Dongosolo la Endocrine

Udindo wapadera pakati pa kayendetsedwe kazomwe thupi lathu limachita dongosolo la endocrine. Dongosolo la endocrine limagwira ntchito zake kudzera mu mahomoni opangidwa ndi iye, omwe amalowa ziwalo zonse zamthupi ndi ziwalo zina zamkati, zomwe zimalowa mwachindunji kudzera mu chinthu chophatikizira maselo, kapena kufalitsa kudzera mu dongosolo la magazi ndi magazi. Ma cell ena a endocrine asonkhanitsidwa pamodzi ndikupanga ma endocrine glandular - zida zapamadzi. Koma kupatula izi, pali maselo amtundu wa endocrine pafupifupi minofu iliyonse ya thupi. Gulu la maselo endocrine omwazika thupi lonse limapanga gawo loyipa la endocrine.

Ntchito za endocrine dongosolo ndi kufunika kwake kwa thupi

imayang'anira ntchito ya ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe a thupi,

amatenga nawo gawo pazinthu zomwe zimachitika mthupi,

oyang'anira kukhazikika kwa njira zonse zofunikira pamalo osintha chilengedwe,

Pamodzi ndi chitetezo chamthupi komanso zamanjenje zomwe zimayang'anira kukula kwa thupi,

amatenga nawo gawo pa kagwiridwe ka magwiridwe antchito a kubereka kwamunthu komanso kusiyana kwake pakugonana,

ndi amodzi mwa omwe amapanga mphamvu mthupi,

amatenga nawo mbali pakapangidwe kamunthu pamalingaliro ndi kaganizidwe kake.

Kapangidwe ka endocrine dongosolo ndi matenda ogwirizana ndi kuphwanya kachitidwe kake ka zinthu zake

I. Endocrine Glands

Gland ya endocrine (gwero la endocrine), lomwe limapanga gawo limodzi la glandular la endocrine, limapanga mahomoni - mankhwala enieniwo.

Zitsamba za endocrine zimaphatikizapo:

Chithokomiro. Ndiye chida chachikulu kwambiri cha katulutsidwe wamkati. Amatulutsa mahomoni - thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin. Ma mahomoni a chithokomiro amatenga nawo gawo pazomwe zimachitika pakukula, kukula, kusiyanasiyana kwa minofu, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa metabolic, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mpweya ndi ziwalo ndi minofu.

Matenda a dongosolo la endocrine omwe amalumikizidwa ndi vuto la chithokomiro: hypothyroidism, myxedema (mawonekedwe oopsa a hypothyroidism), thyrotooticosis, cretinism (dementia), Goash wa Hashimoto, matenda a Bazedova (kuphatikiza poyizoni wowopsa), khansa ya chithokomiro.

Matenda a parathyroid. Timadzi ta parathyroid timatulutsa, timene timayambitsa kuchuluka kwa calcium, cholinga chake ndikugwira ntchito kwamanjenje ndi mota.

Matenda a endocrine dongosolo ogwirizana ndi kuperewera kwa gwero la parathyroid - hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, parathyroid osteodystrophy (matenda a Recklinghausen).

Nyimbo (thymus gland). Amatulutsa T-cell ya chitetezo chathupi, imatulutsa ma thymopoietins - mahomoni omwe amayambitsa kusasitsa ndi magwiridwe antchito a maselo okhwima a chitetezo chamthupi. M'malo mwake, titha kunena kuti thymus imagwira nawo ntchito yofunika monga chitukuko ndi kayendedwe ka chitetezo.

Pankhaniyi, ndizotheka kwambiri kuti matenda a endocrine omwe amakhudzana ndi zovuta mu chithokomiro cha thymus ndi matenda a chitetezo cha mthupi. Ndipo kufunika kwa chitetezo chokwanira m'thupi la munthu ndikosavuta kudya.

Kapamba Ndi gawo la chimbudzi. Amatulutsa mahomoni awiri okana - insulin ndi glucagon. Insulin imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, shuga - amawonjezereka.

Ma mahomoni onsewa amakhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe ka chakudya chamafuta ndi mafuta. Pazifukwa izi, matenda omwe amaphatikizana ndi kuperewera kwa kapamba amaphatikizapo matenda ashuga ndi zotsatira zake zonse, komanso mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa chokhala onenepa kwambiri.

Adrenal glands. Tumikirani ngati gwero lalikulu la adrenaline ndi norepinephrine.

Kuchepa kwa thumbo la adrenal kumabweretsa matenda ochulukirapo, kuphatikizapo matenda oopsa, omwe poyamba samayenderana ndi matenda amtundu wa endocrine - matenda amitsempha, matenda amtima, matenda oopsa, kulowerera m'mitsempha.

Ma Gonads. Pangani mahomoni ogonana.

Thumba losunga mazira. Ndizinthu zopanga thupi mwa mkazi. Ntchito za endocrine thumba losunga mazira zimaphatikizanso kupanga okondana ndi mahomoni achimayi okonda kugonana - estrogen ndi progesterone, motero, imayang'anira magwiridwe antchito amkazi.

Matenda a endocrine dongosolo ogwirizana ndi magwiridwe antchito am'mimba - myoma, mastopathy, ovarian cystosis, endometriosis, osabereka, khansa yamchiberekero.

Ma testicles. Ndizinthu zopangidwa mwaimuna. ma cell germ (umuna) ndi mahomoni a steroid, makamaka testosterone. Kuchepa kwa magazi m'mimba kumabweretsa mavuto osiyanasiyana mthupi la munthu, kuphatikizapo kubereka amuna.

Dongosolo la endocrine mu gawo lake loyimira likuyimiridwa ndi magulu awa:

Gland - Chofunika kwambiri cha gwero lothandizira la endocrine kwenikweni ndi gawo lapakati. Mafuta a pituitary gland amalumikizana ndi hypothalamus, ndikupanga dongosolo la pituitary-hypothalamic. Gonia ya pituitary imapanga mahomoni omwe amalimbikitsa ntchito ndikuwongolera pafupifupi zisa zina zonse za endocrine system.

Gululi la anterior pituitary limapanga mahomoni 6 ofunikira otchedwa kwambiri - thyrotropin, adrenocorticotropic mahormone (ACTH), mahomoni 4 a gonadotropic omwe amawongolera zochitika za tiziwalo takugonana ndi mahomoni ena ofunika kwambiri - somatotropin, omwe amatchedwanso mahomoni okula. Hormone iyi ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza kukula kwa chigoba, cartilage ndi minofu. Kuchulukitsa kwa timadzi timene timakula mwa munthu wamkulu kumabweretsa ma agrocemalia, omwe amadziwonetsa ndikuwonjezeka kwa mafupa, miyendo ndi nkhope.

Tizilombo tosangalatsa touluka timene timayang'anira kulumikizana kwa mahomoni opangidwa ndimatumbo a pineal.

Epiphosis. Ndi gwero la antidiuretic mahomoni (ADH), yomwe imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi amthupi, ndi oxytocin, yomwe imayang'anira kutulutsa kwa minofu yosalala, kuphatikizapo chiberekero, pakubala kwa mwana. Imafotokozeranso chinsinsi cha mahomoni - melatonin ndi norepinephrine. Melatonin ndi mahomoni omwe amawongolera mndandanda wa magonedwe, ndipo norepinephrine imakhudza kayendedwe kazinthu zamagazi ndi dongosolo lamanjenje.

Kutengera ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, zikuwoneka kuti kufunika kwa magwiridwe antchito a endocrine kovuta. Matenda osiyanasiyana a endocrine system (omwe amayamba chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito a endocrine system) ndi ochulukirapo. M'malingaliro athu, pokhapokha ndi njira yolumikizira thupi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Cybernetic Medicine Clinic, ndizotheka kuzindikira molondola kwambiri kuphwanya kulikonse m'thupi la munthu, ndipo, poganizira zomwe wodwalayo amapanga, amayamba njira zowongolera.

Mthupi lathu muli ziwalo zomwe sizikhala timagulu ta endocrine, koma nthawi yomweyo zimagwira zinthu zofunikira ndipo zimakhala ndi zochitika za endocrine:

Thymus gland, kapena thymus

Ngakhale kuti zofunikira za endocrine zimamwazika mthupi lonse ndikuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndi makina amodzi, ntchito zawo zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo momwe zimachitika pazochitika zathupi zimakwaniritsidwa kudzera munjira zofananira. Adipose minofu ndilimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri za endocrine zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kaphatikizidwe, kudzikundikira ndi kagayidwe kazinthu ka mahomoni. Chifukwa chake, pakusintha kuchuluka kwa minofu iyi kapena mtundu wa magawidwe ake, zovuta zina za mahomoni zimachitika.

Magulu atatu a mahomoni (gulu la mahomoni ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala)

1. Amino Acid Derivatives. Kuchokera pa dzina la ophunzirawo zimachitika kuti mahomoni awa amapangidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mamolekyule amino acid, makamaka tyrosine. Chitsanzo ndi adrenaline.

2. Ma Steroid. Prostaglandins, corticosteroids ndi mahomoni ogonana. Kuchokera pamalingaliro amakanidwe, ali amtundu wa lipids ndipo amapangidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa molekyulu ya cholesterol.

3. Mahomoni a peptide. Mu thupi la munthu, gulu la mahomoniwa limayimiridwa kwambiri. Peptides ndi maunyolo afupia amino acid; insulin ndi zitsanzo za mahomoni a peptide.

Ndizodabwitsa kuti pafupifupi mahomoni onse m'thupi lathu amapangidwa ndi mamolekyulu kapena zomwe amapanga. Chosiyana ndi mahomoni ogonana ndi mahomoni a adrenal cortex, omwe ali okhudzana ndi ma steroids. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mapangidwe a sodium aids amadziwika kudzera pama receptor omwe amapezeka mkati mwa maselo, njirayi ndi yayitali ndipo imafuna kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu a protein. Koma mahomoni a chibadwa cha mapuloteni nthawi yomweyo amalumikizana ndi ma membrane receptor pamwamba pa maselo, kotero kuti mphamvu zawo zimadziwika mofulumira.

Ma mahomoni ofunikira kwambiri omwe kubisala kwake kumayendetsedwa ndi masewera:

Glandular endocrine dongosolo

• Zimatenga nawo mbali pakuwongolera (kachembere) kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka thupi ndikuwongolera zochitika za ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe.
• Amapereka kutetezedwa kwa homeostasis yathupi pakusintha kwachilengedwe.
• Pamodzi ndi mitsempha ndi chitetezo chamthupi, chimakhazikitsa:
  • kukula
  • kukula kwa thupi
  • kusiyanitsa kwake pakugonana ndi ntchito yobereka,
  • amatenga nawo mbali mu maphunziro, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamalira mphamvu.
• Molumikizana ndi dongosolo lamanjenje, mahomoni amatenga nawo mbali popereka:
  • zochita
  • ntchito zamunthu.

Glandular endocrine dongosolo

Imayimitsidwa ndi tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono ta endocrine timene timapanga, kudzikundikira ndikutulutsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagulu opanga zinthu (mahomoni, ma neurotransmitters, ndi ena) m'magazi. Classical endocrine gland: pineal gland, pituitary, chithokomiro, parathyroid gps, zida zapamwamba za kapamba, adrenal cortex ndi medulla, testes, ovaries amatchulidwa glandular endocrine system. Munthawi ya glandular, maselo amtundu wa endocrine amakhala mkati mwake. Mphamvu yamkati imakhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe ka katulutsidwe ka timadzi ta m'magazi tonse ta endocrine, ndipo mahomoni amomwe amagwiritsira ntchito mayankho amakhudza gawo lamanjenje lamkati, kusintha zochita zake ndi momwe alili. Mchitidwe wamagulu amachitidwe a zotumphukira za endocrine ntchito za thupi zimachitika osati kudzera mu tropic mahormone a pituitary gland (ma pituitary and hypothalamic mahormone), komanso kudzera mu kukopa kwa dongosolo la mantha (kapena autonomic) la mantha. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwazinthu zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe (ma monoamines ndi mahomoni a peptide) zimasungidwa mkati mwa dongosolo lamanjenje lenilenilo, zomwe zambiri zimasungidwa ndi maselo a endocrine am'mimba. Gland ya endocrine (gwero la endocrine) ndi ziwalo zomwe zimapanga zinthu zomwe zimazitsekera mwachindunji m'magazi kapena m'mimba. Zinthu izi ndi mahomoni - maulangizi amthupi omwe amafunikira moyo. Gland ya endocrine imatha kukhala ziwalo zodziimira palokha komanso zotengera za epithelial (malire amalire).

Ma epiphosis mahomoni:

• Melatonin amatenga nawo gawo pa kayendedwe ka kugona ndi kudzuka, kuthamanga kwa magazi. Zomwe zimakhudzidwanso pakumwedwa kwa nyengo kwa ma biorhythms ena. Imachepetsa kukalamba, imalepheretsa mantha am'mimba komanso chinsinsi cha mahomoni ogonana.
• Serotonin amatchedwanso mahomoni achisangalalo. Ndiye neurotransmitter yayikulu. Mlingo wa serotonin mthupi umakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kupweteka kwapang'onopang'ono. Mokulira serotonin, yomwe imakweza kupweteka kwambiri. Imagwira nawo gawo la kayendedwe ka pituitary ndi hypothalamus. Kuchuluka magazi coagulation ndi mtima kukhathamira. Yogwira mtima pa kutupa ndi chifuwa. Amakulitsa kuyenda kwamatumbo ndi chimbudzi. Amachititsanso mitundu ina ya matumbo microflora. Amatenga nawo gawo la kulera ntchito ya chiberekero ndi njira ovulation mu ovary.
• Adrenoglomerulotropin amagwira nawo ntchito ya adrenal glands.
• Dimethyltryptamine imapangidwa mkati mwa gawo la REM ndi malire amalire, monga zochitika zowopsa pamoyo, kubadwa kapena kufa.

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus ndiye gawo lapakati lomwe limayendetsa magwiridwe antchito onse a minyewa chifukwa cha kuseka kwa chinsinsi mu gland pituitary kapena kudzera mu katulutsidwe ka mahomoni ake. Amapezeka mu diencephalon monga gulu la maselo.

Vasopressin, yemwenso imatchedwa "antidiuretic mahormoni," imasungidwa mu hypothalamus ndikuwongolera kamvekedwe ka mitsempha yamagazi, komanso kusefedwa kwa impso, potero amasintha kuchuluka kwa mkodzo wothira.

Oxetocin amabisidwa mu hypothalamus, kenako ndikumapita nayo ku gitu. Pamenepo umadziunjikira ndipo umasungidwa pambuyo pake. Oxetocin amagwira ntchito ya tinthu timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri, timakhala ndi mphamvu pa chiberekero komanso pakusintha kwatsopano chifukwa cha kukula kwa tsinde kukula. Zimayambitsanso kukhutitsidwa, kudekha komanso kumvera ena chisoni.

Amapezeka mu fitu la pituitary fossa waku Turkey wakufupa kwa sphenoid. Imagawidwa mu nyumba zakunja ndi zapambuyo lobes.

Ma Hormone a anterior pituitary gland:

• Kukula kwa mahomoni kapena kukula kwa mahomoni. Imagwira makamaka muunyamata, imalimbikitsa malo okukula m'mafupa, ndipo imayambitsa kukula kutalika. Kuchulukitsa kuphatikiza mapuloteni komanso kuwotcha mafuta. Amawonjezera shuga wamagazi chifukwa chopinga cha insulin.
• Lactotropic timadzi timayendetsa magwiridwe antchito ndikukula kwawo.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone, kapena FSH, imalimbikitsa kukula kwa follicles m'mimba lamaqanda komanso kubisala kwa estrogens. Mu thupi laimuna, amatenga nawo mbali pakukula kwa ma testes ndikuwonjezera spermatogeneis ndi testosterone.
• Luteinizing hormone imagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi FSH. Mu thupi laimuna, imalimbikitsa kupanga testosterone. Mwa azimayi, secretion yamchiberekero cha oestrogens ndi ovulation pamsambo wa kuzungulira.
• Adrenocorticotropic mahomoni, kapena ACTH. Amayang'anira adrenal cortex, mwachitsanzo, secretion ya glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone) ndi mahomoni ogonana (androgens, estrogens, progesterone). Glucocorticoids ndiyofunikira kwambiri makamaka pamavuto a kupsinjika ndi zochitika zanjenjemera, imalepheretsa chidwi cha minyewa kuma mahomoni ambiri apamwamba, motero kuyang'ana thupi panjira yothana ndi zovuta. Zikafika pangozi pangozi, kugaya, kukula, ndi kugonana zimadutsa njira.
• Timadzi tonunkhiritsa ya chithokomiro ndimayambitsa kuphatikizika kwa chithokomiro cha chithokomiro cha chithokomiro. Zimakhudzanso mosasamala kapangidwe ka triiodothyronine ndi thyroxine m'malo omwewo. Ma mahomoni a chithokomiro ndi omwe amawongolera ofunikira kwambiri pakukula ndi kukula kwa thupi.

Chithokomiro

Kutikako kumakhala kutsogolo kwa khosi, kumbuyo kwake kumadutsa esophagus ndi trachea, kutsogolo kumakutidwa ndi chithokomiro cha chithokomiro. Thunthu la chithokomiro mwa amuna limapangidwa pang'ono ndipo limapanga chifuwa chachikulu - apulo wa Adamu, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti apulo wa Adamu. Kutikisaku kumakhala ndi maubongo awiri komanso phokoso.

Mahomoni a Chithokomiro:

• Thyroxine ilibe zachindunji ndipo imagwira ntchito mwamtheradi maselo onse amthupi. Ntchito yake ndi kuyendetsa njira za metabolic, mwachitsanzo, kaphatikizidwe ka RNA ndi mapuloteni. Zimakhudza kugunda kwa mtima komanso kukula kwa chiberekero cha amayi.
• Triiodothyronine ndi mtundu wachilengedwe wa thyroxine omwe watchulidwa kale.
• Calcitonin amawongolera kusinthana kwa phosphorous ndi calcium m'mafupa.

Thymus thymus

Gland yomwe ili kuseri kwa sternum mu Mediastinum. Asanathe msambo, imakula, kenako imayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono, kusinthika, ndipo pakukalamba sizimasiyana ndi zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi adipose. Kuphatikiza pa kugwira ntchito kwa mahomoni, T-lymphocyte, maselo ofunikira kwambiri m'thupi, okhwima mu chithokomiro.

Kapamba

Kutikisaku kumakhala kumbuyo kwa m'mimba, ndikulekanitsidwa ndi cham'mimba cham'mimba kuchokera m'mimba. Kumbuyo kwa tinthu timene timadutsa vena cava, aorta, ndi minyewa yaimpso yakumbuyo. Anatomally secrete mutu wa England, thupi ndi mchira. Chigoba cha duodenum chimakhazikika kuzungulira mutu wakutsogolo. Pamalo oyanjana ndi gland ndimatumbo, duct ya Wirsung imadutsa pomwe kapamba amatulutsidwa, ndiko kuti, ntchito yake ya exocrine. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kukonzanso kowonjezera monga kubwerera.

Kukula kwakukulu kwa gland imagwira ntchito ngati exocrine ndipo imayimiriridwa ndi dongosolo la timachubu tambiri tambiri. Ntchito ya endocrine imagwidwa ndi zisumbu zapanchipisi, kapena zilumba za Langerhans, zomwe zili mosiyana. Ambiri aiwo ali mchira wa gland.

Matenda a pancreatic:

• Glucagon imathandizira kuwonongeka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi, pomwe sikumakhudza glycogen mu minofu yamafupa. Chifukwa cha njirayi, kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumasungidwa pamlingo woyenera. Zimawonjezeranso kaphatikizidwe ka insulin kofunikira kagayidwe ka glucose. Kuchulukitsa kugunda kwa mtima ndi nyonga. Ndi gawo lofunikira la "kugunda kapena kuthamanga", ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwazinthu komanso kupezeka kwawo kwa ziwalo ndi minofu.
• Insulin imagwira ntchito zingapo, zazikulu zomwe ndikuphwanya kwa glucose ndikumasulidwa kwa mphamvu, komanso kusungidwa kwa glucose owonjezera mu mawonekedwe a glycogen mu chiwindi ndi minofu. Insulin imalepheretsanso kuchepa kwa glycogen ndi mafuta. Pankhani yakuphwanya kaphatikizidwe ka insulin, kukulitsa shuga.
• Somatostatin ali ndi mphamvu zoletsa ma hypothalamus ndi pituitary gland, poletsa kupanga kwa mahomoni a kukula ndi mahomoni a thyrotropic. Zimachepetsa kubisalira kwa zinthu zina zambiri ndi mahomoni, mwachitsanzo, insulin, glucagon, insulin-like grow factor (IGF-1).
• Pancreatic polypeptide amachepetsa katulutsidwe wakunja wa kapamba ndikuchulukitsa katulutsidwe ka madzi a m'mimba.
• Ghrelin imagwirizanitsidwa ndi njala komanso satiety. Kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi kumalumikizana ndi izi.

Adrenal glands

Ziwalo zopakidwa ndi piramidi, zokutira pafupi ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa impso iliyonse, yolumikizidwa ndi impso ndi mitsempha wamba yamwazi. Agawidwa mu cortical ndi medulla. Mwambiri, amatenga gawo lofunikira pakusintha kwazinthu zodetsa thupi.

Cortical thunthu la adrenal glands imapanga mahomoni omwe amalimbitsa kukhazikika kwa thupi, komanso mahomoni omwe amawongolera madzi amchere amchere. Ma hormone amenewa amatchedwa corticosteroids (cortex - bark). Katundu wa cortical amagawidwa m'madipatimenti atatu: glomerular zone, zone mtunda ndi ma mesh zone.

Ma Horometerular zone mahomoni, mineral corticoids:

• Aldosterone imayang'anira zomwe zili K + ndi Na + ions m'magazi ndi zimakhala, motero zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa madzi mthupi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi pakati pa minofu ndi mitsempha yamagazi.
• Corticosterone, monga aldosterone, imagwira ntchito popanga mchere, koma gawo lake m'thupi la munthu ndi laling'ono. Mwachitsanzo, mu mbewa, corticosterone ndiye michere yayikulu ya corticoid.
• Deoxycorticosterone nayenso imagwira ntchito ndipo imafanana ndi zomwe tafotokozazi.

Beam zone hormone, glucocorticoids:

• Cortisol imasungidwa ndi dongosolo la pituitary gland. Amayang'anira kagayidwe kazakudya ndipo amatenga mbali pamavuto a kupsinjika. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, secretion ya cortisol imamangiriridwa mozungulira ku mtundu wa circadian: mulingo wambiri uli m'mawa, osachepera uli madzulo. Komanso, pali kudalira gawo la kusamba kwa msambo kwa akazi. Chimagwira makamaka pachiwindi, zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonjezereka kwa kupanga kwa glucose ndi kusungidwa kwake mu mawonekedwe a glycogen. Njirayi idapangidwa kuti izisungira mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuisunga mtsogolo.
• Cortisone imathandizira kaphatikizidwe kazakudya zomanga thupi kuchokera m'mapuloteni ndipo imakulitsa kukana kupsinjika.

Ma mahmes mahomoni, mahomoni ogonana:

• Androgens, mahomoni ogonana achimuna, ndizotsogola
• Estrogen, mahomoni achikazi. Mosiyana ndi mahomoni ogonana ochokera ku gonads, mahomoni ogonana a adrenal glands amagwira ntchito asanafike pa msambo komanso pambuyo pa kutha. Amatenga gawo limodzi pakupanga chikhalidwe chachigololo (mawonekedwe a nkhope ndi kuphatikizika kwa kutaya kwa amuna, kukula kwa tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono). Kuperewera kwa mahomoni ogonana awa kumabweretsa kutsika kwa tsitsi, owonjezera - mawonekedwe a ziwonetsero zakugonana.

Ma Gonads

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timapangika maselo a germ, komanso kupanga mahomoni ogonana. Ma gonads aamuna ndi aakazi amasiyana pakapangidwe ndi malo.

Amunawa amakhala pakhungu la multilayer lotchedwa scrotum, lomwe limapezeka m'chigawo cha inguinal. Tsambali silinasankhidwe mwamwayi, chifukwa kukhwima kwofananira kumafunikira kutentha kosapumira madigiri 37. Ma testicles ali ndi mawonekedwe opindika, ndipo zingwe zopindika zimadutsa kufupi ndi pakati, pomwe umuna umayamba kuchokera pakatikati mpaka pakatikati.

Mu thupi la mkazi, gonads imakhala m'matumbo am'mphepete mwa chiberekero. Amakhala ndi masamba osiyanasiyana pamtunda wosiyanasiyana. Pakupita mwezi umodzi, minyewa yotukuka kwambiri imayandikira pamwamba, ndikuphulika, ndikutulutsa dzira, kenako kupindika kwake kumachitika, ndikutulutsa mahomoni.

Mahomoni ogonana amuna, ndi androgen, ndi mahomoni amphamvu kwambiri a steroid. Imathandizira kuwonongeka kwa glucose ndikutulutsa mphamvu. Wonjezerani minofu ndikuchepetsa mafuta. Kuchulukitsa kwa androjeni kumachulukitsa libido m'magulu onse aamuna, komanso kumathandizira kukulitsa chikhalidwe chogonana chachimuna: kuphatikiza mawu, kusintha kwa mafupa, kukula kwa tsitsi lakhungu, ndi zina zambiri.

Mahomoni ogonana achikazi, estrogens, amakhalanso anabolic steroids. Amakhala ndi udindo wopanga ziwalo zoberekera za akazi, kuphatikizapo ziwalo za mammary, ndikupanga mawonekedwe achikazi. Zikuwonekeranso kuti ma estrogens amakhala ndi anti-atherosulinotic effect, omwe amaphatikiza mawonekedwe osowa kwambiri a atherosulinosis mwa akazi.