Zomwe insulin imapangidwira

Pochizira mafupa, owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito DiabeNot bwino. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

Malinga ndi WHO, mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga ndi matenda a anthu 347 miliyoni okhala padziko lathuli. Kunenepa kwambiri, kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi, kuchepa mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi - zinthu zonsezi zimathandizira kufalikira kwa matendawa, chifukwa cha chithandizo chomwe akulu ndi ana ayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa.

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga: ndi chiyani?
Zizindikiro za matenda a shuga 1
Mtundu woyamba wa shuga mu ana
Matenda Aakulu a Mimba 1
Chithandizo cha matenda a shuga 1
Chithandizo cha matenda a shuga 1 amitundu popanda insulin
Mtundu wa 1 wa zakudya za shuga - mndandanda wamlungu
Mavitamini a mtundu wa 1 ashuga
Maphikidwe a matenda ashuga 1
Kodi matenda amtundu wa 1 wodwala angachiritsidwe kwamuyaya?
Ndi anthu amtundu woyamba wa diabetes omwe amakhala?
Kanema: Zonse Zokhudza Matenda A shuga Aakulu

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga: ndi chiyani?

Wachinyamata kapena mwana - izi ndi zomwe mtundu 1 wa shuga umatchedwa. Matendawa amakhudza anthu omwe zaka zawo sizipitirira 35. Mtunduwu wa matenda ashuga, maselo a beta amawonongeka ndikuyimitsa kwathunthu chinsinsi cha insulin, yomwe imayambitsa kutsekeka kwa shuga. Zotsatira zake, thupi sililandira mphamvu yofunikira, ndipo glucose mu mawonekedwe ake oyera amatulutsidwa mkodzo.

Mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga, malinga ndi gulu la WHO, umatchedwa wodalira insulin, ndiye kuti, munthu sangakhale ndi moyo popanda kubaya insulin.

Matenda a shuga oyamba amadziwika ndi magawo atatu omwe matendawa amakula:

Mwazi wambiri umabweretsa chiwopsezo chamitsempha yamaso, ndi magawo olimbitsa thupi komanso owopsa, kutayika kwa kuona kwakutheka ndikotheka, milandu yokhala ndi khungu lathunthu sichachilendo.

Kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ya magazi a impso kumathandizira kukulitsa kulephera kwa impso. Kuphwanya kwamanjenje, kwamadongosolo kumapangitsa kumva kwamiyendo m'miyendo. Mu magawo akulu a matendawa, pamakhala chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuwonetsa kuti ziwalo zake zadulidwa. Odwala ali ndi kuchuluka kwa cholesterol, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale matenda amtima. Mwa amuna, kukula kwa kusabala sikuwongoleredwa.

Pancreatitis, encephalopathy, dermopathy, nephropathy ikhoza kukhala yofanana ndi matenda okhudzana ndi matenda a shuga.

Zizindikiro za matenda a shuga 1

Zizindikiro zazikulu za matenda amtundu 1 ndi:

kufooka kosalekeza
kutopa kwambiri
kusakhazikika
kamwa yowuma
ludzu losalekeza
kukodza pafupipafupi,
kusanza, kusanza ndikotheka,
Khungu
kugona kusokonezedwa
Kwa akazi, maonekedwe a matenda obwera kumaliseche, kuyabwa ndi ming'alu mu nyini,
kutuluka thukuta kwambiri
kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa chakudya, koma wodwalayo nthawi yomweyo akuchepetsa thupi, mpaka zizindikiro za matenda a anorexia.

Ndi zizindikiro zina ziti zomwe zimapezeka mwa ana ndi akulu - werengani apa.

Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga 1 zimafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani yotsatira.

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga mu ana

Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amapezeka mwa ana. Cholinga cha izi ndi izi:

chibadwa chamtsogolo (ngati kholo limodzi kapena onse ali ndi matenda otere),
matenda opatsirana
kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi
zachilengedwe zachilengedwe
kupsinjika
kufooketsa chitetezo chamthupi.

Mwa ana omwe alibe vitamini D, omwe m'mbuyomu adasinthidwira ku zakudya zowonjezera ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe kapena wa mbuzi, tirigu kuchokera ku chimanga, chiopsezo chokhala ndi matenda ashuga ndiochuluka. Madzi okhala ndi nitrate yokwanira amathanso kudzetsa matenda.

Chizindikiro cha matendawa ndi chofanana ndi cha akuluakulu. Mwa ana aang'ono kwambiri, kupukusa m'mimba kumatha kuwonekera. Atsikana amakhala ndi pafupipafupi. Pali chiopsezo cha ketoacidosis, chodziwika ndi mseru, kusanza, kufooka, kufoka.

Mwana akhoza kumanunkhiza ngati acetone, kupuma kumakhala kwakanthawi, phokoso limamveka pa exhale.

Nkhaniyi - Mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga mwa ana: zoyambitsa, chithandizo, zizindikiro, kupewa, ziziwonetsa za matenda a shuga mwa ana.

Matenda Aakulu a Mimba 1

Amayi omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri kukhalabe ndi pakati: kukakamira kokhazikika komwe kumakakulirakulira, mphamvu ya mahomoni imasintha nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake thukuta limakula, kusakwiya, kusokonekera kwa mitsempha, komanso kutopa msanga.

Nthawi yapakati, odwala matenda ashuga amawona kusinthasintha kwa shuga m'magazi. Ngati mayi adakwanitsa kubereka Normoglycemia asanafike pathupi, ndiye kuti kubereka sikumalemedwa ndi kusintha kwamwadzidzidzi m'magazi a glucose (kuchokera pamwambamwamba mpaka wotsika).

Pankhaniyi, kutenga pakati kumachitika motere:

Mu trimester yoyamba, kufunika kwa insulin nthawi zambiri kumachepetsedwa. Pankhani ya toxosis yomwe imatsatana ndi kusanza, mutakambirana ndi adokotala, kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamafuta kumayenera kuwonjezedwa.
Mu trimester yachiwiri, wodwalayo angafunikire mlingo waukulu wa insulin, womwe umawerengeredwa payekhapayekha. Patsiku, mlingo ungakhale magawo zana kapena zingapo.
Nthawi yachitatu trimester - kachiwiri kutsika kwa insulin zofunika.

Madokotala amalimbikitsa kuti azimayi omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga azikonzekereratu zam'mimba kuti thupi likhale lokonzekera bwino kutulutsa, pakubala, komanso kudyetsa. Ndikofunika kuti ayambe kukonzekera chaka chimodzi kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi asanamwali, moyang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri azachipatala.

Chithandizo cha matenda a shuga 1

Chithandizo cha matenda amtundu 1 sichingori jakisoni wa insulin chabe. Ili ndi dongosolo lovuta, lophatikizika lomwe limaphatikiza mankhwala a pharmacotherapy, zakudya ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Chithandizo cha insulin ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri yochizira matenda ashuga, koma sayansi siyimayima, imayamba ndipo pakali njira zingapo zochizira matenda amtundu wa 1 shuga. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, njira yopambana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito osati muzipatala zakunja zokha, komanso mwa zapakhomo, ndi njira yothandizira ma cell.

Njira zakuchizira zamatenda amtundu woyamba:

Katemera Kuyesedwa kwa mankhwalawa sikunathebe, koma pali zotsatira zabwino. Katemera wapadera amayambitsa ma T-cell ofooka, omwe amathandizira kubwezeretsa maselo a beta a kapamba omwe akhudzidwa ndi kuwukira kwa gulu la T-cell. Katemera akuwonetsedwa koyambirira kwa matendawa, koma sanayambikebe pakupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ofufuzawo akupanga katemera wopewa matenda a shuga, mwatsoka, palibe kusintha kwakukulu mpaka pano.
Njira ya extracorporeal hemocorrection ndi imodzi mwatsopano kwambiri, koma yopambana kwambiri, ndi kuchepa kwa chidwi pakukonzekera kwa insulin, encephalopathy ndi matenda ena angapo. Njira yokhazikitsidwa ndi autogemia imakhazikika: magazi a wodwalayo amadutsa mu zida momwe mumakhala zosefera zapadera, kenako zopatsidwa mavitamini, mchere, ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo, imalowetsanso magazi m'magazi a wodwala.
Kuphatikizika kwa chiwalo. Ngati akuwonetsedwa, maselo a beta, gawo la kapamba, kapena chiwalo chonse chimagwiritsa ntchito kwa wodwala. Kuthana kwa pancreas kwakhala ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, koma kupatsirana timabwalo ta Lagerhans ndipo maselo okha sanalandiridwepo ntchito, koma amapereka zotsatira zabwino.

Mtundu wa 1 wa zakudya za shuga - mndandanda wamlungu

Mukasinthana ndi zakudya zamankhwala, menyu amayenera kuti azikapangidwa sabata limodzi:

Chakudya chizikhala mosamalitsa pa wotchi.
Chakudya chophwanyika, zakudya 5-6 patsiku.
Amaloledwa kudya pafupipafupi, koma magawo ake amakhala amodzimodzi, ochepa.
Onetsetsani kuti mwakhala ndi fiber pamenyu.
Simungachepetse zopatsa mphamvu popanda umboni wa dokotala.
Madzi okwanira amafunikira - pafupifupi malita awiri patsiku.

Onani chitsanzo cha menyu apa: http://diabet.biz/pitanie/osnovy/menyu-dlya-diabetikov.html.

Kwa odwala matenda a shuga omwe akuwonetsedwa patebulo la manambala 9. Zitsanzo za m'sabata:

M'mawa 200 g yophika phala yamtundu uliwonse (kupatula semolina ndi mpunga), kagawo ka mkate, 40 g ya tchizi 17% yolimba, tiyi kapena khofi.
Zakudya. Ma biscuits kapena masikono a mkate, kapu ya tiyi wopanda shuga ndi apulo (1 pc).
Tsiku. 100 g saladi watsopano wamasamba, mbale ya borsch, 1 chopopera cha nthunzi 1 ndi masamba angapo a kabichi wowotchera, kagawo ka mkate.
Zakudya. 50-70 g kanyumba kopanda mafuta, tchizi chambiri chomwe chimaphika ndi msuzi, 200 ml ya msuzi wa rosehip.
Madzulo. Chidutswa cha nyama yophika ndi 100 g ya masamba saladi.
Zakudya. Kapu ya kefir yokhala ndi mafuta ochepa kwambiri.

M'mawa Buckwheat phala (pafupifupi 200 g), chifuwa cha nkhuku yofewa (kuchuluka komweko voliyumu), tiyi.
Zakudya. Pafupifupi 150 g ya kanyumba tchizi casserole, 200 ml ya kumwa yogati.
Tsiku. Msuzi wophika masamba (kabichi, kaloti, katsitsumzukwa, udzu winawake), pollock wothinikizika (pafupifupi 150 g), masamba ophika (200 g), kabichi ndi saladi wa karoti (100 g).
Madzulo. Cottage tchizi casserole ndi kaloti (200 g), saladi wa zipatso (yemweyo muyeso), zipatso zambiri.
Zakudya. 200 ml ya kefir kapena yogati.

M'mawa Rye mkate wowotcha ndi tchizi yofewa yocheperako mafuta, nkhaka ndi saladi wa phwetekere, apulo (1 pc.).
Zakudya. Souffle kuchokera kanyumba tchizi, tiyi ndi mandimu.
Tsiku. Mbale ya msuzi wa nsomba, mpunga wokhala ndi masamba (nyemba + za asipara) pafupifupi 200 g, apulo wophika.
Zakudya. 200 ml ya madzi a apricot.
Madzulo. Oatmeal ndi zipatso, mawonekedwe owuma zipatso.

M'mawa Nsomba yophika 50 g, magawo awiri a mkate wakuda, karoti ndi saladi wa apulo (70 g), 20 g tchizi chamafuta ochepa, khofi wopanda shuga (mutha kuwonjezera mkaka).
Zakudya. Chipatso cha mphesa (1 pc.), 200 ml yophika zipatso zotsekemera popanda shuga.
Tsiku. Mbale ya nsomba ndi msuzi wamasamba, 150 g yophika nkhuku yophika, coleslaw (100 g), magawo angapo a mkate wa rye, 200 ml ya mandimu popanda shuga wowonjezera.
Zakudya. Saladi yazipatso (150 g), 200 ml ya madzi amchere.
Madzulo. 2 nyama patties ndi kuwonjezera kabichi, squash caviar (70 g), magawo awiri a chinangwa mkate, tiyi.
Zakudya. 200 ml ya mkaka wopanda mafuta.

Chakudya cham'mawa. Tchizi wopanda mafuta kanyumba (150 g) ndi 200 ml ya bifidoyogurt.
Zakudya. Mkate wowuma tchizi 17% ndi tiyi wopanda shuga.
Tsiku. Mbatata yophika ndi masamba saladi, nkhuku yophika (100 g), 100 g a zipatso.
Zakudya. Gawo laling'ono la dzungu lowotchera, 10 g la nthanga zouma za poppy, 200 ml ya zipatso zouma.
Madzulo. Nyama yodula cutlet, mbale ya masamba saladi ndi masamba.
Zakudya. 200 ml mafuta wopanda kefir.

M'mawa Oatmeal mkaka (150 g), magawo awiri a buledi wonyezimira, karoti ndi saladi wa apulo (70 g), tchizi chochepa mafuta (150 g), khofi wokhala ndi mkaka wopanda shuga.
Zakudya. Orange (1 pc.), 200 ml ya compote wopanda shuga.
Tsiku. Mbale ya nsomba ndi msuzi wamasamba, 150 g yophika nkhuku yophika, coleslaw (100 g), magawo angapo a mkate wa rye, 200 ml ya mandimu popanda shuga wowonjezera.
Zakudya. Apple (1 pc.).
Madzulo. Ma nyama a nyama otsika (110 g), masamba a masamba (150 g), kabichi schnitzel (200 g), tiyi wopanda shuga.
Zakudya. 200 ml yogurt yachilengedwe.

M'mawa Zowonda zazing'ono ndi kirimu wowawasa wokhala ndi mafuta ochepa, khofi.
Zakudya. 2 rye mkate, mbale ya zipatso zatsopano.
Tsiku. Mbale yophika ndi buwheat, chifuwa cha nkhuku ndi masamba ophika (100 g iliyonse), msuzi wa kiranberi.
Madzulo. Oatmeal phala (150 g) ndi masoseji awiri, udzu winawake ndi saladi wa apulo, 200 ml ya madzi a phwetekere.

Mukamakonzekera mndandanda wamlungu uliwonse, chinthu chachikulu ndikugwirizana pakamwa ndi nthawi ya jakisoni wa insulin.

Mavitamini a mtundu wa 1 ashuga

Mavitamini omwe ali ndi odwala matenda ashuga - ichi ndiye chithandizo chofunikira mthupi, thandizirani chitetezo cha mthupi.

Mavitamini a shuga a mtundu woyamba:

Tocopherol kapena Vitamini E - imathandizira kubwezeretsanso kulowetsedwa kwa impso, ndi antioxidant, imasintha magazi.
Vitamini C kapena ascorbic acid. Imathandizira kulimbitsa chitetezo chokwanira, imalimbitsa mitsempha ya m'magazi, imachepetsa dongosolo la kupangika kwa cataract.
Retinol kapena Vitamini A - amalimbikitsa kukula kwa maselo, kusintha masomphenya, kumalimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, antioxidant.
Mavitamini a gulu B azithandiza wodwalayo kuti azisamalira mitsempha, kuchepetsa kukwiya. Zowonetsedwa: B 1 (thiamine), B 6 (pyridoxine), B 12 (cobalamin).
Biotin kapena Vitamini H - amathandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga, imawongolera njira zingapo zamagetsi.
Lipoic acid. Amatchedwa zinthu zokhala ngati vitamini. Imathandizira matenda a metabolism, mafuta.

Munkhani yotsatira, tili mwatsatanetsatane za mavitamini a odwala matenda ashuga.

Maphikidwe a matenda ashuga 1

Pali maphikidwe ambiri a odwala matenda ashuga. Koma pali zinthu zina zomwe ndizothandiza kwambiri, koma momwe mungaphikirere ndi zomwe anthu ochepa amadziwa. Mwachitsanzo - peyala yodothi kapena Yerusalemu artichoke. Kwa munthu wodwala matenda ashuga, izi sizongokhala muzu wamba, koma malo osungira, chifukwa ali ndi inulin - polysaccharide yosungunuka. Yerusalemu artichoke wophika, wowotedwa, wophika. Amapanga khofi, msuzi ndi madzi kuchokera komwe, omwe amatha kudya ndi anthu odwala matenda ashuga.

Edongo Casserole

machubu angapo a peyala dothi,
2 tbsp. l mafuta a masamba
Makapu 0,5 a mkaka wa skim
2 ma PC mazira a nkhuku
1-2 tbsp. l kunyenga

Kusambitsidwa bwino, kusenda timazirala, kabowo ndi mauna akuluakulu, kenako mopepuka m'mafuta a masamba.
Kumenya mazira 2, kuwonjezera theka chikho cha mkaka ofunda ndi 1-2 tbsp. l kunyenga.
Mchere, zonunkhira kuti mulawe.
Ikani okonzeka ku artichoke mu nkhungu, kutsanulira mu mkaka wa dzira-mkaka ndikuyika kuphika mu uvuni womwe unapangidwa kale mpaka madigiri 180 kwa mphindi 25-30.

Gradi wa Peyala

1 pc kakulidwe kakang'ono kwambiri
1 apulo wokoma ndi wowawasa,
100 g sauerkraut ndi kaloti,
100 g udzu winawake
amadyera, mchere, zonunkhira kulawa,
2 tbsp. l mpendadzuwa kapena mafuta opaka.

Yerusalemu artichoke, pezani apulo pa coarse grater.
Chekani bwino udzu winawake.
Sakanizani zosakaniza zonse, kuwonjezera zitsamba zosakanizidwa, uzipereka mchere, zonunkhira, nyengo ndi mafuta.

Zikondamoyo za dzuwa

kaloti wamkulu - 1 pc.,
dzungu zamkati - 100-150 g,
Yerusalemu atitchoku tubers - 2-3 ma PC.,
dzira la nkhuku - 1 pc.,
anyezi mutu wochepa - 1 pc.,
ufa - 2-3 tbsp. l (kotheka)
mchere kulawa
mafuta owaza.

Kaloti a grate, Yerusalemu artichoke, dzungu, anyezi pa chabwino kapena chachikulu (momwe mungafunire) grater, sakanizani.
Finyani osakaniza mopepuka, uzipereka mchere, dzira, ufa wosaswa.
Knead pa mtanda, monga wamba zikondamoyo.
Mwachangu poto.

Kodi matenda amtundu wa 1 wodwala angachiritsidwe kwamuyaya?

Mpaka pano, kuchiritsa kwathunthu kwa matenda amtundu wa 1 sikunalembedwe. Chowonadi ndichakuti mdziko lapansi mulibe njira zabwino zoletsa kayendedwe ka autoimmune. Zomwe zikulonjeza zomwe zingathandize wodwalayo kuti achire ndi kupanga kapamba wochita kupanga, mankhwala omwe amatseka njira za autoimmune ndi njira yokhazikitsira zigawo za Lagerhans ndi maselo a beta mosiyana.

Zomwe insulin imapangidwira

Insulin ndiye mankhwala othandizira matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukhazika mtima pansi wodwalayo ndikuwongolera moyo wake wamtundu wachiwiri wa matenda.

Izi ndi chilengedwe chake ndi mahomoni omwe amatha kuthana ndi kagayidwe kazachilengedwe mu milingo yaying'ono. Nthawi zambiri, kapamba amapanga insulin yokwanira, yomwe imathandizira kukhala ndi shuga m'thupi.

Koma ndi zovuta zazikulu za endocrine, mwayi wokhawo wothandiza wodwalayo nthawi zambiri ndi jakisoni wa insulin kwenikweni.

Tsoka ilo, ndizosatheka kuzipeza pakamwa (mwanjira yamapiritsi), popeza zimawonongeka kwathunthu m'mimba ndikugaya mtengo wake wachilengedwe.

Zokonzekera zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku zopangira zachilengedwe

Kulandila timadzi ta nkhanu ndi ng'ombe ndi ukadaulo wakale womwe sugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano.

Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala ochepa omwe adalandiridwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zina komanso kuyeretsa kosakwanira.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti popeza mahomoni ali ndi mapuloteni, amakhala ndi ma amino acid ena.

Kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, pamene mankhwala ofananawo analibe, ngakhale insulin yotereyi inali yopambana pamankhwala ndikulola kutenga chithandizo cha odwala matenda ashuga kupita nawo kumalo ena atsopano. Ma Horoni omwe adapangidwa ndi njirayi amachepetsa shuga m'magazi, komabe, nthawi zambiri ankayambitsa zovuta komanso chifuwa.

Kusiyana pakapangidwe ka amino acid ndi zosafunika zamankhwala zimakhudza mkhalidwe wa odwala, makamaka m'magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha odwala (ana ndi okalamba).

Chifukwa china chosalolera bwino za insulin yotereyi ndi kupezeka kwa kuyamwa kwa mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito (proinsulin), komwe sikunali kotheka kuti athetse kusiyanasiyana kwa mankhwalawa.

Masiku ano, pali ma insuge apamwamba apamwamba omwe alibe zoperewera. Zimapezeka kuchokera kapamba wa nkhumba, koma zitatha zimayatsidwa ndikuwonjezera kuyeretsa. Zili ndi mitundu yambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi zotuluka.

Insulin ya nkhumba yosinthidwa sikuti imasiyana ndi mahomoni amunthu, chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwabe ntchito

Mankhwalawa amaloledwa ndi odwala bwino ndipo samayambitsa mavuto, samachepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi ndipo amachepetsa shuga la magazi. Bovine insulin sikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala masiku ano, chifukwa chifukwa chakunja kwake kumakhudza chitetezo chathupi komanso machitidwe ena a thupi.

Katswiri wa Majini a Insulin

Insulin yaumunthu, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati odwala matenda ashuga, pamsika wamafuta amapezeka m'njira ziwiri:

ntchito enzymatic mankhwala a porcine insulin,
kugwiritsa ntchito majini osinthika amtundu wa Escherichia coli kapena yisiti.

Ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala a physico-cell, mamolekyulu a porcine insulin pansi pa michere yapadera amakhala ofanana ndi insulin yaumunthu.

Kapangidwe ka amino acid kamakonzedwe kotsatira sikusiyana ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa m'thupi la munthu.

Panthawi yopanga, mankhwalawa amayeretsedwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake samayambitsa zovuta kapena mawonekedwe ena osayenera.

Koma nthawi zambiri, insulin imapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosinthika (genetically modified). Pogwiritsa ntchito njira za biotechnological, mabakiteriya kapena yisiti amasinthidwa m'njira yoti iwonso atulutse insulin.

Pali njira ziwiri zopangira insulin. Yoyamba mwa izo idakhazikitsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana.

Iliyonse imapangika gawo limodzi lokha la mamolekyule a ma DNA (pali awiri okha, ndipo amapindika molunjika).

Kenako maunyolo awa amalumikizidwa, ndipo mu njira yotsatila ndikothekanso kupatulira mitundu yogwira insulin kwa iwo omwe alibe phindu lililonse kwachilengedwe.

Njira yachiwiri yomwe mungalandire mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito Escherichia coli kapena yisiti zimatengera kuti microbe yoyamba imapanga insulin (ndiye kuti, preinsor yake ndi proinsulin). Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito enzymatic chithandizo, fomu iyi imayatsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala.

Ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi mwayi wopezeka m'malo ena opanga zovala ayenera kuvala suti yodzitetezera, yomwe imachotsa kulumikizana ndi mankhwalawa ndi madzi amthupi la anthu.

Njira zonsezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamagalimoto, mpweya ndi mawonekedwe onse polumikizana ndi ma ampoules ndi mbale sizowoneka bwino, ndipo mizere yokhala ndi zida ndiyosindikiza.

Njira za biotechnology zimathandizira asayansi kuti aganizire njira zina zothanirana ndi shuga.

Mwachitsanzo, pakadali pano, maphunziro oyamba opanga ma cell a pancreatic beta akuchitika, omwe amatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira majini.

Mwina m'tsogolomu adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zomwe zimachitika m'thupi mwa wodwala.

Kupanga kwamankhwala amakono a insulin ndi njira yovuta yaukadaulo yomwe imaphatikizapo magalimoto ndi kulowererapo pang'ono kwa anthu

Zowonjezera zina

Kupanga kwa insulin popanda maipi mu masiku amakono kuli kovuta kulingalira, chifukwa amatha kusintha zinthu zake zamankhwala, kuwonjezera nthawi yofunikira ndikuchita zoyera kwambiri.

Mwa zomwe ali nazo, zosakaniza zina zonse zitha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

prolongators (zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka nthawi yayitali ya mankhwala),
mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
olimbitsa, chifukwa chomwe acidity yoyenera imasungidwa mu yankho la mankhwalawa.

Kupitiliza Zowonjezera

Pali ma insulin omwe amagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali omwe zochita zake zimakhala kwa maola 8 mpaka 42 (kutengera gulu la mankhwalawo). Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha kuwonjezera pa zinthu zapadera - zotambuzira ku yankho la jakisoni. Nthawi zambiri, imodzi mwamafuta awa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi:

Mapuloteni omwe amalimbitsa nthawi ya mankhwalawa amayeretsedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndipo amakhala otsika pang'ono (mwachitsanzo, protamine). Mchere wamchere wa zinc sukhudzanso zochita za insulin kapena thanzi la munthu.

Madera okhathamiritsa

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapangira insulini ndikofunikira kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tisachulukane panthawi yosungirako ndikugwiritsa ntchito momwemo. Zinthu izi ndizosungirako komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawo amasungidwa.

Kuphatikiza apo, ngati wodwala amapereka mahandawo kuchokera kwa iye yekha, ndiye kuti mankhwalawo amatha kwa masiku angapo.

Chifukwa cha ma antibacterial apamwamba kwambiri, sangakhale ndi mwayi wotaya mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa choganiza kuti zitha kubereka mwanjira yankho la ma virus.

Zinthu zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera majeremusi popanga insulin:

Ngati yankho lake lili ndi ayoni a zinc, amakhalanso ngati chosungirako chifukwa cha antimicrobial

Popanga mtundu uliwonse wa insulini, zinthu zina zoyambitsa matenda zimakhala zoyenera. Kuchita kwawo ndi mahomoni kuyenera kufufuzidwa pamlingo woyeserera koyambirira, popeza osungirako sayenera kusokoneza zochita za insulin kapena kusokoneza katundu wake.

Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osungirako nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti timadzi timadzi timene timatulutsa pakhungu popanda kulandira mankhwala asanachitike ndi mowa kapena antiseptics (wopanga nthawi zambiri amatanthauza izi pamalangizo).

Izi zimathandizira kukhazikitsa kwa mankhwalawa ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa pokonzekera jakisoni wokha.

Koma malingaliro awa amangogwira ntchito ngati yankho limaperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito syringe imodzi ya insulini ndi singano yopyapyala.

Olimbitsa

Olimba amafunika kuti pH yothetsera vutoli ikhalebe yokhazikika. Kusungidwa kwa mankhwalawa, ntchito zake ndi kukhazikika kwa katundu wamafuta zimadalira kuchuluka kwa acidity. Popanga mahomoni a jakisoni kwa odwala matenda ashuga, ma phosphates nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi.

Kwa insulin yokhala ndi zinc, njira zothetsera kukhazikika sizofunikira nthawi zonse, chifukwa zitsulo zazitsulo zimathandizira kukhalabe koyenera.

Ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti mitundu ina ya mankhwala imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa phosphates, popeza kuphatikiza kwa zinthu izi kumabweretsa kupendekera ndi kusakwaniritsidwa kwa mankhwalawo.

Chuma chofunikira chomwe chikuwonetsedwa kwa okhazikika onse ndi chitetezo ndi kulephera kulowa pazosintha zilizonse ndi insulin.

A endocrinologist wokhoza bwino ayenera kuthana ndi kusankha kwa majakisoni obwera ndi shuga kwa wodwala aliyense payekhapayekha.

Ntchito ya insulin sikuti kungokhala ndi shuga wambiri m'magazi, komanso osati kuvulaza ziwalo zina ndi machitidwe ena. Mankhwalawa ayenera kukhala osalowerera m'thupi, otsika pang'ono komanso oyenera kugula.

Ndiwothekanso kosavuta ngati insulin yosankhidwa ikhoza kusakanizidwa ndi mitundu yake ina kutengera nthawi yochitapo kanthu.

Kodi insulin imapangidwa kuchokera ku chiyani?

Insulin ndiye mankhwala othandizira matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukhazika mtima pansi wodwalayo ndikuwongolera moyo wake wamtundu wachiwiri wa matenda. Izi ndi chilengedwe chake ndi mahomoni omwe amatha kuthana ndi kagayidwe kazachilengedwe mu milingo yaying'ono.

Nthawi zambiri, kapamba amapanga insulin yokwanira, yomwe imathandizira kukhala ndi shuga m'thupi. Koma ndi zovuta zazikulu za endocrine, mwayi wokhawo wothandiza wodwalayo nthawi zambiri ndi jakisoni wa insulin kwenikweni.

Tsoka ilo, ndizosatheka kuzipeza pakamwa (mwanjira yamapiritsi), popeza zimawonongeka kwathunthu m'mimba ndikugaya mtengo wake wachilengedwe.

Momwe mungapezere insulini: kupanga ndi magwero ake

Insulin ndi mankhwala ofunikira, yasintha miyoyo ya anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.

M'mbiri yonse yamankhwala ndi mankhwala azaka za 20, mwina gulu limodzi lokha lamankhwala lofunikanso lomwe lingathe kusiyanitsidwa - awa ndi maantibayotiki. Iwo, monga insulin, adalowa mankhwala mwachangu ndikuthandizira kupulumutsa miyoyo yambiri ya anthu.

Tsiku la matenda ashuga limachitika pachikondwerero cha World Health Organisation chaka chilichonse, kuyambira 1991 pa tsiku lobadwa la katswiri wofufuza zamankhwala ku Canada F. Bunting, yemwe adapeza insulin ndi J.J. Macleod. Tiyeni tiwone momwe timadzi timeneti timapangidwira.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa kukonzekera kwa insulin wina ndi mnzake

Kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa.
Zomwe zimalandila ndiku nkhumba, bovine, insulin ya anthu.
Zowonjezera zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi yankho la mankhwalawa ndizosunga, othandizira, ndi ena.
Kusintha
pH yankho.

Kutha kusakaniza mankhwala achidule komanso osakhalitsa.

Insulin ndi mahomoni omwe amapangidwa ndi maselo apadera mu kapamba.

Ndi puloteni wokhala ndi mitundu iwiri, yomwe imaphatikizapo 51 amino acid.

Pafupifupi magawo 6 biliyoni a insulini amwedwa pachaka padziko lapansi (gawo limodzi ndi ma micrograms a 42). Kupanga insulini kumakhala kwadzaukadaulo kwambiri ndipo kumachitika kokha kudzera mwa njira za mafakitale.

Magwero a insulin

Pakadali pano, kutengera gwero la zopangidwazo, nkhumba insulin ndi kukonzekera kwa insulin ya anthu ndizayokha.

Ma insulin a nkhumba tsopano ali ndi kuyeretsa kwambiri, ali ndi vuto labwino, ndipo palibenso zotsutsana nazo.

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kwaumunthu kumagwirizana kwathunthu pakupanga kwamankhwala ndi mahomoni amunthu. Nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi biosynthesis pogwiritsa ntchito ma genetic engineering technology.

Opanga akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zotere zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti malonda awo amakwaniritsa zonse zabwino. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu machitidwe aumunthu ndi porcine monocomponent insulin (i.e., oyeretsedwa kwambiri) adapezeka; mokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, malinga ndi maphunziro ambiri, kusiyana kwake ndi kochepa.

Zinthu zothandiza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga insulin

Mu botolo ndi mankhwalawa muli yankho lomwe silokhala ndi insulin ya mahomoni, komanso mankhwala ena. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi gawo linalake:

kuchuluka kwa zochita za mankhwala,
njira yothetsera matenda
kukhalapo kwa buffer katundu wa yankho ndi kukhalabe wosalimba pH (acid-base balance).

Kukula kwa insulin

Kuti apange insulin yowonjezera, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa mankhwala awiri, zinc kapena protamine, imawonjezeredwa ku yankho la insulin yachilendo. Kutengera izi, ma insulin onse amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:

protamine insulin - protafan, insuman basal, NPH, humulin N,
zinc-insulin - insulin-zinc-suspensions a mono-tard, tepi, humulin-zinc.

Protamine ndi mapuloteni, koma mayendedwe osokoneza monga mawonekedwe a ziwonetsero kwa iwo ndi osowa kwambiri.

Kupanga malo osagwirizana ndi yankho, yankho la phosphate limawonjezedwanso kwa ilo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti insulini yokhala ndi phosphates ndiyoletsedwa kuphatikiza insulin-zinc kuyimitsidwa (ICS), popeza zinc phosphate imayambira munthaka iyi, ndipo zochita za zinc-insulin zimafupikitsidwa m'njira yosadalirika.

Zida zophera tizilombo

Zina mwazomwe zimapangidwira, malinga ndi njira zamatenda ndi tekinoloje, ziyenera kuyambitsidwa pakukonzekera, zimakhala ndi zotsatsira matenda. Izi zimaphatikizapo cresol ndi phenol (onse awiri ali ndi fungo linalake), komanso methyl parabenzoate (methyl paraben), yomwe ilibe fungo.

Kuyambitsidwa kwa chilichonse chosungirako ndipo kumapangitsa fungo linalake la insulin. Zosungirako zonse zomwe zimapezeka kuti zimapezeka mu insulin sizikukhudza.

Protamine insulins nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo cresol kapena phenol. Phenol sangathe kuwonjezeredwa ku mayankho a ICS chifukwa amasintha mphamvu ya ma cell ma cell. Mankhwalawa akuphatikizapo methyl paraben. Komanso, ayoni a zinc amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotsatsira.

Chifukwa cha chitetezo chamtunduwu cha anti-bacterial ambiri, chitetezo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa kukula kwa zovuta zomwe zingayambike chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa bakiteriya pamene singano imayikidwa mobwerezabwereza mu vial yankho.

Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa njira yotchinjirizira, wodwalayo angagwiritse ntchito syringe yomweyo popanga jakisoni wa mankhwalawa kwa masiku 5 mpaka 7 (malinga ngati amangogwiritsa ntchito syringe).

Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala osungira amayesetsa kuti musamwe mowa pakhungu musanalowe, koma pokhapokha ngati wodwalayo apanga jakisoni yekha ndi syringe ndi singano yopyapyala.

Insulin Syringe Calibration

Pokonzekera insulin yoyamba, gawo limodzi lokha la mahomoni linali mu mlomo umodzi wa yankho. Pambuyo pake, kupsinjika kunawonjezeka. Zokonzekera zambiri za insulin m'mabotolo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Russia zimakhala ndi magawo 40 mu 1 ml ya yankho. Mbale zambiri zimayikidwa chizindikiro cha U-40 kapena 40 mayunitsi / ml.

Ma syringe a insulin ogwiritsira ntchito anthu ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa insulini yokha ndipo amawongolera molingana ndi mfundo yotsatirayi: syringe ikadzazidwa ndi yankho la 0.5 ml, munthu amapeza magawo 20, 0,35 ml imagwirizana ndi magawo 10 ndi zina zotero.

Chizindikiro chilichonse pa syringe ndi chofanana ndi voliyumu inayake, ndipo wodwalayo amadziwa kale kuchuluka kwamagawo omwe ali mgawoli. Chifukwa chake, kuwerengera kwa ma syringes ndikumaliza kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa, kuwerengera pakugwiritsa ntchito insulin U-40. Magawo anayi a insulin ali mu 0,1 ml, 6 mayunitsi - mu 0,15 ml ya mankhwalawa, ndi zina mpaka magawo 40, omwe amafanana ndi 1 ml yankho.

Ma millor ena amagwiritsa ntchito insulin, 1 ml yomwe muli mayunitsi 100 (U-100). Mankhwala oterowo, ma syringe amtundu wapadera amapangidwa, omwe ali ofanana ndi omwe takambirana pamwambapa, koma amawayika mosiyanasiyana.

Ikutengera izi ndende iyi (ndiyokwera ka2,5 kuposa muyezo). Pankhaniyi, kuchuluka kwa insulin kwa wodwalayo, kumene, kumakhalabe chimodzimodzi, chifukwa kumakwaniritsa kufunikira kwa thupi kwa kuchuluka kwa insulini.

Ndiye kuti, ngati m'mbuyomu wodwalayo adagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo U-40 ndikubaya mayunitsi 40 a mahomoni patsiku, ndiye kuti alandiranso magawo 40 omwewo atabayidwa insulin U-100, koma jekeseni kochulukirapo ka 2,5. Ndiye kuti, magawo 40 omwewo azikhala mu 0,4 ml ya yankho.

Tsoka ilo, si madokotala onse komanso makamaka odwala matenda a shuga omwe amadziwa izi. Mavuto oyamba adayamba pomwe ena mwa odwala adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma insulin injector (ma syringe pens) omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma penfill (ma cartridge apadera) okhala ndi insulin U-40.

Ngati mudzaza syringe ndi yankho lolembedwera U-100, mwachitsanzo, mpaka mpaka mayunitsi 20 (i.e. 0.5 ml), ndiye kuti bukuli lidzakhala ndi magawo 50 a mankhwalawo.

Nthawi iliyonse, ndikudzaza ma syringes U-100 ndi ma syringe wamba komanso kuyang'ana pazidutswa zomwe zadulidwa, munthu adzalandira mlingo wa 2,5 kuposa womwe wawonetsedwa pamlingo wa chizindikiro ichi. Ngati dokotala kapena wodwala sazindikira vuto ili, ndiye kuti mwayi wokhala ndi vuto lalikulu la hypoglycemia ndiwokwera chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe nthawi zambiri amachitika.

Kumbali ina, nthawi zina pamakhala ma insulin omwe amawongolera makamaka mankhwala a U-100. Ngati syringe yotere imadzazidwa molakwika ndi njira yokhazikika ya U-40, ndiye kuti mlingo wa insulini mu syringe udzakhala wocheperapo ndi theka kuposa womwe walembedwa pafupi ndi chizindikiro chofananira pa syringe.

Zotsatira zake, kuwonjezereka kwamphamvu kwa glucose kumatha kuchitika koyamba. M'malo mwake, zonse, ndizomveka - pachidutswa chilichonse cha mankhwalawa ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito syringe yoyenera.

M'mayiko ena, mwachitsanzo, Switzerland, malingaliro adaganiziridwa mosamalitsa, malinga ndi kusintha koyenera komwe adapanga kuti insulin ikonzekere idalembedwa kuti U-100. Koma izi zimafunikira kuyanjana kwambiri ndi onse omwe ali ndi chidwi: madokotala a akatswiri ambiri, odwala, anamwino ochokera m'madipatimenti aliwonse, akatswiri a zamankhwala, opanga, olamulira.

M'dziko lathu, ndizovuta kwambiri kusamutsa odwala onse kuti agwiritse ntchito insulin U-100 kokha, chifukwa, mwakuthekera, izi zidzatsogolera kuchuluka kwa zolakwika posankha mtundu.

Kuphatikiza kwafupikitsika ndi insulin yayitali

Mankhwala amakono, chithandizo cha matenda ashuga, makamaka mtundu woyamba, nthawi zambiri chimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ya insulin - yochepa komanso yayitali.

Zingakhale zosavuta kwa odwala ngati mankhwala omwe ali ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana atha kuphatikizidwa mu syringe imodzi ndikuperekedwa nthawi yomweyo kuti musavulaze khungu kawiri.

Madokotala ambiri sakudziwa chomwe chimapangitsa kuti athe kusakaniza ma insulin osiyanasiyana. Maziko ake ndi mankhwala ndi galenic (yotsimikizika ndi kapangidwe kake) yoyanjanitsidwa kwaatalikirana ndi yayifupi.

Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti posakaniza mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala, kuyambitsa mwachangu insulin sikufupika kapena kutha.

Zatsimikiziridwa kuti mankhwala omwe amagwira ntchito mwachidule amatha kuphatikizidwa jekeseni m'modzi ndi protamine-insulin, pomwe kuyamba kwa insulin yocheperako sikunachedwe, chifukwa insulle insulin siyimangidwa kuti ipangike.

Poterepa, wopanga mankhwalawa alibe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, insulin actrapide ikhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi humulin H kapena protafan. Kuphatikiza apo, zosakaniza izi zimatha kusungidwa.

Ponena za kukonzekera kwa zinc-insulin, kwakhala kuti kwayamba kalekale kuti insulini-zinc-suspension (crystalline) singaphatikizidwe ndi insulin yochepa, chifukwa imamangilira ma ioni a zinc ndikusintha kukhala insulin yayitali, nthawi zina pang'ono.

Odwala ena amapereka mankhwala ochepetsa, ndiye, osachotsa singano pansi pakhungu, amasintha pang'ono pang'ono, ndipo zinc-insulin imabayidwa.

Malinga ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kameneka, kafukufuku wina wasayansi wambiri wachitika, kotero sizingatheke kunena kuti nthawi zina ndi njira iyi ya jakisoni kuphatikizira kwa insulin-insulin ndi mankhwala omwe amangogwiritsa ntchito pakanthawi kochepa kumatha kupanga pansi pa khungu, komwe kumapangitsa kuti mayiyo asavutike.

Chifukwa chake, ndikwabwino kupaka insulin yayifupi mosiyana ndi zinc-insulin, pangani jekeseni awiri osiyana m'malo a khungu omwe ali osachepera 1 cm kupatula wina ndi mnzake.

Wophatikiza insulin

Tsopano makampani opanga mankhwala amapanga kukonzekera komwe kumakhala ndi insulin yochepa pamodzi ndi protamine-insulin mwachiwonetsero chokwanira. Mankhwalawa akuphatikizapo:

Zophatikiza zomwe ndizothandiza kwambiri ndizomwe kuchuluka kwa insulin kwa nthawi yayitali kuli 30:70 kapena 25:75. Kuwerengera kumeneku kumasonyezedwa nthawi zonse mu malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mtundu uliwonse wa mankhwala.

Mankhwala oterewa ndi oyenera kwambiri kwa anthu omwe amatsatira kudya kosalekeza, olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi odwala okalamba omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu wa 2.

Ma insulin osakanikirana sakhala oyenera kukhazikitsidwa kwa mankhwala omwe amadziwika kuti "osinthika" a insulin, pakakhala koyenera kuti asinthe nthawi zonse mlingo wa insulin.

Mwachitsanzo, izi zikuyenera kuchitika pakusintha kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamagulu m'zakudya, kuchepetsa kapena kukulitsa zochitika zolimbitsa thupi, ndi zina zambiri. Pankhaniyi, mlingo wa basal insulin (womwe umakhala nthawi yayitali) sungasinthe.

Matenda a shuga ndi gawo lachitatu lofala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amatsalira kumbuyo kokha kwamatenda amtima komanso matenda a oncology. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa odwala matenda ashuga padziko lapansi kumachokera pa anthu 120 mpaka 180 miliyoni (pafupifupi 3% ya onse okhala padziko lapansi). Malinga ndi kulosera kwina, kuchuluka kwa odwala kudzachulukanso kawiri pachaka 15 chilichonse.

Kuchita bwino mankhwala a insulin, ndikokwanira kukhala ndi mankhwala amodzi okha, insulin yochepa, ndi insulin imodzi yayitali, amaloledwa kuphatikiza. Komanso nthawi zina (makamaka kwa okalamba) pakufunika mankhwala ophatikizira pamodzi.

Malangizo omwe apezeka pakadali pano ndi omwe angatsatire njira zosankhira insulin:

Chiyeretso chachikulu.
Kuthekera kosakanikirana ndi mitundu ina ya insulin.
Neutral pH
Kukonzekera kuchokera pagulu la insulini yowonjezera kuyenera kukhala ndi nthawi yayitali kuyambira maola 12 mpaka 18, kotero ndikokwanira kuwalowetsa kawiri pa tsiku.

Zosiyanasiyana

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kwamakono kumasiyana m'njira izi:

Gwero loyambira
Kutalika kwa chochita
pH yankho (acidic kapena ndale)
Kukhalapo kwa zoteteza (phenol, cresol, phenol-cresol, methyl paraben),
Kuchuluka kwa insulin ndi 40, 80, 100, 200, 500 IU / ml.

Zizindikiro izi zimakhudza mtundu wa mankhwalawo, mtengo wake komanso kuchuluka kwake kwa thupi.

Kutengera ndi gwero, kukonzekera kwa insulin kumagawika m'magulu awiri:

Nyama. Zimapezeka kuchokera kukapanda kwa ng'ombe ndi nkhumba. Amatha kukhala osatetezeka, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amayambitsa mavuto ambiri osagwirizana.

Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa bovine insulin, yomwe imakhala ndi ma amino acid atatu osapangika kwa munthu. Insulin ya nkhumba ndiyabwino kuposa momwe imasiyanirana ndi amino acid imodzi.

Chifukwa chake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pochiza matenda ashuga.

Wamunthu Ndi amitundu iwiri: ofanana ndi anthu kapena opanga pang'ono, omwe amapezeka ku porulin insulin mwa kusintha kwa enzymatic komanso DNA yaumunthu kapena yobwerezabwereza, yomwe imatulutsa mabakiteriya a E. coli chifukwa cha kukwaniritsa umisiri. Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumeneku ndi kofanana ndendende ndi mahomoni omwe amapangidwa ndi kapamba amunthu.

Masiku ano, insulin, anthu komanso nyama, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza matenda ashuga. Kupanga kwamakono kwa insulin ya nyama kumaphatikizanso kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa kwamankhwala.

Izi zimathandiza kuti tichotse zosafunika monga proinsulin, glucagon, somatostatin, mapuloteni, ma polypeptides, omwe angayambitse zovuta zina.

Mankhwala abwino kwambiri opezeka ndi zinyama amadziwika kuti ndi amtundu wamakono wa monopic, ndiye kuti amapangidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa "nsonga" ya insulin.

Kutalika kwa nthawi

Kupanga kwa insulin kumachitika molingana ndiukadaulo wosiyanasiyana, womwe umalola kuti pakhale mankhwala osiyanasiyana olimbitsa thupi, omwe ndi:

kopitilira muyeso kochepa
zochita zazifupi
kuchitapo kanthu kwanthawi yayitali
nthawi yayitali yochitapo
kuchitapo kanthu kwa nthawi yayitali
kuphatikiza pamodzi.

Ultrashort insulin. Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumeneku kumakhala kosiyanasiyana chifukwa amayamba kuchita jakisoni atangolowa jakisoni ndikufika pachimake patatha mphindi 60-90. Kutalika kwawo konse kocitila sikupitilira maola 3-4.

Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya insulin yotsalira-yayifupi - Lizpro ndi Aspart. Kupanga kwa insulin ya Lizpro kumachitika ndikukonzanso zotsalira ziwiri za amino acid mu molekyulu ya mahomoni, yomwe ndi lysine ndi proline.

Chifukwa cha kusinthaku kwa molekyu, ndizotheka kupewa mapangidwe a hexamers ndikufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwake kukhala ma monomers, zomwe zikutanthauza kukonza mayamwidwe a insulin. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi insulin yokonzekera yomwe imalowa m'magazi a wodwalayo katatu kuposa insulin yamunthu.

Insulin ina yayikulu kwambiri ndi Aspart. Njira zopangira Aspart insulin zili m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi kupangika kwa Lizpro, pokhapokha, proline imasinthidwa ndi aspartic acid yoyipa.

Komanso Lizpro, Aspart imasweka mwachangu mu ma monomers ndipo chifukwa chake imalowa m'magazi pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo. Makonzedwe onse a insulin osakhalitsanso pang'ono amaloledwa kutumizidwa musanadye kapena mutangomaliza kudya.

Kuchita zinthu mwachidule. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma insulin asakhale osagwirizana pH njira zoyambira (6.6 mpaka 8.0). Amalimbikitsidwa kuti azitha kutumizidwa ngati insulin mosakakamira, koma ngati kuli kotheka, jakisoni wamkati kapena ma dontho amaloledwa.

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumeneku kumayamba kugwira ntchito mkati mwa mphindi 20 kuchokera pakulowetsedwa. Zotsatira zake zimakhala motalikirapo - osaposa maola 6, ndipo zimafikira patatha maola awiri.

Ma insulin omwe amagwira ntchito mwachidule amapangidwa makamaka kuti athandize odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga kuchipatala. Amathandiza odwala odwala matenda ashuga komanso chikomokere. Kuphatikiza apo, amakulolani kuti muzindikire molondola kuchuluka kwa insulin kwa wodwala.

Kutalika kwapakatikati. Mankhwalawa amasungunuka kwambiri kuposa kusungunulira pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, amalowa m'magazi pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimawonjezera kwambiri mphamvu ya hypoglycemic.

Kupeza insulin ya sing'anga nthawi yochitapo kanthu imatheka poyambitsa kupangidwaku kwapadera - zinc kapena protamine (isophan, protafan, basal).

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kotereku kumapezeka mwa mawonekedwe a kuyimitsidwa, ndikukhala ndi ziwerengero zingapo zamakedzedwe a zinc kapena protamine (nthawi zambiri protamine Hagedorn ndi isophane). Prolongers imakulitsa kwambiri nthawi ya kuyamwa kwa mankhwalawa kuchokera ku minofu yaying'ono, yomwe imachulukitsa nthawi ya insulin kulowa m'magazi.

Kuchita insulini kwa nthawi yayitali. Ichi ndiye insulin yamakono kwambiri, kukonza kwake komwe kunatheka chifukwa cha luso laukadaulo wa DNA. Kukonzekera koyamba kwa insulini kunali Glargin, womwe ndi muyezo wofanana wa mahomoni opangidwa ndi kapamba amunthu.

Kuti mupeze, kusintha kwamankhwala amtundu wa insulin kumachitika, komwe kumakhudza kusintha kwa sparagine ndi glycine ndikuwonjezeranso zotsalira ziwiri zotsalira za arginine.

Glargin ikupezeka mu njira yankho lomveka bwino lomwe lili ndi acid pH ya 4. PH iyi imalola kuti insulin hexamers ikhale yokhazikika ndipo potero pakuonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawa atenga nthawi yayitali m'magazi a wodwala. Komabe, chifukwa cha acid pH, Glargin samalimbikitsidwa kuti aphatikizidwe ndi ma insulin omwe amangokhala osakhalitsa, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi pH yosaloledwa.

Kukonzekera kwambiri kwa insulin kumakhala ndi "gawo lochita", pomwe amafikira momwe amapangira insulin yambiri m'magazi a wodwalayo. Komabe, gawo lalikulu la Glargin ndikuti alibe chidziwitso chowonekera.

Jekeseni imodzi yokha ya mankhwala patsiku ndi yokwanira kupatsa wodwalayo njira yodalirika yopanda chiwopsezo kwa maola 24 otsatira. Izi ndichifukwa choti Glargin amatengedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zowerengeka pamlingo womwewo nthawi yonse yochitapo kanthu.

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kwa nthawi yayitali kumapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo kumatha kupatsa wodwalayo vuto lofika mpaka maola 36 motsatana. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa jakisoni wa insulin patsiku ndipo motero kumachepetsa kwambiri moyo wa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Glargin akulimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito pokhapokha pobayira zija za subcutaneous ndi mu mnofu. Mankhwala si abwino zochizira comatose kapena zokomera odwala odwala matenda a shuga.

Mankhwala osakanikirana. Mankhwalawa amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a kuyimitsidwa, omwe amakhala ndi yankho la insulin lomwe lingachitike mwachidule komanso osokoneza bongo omwe amakhala ndi isofan.

Mankhwalawa amalola wodwalayo kubaya insulin ya nthawi zingapo mthupi lake ndi jakisoni imodzi, zomwe zikutanthauza kupewa jakisoni wowonjezera.

Mpaka pano, insulin, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pancreas ya nyama komanso njira zamakono zopangira ma genetic, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala ambiri.

Ambiri omwe amakonda mankhwala a insulin tsiku lililonse amayeretsedwa kwambiri m'matumbo a anthu, omwe amadziwika ndi ma antigenicity otsika kwambiri, chifukwa chake samayambitsa zovuta zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo a insulin yaumunthu ndi apamwamba kwambiri komanso otetezeka.

Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumagulitsidwa m'mabotolo amgalasi osiyanasiyana, otsekeka ndi zotsekemera za mphira komanso zokutira ndi aluminiyamu. Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kugulidwa mu ma syringes apadera a insulin, komanso zolembera za syringe, zomwe ndizabwino kwambiri kwa ana.

Njira zatsopano za insulin zikukonzekera, zomwe zimayambitsidwa m'thupi ndi njira yolowerera mkati, ndiye kuti kudzera m'mphuno.

Zidapezeka kuti pophatikiza insulini ndi chowongolera, muthanso kukonzanso aerosol komwe kumakwaniritsa kukhazikika kwa magazi a wodwalayo mwachangu ngati jakisoni wovomerezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonzekera kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa insulin kumapangidwira komwe kumatha kumwa.

Mpaka pano, mitundu iyi ya insulini ikadali yopanga chitukuko kapena ikuyesa mayeso othandizira odwala. Komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti posachedwa padzakhala kukonzekera kwa insulin komwe sikungafunikire kuvulazidwa ndi syringes.

Zinthu zaposachedwa kwambiri za insulin zizipezeka mwanjira yopopera, zomwe zimangofunika kuthira kumaso kwa mphuno kapena pakamwa kuti zithetse bwino kufunika kwa insulini.

Sonyezani shuga lanu kapena sankhani jenda pamayendedwe Kusaka OsapezekaKusaka Kuyang'ana kosapezeka

Ndi anthu amtundu woyamba wa diabetes omwe amakhala?

Palibe tanthauzo lenileni la anthu ashuga omwe ali ndi mtundu woyamba amakhala. Chinthu chachikulu sikuti musakhumudwe, kutsatira chithandizo, kudya ndi kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.

Armen Dzhigarkhanyan, Mikhail Boyarsky, Sylvester Stallone - ali ndi matenda ashuga 1. Ndipo wojambula wotchuka komanso wowoneka bwino dzina lake Faina Ranevskaya adati - "85 ndi matenda a shuga si shuga." Chilichonse chili m'manja mwanu.

Kanema: Zonse Zokhudza Matenda A shuga Aakulu

Kanemayo imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za matenda amtundu woyamba: zizindikiro zina (ludzu, zina), zovuta za matenda ndi njira:

Pochizira mafupa, owerenga athu adagwiritsa ntchito DiabeNot bwino. Kuwona kutchuka kwa malonda, tidaganiza zoperekera chidwi chanu.

Kuzindikira kulikonse komwe sikungachiritsidwe kwathunthu kumveka koopsa, ngati sentensi. Koma ndi matenda ashuga, mutha kukhala moyo wonse, kugwira ntchito, kupanga, kubereka ndi kulera ana. Inde, muyenera kubayira insulin tsiku lililonse, kudzipatula ku zakudya zotsekemera. Kukhala ndi moyo kapena kukhalapo kwa inu kuli ndi inu.

Kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya insulin

Insulin ndi mankhwala ofunikira. Anthu odwala matenda ashuga sangathe kuchita popanda chithandizochi. Mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe amachititsa odwala matenda ashuga kukhala osiyanasiyana.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amasiyana pazinthu zambiri:

Kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa
Source (kupanga insulini kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito anthu ndi nyama),
Kukhalapo kwa zida zothandizira,
Yogwira pophika
PH yankho
Mwayi wotheka kuphatikiza mankhwala angapo nthawi imodzi. Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuphatikiza insulin yocheperako komanso yayitali m'mankhwala ena achire.

Padziko lapansi chaka chilichonse, makampani opanga mankhwala otsogolera amapanga timadzi tambiri tambiri "tating'onoting'ono". Opanga insulin ku Russia athandizanso kuti ntchitoyi ipangidwe.

Magwero a Hormone

Sikuti aliyense amadziwa zomwe insulin imapangidwira odwala matenda ashuga, ndipo komwe gwero lamankhwala lofunika kwambiri ndilosangalatsa.

Ukadaulo wamakono wopanga insulin imagwiritsa ntchito magawo awiri:

Nyama. Mankhwalawa amapezeka pochotsa zikopa za ng'ombe (zochepa nthawi zambiri), komanso nkhumba. Bovine insulin ili ndi ma amino acid ochulukirapo atatu "owonjezera", omwe ndi achilendo mu chilengedwe chawo komanso momwe adachokera kwa anthu. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti thupi lizigwirizana nthawi zonse. Pul insulin imatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mahomoni amunthu ndi amino acid imodzi yokha, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yotetezeka kwambiri. Kutengera momwe insulin imapangidwira, momwe zotsukira bwino zimayeretsedwera, kuchuluka kwa kuzindikira kwa thupi ndi munthu kumadalira
Zofananira za anthu. Zinthu zomwe zili mgululi zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo waluso. Makampani apamwamba opanga zamankhwala akhazikitsa njira yopangira insulin ya munthu ndi mabakiteriya azamalonda. Njira za kusintha kwa Enzymatic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kupeza zinthu zamafuta azisoni. Tekinoloje ina imaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito njira zatsopano pamakina opanga ma genetic kuti apange nyimbo zapadera za DNA zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi insulin.

Munalandira bwanji insulini: zoyesera zoyambirira zamankhwala

Mankhwala omwe amapezeka kuchokera kwazinyama amatengedwa ngati mankhwala opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wakale. Mankhwala amawonedwa ngati abwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kusakwanira koyeretsa kwotsiriza. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 zapitazi, insulini, ngakhale imayambitsa matenda owopsa, idakhala "chozizwitsa chachipatala" chomwe chimapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu omwe amadalira insulin.

Mankhwala a zoyamba kutulutsa nawonso amaloledwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa ma proinsulin. Jakisoni wa mahomoni anali wolekeredwa makamaka ndi ana ndi okalamba. Popita nthawi, kuyipitsidwa kumeneku (proinsulin) kunachotsedwa ndikuyeretsa kwathunthu kwamapangidwe. Bovine insulin idasiyidwa kwathunthu, chifukwa nthawi zambiri imabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa.

Zomwe insulin imapangidwa: ma nuances ofunikira

Mu njira zamakono zothandizira odwala, mitundu yonse iwiri ya insulin imagwiritsidwa ntchito: zonse za nyama ndi anthu. Zochitika zaposachedwa zimatipatsa mwayi wopanga zinthu zabwino kwambiri.

M'mbuyomu, insulini ikhoza kukhala ndi zosafunika zingapo zoyipa:

Proinsulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin,
Zigawo zama protein,
Mapangidwe a polypeptide.

M'mbuyomu, "zowonjezera" zoterezi zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zazikulu, makamaka kwa odwala omwe amakakamizidwa kumwa Mlingo waukulu wa mankhwalawo.

Mankhwala apamwamba ndiopanda zodetsa zosafunikira. Ngati timaganizira za insulin yomwe imachokera, nyama yabwino kwambiri, yomwe imapangidwa kuti ipangidwe ndi “phula” la chinthu chambiri cha mahomoni.

Kutalika kwa pharmacological kwenikweni

Kupanga kwa mankhwala a mahomoni kumakhazikitsidwa m'njira zingapo nthawi imodzi. Kutengera momwe insulin imapangidwira, kutalika kwa zochita zake kudzadalira.

Mitundu yotsatirayi yamankhwala imasiyanitsidwa:

Ndi kopitilira muyeso-yochepa
Zochita zazifupi
Kuchita kwanthawi yayitali
Kutalika kwapakati
Kuchita motalika
Mtundu wophatikizika.

Kukonzekera kwa Ultrashort

Oimira ena pagululi: Lizpro ndi Aspart. Mu embodiment yoyamba, insulini imapangidwa ndi njira yokonzanso zotsalira za amino acid mu mahomoni (tikulankhula za lysine ndi proline). Chifukwa chake, popanga, chiwopsezo cha hexamers chimachepetsedwa. Chifukwa chakuti insulin yotere imayamba kugwa monomer mwachangu, njira yochotsa mankhwalawa sikuyenda limodzi ndi zovuta komanso zoyipa.

Aspart amapangidwa mofananamo. Kusiyanitsa kokhako ndikuti amino acid proline imasinthidwa ndi aspartic acid. Mankhwala amaphulika mwachangu mthupi la munthu kukhala ma mamolekyulu angapo osavuta, amalowetsedwa m'magazi.

Mankhwala ochepera

Ma insulin omwe amagwira ntchito mwachidule amaimiridwa ndi mayankho a buffer. Amapangidwira makamaka jakisoni wansanja. Nthawi zina, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyendetsera imaloledwa, koma ndi adokotala okha omwe amatha kupanga zisankho.

Mankhwala amayamba "kugwira ntchito" pakatha mphindi 15 - 25. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zofunikira m'thupi zimawonedwa patatha maola 2 mpaka 2,5 pambuyo pa jakisoni.

Mwambiri, mankhwalawa amakhudza thupi la wodwalayo pafupifupi maola 6. Insulin yamtunduwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza odwala matenda ashuga pachipatala. Amakulolani kuti muchotse munthu mwachangu ngati ali ndi vuto la hyperglycemia, diabetesicoma kapena chikomokere.

Insulin Yapakatikati

Mankhwala pang'onopang'ono amalowa m'magazi. Insulin imapezeka molingana ndi chiwembu chokhazikika, koma pamapeto omaliza, kapangidwe kake kamakhala bwino. Kuti muwonjezere mphamvu ya hypoglycemic, zinthu zina zokulirapo zimaphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe - zinc kapena protamine. Nthawi zambiri, insulin imaperekedwa mwa mawonekedwe a kuyimitsidwa.

Kuchita insulin nthawi yayitali

Ma insulin omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali ndi mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri azachipatala mpaka pano. Chithandizo chotchuka kwambiri ndi Glargin. Wopanga sanabisike zomwe insulin yaumunthu imapangidwira odwala matenda ashuga. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wobwereza wa DNA, ndizotheka kupanga chiwonetsero chofanana cha mahomoni omwe amapanga kapamba wa munthu wathanzi.

Kuti mupeze chinthu chomaliza, kusintha kwakukulu kwa molekyulu ya mahomoni kumachitika. Sinthani katsitsumzukwa ndi glycine, ndikuwonjezera zotsalira za arginine. Mankhwalawa sagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza machitidwe a comatose. Amangolembedwa pang'onopang'ono.

Udindo wa olandira

Ndizosatheka kulingalira kupanga mankhwala aliwonse a pharmacological, makamaka insulin, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zapadera zowonjezera.

Malinga ndi magulu awo, zowonjezera zonse za mankhwala okhala ndi insulin zitha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa,
Zida zophera tizilombo
Acid okhazikika.

Opititsa patsogolo

Pofuna kudzipereka, nthawi yodziwitsa wodwala imathandizidwa ndikukonzekera kwakutalika ndi yankho la insulin.

Zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:

Protafan
Insuman Bazal,
NPH,
Humulin,
Matepi
Mono-tard,
Humulin-zinc.

Zida zothandizira

Mankhwala othandizira ena amatithandizira kukhala ndi moyo wa alumali. Kukhalapo kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumateteza kukula kwa ma virus. Zinthu izi mwa chilengedwe chake ndi zoteteza zomwe sizimakhudzanso ntchito ya mankhwalawo.

Mankhwala othandizira odziwika bwino kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga insulin:

Metacresol
Phenol
Parabens

Pa mankhwala aliwonse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe ali ndizofunikira. Kulumikizana kwawo wina ndi mnzake ndizofunikira mwatsatanetsatane kumaphunziro. Chofunikira chachikulu ndikuti mankhwala osungira sayenera kuphwanya zochita za mankhwala.

Dokotala wapamwamba kwambiri komanso wosankhidwa mwaluso amakupatsani mwayi wosakhalitsa wokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso mumapanga jakisoni wamkati kapena wofundira popanda kupatula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri m'malo ovuta kwambiri pakalibe nthawi yoti mugwiritse ntchito jakisoni.

Kodi insulin imatulutsa chiyani?

Pokonzekera koyamba ndi insulin mu 1 ml yankho limakhala ndi 1 UNIT yokha. Ndi nthawi yokhayo yomwe kuchuluka kwa ndende kunawonjezeka. M'magawo a Russian Federation, mabotolo okhala ndi zisonyezo ndizofala - U-40 kapena 40 mayunitsi / ml. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mu 1 ml yankho limakhazikika 40 PISCES.

Ma syringe amakono amakwaniritsidwa ndi kuwerengera komwe kumaganiziridwa bwino, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mupeze mlingo wofunikira, kupewa kupewa chiopsezo cha mankhwala osayembekezereka. Malingaliro onse okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma syringe ndi calibration amafotokozedwa ndi adokotala, kusankha mankhwalawo kwa odwala matenda ashuga koyamba kapena panthawi yokonzanso njira yakale yothandizira.