Momwe mungawerengere magawo a buledi m'mbale mbale
Kuti muwone bwino kuchuluka kwa magawo a mkate (XE) mu chakudya, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito matebulo apadera omwe amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo (mu "spoons", "zidutswa", magalamu), omwe ali ndi 1 XE (kapena 10-12 g yama chakudya). Tebulo limapereka chidziwitso chowongolera moyenera, ngati phukusili lili ndi cholembera kuchokera kwa wopanga yemwe akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zopangidwazo, ndiye kuti muwerenge molondola kwambiri kuchuluka kwa XE, muyenera kuyang'ana zamankhwala ophatikizika ndi 100 g ya mankhwala.
Mwachitsanzo, cholembedwa cha mapaketi a maketi a chisangalalo chikuwonetsa kuti 100 g ili ndi 67 g yamafuta, ndipo kulemera konse kwa paketi yonseyo ndi 112 g ndipo pali zidutswa 10 zokha. Chifukwa chake, kuti muwerenge kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamafuta ambiri mu makeke, muyenera 67 100x112 = 75 g, zomwe zikutanthauza pafupifupi 7 XE, ndiye kuti 1 cookie ili ndi 0,7 XE. Mwa mfundo zomwezi, kuchuluka kwa XE pazinthu zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi chizindikiro chitha kuwerengera.
Komabe, samalani mukayamba kuyesa malonda. Opanga osadzikuza amatha kupanga zolakwika zazikulu posonyeza kuchuluka kwazomwe zimapanga, chifukwa chake ngati mukukayika za kutsimikizika kwa zomwe zasonyezedwazo, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito data yomwe ili pagome la XE.
Zomwe zafotokozedwazo sindiwo kufunsa kuchipatala ndipo sizingaloze kuyendera dokotala.
Kuwerengera pamanja
Kuti mumvetsetse tanthauzo lake, muyenera kangapo kuti muwerengere pamanja. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera pepala, cholembera, cholembera, ndipo pamlingo wokulirapo. Calculator siyoyankha =)
Ine ndinena pomwepo kuti mfundo 3 ndi 4 zitha kudumphidwira ngati mutha kuwerengera zomwe mukuwerenga "weld".
1. Choyamba, phatikizani mosamala zosakaniza zonse. Ndipo lembani zolemera zawo. Chitsanzo: zukini (1343 gr) + mazira (200 gr) + ufa (280 gr) + shuga wonenepa (30 gr) = 1853 gr.
2. Timawerengera kuchuluka kwa mafuta, mapuloteni, zopatsa mphamvu, komanso, chakudya.
3. Timazindikira kuchuluka kwa mbale zomwe zimaposa 100 magalamu (pompano tiziwerengera kuchuluka kwa BJU ndi zopatsa mphamvu pama gramu 100 a mbale). Kuti muchite izi, gawani cholemetsa chonse ndi 100 ndikulemba nambala.
Chitsanzo: 1853 g / 100 = 18.53
4. Kenako, gawani mapuloteni, mafuta, zopatsa mphamvu ndi chakudya ndi zotsatira zake.
Mwachitsanzo:
Mapuloteni pa 100 g a chakudya = 62.3 / 18.53 = 3.4
Mafuta pa 100 g ya chakudya = 29.55 / 18.53 = 1.6
Zakudya zomanga thupi pa 100 g ya chakudya = 315.41 / 18.53 = 17 (1.7 XE)
Ma calories pa 100 g chakudya = 1771.18 / 18.53 = 95.6
Tsopano tili ndi tebulo pa calorie ndi BZHU pa 100 magalamu a zinthu zomwe sizinamalize.
5. Munthawi yonse ya kutentha mukamaphika, zinthuzo zimawiritsa, kuwira kapena kutulutsa, kwenikweni - kutaya madzi. Izi ziyeneranso kukumbukiridwa. Mukatha kuphika, pimani mbale yonse ndikubwereza njira yowerengera BJU (ndime 3 ndi 4), zomwe tikudziwa kale: timagawa kulemera kwa mbale yotsilizidwa ndi 100, kenako ndikugawa manambala mapuloteni, mafuta, chakudya ndi zopatsa mphamvu.
Mwachitsanzo:
Kulemera konse kwa zikondamoyo zomalizidwa 1300 g / 100 = 13
Mapuloteni pa 100 g a chakudya = 62.3 / 13 = 4.8
Mafuta pa 100 g ya chakudya = 29.55 / 13 = 2.3
Zakudya zomanga thupi pa 100 g ya chakudya = 315.41 / 13 = 24.3 (2.4 XE)
Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu pa 100 g ya chakudya = 1771.18 / 13 = 136.2
Monga mukuwonera, kuchuluka kwa BZHU pazinthu zomalizidwa kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kuphika koyamba. Simuyenera kuiwala za izi, chifukwa zimakhudza kusankha kwa insulin ndi mashuga athu.
Chabwino, ndiye kuti zonse ndi zosavuta - timayeza gawolo ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwa chakudya.
Mwachitsanzo: 50 magalamu a zikondamoyo = 1,2 XE kapena magalamu 12 a chakudya.
Poyang'ana koyamba zikuwoneka ngati zovuta, koma ndikhulupirireni, ndikofunikira kuwerengera mbale zingapo, kuyigwira dzanja, ndipo zimatenga nthawi yochepa kwambiri kuwerengera XE.
Monga othandizira kuwerengera BJU ndi zopatsa mphamvu, ndimagwiritsa ntchito mafoni angapo:
Fatsecret - Kuwerengera calorie. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera mwachangu, pano, mwa lingaliro langa, maziko akulu kwambiri azinthu amasonkhanitsidwa
Matenda A shuga: M - Pulogalamu yabwino kwambiri yazida zam'manja, zophatikiza pa kompyuta anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga. Ilinso ndi chigulu chachikulu chopanga.
Makina Owerengera Zakudya
Pali njira yoti musavutike ndi mbale yolakwika: mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mbale yapadera ya mbale yokonzedwa. Iye mwiniyo awerenge kuchuluka kwa magawo 100 a XE omwe mwakonzekera: ingoyesani zinthuzo ndikuwonjezera pa Calculator.
Makina ena owerengera ali ndi ntchito yabwino yowerengera ndalama zophikira "zophika".
Ndimagwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera pa intaneti kwamakonzedwe okonzeka a Diets.ru.
Ndikadali chowerengera chabwino pa gwero la Beregifiguru.rf
Malangizo othandiza kuti moyo ukhale wosavuta
1. Popanda kulemera, kuwerengedwa kwamitundu yamafuta sikungakhale kolondola. M'khitchini, aliyense wodwala matenda ashuga (komanso moyenera m'thumba mwake) ayenera kukhala ndi masikelo pazinthu zopimira.
2. Timalemba madzi nthawi zonse. Mulibe chakudya chamafuta, koma chimapereka kulemera / kuchuluka kwa mbale ndipo imakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa XE. Mwachitsanzo pansipa:
3. Yambitsani buku lanu laomwe mungalembe maphikidwe. Izi zimathandizira kwambiri moyo ndikupulumutsani ku mavuto ena ndi miscalculations yama chakudya. Koma pali opanda - muyenera kutsatira kwambiri Chinsinsi.
4. Zakudya zokhazikitsidwa kale zowerengera zitha kulowetsedwa ndi mafoni ena apadera, omwe mungawapeze ndikulowetsa zolemetsa. Kenako pulogalamuyo pawokha idzawerengera zopatsa mphamvu, mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya, ndipo muyenera kungosangalala ndi chakudyacho.
Zitha kumveka kwa ena kuti ndizosatheka kukhala motere: kuwerengera nthawi zonse ndi kuwerengera china chake. Ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi za ife, anthu odwala matenda ashuga, kupindulapo kokha. Kupatula apo, ubongo wathu umagwira nthawi zonse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti misala siyowopsa kwa ife! =)
Kumwetulira nthawi zambiri, abwenzi! Ndipo mashuga abwino kwa inu!
Instagram yokhudza moyo ndi matenda ashugaDia_status
Kodi XE ndi chiyani
Magawo a mkate, kapena XE - ndi mtundu wa "supuni yoyesedwa", yomwe mutha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamagulu muzakudya. Kuti muchepetse zovuta, XE imawonetsa kuchuluka kwa glucose pazogulitsa. 1 mkate mkate wofanana 12 g shuga weniweni. Anthu ambiri amadabwa momwe gawo la mkate ndi glycemic index (GI) limasiyana.
Ngati XE ndiye mankhwala a glucose omwe amapangidwa, ndiye kuti GI ndi gawo peresenti lomwe limawonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa glucose m'magazi kuchokera m'mimba.
Nthawi zina chikhalachi chimatchedwa "chakudya" kapena "wowuma". Dzinalo "buledi" lidakonzedwa chifukwa chakuti "njerwa" imodzi yolemera 25 g imakhala ndi mkate umodzi. Kudziwa za zigawo za buledi kumakupatsani mwayi woti musamawerengere chakudya nthawi iliyonse.
Momwe mungawerengere XE
Kuwerengera kwa XE ndikofunikira makamaka kwa iwo omwe amalandira insulin, nthawi zambiri awa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1. Mutha kuwerengera nokha kuchuluka kwa magawo a mkate, chifukwa mudzafunika sikelo ndi cholembera:
- yerekezerani zinthu zonse zopangidwa paliponse,
- werengani pa paketi kapena yang'anani patebulo kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamafuta omwe ali m'zinthu izi pa 100 g,
- kuchulukitsa kulemera kwazopezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya, kenako agawe ndi 100,
- Gawani mtengo wazakudya zamagulu 12 mwa zakudya zamafuta (chimanga, zinthu zophikidwa, ndi zina), mwa 10 pazakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi shuga (jamu, jamu, uchi),
- onjezani XE yomwe mwapeza pa zinthu zonse,
- yeretsani mbale yomaliza
- Gawani chiwerengero chonse cha XE ndi kulemera kwathunthu ndi kuchulukitsa ndi 100.
Algorithm yotere imadzatsogolera ku XE mtengo wotsiriza mbale 100 g. Poyamba, zitha kuwoneka kuti dongosololi ndilovuta kwambiri. Tiyeni titenge mwachitsanzo, tinene kuti mwasankha kuphika charlotte:
- mazira olemera 200 g, chakudya 0, XE ndi zero,
- tengani 230 g shuga, wophatikiza chakudya, ndiko kuti, 100 g yamafuta abwino, shuga ya XE m'mbale 230 g / 10 = 23,
- ufa wolemera 180 g, uli ndi 70 g wamafuta, ndiko kuti, m'mbale muzikhala chakudya chamtundu wa 180 g * 70% = 126 g, magawidwe ndi 12 (onani mfundo 4) ndikupeza 10.2 XE m'mbale,
- 100 g ya maapulo okhala ndi 10 g yamafuta, ngati timatenga 250 g, ndiye kuti mu mbale timapeza 25 g yamafuta, timapeza XE ya maapulo mumbale yofanana ndi 2.1 (yogawidwa ndi 12),
- ndiri ndi XE yathunthu mu mbale yomaliza 23 + 20.2 + 2.1 = 45.3.
Ngati pakuwerengera inu nonse mumalemba zotsatira zolembedwera, ndiye kuti posachedwa mupanga tebulo lanu lokhala ndi mfundo. Komabe, iyi ndi nthawi yayitali. Masiku ano pali matebulo ambiri okonzedwa omwe safuna kuwerengera kosalekeza.
Zinthu zophika buledi
Zogulitsa | 1 XE mu magalamu azinthu |
---|---|
Vanilla bagels | 17 |
Mpiru masamba | 17 |
Poppy bagels | 18 |
Batala bagels | 20 |
Puff pastry | 20 |
Mkate wapakatikati | 24 |
Raisin mkate watali | 23 |
Nthambi buledi | 23 |
Thonje chofufumitsa ndi sitiroberi ndi zonona | 60 |
Bulka mzinda | 23 |
Mpukutu wa mbewu za poppy | 23 |
Jam mkate | 22 |
Mpukutu wa batala | 21 |
Mpukutu | 35 |
Mpukutu wachi French | 24 |
Mbatata Cheesecake | 43 |
Cheesecake ndi kupanikizana | 27 |
Cheesecake | 22 |
Cheesecake | 30 |
Cheesecake ndi zoumba | 28 |
Cupcake | 28 |
Chifalansa | 28 |
Zoyipa ndi kupanikizana | 23 |
Walnut croissant | 23 |
Tchizi Croissant | 34 |
Chocolate croissant | 25 |
Kirimu squissant | 26 |
Mkate wa pita ku Armenia | 20 |
Uzbek pita mkate | 20 |
Mkate wa pita wa ku Georgia | 21 |
Pea ufa | 24 |
Buckwheat ufa | 21 |
Ufa wa chimanga | 16 |
Filakisi wosalala | 100 |
Oat ufa | 18 |
Ufa wa tirigu | 17 |
Rye ufa | 22 |
Mpunga | 15 |
Mafuta a soya opanda mafuta | 43 |
Ma Curd Cookies | 35 |
Cherry mkate | 26 |
Kabichi mkate ndi nyama | 38 |
Kabichi chitumbuwa ndi dzira | 34 |
Chitumbu | 40 |
Kupaka mbatata ndi nyama | 34 |
Nyama mkate | 30 |
Jam Pie 21 | 21 |
Payi nsomba | 46 |
Pesi tchizi | 34 |
Pie ya Apple | 32 |
Pitsa ndi tomato, tchizi ndi salami | 45 |
Rye donut | 32 |
Gawirani osadzaza | 23 |
Yophika kufinya mkaka kuwomba | 22 |
Raisin Puff | 20 |
Poppy Puff | 23 |
Kupindika kwa curd | 21 |
Vanilla amathamangira | 18 |
Amphaka amkaka | 18 |
Breadcrumbs | 18 |
Zoyendetsa tirigu | 16 |
Rye obera | 17 |
Zoyala ndi zoumba | 18 |
Mbuto za poppy | 19 |
Ophwanya Nati | 20 |
Zonunkhira | 16 |
Vanilla amathamangira | 17 |
Icing obera | 18 |
Zowotcha za Poppy | 18 |
Zouma Zomera | 20 |
Keke yanyumba tchizi ndi zonona | 38 |
Borodino rye mkate | 29 |
Mkate wa tirigu | 24 |
Mkate wa tirigu | 27 |
Rye mkate - tirigu | 26 |
Rye mkate wopanda yisiti | 29 |
Mkate wa rye wa nkhuku | 26 |
Rye chinangwa mkate | 26 |
Mkate Borodino | 23 |
Mkate wa Buckwheat | 23 |
Rye mkate | 22 |
Mkate Wampunga | 17 |
Nthambi ya mkate | 17 |
Mbale ndi pasitala
Zogulitsa | 1 XE mu magalamu azinthu |
---|---|
Nandolo zachikasu zosenda | 24 |
Nandolo zobiriwira | 28 |
Gawani nandolo | 23 |
Youma nandolo | 22 |
Nandolo zophuka | 25 |
Pea ufa | 24 |
Buckwheat ufa | 24 |
Buckwheat groats | 18 |
Buckwheat groats | 18 |
Buckwheat groats | 19 |
Spaghetti | 214 |
Spaghetti ndi msuzi wa phwetekere | 75 |
Chophika chophika | 33 |
Yophika wholemeal pasitala | 38 |
Cannelloni wophika tchizi | 78 |
Zopanda zowonjezera | 72 |
Yophika dumplings | 43 |
Chimanga chouma | 20 |
Zopera za chimanga | 16 |
Chimanga | 17 |
Zakudya zosaphika | 55 |
Semolina | 16 |
Oatmeal | 19 |
Oatmeal | 19 |
Magolo amphaka | 19 |
Ufa wa tirigu | 19 |
Millet groats | 18 |
Mpunga wamtchire | 19 |
Mpunga wazitali wa tirigu | 17 |
Mpunga wopanda tirigu | 15 |
Mpunga wakuda | 18 |
Mpunga wofiyira | 19 |
Nyemba zoyera | 43 |
Nyemba zofiira | 38 |
Mabelo achikasu | 29 |
Ma lentulo obiriwira | 24 |
Mphodza wakuda | 22 |
Ngale barele | 18 |
Msuzi Wokonzeka
Zogulitsa | 1 XE mu magalamu azinthu |
---|---|
Borsch | 364 |
Borsch yaku Ukraine | 174 |
Msuzi wa bowa | — |
Msuzi wa Mwanawankhosa | — |
Msuzi wa ng'ombe | — |
Turkey msuzi | — |
Msuzi wa Chikuku | — |
Msuzi wamasamba | — |
Msuzi wa nsomba | — |
Bowo wa ku Okroshka (kvass) | 400 |
Nyama ya Okroshka (kvass) | 197 |
Nyama ya Okroshka (kefir) | 261 |
Masamba okroshka (kefir) | 368 |
Nsomba za ku Okroshka (kvass) | 255 |
Nsomba za ku Okroshka (kefir) | 161 |
Bango kanyumba | 190 |
Kuthota kunyumba | 174 |
Kuku wakudya | 261 |
Rassolnik Leningrad | 124 |
Nyama kununkhira | 160 |
Nyama kununkhira | 160 |
Kuban zipatso | 152 |
Ngulutse nsomba | — |
Impso nkhonya | 245 |
Kuwaza ndi nyemba | 231 |
Bowa solyanka | 279 |
Nkhumba solyanka | 250 |
Gulu la nyama la Solyanka | 545 |
Solyanka wamasamba | 129 |
Nsomba solyanka | — |
Solyanka ndi squid | 378 |
Shrimp Solyanka | 324 |
Solyanka wahuku | 293 |
Msuzi wa pea | 135 |
Msuzi wa bowa | — |
Msuzi wobiriwira wobiriwira | 107 |
Msuzi wa kolifulawa | 245 |
Msuzi wokongoletsa | 231 |
Msuzi wa Mbatata ndi Pasitala | 136 |
Msuzi wa mbatata | 182 |
Msuzi wa anyezi | 300 |
Msuzi wamkaka wokhala ndi vermicelli | 141 |
Msuzi wamkaka ndi mpunga | 132 |
Msuzi wamasamba | 279 |
Msuzi wa Meatball | 182 |
Msuzi tchizi | 375 |
Msuzi wa phwetekere | 571 |
Msuzi wa nyemba | 120 |
Msuzi wa sorelo | 414 |
Salimoni yapinki | 261 |
Carp khutu | 500 |
Carp Khutu | 293 |
Makutu Otetezedwa | 218 |
Khutu la salimoni | 480 |
Khutu la Salimoni | 324 |
Pike nsomba | 375 |
Makutu a trout | 387 |
Khutu la Pike | 203 |
Chowder Chifinishi | 214 |
Khutu Rostov | 273 |
Msuzi wa nsomba | 226 |
Kharcho | 240 |
Beetroot Firiji | 500 |
Msuzi wa kabichi wa Sauerkraut | 750 |
Msuzi wa kabichi | 375 |
Okonzeka maphunziro achiwiri
Zogulitsa | 1 XE mu magalamu azinthu |
---|---|
Zokazinga biringanya | 235 |
Mwanawankhosa (wokazinga, wowiritsa, wopatsa) | — |
Ng'ombe stroganoff | 203 |
Ng'ombe ng'ombe | — |
Ng'ombe (yokazinga, yophika, yopatsa) | — |
Buckwheat phala mkaka | 49 |
Ng'ombe goulash | 364 |
Goose (wokazinga, wowiritsa, wopatsa) | — |
Zowotcha (bowa ndi nkhuku) | 132 |
Ng'ombe yowotcha | — |
Kuku yowotcha | 136 |
Nkhumba yowotcha | — |
Turkey (yokazinga, yophika, yopatsa) | — |
Kabichi Wotakataka | 245 |
Yophika kabichi | 226 |
Mbatata zosenda ndi mkaka | 102 |
Mbatata zokazinga | 48 |
Mbatata yophika | 75 |
Ng'ombe zodulidwa | 182 |
Turkey cutlets | 138 |
Kuku cutlets | 111 |
Zodula nsomba | 110 |
Nkhumba zodulira | 110 |
Nkhuku yophika | — |
Ng'ombe pilaf | 59 |
Mwanawankhosa pilaf | 50 |
Nsomba yophika | — |
Nsomba ndi mbatata | 138 |
Nkhumba (yokazinga, yophika, yopatsa) | — |
Bakha (wokazinga, wowiritsa, wopatsa) | — |
Mkaka ndi Mazira
Zogulitsa | 1 XE mu magalamu azinthu |
---|---|
Chiwegi, 0% | 154 |
Yogati yamafuta | 85 |
Kefir, 0% | 316 |
Kefir, mafuta | 300 |
Mafuta, 72,5% | — |
Mkaka wa Cow, 1.5% | 255 |
Mkaka wa Cow, 3.2% | 255 |
Yoghur, mafuta | 300 |
Chitsamba | 300 |
Kirimu, 10% | 300 |
Curd, 0% | 364 |
Tchizi tchizi, 5% | 480 |
Mazira a nkhuku (yaiwisi, yophika, yokazinga) | — |
Zipatso, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba
Zogulitsa | 1 XE mu magalamu azinthu |
---|---|
Zipatso zatsopano | 207 |
Yophika biringanya | 194 |
Banana watsopano | 55 |
Nthochi zouma | 15 |
Broccoli wophika | 343 |
Cherry watsopano | 106 |
Peyala watsopano | 116 |
Zukini wokazinga | 167 |
Masamba atsopano | 160 |
Mwatsopano mandimu | 343 |
Kaloti watsopano | 162 |
Maapulo atsopano | 122 |
Tsiku Limodzi Labwino Kwa odwala matenda ashuga
Ma tebulo omwe ali pamwambawa sakwaniritsidwa. Koma kudalira pa iwo, pali mwayi kulingalira kuchuluka kwa mbale kapena zakumwa za XE zomwe zingakhale.
1 XE imakulitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi ndi 2.77 mmol / L, chifukwa cha mayamwa omwe mayunitsi 1.4 akufunika. insulin Pulogalamu yamasiku onse odwala matenda ashuga ndi 18-23 XE, yomwe iyenera kugawidwa muzakudya zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi 7 XE iliyonse.
Akatswiri a endocrinologists amalimbikitsa:
Kuzindikira kwa shuga - ingomwani tsiku lililonse.
- chakudya cham'mawa - 3-4 XE,
- zokhwasula - 1 XE,
- nkhomaliro - 4-5 XE,
- nkhomaliro masana 2 XE,
- chakudya chamadzulo - 3 XE,
- akamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi kwa maola 2-3 asanagone - 1-2 XE.
Zakudya zoyenera za odwala matenda ashuga:
Kudya | Kupanga | Kuchuluka kwa XE |
---|---|---|
Chakudya cham'mawa | Oatmeal porridge 3-4 tbsp.spoons - 2 XE, Sangweji yokhala ndi nyama - 1 XE, Khofi wopanda mafuta - 0 XE | 3 |
Zakudya | Banana watsopano | 1,5-2 |
Chakudya chamadzulo | Borsch yaku Ukraine (250 g) - 1.5 XE, Mbatata zosenda (150 g) - 1.5 XE, Zodula nsomba (100 g) - 1 XE, Compote Yosasinthidwa - 0 XE | 4 |
Zakudya | Apple | 1 |
Chakudya chamadzulo | Omelet - 0 XE, Mkate (25 g) - 1 XE, Yogurt yamafuta (galasi) - 2 XE. | 3 |
Zakudya | Peyala - 1.5 XE. | 1,5 |
Kukhala ndi tebulo lomwe likuwonetsa kulemera kwa malonda pa 1 XE, kuyeza kulemera kwa gawo lomwe likutumikiralo ndikugawa ndi kulemera kwa tebulo. Chifukwa chake, timapeza kuchuluka kwa mkate mu gawo linalake.
Mukamapanga menyu, muyenera kufunsa katswiri. Adzatha kunena ndendende zomwe mungadyere inu, ndi zomwe muyenera kuzikana. Musaiwale kuganizira phindu la mtengowo ndi cholozera chake. Khalani athanzi!
Matenda a shuga nthawi zonse amayambitsa zovuta zakupha. Mwazi wamagazi ochulukirapo ndi woopsa kwambiri.
Aronova S.M. adafotokoza za chithandizo cha matenda ashuga. Werengani kwathunthu