu zomalizidwa. Kutengera ndi zomwe zili pazinthu zazikulu, mphamvu ya gelling ya agar, kapena mphamvu ya gel (ndende ya 1.5%), imatha kukhala 500 mpaka 930 g / cm pa 20 ° C malinga ndi Nikon. Kutha kwa kutalika kumatsimikizira mtundu wa agar: 600, 700, 800, 900.
Agaroid (Black Sea agar) imapezeka kuchokera ku phylloflora algae yomwe imamera mu Black Sea. Monga agar, agaroid samasungunuka bwino m'madzi ozizira, amapanga njira yokhotakhota m'madzi otentha, pomwe kuzizirako komwe kumapangidwa zakudya zamagetsi. Mphamvu ya kupangika kwa gel yokhala ndi agaroid ndi 2-3 nthawi yotsika kuposa ya agar.
Jellies omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito agaroid amakhala osasinthasintha ndipo samakhala ndi mawonekedwe a agarous. Kutentha kwa gelation pamtundu wa agaroid ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa momwe odzola odzola amagwiritsira ntchito agar. Agaroid imapanganso ma jellies okhala ndi madzi ochepa, chifukwa chake amatha kukana ndikuwumitsa. Pazogulitsa zakudya, agaroid amapezanso zofanana ndi agar.
Ma Carrageenans amapezeka ndikuchotsa amadzimadzi amitundu yambiri ya algae ofiira. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa ma carrageenans pamsika wazakudya chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwawo ndi kusindikiza katundu, amathandizira kukonza kapangidwe kazinthu, kuwonjezera zokolola za zomalizidwa, kupereka kutalikirana ndi kulimba mtima, kukana ma syneresis. Katundu wa carrageenans amaloleza kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito popanga soseji yophika, soseji ndi soseji, masoseji a ham, zida zonse za minofu kuchokera ku nkhumba ndi ng'ombe. Kutengera mtundu wa zinthu zopangidwa, kapangidwe kazinthu zomwe zimapangidwira, kuchuluka kwa minofu, mafuta ndi minofu yolumikizika, mulingo wogwiritsa ntchito osapangira nyama, mlingo wa carrageenans muzinthu zanyama ukhoza kukhala 0,22 kg pa 100 makilogalamu a zinthu zopanda mafuta.
Ma Carrageenans amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida pakukonza ma puddings ndi ma yogurts a zipatso, mafuta a margarines, ndi ayisikilimu. Carrageenans amalongosola zakumwa za mkaka ndi zam'mimba, kuwonjezera pa zinthu zambiri: mu chakudya champhaka ndi galu, mabedi am'mapiritsi, sopo ya kuchimbudzi ndi shampu. Carrageenans amasintha zakumwa kukhala zonunkhira kapena zowoneka bwino ndikuwapatsa zakumwa za chokoleti kukhala zowoneka bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha ma carrageenans, sitikuwona makristulo a ayezi pazinthu zowundana. Ku USA ndi Southeast Asia, chinthuchi chimawonjezeredwa ngakhale pa schnitzels ndi ma steaks kuti apange chidutswa cha nyama kuti chiziwoneka ngati chobiriwira, chambiri. Kukhalapo kwa ma carrageenans mu chakudya kukuwonetsedwa ndi chizindikiro cha "E407" chomwe chimapezeka pamayikidwe.
Mtundu wamtundu wamtundu umakhudza mtundu ndi katundu wa carrageenan, zomwe zimatengera zomwe zili polysaccharides.
Carrageenan, wochokera ku red alga Eucheuma cottonii, adapangira kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala opaka mafuta m'madzi amadzimadzi odzola. Carrageenan yamtunduwu imapereka yankho lolondola la colloidal, imapangira gel osawoneka bwino ndipo imatha kupanga gelamu yotanuka ndi chingamu cha dzombe.
Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mumakampani opanga nyama, kumachulukitsa zokolola za nyama zomalizidwa.
Carrageenan imapezekanso kuchokera ku Ireland moss (chondrus) - Chundrus crispus (L.), yomwe imakula pamphepete mwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Ireland ndi dziko la Massachusetts ku US. Ku Ireland, zitsamba zimakololedwa m'dzinja, ndipo ku America nthawi yotentha. Pankhani ya kapangidwe ka mankhwala, chondrus ali pafupi ndi agar ndipo ali ndi 55-80% carrageenan polysaccharides.Akuluakulu ndi a-, b- ndi g-carrageenans, osiyana mu 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose. Kuphatikiza apo, Irish moss, kapena chondrus, chomwe chili ndi mapuloteni pafupifupi 10%, ali ndi mchere wambiri wa halogen (ayodini, bromine, chlorine), calcium carbonate. Chizindikiro cha moss waku Ireland, mosiyana ndi agar, ndizopezeka pazake za sulufule.
Kuchokera ku Baltic algae, furcellaria amalandila carrageenan wotchedwa furcellaran. Mawonekedwe ake a furcellaran ali ofanana ndi mawonekedwe a carrageenans. Ngakhale furcellaran ilibe sulfure yocheperako, imadziwika ndi zonse zomwe zimapangidwa mu carrageenan. Mphamvu ya jelly furcellaran ndiyocheperako kuposa agar, koma yayikulu kuposa ya agaroid.
Kupanga kwa ma carrageenans ngati zida zofunika pa zamankhwala, chakudya ndi mafakitale ena kumapangidwa makamaka ku USA, France, Canada, England, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, Portugal, Philippines ndi mayiko ena. Kudya padziko lonse kwa ma carrageenans kumaposa matani 14,000 pachaka ndipo kukukulira ndi 1-3% pachaka.
Kupanga kwa agaroid mu USSR yakale kudakhazikitsidwa m'maiko a Baltic ndi Ukraine. Furcellaria ndi phyllophores adazichotsa mu algae wofiira. Pokhudzana ndi kulekanitsidwa kwathunthu kwa zigawo za Baltic ndi Black Sea ku Russia, dzikolo lidataya zinthu zatsopanozi. Mmodzi mwa omwe amapereka zikuluzikulu za furcellaran ku Russian Federation ndi kampani ya ku Estonia ya Est-Agar. Ku Far East ndi White Sea, kukonza anfelia ndi kupanga agar-agar kuchokera pamenepo kwakhazikitsidwa. Pazifukwa zomwezo, kum'mwera kwa Primorye, gracillaria yomwe idalowetsedwa mu mariculture imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kwa zaka zingapo, zoyesayesa zachitika pofuna kukhazikitsa kutulutsa kwa ma carrageenans ku chondrus prickly, koma kupanga kwake kulibe.
Agar-agar, carrageenans ndi pectin ndizophatikiza zofanana zamafuta, koma ndizosinthika. Chifukwa chotsika kwa gelling ya carrageenans ndi pectins, nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuti apeze chogulitsa cha confectionery chokhala ndi katundu wokonzedweratu kuposa agar agar.
Alginates. Mwa ma polysaccharides onse omwe amapezeka kuchokera ku algae, gawo lalikulu kwambiri limawerengeredwa ndi alginates - sodium, potaziyamu, mchere wamchere wa alginic acid, wotengedwa kuchokera ku algae brown. Kufuna kwakukulu kwa alginates kukufotokozedwa kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale ndi mafakitale angapo. Ma Alginates ndi polysaccharide yopanga zotsalira za D-mannuronic ndi L-guluronic acid. Alginates adaphunzira mwa anthu. Zotsatira zamaphunziro, palibe zotsatira zoyipa za alginates pa mayamwidwe a calcium pazakudya zomwe zidawululidwa. Malinga ndi akatswiri a FAO / WHO, kuchuluka kwakanthawi kokwanira kwa alginates kuli mpaka 50 mg pa kilogalamu imodzi ya kulemera kwa thupi la munthu, womwe ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa mlingo womwe ungamwetsere chakudya.
Katundu wamkulu wa alginates ndi kuthekera kopanga mayankho olimba kwambiri a colloidal omwe ali asidi osagwira. Njira zothetsera mavuto zilibe vuto, pafupifupi zopanda mtundu komanso wopanda fungo. Samasinthasintha akamva kutentha ndikusungabe katundu wawo pa kuziziritsa, pakuzizira kozizira ndi defrosting pambuyo pake. Chifukwa chake, alginates amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga zakudya monga kupanga gel, kupanga gelling, emulsifying, kukulitsa komanso kusungunuka kwa chinyezi.
Powonjezera 0,0-0.2% sodium alginate ku soseji, mayonesi, mafuta, kusintha kwawo kukwapula, kufanana, kusungirako kosungirako ndikuteteza zinthu izi ku delamination. Kubweretsa 0.1-0.15% sodium alginate mu kupanikizana ndi kupanikizana kumawateteza ku shuga. Alginates amathandizidwa mu marmalade, jellies, ndi mbale zosiyanasiyana za jellies. Kuphatikiza kwawo pakuphatikizidwa kwa zakumwa zingapo kumapewetsa mpweya. Sodium alginate itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chofufumitsa popanga zakumwa zozizilitsa kukhosi. Zouma ufa wa sodium alginate umagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuthamangitsa kusungunuka kwa zakudya zowuma za ufa komanso zosakanikirana (khofi ndi tiyi, mankhwala a mkaka, jelly, ndi zina zambiri). Ma alginates amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zinthu zowumbidwa - analogi za fillets za nsomba, zipatso, ndi zina, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonzekera makapukusira a granular okhala ndi zinthu zamafuta azakumwa. Njira zamchere zamchere za alginic acid zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyimitsa mafinya a nyama, nsomba ndi ma invertebrates am'madzi. Pazaka khumi zapitazi, kumwa kwa alginate pokonza zonona ayisikilimu kwakula makamaka mwachangu, komwe kumapereka mawonekedwe osakhwima ndipo kumakulitsa bata lolimba.
Kuphatikiza pa malonda azakudya, ma alginate amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri monga mankhwala, zovala, zamkati ndi mapepala, migodi ndi mafakitale ena. Pogulitsa zamankhwala, alginic acid ndi mchere wake umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gluing komanso kusokoneza zinthu popanga mapiritsi, dragees, mapiritsi. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa ma alginates kuti azitha kuyamwa nthawi 200-300 kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi mapangidwe a viscous khola lamagetsi opanda kukoma, utoto ndi fungo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko azinthu zosiyanasiyana zamafuta ndi ma pastes. Ma alginic gels amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati onyamula maantibayotiki ndi mankhwala ena.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri komanso zotsatsa za soluble alginates ndikutha kwawo kuchedwetsa kuyamwa kwa radioactive strontium m'matumbo amunthu, potero kupewa kutumphuka kwa radionuclide iyi mthupi. Amathandizanso kudziunjika kwamchere wamchere wolemera. Kutengera ndi alginate, chovala chovala chinalengedwa - algipore, chomwe, limodzi ndi chinyezi chofewa komanso chothandizira kuchiritsa mabala, chimatanthauzira momveka bwino antiseptic. Motere, algipor angagwiritsidwe ntchito pochizira mabala owonekera kwambiri omwe amapezeka ndi kupsa ndi kuvulala kwa radiation.
Pakadali pano, zokonzekera zakunja ndi zoweta kuchokera ku algae zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ali ndi katundu wa immunostimulating and hepatoprotective, amachepetsa magazi m'thupi ndi lipids, amatha kupangitsa chidwi cha hematopoiesis, omwe ali ndi zotsatira za prosylosic ndi oncological. Chodziwika kwambiri chinali mankhwala apakhomo a Klamin, opangidwa kuchokera ku lipid kachigawo kakang'ono ka laminaria algae.
Alginates amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga zovala ndi mapepala. Makina opangira nsalu, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira utoto, komanso monga cholowa m'malo mwa wowuma mukaluka ulusi. Madera olimbikitsira ogwiritsa ntchito alginates amaphatikizapo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo pakupanga ulusi wolimba kwambiri komanso wosinthika wa nsalu ndi nsalu zopanda madzi.
Mu zamkati ndi zamalonda zamakampani, ma alginate amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochapa pamakatoni ndi mapepala apadera matepi oboola, komanso pepala lojambula. Alginates amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mafilimu okongoletsa a lamede popangira ma chipbo.
Ku Russia, kupanga mafakitale alginates kumakhazikitsidwa ku Arkhangelsk experimentental algae chomera. Mpaka posachedwa, kupanga kwa alginate ya chakudya kunali pafupifupi matani 35 pachaka (0,6% ya zomwe zilipo), komanso zaluso - pafupifupi matani 150 pachaka (pafupifupi 3% ya zofunika). Kupanga uku kumachitika chifukwa cha kukonza kwa zinthu zopezeka ku ma White and Barents Seas, masheya omwe pakadali pano sakukwaniritsa zosowa ndipo amabwezeredwa pang'ono kudzera m'malimi ndi kutulutsa zinthu zakunja.
Palibe mafakitale opanga ma alginate ku Far East, ngakhale kupanga chomera china ku Partizansk, Primorsky Territory, kudayamba. Kuchepa kwachuma konse mdziko muno sikunalole kuti ntchitoyi ichitike. Pakadali pano, magulu angapo ofufuza a Academy of Science adakhazikitsa labotale yopanga ma alginate ndikupanga magulu ang'onoang'ono azinthu. Kuti mupeze ma alternates, kelp yaku Japan imagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe zolembedwa zonse zomwe zilipo kale komanso zamaukadaulo, ndi mitundu ina ya masamba a bulauni zidapangidwa.
Zamkaka. Chingamu, kapena chingamu (kuchokera ku Chi Greek. Kommidion, kommi), ndi madzi osungunuka kapena ma polima otupa a monosaccharides mmenemo - shuga, galactose, arabinose, mannose, ramnose, glucuronic acid.
Mimbamu imatha kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu kutengera zakomwe idachokera: exudates (ma resins obwezeretsedwa ndi mbewu), ma hydrocolloids a mbewu zosiyanasiyana, biosynthetic colloids - ma polysaccharides a tizilombo, makamaka, ophatikizidwa ndi madzi azikhalidwe, zotumphukira zomwe zimapezeka mwa kusintha kwa polysaccharides achilengedwe achilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, fiber, wowuma )
Exudates ndi msuzi wotuluka kuchokera kumtundu wina wamtundu kumapeto kwa chaka, msuzi uwu ndi wandiweyani, wowonekera, wopanda pake, umayenda pang'onopang'ono m'mlengalenga. Chimbudzi chimapezeka ngati zidutswa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imaphwanyidwa mosavuta kukhala fumbi loyera. Glue ya Cherry imatchedwa chingamu, yomwe imachokera ku mitengo yazipatso: plums, yamatcheri, imakhala yakuda. Zimbudzi ndimchere wa polyuronic acids, amasungunuka m'madzi, ndikupanga njira zowoneka bwino komanso zomata, zina zamkati sizisungunuka kwathunthu m'madzi, koma zimatupa. Exudates monga gum arabic, karaya, trakeily, ascti.
Ma hydrocolloids ambewu amatchedwanso galactomaniae, popeza ma polysaccharide omwe amapanga ndi mannose zotsalira zolumikizidwa ndi ma b-1,4, omwe mbali zotsalira za galactose zimalumikizidwa ndi ma-1,6. Ma galactomannans ambiri saphwanya m'mimba, chifukwa chake ndizophatikiza zopanda zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Mlingo wazomwe zili muzinthu zamafuta zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito zaukadaulo ndipo zimayendetsedwa ndi malangizo a tekinoloje. Pafupifupi kupatula kokha ndi chingamu cha karaya, momwe mumakhazikitsidwa gawo lazakudya (kuyambira 5.0 g / kg mu kutafuna chingamu, kudzazidwa, glazes mpaka 10,0 g / kg mu suces emulsified).
Gum arabic, kapena gamu ya Arabia (Gummi arabicum), imasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumiyala yachilengedwe kapena kuchokera kumayikidwe mumiyala ya Senegalese acacia (acacia senegal L.) kapena acacia seyal, komanso mitundu ina yokhudzana ndi acacia, mitundu yabwino kwambiri imapezeka ndikutulutsa mitengo yazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Gum arabic ndiye wakale komanso wotchuka kwambiri kuposa ma hydrocolloids onse omwe adapezeka zaka zoposa 5,000 zapitazo ndi Aigupto akale. Mawu akuti "Gummi" ("gummy") amachokera ku dzina lakale lachiiguputo la malonda akuti "Kami". Masiku ano, mawu oti "gummy" amatanthauza mano onse.
Gum arabic imakhala ndi arabin. Arabin pang'onopang'ono koma imasungunuka pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka kwamadzi ozizira, ndikupanga madzi okumbika, omwe ndi enveloping yabwino komanso yopanga voliyumu. Mu acid hydrolysis, arabin (calcium, potaziyamu, mchere wa arabinic acid) umagawanika mu arabinose, galactose, rhamnose ndi glucuronic acid.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito m'makampani azakudya ndi mankhwala, wokondedwayu akamatha kupera amayeretsedwa ndikuyeretsa m'madzi, kupangidwira ndi kupukusa, kenako ndikuwuma. Choyambitsa chopanda sichili ndi poizoni, chimasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, chopanda utoto, chilibe kukoma ndi kununkhira, ndipo, chofunikira kwambiri, sichipotoza kukoma ndi kununkhira kwa dongosolo lazakudya.
Chitsogozo chofunikira kwambiri chogwiritsira ntchito gamu arabic ndikupeza othandizira kuti azitha kukhala ndi zakumwa zakumwa zakumwa ndi zosakaniza zowuma zakumwa. Zosakaniza zimapezeka ndi kupukuta kupukuta kwa mafuta a masamba ndi gamu arabic. Gum arabic imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukhazikitsa zipatso zamkati popanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa zipatso, komanso kupanga mowa. Foam foam, kapena "cap", ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzinthu zamalonda izi, zomwe zimakhudza zofuna zake. Kuchuluka kwa chithovu komanso nthawi yomwe imasungidwa zimatengera kuchuluka kwa kaboni dayokiti yomwe imatulutsidwa nthawi yomaliza ya mowa, kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa mapuloteni mkati mwake. Mafuta a carboxylate a gum arabic, omwe amagwirizana ndi magulu amino a protein omwe amapangira mowa, amalimbitsa chithovu ndikuwonetsa kugundika kwake khoma lagalasi. Gum yodziyimira imawonjezeredwa moŵa pambuyo pakukula kwadzimba asanayambe. Njira yothetsera vuto la gamu arabic 0%% ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira ina yopangira ma carrageenans pomveketsa zakumwa zamtengo wapatali.
Njira zothetsera zochepa za gamu arabic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga vinyo wofiira kukhazikika mtundu.
Gum arabic yagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chida chogwiritsira ntchito ma polophilic a zinthu, kuphatikizapo zonunkhira, zomwe ndi mafuta achilengedwe achilengedwe. Kupeza makomedwe amtundu wa ufa wochuluka kumatilola kuthana ndi vuto la magawidwe ofanana a kuchuluka kwa chakudya (zosakaniza zowuma, nyama yokhala ndi minofu, mayeso ndi tchizi zazikulu, ndi zina zambiri).
Gum arabic, wogwiritsidwa ntchito mumsika wa confectionery kwazaka zambiri, amakhalabe wokongola chifukwa cha ntchito yake yapadera. Ntchito zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa ndi gamu arabic popanga zinthu za confectionery ndi izi:
- kupewa shuga
- kupanga filimu yoteteza mukamadya,
- kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake
- emulsization yamafuta ndi kugawa kwake munjira, gwero lazakudya.
Gum arabic imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kutafuna maswiti ndi lozenges popewa kutsekemera kwa shuga komanso ngati chinthu chomangirira payekhapayekha (pamipikisano ya 10-45%) komanso kuphatikiza ndi mitundu ina yaukali monga wowuma, gelatin, agar kapena pectin. Kutengera ndende ya mtundu wa thickener, mtundu wa shuga womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso chinyezi chotsalira mu confectionery, kapangidwe kazinthuzo zimatha kusintha kuchokera ku maswiti ofewa ndikupaka ma pastilles olimba.
Maswiti amtundu wachipembedzo anali opangidwa pachiwonetsero cha gamu arabic, omwe amapereka mawonekedwe owonekera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma hydrocolloids ena, kukonza mawonekedwe ake, kapangidwe kake, kuwonjezera mawonekedwe ake, ndikuchepetsa kumatira mawonekedwe.
Gum arabic imagwira ntchito zingapo popanga kutafuna chingamu: chosakanikirana cha zonunkhira, kuyang'anira posunga ndikutulutsa kununkhira, kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, kuyang'ana zinthu zomalizidwa.
Gum arabic imagwirizana ndi michere ya m'mimba ya munthu ndipo imatha kukhala gwero lazakudya, yokwaniritsa kufunikira kwa thupi la munthu.
Agrisales Ltd imatulutsa gamu arabic yozikidwa pamitundu itatu ya zopangira zomwe zimasiyana mwakuthupi: a) Agrigum HPS - yowuma, yosankhidwa mwapadera (pamanja) komanso mwayerezo yoyeretsa kunja kwa thunthu ndi nthambi za mthethe senegal (imakhala ndi kutembenuka kwamaso koyipa), b) "Likulu la Agrigum Lotsukidwa" - louma ndikuyeretsa pamakina ndi nthambi za mtengo wa mthethe Senegalese (ali ndi mawonekedwe oyipa otembenuka), c) "Agrigum Lump Talha" - wouma ndikuyeretsa makina kuchoka ku thunthu ndi nthambi za Acacia seyal (waika Nowa kasinthasintha kuwala).
Kutengera ndi zomwe zida, zopangidwa ku Agrisales zimakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana:
- "Agrigum Spray R" - yopezeka kuchokera ku yankho la "Lump Chotsukidwa" (acacia Senegalese) mwa kupangidwira ndi kupukuta utsi. Chogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi kuti chizigwiritsidwa ntchito mu confectionery, mankhwala, mafakitale odzola ngati okhazikika, emulsifier ndi chinthu chophatikizira (kusintha kwa zochuluka zamalonda).
- "Agrigum Spray R-HPS" - yotengedwa kuchokera ku yankho la "Agrigum HPS" mwa kuphatikiza ndi kupukutira utsi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ma emulsions apamwamba kwambiri omwe ali ndi tinthu tosiyanasiyana mpaka 1 μm.
- "Spirigum Spray R / E" - yotengedwa kuchokera ku Lump Yotsukidwa ndi kuphulika ndi kupukutira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chododometsa chonse pakukonzekera ma emulsions. Poyerekeza ndi Agrigum Spray R-HPS, imapatsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta emulsion ndipo imakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a kuyimitsanso kuwala.
- Agrigum Emulsive 1192K ndi Agrigum Emulsive 2000 amapezeka kuchokera ku Lump Yotsukidwa. Ichi ndi chitukuko chapadera cha makampani kuti agwiritse ntchito ngati emulsion stabilizer. Onse a Agrigum Spray R-HPS ndi Agrigum Spray R / E amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono poyerekeza ndi Agrigum Spray R / HPS ndi Agrigum Spray R / E.
- "Agrigum Spray GMH" - yopezeka kuchokera ku yankho la "Agrigum Lump Talha" (Acacia seyal) mwa kupukutira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu confectionery ndi mafakitale azamankhwala ngati othandizira glazing.
- "Agrigum Spray MGH" - yopezeka kuchokera ku yankho la "Agrigum Lump Talha" (Acacia seyal) komanso makampani opanga mankhwala ngati wothandizila pakuwotcherera komanso wolephera. Poyerekeza ndi Agrigum Spray GMH, imakhala ndi index yotsika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu confectionery ndi mafakitale opanga mankhwala.
- "Agrigum Powder 1AS" - yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku "Lump Inatsukidwa" ndi makina ochapira, amawotcha kutentha. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumsika wa confectionery.
Gum karaya imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa tragacanth yamtengo wapatali, ngakhale kuti karaya ilibe asidi othana ndi izi osakanikirana (yankho limakhala ndi fungo lochepa pang'ono). Kutha kufalikira pamatenthedwe ochepa ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya gelling pamaso pa mapuloteni amkaka kumapangitsa kuti karaya chingamu chikulonjezeni kuti chidzagwiritsidwe ntchito mumkaka wamkaka, komanso nyama yapadera.
Mu zodzoladzola, chingamu cha karaya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso mawonekedwe (ndende 0.3-1%). Imagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a ethanol ndi mchere, imapereka mayankho owoneka bwino ndi ma gels ofewa mumtundu wa pH 3-7. Njira yothetsera vutoli imakhala ndi fungo lokhazikika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakhungu ndi mankhwala osamalira tsitsi, zopangira mano, blush, compact ufa.
Gum tragacanth imachokera ku mlengalenga wachilengedwe ndi kukokoloka kwa mitengo yaminga yaminga yaminga - Astragalus tragacanth. Kutengera mtundu wa chida chodulira, chingamu chotsatira, cholimbitsa, chimakhala ngati mawonekedwe owoneka ngati fan, wopangidwa ndi masamba ndi mitundu ina yazala. Panthawi ya jakisoni wa khungwa ndi lamba wakuda, chingamu chimakhala ngati ulusi wopota wamtali (vermicelli, kapena riboni, tragacanth). Chingamu chophatikizika chimasanjidwa ndi utoto m'makalasi apamwamba kwambiri - zovala zopanda utoto kapena zoyera, ndi masukulu otsogola - chikasu, chikasu ndi burashi masamba.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga malonda ndi mitundu 12-15 ya astragalus.
Malo ophatikizira gummitragakant padziko lonse lapansi ndi Iran ndi Turkey. Kwa nthawi yayitali, dziko lathu linaitanitsa ma tragacanth ambiri ku Iran. Mu 1930s Zotsatira zakusaka kwambiri komanso kafukufuku wofufuza zakuthambo zaku Turkmenistan ndi Armenia, zida zazikulu za tragacanth zakuthambo zapezeka, pamaziko omwe amapanga okha chingamu. Mitundu iwiri ya chingamu cha tragacanth imapezeka m'misika yaku Europe: Persian tragacanth (pafupipafupi) ndi traatacanth wa Anatoli. Kuchokera pamtundu wina wa astragalus (A. Strobiliferus), womera m'malire a Pakistan, India ndi Afghanistan, pewani chingamu, chotchedwa Chitral chingamu.
Gawo lalikulu la tragacanth (60-70%) lili ndi zotupa za polysaccharides, zomwe ndi galacturonic acid, galactopyranose, fucose, arabofuranose ndi xylopyranose. Gawo la ma polysaccharides amatchedwa bassorin. Ma polysaccharide osungunuka - arabinum - ali ndi 8-10% mu phamu. Tragacanth imakhala ndi wowuma, chinthu cha mucous chomwe chimatupa kwambiri m'madzi, utoto, mawonekedwe a organic acid ndi zinthu za nayitrogeni.
Pazogulitsa zakudya, tragacanth amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana amadzaza madzi, ma biscuit emulsions, masoseji monga okhazikika-acid okhazikika. Imapeza ntchito m'makampani osiyanasiyana (utoto ndi varnish, zikopa, pepala ndi kusindikiza). M'makampani opanga zovala amathandizira kukonza utoto ndipo pazifukwa izi amakonzedwa m'njira yayikulu. M'mafakitale ogulitsa mankhwalawa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chopopera (m'malo mwa gum arabic) popanga mapiritsi, lozenges, mapiritsi.
Guar chingamu ndi polima ya hydrocarbon yomwe ili ndi galactose ndi mannose, yomwe imapereka chingwe cholumikizana ndi nthambi zofananira chimodzimodzi. Kuchulukana kwachilengedwe kwa shuga awiriwa ndi pafupifupi 2: 1. Gum ikupezeka kumapeto kwa michere ya chomera chodziwika bwino (cyamopsis), yomwe imakula makamaka ku India ndi Pakistan, idakulidwa kwazaka zambiri ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha anthu komanso ngati nyama . Kukolola kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala. Endosperm imalekanitsidwa pakuphwanya, kuzingidwa ndi pogaya kukhala ufa wabwino. Ikhoza kukhala ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono ka mankhusu ndi kachilombo ka tirigu chifukwa chosakwanira kukonza. Maphunziro apamwamba a galar a viscosity apamwamba amatha kupezeka mwa kusintha magwiridwe antchito kuti kuwonjezera gawo la galactomannan.
Guar ufa pambuyo pa wowuma ndi chingamu arabic ndiye hydrocolloid wodziwika bwino popanga zakudya ndi zakudya. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake padziko lonse lapansi kuli pafupifupi matani 25,000 pachaka.
Guar chingamu ndi chomera chomera polira chomwe chimadzimbira m'madzi ozizira. Guar sikufunikira kutentha kuti ikwaniritse mawonekedwe onse. Njira yothetsera vutoli imawoneka ya mitambo chifukwa kukhalapo kwa ma cell a insospuble endosperm mkati mwake. Chingamu cha Guar nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi chingamu china, makamaka xanthan chingamu, ndipo zimachitika mogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, zosakaniza za gamu ndi chingamu za xanthan zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe okweza kwambiri kuposa chingamu chimodzi ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa zovala za saladi ndi masoseji, sopo, etc. Gamu ya gia nthawi zambiri imasakanikirana ndi carrageenan ndi chingamu nyemba pakupanga ayisikilimu, chingamu cha gitala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumsika wa confectionery popanga marshmallows, marshmallows ndi zinthu zina, muma mafakitale ena.
Carob nyemba chingamu (E410) imapangidwa kuchokera kumapeto ambewu za mbewu Garatonia siligua L., yomwe imakula ku maiko aku Mediterranean (amatchedwanso Mtengo wa Carob). Imasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi ozizira ndipo imafunikira kuyatsanso pambuyo pake kuti tikwaniritse kukweza kwamphamvu. Zili pagulu la polysaccharides (chiŵerengero cha mannose kwa galactose 4: 1). Mosiyana ndi giya, yemwe amangokhala m'madzi ozizira, chingamu cha nyemba chimafunikira kutentha kwambiri mpaka 80 ° C kuti madzi azitha kulowa.
Kuti mugwire bwino ntchito ngati makina, ndi bwino kuyamba kumwaza nyemba nyemba m'madzi otentha (80 ° C), kenako ndikuziziritsa yankho la 25 ° C.
Carob nyemba imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ayisikilimu (monga stabilizer), tchizi (zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kusokonekera), zinthu zanyama (masoseji, salami, soseji) monga othandizira komanso osasunthika, kupanga homogenizing ndikusintha kapangidwe ndi zinthu, zinthu zopangira buledi , imakulitsa moyo wa alumali), ufa wa mkaka kusintha mamasukidwe popanda kuwonjezera zopatsa mphamvu, zopatsa zipatso, zakudya zamagulu.
Tamu chingamu, kapena kuti chingamu cha mitengo ya mtengo, chimapezeka mwa kupera kumapeto kwa mbewu ya Caesalpina spinosa (Tara-strauch) kukhala ufa. Zokhala ndi zotsalira za D-mannose ndi D-galactose. Tamu chingamu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa gar chingamu kapena chingamu cha carob. Pulogalamu yofunika kwambiri yokhazikitsa mafamu imapezeka mu ma gelling osakanikirana ndi xanthan, gellan, carrageenan.
Ghatti chingamu chimapezeka kuchokera kwa mitengo ya mitundu ya Anogeissus latifolia ya banja la a Combretaceae omwe akukula ku India. Ghatti chingamu ndi bulauni, tinthu tokhala ngatigalasi kapena ufa wa imvi. Kuphatikizidwa kwa mankhwala ndi polysaccharide yopanga zotsalira za L-arabinose, D-galactose, L-ramnose, D-mannose ndi D-glucuronic acid. Chingwe chachikulu chimakhala ndi zotsalira za galactose zolumikizidwa ndi ma b-1,6-glycosidic. Ghatti chingamu chimagwira bwino ntchito za emulsions ndi dispersions, imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi chingamu arabic kapena m'malo mwake.
Xanthan chingamu (E 415) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thickener - chosasunthika chosasinthika, chimawonjezera mamasukidwe akayendedwe, ali ndi katundu wa gelling. Malinga ndi chilengedwe chake, xanthan chingamu ndichilengedwe: - polysaccharide yomwe imapezeka ndi kupukusa pogwiritsa ntchito bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. Xanthan chingamu chimasungunuka mosavuta kutentha, kuti chikwaniritse kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zomalizidwa: xanthan chingamu + carrageenan. Kugwiritsa ntchito chingamu cha xanthan popanga zinthu zotsirizidwa (nyama yotsika, ma dengu, ma cutlets) ndikofunikira. Mlingo wa xanthan chingamu mukagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyama ndi 0,2-0,5% mwa kulemera kwa zopaka zopanda mafuta. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera (kukana kwa ma enzymes omwe amawononga kukhulupirika kwa malonda, pH (2-12), ku kutentha kwakukulu), pakupanga mawonekedwe abwino, imakhazikika pamtunduwu kwa nthawi yayitali ndikutalikitsa moyo wake. Zotsatira zabwino zidapezeka pomwe xanthan chingamu ndi carrageenan mu ham brines idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazowerengera (1: 9). Pankhaniyi, xanthan chingamu imasungirako gawo lomwe lilibe hydrogenated la carrageenan, Kuphatikiza apo, limathandizira kugawa kwake m'misempha komanso madzi ambiri.
Xanthan chingamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga soseji, mafuta amkaka, ayisikilimu, mchere, zinthu zophika, zakumwa. Mlingo wovomerezeka wa xanthan chingamu: mafilimu - 0,2-0,5%, zakumwa - 0,55-0.2%, kirimu wowawasa, tchizi tchizi, zonona tchizi, yogati - 0,05-0.3%, mayonesi - 0,2 -0.5%, masakaniza owuma, mavalidwe, masoseti - 0- 0-0,2%, zakudya zowuma, soseji, sokosi- 1-- 0.3.3%, zinthu zophika mkate -0.05-0.25%, madzi - 0,2-0.4%. Xanthan chingamu ndi chogwira bwino cha ma emulsions ndi ma foams, imapereka kukwera kwamphamvu pamatsika otsika, ili ndi pseudoplastic katundu, imalepheretsa ma syneresis, thixotropic zotsatira kulibe, kukhazikika mu acidic ndi alkaline solution, ikuwonetsa kutentha, kumagwirizana ndi njira zamchere zambiri, zimawonetsa mphamvu ndi galactomans. (garamu chingamu, dzombe nyemba) ndi glucomannans (cognac chingamu).
Gellan chingamu ndi polysaccharose mzere dongosolo, zomwe ndi zinthu kagayidwe wa bakiteriya Psedomonias elodea. Ma molekyu a Gellan amadziwika ndi kulemera pafupifupi 500,000, amakhala ndi zigawo za tetrasaccharide, kuphatikiza mizere yolumikizana yolumikizana ya mphete ya b-1,3-D-glucose, b-1,4-D-glucuronic acid, b-1,4-D shuga ndi a 1,4-L-ramnose. Kuthekera kwapadera kwa chingamu cham'mimba ndikuti amapanga ma gels okhala ndi ma ayoni pafupifupi onse, kuphatikiza hydrogen (acidic sing'anga). Ma jellies olimba kwambiri amapangidwa ndi Ca ndi Mg ions. Gelan chingamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya zamkaka, mu zinthu zamkati zam'madzi, kupanikizana. Mlingo wazopezeka muzakudya ndi 0.1-1.0%.
