Kuyesa kwa magazi pa biochemical: kwabwinobwino, zolembedwa za zotsatira, tebulo

Kusanthula kwamwazi m'mwazi - njira yothandizira matenda yantchito yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wowunika ntchito ya ziwalo zamkati (chiwindi, impso, chikhodzodzo, chikhodzodzo, etc.), pezani chidziwitso cha kagayidwe kazinthu (metabolism of lipids, protein, carbohydrate), onani kufunikira kwa zinthu.

• Kuwunikira zaumoyo (osachepera 1 pachaka). Ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti mchaka chonse kuchuluka kwa magazi omwe amachotsedwa kwa munthu, kuphatikiza pazolinga zakuzindikira, sikupitirira kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe a maselo ofiira a m'magazi.
• Matenda opatsirana akale kapena a somatic.

Musanapange kafukufuku wamwazi wamunthu, njira zoyenera zokonzekera zimachitika. Chikondwerero chapadera chimayikidwa pa mkono pamwamba pa chopondera. Tsamba lamasamba a magazi limayesedwa ndi antiseptic kupewa matenda. Singano imalowetsedwa mu mtsempha, ndipo mutatha kudzaza mtsempha wa ulnar ndi magazi, magazi amakokedwa. Ngati sikungatheke kupanga zitsanzo zamagazi kuchokera m'mitsempha ya ulnar, kuyamwa kwa magazi kumachitika kuchokera ku mitsempha ina yomwe ilipo kuti ipimidwe ndikukonzekera. Mwazi umathiridwa mu chubu choyesedwa ndikutumizidwa ndikutumizidwa ku labotore yamankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kuyesedwa kwa magazi ndi zinthu zake zosiyanasiyana ndi ziti

LHC imaphatikizapo zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, kuwunika kumayikidwa pa gawo loyambirira lazidziwitso zamatenda amtundu uliwonse. Zomwe zimachitika phunziroli zitha kukhala zosakhutiritsa za kuyesedwa kwa magazi, kuwongolera matenda osachiritsika, etc.

Mndandanda wazikhalidwe ndi kutsindikidwa kwa zotsatira za kuyezetsa kwamwazi wamagazi

Mapuloteni onse

Plasma ili ndi mapuloteni pafupifupi 300 osiyanasiyana. Izi zimaphatikizapo ma enzyme, zinthu zosakanikira, ma antibodies. Maselo a chiwindi ndi omwe amachititsa kuti mapuloteni azigwira ntchito. Mlingo wa mapuloteni athunthu umatengera kuchuluka kwa albumin ndi ma globulins. Mtundu wa chakudya, mkhalidwe wamagayidwe am'mimba (m'mimba), kuledzera, kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni akamataya magazi ndi mkodzo zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni.

Zakudya zonona, zamchere, komanso zamkaka sizimalekedwa maola 24 musanawunikidwe. Sizoletsedwa kumwa mowa masiku awiri 1-2 phunzirolo lisanachitike. Zochita zolimbitsa thupi ziyeneranso kukhala zochepa.

Zinthu zomwe zimatsogolera pakusintha kwa mapuloteni onse

Kukula kwakuthupi kwamapuloteni athunthu kumawonedwa mwa ana aang'ono.

Glucose ndi pawiri, makutidwe ndi okosijeni omwe amatulutsa mphamvu zoposa 50% ya moyo. Amayang'anira insulin glucose. Mulingo wa shuga wamagazi umatsimikiziridwa ndi machitidwe a glycogeneis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogeneis ndi glycolysis.

Mikhalidwe yomwe imatsogolera kusintha kwa seramu glucose

Makanda oyamba asanakwane kwa azimayi omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amachepetsa shuga. Kuwongolera kwa glycemia kuyenera kuchitika pafupipafupi. Odwala odwala matenda ashuga amafuna muyezo wa glucose watsiku ndi tsiku.

C cholesterol chonse

Kolesterol yathunthu ndi gawo la khoma la maselo, komanso endoplasmic reticulum. Ndizotsatira zamahomoni ogonana, glucocorticoids, bile acid ndi cholecalciferol (vitamini D). Pafupifupi 80% ya cholesterol imapangidwa mu hepatocytes, 20% imachokera ku chakudya.

Zowonetsa zina za metabolidi ya lipid zimaphatikizidwanso mu LHC: triglycerides, chylomicrons, okwera, otsika kwambiri komanso otsika kwambiri a lipoproteins. Kuphatikiza apo, chizindikiro cha atherogenicity amawerengedwa. Izi magawo mbali yofunika kwambiri pa matenda a atherosulinosis.

Mikhalidwe yomwe imatsogolera kusintha kwa cholesterol

Mbiri ya lipid imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mafuta m'thupi. Chiwopsezo chotenga atherosulinosis, coronary artery stenosis ndi pachimake coronary syndrome amaweruzidwa ndi cholesterol level.

Bilirubin ndi amodzi mwa zigawo zazikulu za bile. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku hemoglobin, myoglobin ndi cytochromes. Pakusweka kwa hemoglobin, kachigawo kena kopangika ka bilirubin kamapangidwa. Kuphatikiza ndi albin, imatengedwa kupita ku chiwindi, komwe imapitanso patsogolo. Mu hepatocytes, bilirubin imalumikizidwa ndi glucuronic acid, chifukwa chomwe gawo lake lolunjika limapangidwa.

Bilirubin ndi chisonyezo cha kuperewera kwa chiwindi komanso kulowetsedwa kwa bile duct. Pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro ichi, mtundu wa jaundice umakhazikitsidwa.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa bilirubin ndi zigawo zake:

• bilirubin yathunthu: erythrocyte hemolysis, jaundice, hepatitis poizoni, osakwanira a ALT, AST,
• mwachindunji bilirubin: chiwindi, mankhwala oopsa, matenda am'mimba, zotupa za chiwindi, Dabin-Johnson syndrome, hypothyroidism mu akhanda, jaundice wovuta, cirrhosis yothandizira, kupweteka kwa mutu wam'mimba, helminths,
• bilirubin yosalunjika: kuchepa kwa magazi kwa hemolytic, kuchepa kwa m'mapapo, hematomas, kupasuka kwa chotengera chachikulu chotchedwa aneurysm, kuchepa kwa glucuronyl transase zochitika, Gilbert syndrome, Krigler-Nayyar syndrome.

Mwa makanda, pakati pa masiku achiwiri ndi achisanu, moyo wawonjezereka mosapindulitsa. Izi sizoyambitsa matenda. Kukula kwambiri kwa bilirubin kungasonyeze matenda a hemolytic a akhanda.

Alanine aminotransferase

ALT amatanthauza hepatic transferase. Ndi kuwonongeka kwa hepatocytes, ntchito ya enzyme iyi imawonjezeka. ALT yapamwamba imakhala yachindunji pakuwonongeka kwa chiwindi kuposa AST.

Miyezo ya ALT ikukwera pazotsatira izi:

• Matenda a chiwindi: hepatitis, mafuta hepatosis, hepatic metastases, jaundice yoletsa,
• kugwedeza
• kuwotcha matenda
• pachimake lymphoblastic leukemia,
• matenda a mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi,
• preeclampsia
• myositis, minofu dystrophy, myolysis, dermatomyositis,
• kunenepa kwambiri.

Chizindikiro chodziwitsa mulingo wa ALT ndiko kusiyanasiyana kwa ma pathologies a chiwindi, kapamba ndi bile ducts.

Aspartate aminotransferase

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ndi enzyme yokhudzana ndi transaminases. Enzyme imatenga nawo gawo pakusinthana kwa mabungwe amino acid, omwe ali ndi maselo onse ogwira ntchito kwambiri. AST imapezeka mumtima, minofu, chiwindi komanso impso. Pafupifupi 100% ya odwala omwe ali ndi myocardial infarction, kuchuluka kwa enzyme kumawonjezeka.

Zinthu zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha kwa mulingo wa AST mu LHC

Gamma glutamyl posamutsa

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) ndi enzyme yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi amino acid metabolism. The enzyme amadziunjikira impso, chiwindi, kapamba. Mlingo wake umatsimikiziridwa kuti upezeke matenda a chiwindi, kuwunika njira ya khansa ya pakhungu ndi Prostate. Kuzunza kwa GGT kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuweruza kuwopsa kwa mankhwalawa. Mlingo wa enzyme amachepetsa ndi hypothyroidism.

GGT imawonjezeka motere:

• cholestasis
• bile duct chotchinga,
• kapamba
• uchidakwa
• khansa ya kapamba
• hyperthyroidism
• minofu dystrophy
• kunenepa
• matenda ashuga.

Musanayambe kuyesa magazi a biochemical a GGT, simuyenera kumwa aspirin, ascorbic acid kapena paracetamol.

Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ndi enzyme yokhudzana ndi ma hydrolases. Amatenga nawo gawo la catabolism wa phosphoric acid ndi phosphorous kayendedwe m'thupi. Imapezeka mu chiwindi, placenta ndi mafupa.

Kuwonjezeka kwa zamchere phosphatase kumawonedwa mu matenda a mafupa am'matumbo (ma fupa, ma rickets), kuchepa kwa matenda a parathyroid, matenda a chiwindi, cytomegaly mwa ana, kulowetsedwa kwa m'mapapo ndi impso. Kukula kwakuthupi kumadziwika pa nthawi yapakati, komanso makanda obadwa msanga mu gawo la kukula kwamphamvu. ALP imachepa ndi cholowa hypophosphatasemia, achondroplasia, kuchepa kwa vitamini C, kuchepa kwa mapuloteni.

Mlingo wa zamchere phosphatase ndi otsimikiza matenda a mafupa, chiwindi ndi biliary thirakiti.

Urea ndiye chimaliziro cha kuphulika kwa mapuloteni. Kwambiri amapangidwa m'chiwindi. Ambiri mwa urea amatayidwa ndi kusefera.

Zinthu zomwe zimatsogolera ku kusintha kwa urea

Kukula kwakuthupi kwa urea kumawonedwa muubwana, komanso mwa amayi apakati a III trimester. Kafukufukuyu amachitika pofuna kudziwa kuti ali ndi vuto la Impso ndi kwa chiwindi.

Creatinine ndiye chida chomaliza cha catabolism cha creatine chokhudzidwa ndi mphamvu ya metabolism ya minofu. Zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa kulephera kwa impso.

Hypermagnesemia imawonedwa mu matenda a Addison, chikomokere, matenda a impso. Kuti hypomagnesemia ndi matenda am'mimba, matenda a impso, kusowa kwa micronutrient kudya.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa thupi kwa creatinine kumachitika kudzera mu impso. Kuyang'ana kwake kumadalira kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa impso.

Mikhalidwe yomwe imatsogolera kusintha kwa creatinine

Chochitika cha Creatinine ndichokwera kwambiri mwa amayi apakati, okalamba ndi abambo. Mlingo wa kusefera kwa glomerular amawerengedwa kuchokera pa clearinine chilolezo.

Alpha amylase

Alpha-amylase (amylase, α-amylase) ndi enzyme ya hydrolase yomwe imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa wowuma ndi glycogen kupita ku maltose. Amapangidwa m'matumba a chamba ndi tiziwalo tamadonthono. Kutaya kwachilengedwe kumachitika ndi impso.

Miyezo yochulukirapo ya amylase imawonedwa ndi pancreatic pathology, matenda ashuga a ketoacidosis, kulephera kwa impso, peritonitis, kuvulala kwam'mimba, mapapu, zotupa za ovarian, ndikuledzera.

Kukula kwachilengedwe kwa enzyme kumachitika panthawi yapakati. Mlingo wa α-amylase amachepetsa ndi kukanika kwa pancreatic, cystic fibrosis, hepatitis, pachimake coronary syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hyperlipidemia. Kuperewera kwachilengedwe ndi khalidwe la ana azaka zawo zoyambirira.

Lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ndi enzyme yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe ka glucose. Ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri ya LDH imadziwika ndi myocardium, minofu yamatumbo, impso, mapapo, chiwindi ndi ubongo.

Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa enzyme kumawonedwa pachimake coronary syndrome, mtima wopunduka, ma pathologies a chiwindi, impso, kapamba, matenda a lymphoproliferative, myodystrophy, matenda a mononucleosis, chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, thirakiti yayitali, mantha, hypoxia, chidakwa chaledzera. Kuchepetsa kwokhazikika m'magulu a LDH kumadziwika mukamamwa antimetabolites (mankhwala a antitumor).

Kashiamu ndi gawo laumunthu. Pafupifupi 10% ya calcium amapezeka mu mano ndi mafupa. Peresenti yaying'ono ya mchere (0.5-1%) imapezeka mu madzi achilengedwe.

Kashiamu ndi gawo limodzi lamagetsi othandizira magazi. Iyenso amachititsa kuti mitsempha ipatsidwe, kutulutsa kwa minofu. Kuwonjezeka kwa msinkhu wake kukuwonetsa kuchepa kwa matenda a parathyroid ndi chithokomiro, mafupa, adrenal hypofunction, kulephera kwa impso, komanso zotupa.

Miyezo ya calcium yotsika ndi hypoalbuminemia, hypovitaminosis D, jaundice yovuta, Fanconi syndrome, hypomagnesemia. Kuti mukhale ndi mchere wokwanira bwino m'magazi, ndikofunikira kudya moyenera, ndipo panthawi yomwe muli ndi pakati, tengani zakudya zapadera za calcium.

Whey Chuma

Iron ndi chinthu china chomwe chimapangidwa ndi hemoglobin ndi myoglobin. Amatenga nawo gawo ponyamula mpweya, ndikuwadzaza ndi minofu.

Zinthu zomwe zimatsogolera pakusintha kwazitsulo

Milingo yachuma imachepetsedwa mwa azimayi panthawi yoyembekezera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kufunikira kwake kumachulukirachulukira. Palinso kusinthasintha kwamitundu ya masana.

Magnesium ndi gawo la minofu yamafupa, mpaka 70% ya kuchuluka kwake imakhala yovuta ndi calcium ndi phosphorous. Zina zimapezeka mu minofu, maselo ofiira a magazi, ma hepatocytes.

Chizindikiro chodziwitsa mulingo wa ALT ndiko kusiyanasiyana kwa ma pathologies a chiwindi, kapamba ndi bile ducts.

Magnesium imathandizira magwiridwe antchito a myocardium, musculoskeletal system ndi dongosolo lamanjenje lamkati. Hypermagnesemia imawonedwa mu matenda a Addison, chikomokere, kulephera kwaimpso. Kuti hypomagnesemia ndi matenda am'mimba, matenda a impso, kusowa kwa micronutrient kudya.

Malamulo okonzekera kusanthula

Pakuwona bwino kwa zotsatira za kusanthula, zinthu zachilengedwe zimatengedwa pamimba yopanda kanthu m'mawa. Njala yathunthu imayikidwa mu maola 8-12. Tsiku loti lisanachitike, mankhwala omwe angayambitse phunziroli adathetsedwa. Ngati ndizosatheka kusiya mankhwalawa, funsoli liyenera kukambidwa ndi wothandizira labotale komanso dokotala.

Zakudya zonona, zamchere, komanso zamkaka sizimalekedwa maola 24 musanawunikidwe. Sizoletsedwa kumwa mowa masiku awiri 1-2 phunzirolo lisanachitike. Zochita zolimbitsa thupi ziyeneranso kukhala zochepa. Zambiri zomwe zapezeka pambuyo pa maphunziro a x-ray kapena radionuclide zitha kukhala zosadalirika.

Zachilengedwe ndi magazi a venous. Kupindika kumachitika chifukwa cha ntchito yake. Pamwamba pa chopondera, namwino amapaka chozungulira, singano imayikidwa mu mtsempha wa ulnar. Ngati chotengera chija sichikupezeka, mtsempha wina umabooleredwa. Chubu losainidwa limatumizidwa ku labotale mkati mwa maola 1-2.

Kuyesedwa kwa biochemical kwa akulu ndi ana, pakalibe matenda, kumachitika chaka chilichonse. Njira yodziwira matendawa imakuthandizani kuti muzindikire matendawa panthawi yoyamba.

Tikukupatsani kuti muwone kanema pamutu wankhani

Mawonekedwe akusanthula kwamachitidwe am'mwazi

Popeza magazi amayenderera ziwalo zonse zamunthu, kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala amatha kusiyanasiyana - kutengera kukhalapo kwa ma pathologies mu amodzi kapena angapo a iwo. Chifukwa chake, kuyesedwa kwa magazi pamagazi ndi kafukufuku wofala kwambiri, womwe umaperekedwa kwa madandaulo a odwala pazokhudza thanzi ndikuti akuwonetsetsa kuti aimpso, chiwindi, komanso chithokomiro.

Biomaterial imatengedwa m'mawa, kuyambira maola 8 mpaka 11, nthawi zonse pamimba yopanda kanthu, koma nthawi yomweyo, kusala kudya sikuyenera kupitirira maola 14. Mwa kusanthula, magazi a venous amatengedwa kuchokera kwa wodwala wopezeka mamilimita asanu mpaka asanu ndi atatu.

Kupenda kwamkodzo kwamkodzo nakonso ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira zofufuzira: zimakuthandizani kuti muzindikire osati kukhalapo kwa ma pathologies a genitourinary system, komanso kuti mumve zambiri zokhudzana ndi momwe thirakiti limathandizira komanso momwe machitidwe ambiri amthupi amathandizira. Kusanthula kumayikidwa pa nthawi ya pakati, ndi shuga komanso matenda a impso.

Zomangamanga zimatengedwa kunyumba, masana, kuyambira m'mawa kwambiri, kusonkhanitsa mkodzo mumtsuko. Malangizo ofunikira:

• gwiritsani chidebe chokhacho
• simuyenera kutolera gawo loyamba m'mawa,
• zaukhondo musanakonze
• pakati popita kuchimbudzi komanso asanadutse kuchipatala, mkodzo uyenera kusungidwa mufiriji (osapitirira tsiku).

Atatenga zonse zopangira mafuta patsiku, zimasakanizidwa, kuchuluka kwake kumayesedwa, kutsanulira pang'ono (mpaka 50 ml) mumtsuko wapadera, womwe umawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mkodzo patsiku, kutalika ndi kulemera kwa wodwalayo. Kenako chidebe chimatha kusamutsidwa.

Giovanni Battista Belzoni

Giovanni Battista Belzoni (Chitaliyana: Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Novembara 15, 1778, Padua - Disembala 3, 1823, Gato, yemwe tsopano ndi Wagoton, Edo, Nigeria) - wapaulendo wapaulendo komanso wapaulendo waku Italiya yemwe anali pachiyambipo kupangira magulu ambiri ojambula ku Egypt ku Western Europe. Ngakhale kuti sanali wasayansi, Dictionary of National Biography imayika dzina lake pakati pa omwe amapeza zachikhalidwe cha Egypt. Chifukwa chakukula kwambiri komanso mphamvu zakepi, imadziwikanso kuti Great Belzoni.

Mu 1816, Belzoni adalemba ganyu ndi a Henry Salt kuti anyamule fano lalikulu kuchokera ku Luxor. Kukwera mumtsinje wa Nailo mu 1817, adayamba kuwulula akachisi a Abu Simbel. Ali m'njira, adakumana ndi olanda m'manda aku Kurna ndi Karnak, ndipo adakwanitsa kupeza zifanizo zingapo, zombo, papyri ndi amayi. Mchigwa cha Mafumu, Belzoni adatsegula manda a Seti I ndi Diso. Mu 1818, kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira M'zaka za m'ma 500 mpaka m'ma 1500, adayendera chipinda cha manda a Chefren. Mu 1819, Belzoni idapita ku Nyanja Yofiira komanso m'mapiri a m'chipululu cha Libya. Chifukwa cha mikangano ndi Bernardino, Drovetti Belzoni ndi mkazi wake Wachingelezi adakakamizidwa kuti achoke ku Egypt. Kuchokera pazinthu zomwe adatenga, Belzoni adapanga chiwonetsero chachikulu cha zojambula zakale zaku Egypt ku London mu Meyi 1821. Mu 1822, adayendera Russia ndi Denmark, ndipo ku France adagwirizana ndi Champollion wachichepere. Mu 1823, Belzoni adapita ku Timbuktu ndikupitanso - kukafufuza komwe kunayambira Mtsinje wa Niger, koma adamwalira ndi kamwazi, osakwaniritsa cholinga.

Electra (Dr. Greek Ἠλέκτρα) - mu nthano yakale yachi Greek mwana wamkazi wa Agamemnon ndi Clytemnestra, ngwazi yodziwika yatsoka lachi Greek. Mu ubwana wake, adawona kuphedwa kwa abambo ake ndi amayi ake ndi wokondedwa wake Aegisthus. Anatha kukonza kuthawa kwa mchimwene wanga wa Orestes kuchokera ku Mycenae. Anakhala zaka 7 zotsatila za moyo wake ali achisoni, osabisalira chidani ndi chipongwe kwa omwe amachititsa kuti Agamemnon aphedwe. Orestes atabwerako, adadzakhala wolimbikitsa kubwezera ndipo adakwanitsa kukonza kuphedwa kwa amayi ake ndi Aegisthus.

Electra ndiye mtsogoleri wazovuta za Aeschylus "Hoefory", Sophocles "Electra", Euripides "Electra" ndi "Orest", komanso Seneca "Agamemnon". Kutengera zachikhulupiriro cha Electra ndi Orestes, masewero ambiri, makanema ndi makanema apangidwa. Malinga ndi akatswiri amakono amakono, nyimbo yochokera ku ntchito ya Euripides, yomwe yankho la Electra poyitanidwa ndi kwaya ya atsikana kuti apite kutchuthi, ndichimodzi mwazinthu zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri ku Greece wakale.