Ndi mahomoni ati omwe amabisidwa ndi zisumbu za Langerhans za kapamba?

Zilumba za pancreatic za Langerhans kapena zisumbu za pancreatic ndi maselo a polyhormonal endocrine omwe ali ndi vuto lopanga mahomoni. Kukula kwawo kumasiyana kuchokera ku 0,1 mpaka 0,2 mm, chiwerengero chonse mwa anthu akuluakulu chimachokera ku 200 miliyoni mpaka mamiliyoni awiri.

Magulu athunthu a magulu am'maselo adapezeka ndi wasayansi waku Germany Paul Langerhans mkati mwa zaka za m'ma 1800 - adadziwika kuti adamupatsa ulemu. Pakupita maola 24, zisumbu za pancreatic zimatulutsa mamiligamu awiri a insulin.

M'maselo ambiri amapezeka munsi mwa kapamba. Kuchuluka kwawo sikuposa 3% ya kuchuluka kwa ziwalo zogaya chakudya. Ndi zaka, kulemera kwamaselo omwe ali ndi zochita za endocrine amachepetsa kwambiri. Pofika zaka 50, 1-2% amakhalabe.

Talingalirani zomwe kuphatikiza kwa kapamba kumapangira, ndipo ndimaselo ati?

Kodi mabulogu ndi ati?

Malo opangira ma pancreatic sindiwo kudziunjikira kwamapangidwe amomwewo, amaphatikizanso maselo omwe amasiyana mu magwiridwe antchito ndi morphology. Mphepete mwa endocrine imakhala ndi maselo a beta, mphamvu zawo zonse zimakhala pafupifupi 80%, zimasokoneza ma insulin ndi insulin.

Maselo a pancreatic alpha amatulutsa glucagon. Katunduyu amagwira ntchito ngati wotsutsana ndi insulin, amathandizira kukula kwa shuga m'magazi a magazi. Amakhala pafupifupi 20% poyerekeza ndi unyinji wonse.

Glucagon imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri. Zimakhudza kapangidwe ka shuga m'chiwindi, kumapangitsa kutsekeka kwa minofu ya adipose, kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi.

Komanso, chinthuchi chimalimbikitsa kukonzanso kwa maselo a chiwindi, chimathandizira insulin kuti ichoke m'thupi, komanso imathandizira kufalikira kwa impso. Insulin ndi glucagon zimakhala ndi ntchito zosiyana, komanso zosiyana. Zinthu zina monga adrenaline, mahomoni okula, cortisol amathandizira kuwongolera izi.

Maselo a Pancreatic Langerhans amapangidwa ndi magulu awa:

Kudzikundikira kwa "delta" kumapereka kubisala kwa somatostatin, komwe kungalepheretse kupanga zina. Mwa kuchuluka kwathunthu kwamafuta am'madzi awa pafupifupi 3-10%,
Maselo a PP amatha kubisa pancreatic peptide, yomwe imathandizira katulutsidwe ka m'mimba komanso imachepetsa kwambiri zochita zamagulu am'mimba,
Gulu la Epsilon limapanga chinthu chapadera chomwe chimayambitsa njala.

Langerhans Islands ndi mtundu wovuta komanso wopangidwira kwambiri womwe umakhala ndi kukula, mawonekedwe, komanso kapangidwe kogawa zigawo za endocrine.

Ndondomeko yam'manja yomwe imakhudza kulumikizana kwa ma cell ndi ma paracrine, omwe amathandiza kuti insulini imasulidwe.

Kapangidwe ka magwiridwe antchito a pancreatic islets

Zikondazo ndi chiwalo chophweka molingana ndi kapangidwe kake, koma magwiridwe akewo ndi ochulukirapo. Chiwalo chamkati chimapanga insulin ya mahomoni, yomwe imayang'anira shuga m'magazi. Ngati kuperewera kwa wachibale kapena matenda athunthu kumawonedwa, ndiye kuti matenda am'thupi apezeka - lembani matenda a shuga 1.

Popeza kapamba ndi gawo la chimbudzi, chimatenga gawo mwachangu pakupanga michere ya pancreatic yomwe imathandizira kutsika kwa chakudya, mafuta ndi mapuloteni kuchokera ku chakudya. Potsutsana ndi ntchitoyi, kapamba amadziwika.

Kugwira kwakukulu kwa ma isanc a pancreatic ndikusunga kuchuluka kwa mafuta azakudya ndikuwongolera ziwalo zina zamkati. Kudzikundikira kwamaselo kumaperekedwa mokwanira ndi magazi, amadziwika ndi mitsempha yachifundo komanso ya vagus.

Kapangidwe ka zisumbu ndizovuta kwambiri. Titha kunena kuti kuchulukana konse kwa maselo ndi mapangidwe athunthu ndi ake omwe amagwira ntchito. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kameneka, kusinthana pakati pazigawo za parenchyma ndi gland zina kumatsimikizika.

Maselo a mabwalidwewa amakhala ndimapangidwe amitundu, ndiye kuti, mosakhalitsa. Pachithunzi chokhwima chimadziwika ndi gulu loyenera. Amakhala ndi lobules, amazunguliridwa ndi minyewa yolumikizana, mitsempha yaying'ono kwambiri yam'mimba yomwe imadutsa mkati. Maselo a Beta ali pakatikati pa lobules; ena amakhala pamunsi. Kukula kwa zilumbazi kumatengera kukula kwa masango omaliza.

Zigawo za zisumbu zikayamba kulumikizana, izi zimawonekera m'maselo ena omwe amapezeka pafupi nawo. Izi zitha kufotokozedwa ndi mfundo zotsatirazi:

Insulin imalimbikitsa chinsinsi cha maselo a beta, koma nthawi yomweyo imalepheretsa magwiridwe antchito a alpha.
Nawonso maselo a alpha "gluconagon" m'mawu, ndipo imagwira ntchito m'maselo a delta.
Somatostatin imalepheretsa magwiridwe antchito a maselo onse a beta ndi alpha.

Ngati chibadwa cha tchenicho chikuoneka kuti mwabadwa ndi vuto lomwe lalumikizidwa ndi matenda okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, ndiye kuti ma cell a beta amatsutsidwa chifukwa chodziteteza.

Amayamba kugwa, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda oopsa komanso oopsa - matenda ashuga.

Kupatsidwa ma cell

Matenda a shuga a Type 1 ndi matenda osachiritsika komanso osachiritsika. Endocrinology sinabwere ndi njira yochiritsira munthu kwamuyaya. Kupyola muzochita zamankhwala komanso moyo wathanzi, mutha kupeza chiphuphu chokhazikika chodwala, koma osatinso.

Maselo a Beta alibe luso lokonza. Komabe, mdziko lamakono, pali njira zina zowathandizira "kubwezeretsa" - m'malo. Pamodzi ndi kufalikira kwa kapamba kapenanso kukhazikitsa chiwalo cha mkati, ma cell a pancreatic amawayika.

Uwu ndi mwayi wokhawo wa odwala matenda ashuga kubwezeretsa mawonekedwe a zilumba zowonongeka. Kuyesa kambiri pa zasayansi kwachitika panthawi yomwe ma cell a beta kuchokera kwa omwe adapereka adasinthidwa kuti alembe matenda ashuga.

Zotsatira za kafukufuku zawonetsa kuti kulowererapo kwa maopaleshoni kumathandizira kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta mthupi la munthu. Mwanjira ina, pali yankho lavuto, lomwe ndi kuphatikiza kwakukulu. Komabe, moyo wonse immunosuppressive chithandizo ndi chopanda tanthauzo - kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amaletsa kukana kwa owerenga zachilengedwe.

Monga njira ina yopezera wopereka, maselo a stem amaloledwa. Izi ndi zoyenera, popeza ma pancreatic mabungwe opereka ali ndi malo ena osungira.

Mankhwala obwezeretsa amakula ndi masitepe othamanga, koma muyenera kuphunzira momwe mungasungitsire maselo okha, komanso kupewa kuti awonongeke, zomwe zimachitika mulimonsemo mthupi la odwala matenda ashuga.

Pali lingaliro lenileni pakuphatikizira mankhwala kwa kapamba kuchokera kwa nkhumba. Asanapange insulini, zochokera m'zinthu zanyama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda ashuga. Monga mukudziwa, kusiyana pakati pa insulin ya anthu ndi porcine mu amino acid imodzi.

Kafukufuku wamapangidwe ndi magwiridwe azilumba za pancreatic amadziwika ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu, chifukwa nthenda "yokoma" imayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake.

Kansa ikufotokozedwa mu kanema munkhaniyi.

Matenda a pancreatic. Zilumba za Langerhans. Somatostatin. Amilin. Ntchito zoyendetsera zamafuta a pancreatic.

Ntchito ya endocrine mu kapamba e amachita masango a maselo a epithelial, otchedwa zilumba za Langerhans ndipo imangokhala 1-2%% ya kuchuluka kwa kapamba, gulu lachiphuphu lomwe limapanga madzi a pancreatic. Chiwerengero cha zilumba zokhala ndi gland ya munthu wamkulu ndizachikulu kwambiri ndipo kuchokera pa 200 miliyoni mpaka miliyoni ndi theka.

Mitundu ingapo ya maselo opanga ma cell amadziwika m'masukulu: mawonekedwe a alpha maselo glucagon maselo a beta - insulin , maselo a delta - somatostatin maselo amodzi - gastrin ndi PP kapena F maselo - pancreatic polypeptide . Kuphatikiza pa insulin, timadzi timene timapangidwa m'maselo a beta amylin kukhala ndi zotsutsana ndi insulin. Kuyika kwa magazi kuzisumbu ndizowonjezereka kuposa ma gland parenchyma. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimachitika ndi mitsempha ya postganglionic yachifundo komanso parasympathetic, ndipo pakati pa maselo a islets pali maselo amitsempha omwe amapanga ma neuroinsular complexes.

Mkuyu. 6.21. Ntchito yogwirizana ndi zisumbu za Langerhans ngati "chida chaching'ono." Mivi yolimba - kukondoweza, kuponderezedwa - kuponderezedwa kwa zinsinsi za mahomoni. Yemwe akutsogolera - glucose - ndi gawo la calcium limapangitsa kuti insulini isungidwe ndi ma cell ndipo m'malo mwake, imalepheretsa kubisalira kwa glucagon ndi maselo a alpha. Ma amino acid odziwidwa m'mimba ndipo matumbo ndi othandizira kugwira ntchito kwama cell onse a "mini-organ." "Intraorgan" yomwe imatsogolera insulin ndi glucagon secretion inhibitor ndi somatostatin, ndipo chinsinsi chake chimayendetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi amino acid ndi mahomoni am'mimba omwe amatengedwa m'matumbo ndikuchita kwa Ca2 + ions. Glucagon ndiwowonjezera chinsinsi cha onse somatostatin ndi insulin.

Insulin imapangidwa mu endoplasmic reticulum maselo a beta Choyamba, mu mawonekedwe a pre-proinsulin, ndiye kuti 23-amino acid unyolo umachotsedwa kuchokera pamenepo ndipo molekyulu yotsalayo imatchedwa proinsulin. Mu zovuta ku Golgi proinsulin Atayikamo ma granules, amapaka proinsulin mu insulin ndi peptide yolumikizira (C-peptide). M'magaleta insulin imayikidwa mu mawonekedwe a polima ndipo pang'ono povuta ndi zinc. Kuchuluka kwa insulin yomwe imayikidwa mu granules kuli pafupifupi kokwana 10 kuposa zomwe amafunikira mahomoni tsiku ndi tsiku. Kubisirana kwa insulin kumachitika chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwa michere, pomwe kuchuluka kwa insulin ndi C-peptide kumalowa m'magazi. Kudziwa zomwe zili kumapeto kwa magazi ndi njira yofunikira yofufuzira momwe mungadziwire vuto lazinsinsi (ma cell atatu).

Katemera wa insulin ndi njira yodalira calcium. Mothandizidwa ndi kukondoweza - kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi - ma cell a beta-cell amawonongeka, calcium ion imalowa m'maselo, omwe amayamba njira yopanga gawo la microtubular ya intracellular ndi kayendedwe ka granules kupita ku membrane wa plasma ndi exocytosis yawo yotsatira.

Chinsinsi ntchito zosiyanasiyana ma islet cell imalumikizidwa, zimatengera zotsatira za mahomoni omwe adapangidwa ndi iwo, momwe zisumbu zimawonedwa ngati mtundu wa "mini-organ" (mkuyu. 6.21). Gawanani mitundu iwiri ya insulin katulutsidwe : yoyambira ndi yolimbikitsidwa. Secaltion basal wa insulin ikuchitika mosalekeza, ngakhale ndi njala ndi milingo yamagazi m'munsi mwa 4 mmol / l.

Zolimbikitsidwa insulin katulutsidwe yankho maselo a beta ma islets kuti achulukitse kuchuluka kwa D-glucose m'magazi oyenda ku maselo a beta. Mothandizidwa ndi glucose, mphamvu ya beta-cell mphamvu imayatsidwa, yomwe imakulitsa kayendedwe ka calcium mu cell, imayendetsa adenylate cyclase ndi dziwe (fund) ya cAMP. Kudzera mwa akatswiriwa, shuga amachititsa kuti magazi atulutsidwe m'magazi. Imawonjezera kuyankha kwa maselo a beta ku zochita za shuga, mahomoni a duodenum - gastric inhibitory peptide (IPI). Autonomic mantha dongosolo imathandizanso pa kayendetsedwe ka insulin katulutsidwe. Mitsempha ya vagus ndi acetylcholine imathandizira kubisalira kwa insulin, komanso mitsempha yachifundo komanso norepinephrine kudzera mu alpha-adrenergic receptors inhibit insulin secretion ndikulimbikitsa kutuluka kwa glucagon.

Chinsinsi china chopanga insulini ndi timadzi tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga insulin - somatostatin . Hormone imapangidwanso m'matumbo, momwe amalepheretsa kuyamwa kwa glucose ndipo potero amachepetsa kuyankha kwa maselo a beta pakulimbikitsa kwa glucose. Kapangidwe ka kapamba ndi matumbo a peptides ofanana ndi bongo, mwachitsanzo, somato-statin, amatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa dongosolo limodzi la APUD mu thupi. Glucagon secretion imakhudzidwa ndi kuchepa kwa shuga wamagazi, m'mimba m'mimba (m'mimba, katulutsidwe ka m'mimba, cholecystokinin-pancreosimine) ndi kuchepa kwa Ca2 + ions m'magazi. Katulutsidwe wa glucagon amakakamizidwa ndi insulin, somatostatin, shuga wamagazi ndi Ca2 +. M'maselo a endocrine a m'matumbo, amapanga glucagon-peptide-1, omwe amachititsa kuti shuga azikhala ndi shuga komanso kuti azitha kuteteza insulin mukatha kudya. Maselo am'matumbo am'mimba omwe amapanga mahomoni ndi mtundu wa "zida zochenjeza zoyambirira" za maselo a pancreatic pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa michere mthupi, kufunikira mahomoni apancreatic kuti agwiritse ntchito ndikugawa. Ubale wogwirirawu umaonekera mu mawu oti "gastro-entero-pancreatic system ».

Pa chithunzichi pafupi ndi lembalo, malongosoledwe apadera a endocrine Ma cell a Langerhans , osawonetsa mawonekedwe awo enieni mkati mwake. Chiwonetserochi chikuwonetseranso mawonekedwe a fenestated capillaries and autonomic nerve fibers (HB) ndi nerve endings (BUT) yomwe ilipo mu pericapillary space.

Chimodzi mwazomwe chimayambitsa matenda ashuga ndi njira ya autoimmune, pomwe ma antibodies omwe amapita ku ma cell a ma isanger a Langerhans, omwe ndi omwe amapanga insulin, amapangidwa mthupi. Izi zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwawo,, chifukwa chake, kuphwanya kwa endocrine ntchito ya kapamba ndi chitukuko cha matenda a shuga a insulin.

Kodi malo aku Langerhans ndi ati?

Zitsulo zonse zimagawika m'magulu azinthu zomwe zimatchedwa islets. Wachikulire komanso wathanzi ali ndi pafupifupi 1 miliyoni aiwo. Zambiri mwazomwezi zimapanga mchira wa chiwalo. Iliyonse mwa mabwalo achinyengochi ndi kachitidwe kovuta, kachigawo kena kogwira ntchito kokhala ndi microscopic miyeso. Onsewa azunguliridwa ndi minyewa yolumikizana, yomwe imaphatikizapo ma capillaries, ndipo amagawidwa mu lobules. Ma antibodies omwe amapangidwa mu shuga mellitus nthawi zambiri amavulala pakati, popeza pali kuchuluka kwa maselo a beta.

Zosiyanasiyana zamitundu

Zilumba za Langerhans zili ndi maselo angapo omwe amagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri mthupi, monga kukhalabe ndi chakudya chambiri m'magazi. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa chopanga mahomoni, kuphatikiza insulin ndi omutsutsa ake. Iliyonse ya zinthu izi ilinso ndi magawo ake:

alpha
maselo a beta
delta
maselo a pp
epsilon.

Ntchito yama cell a alpha ndi beta ndikupanga glucagon ndi insulin.

Ntchito yayikulu yogwira ntchito ndichinsinsi cha glucagon. Ndiwotsutsa insulin, motero imalamulira kuchuluka kwake m'magazi. Ntchito yayikulu ya mahormoni imakhala m'chiwindi, pomwe imayang'anira kupanga kuchuluka kwa glucose, ndikuchita mogwirizana ndi mtundu winawake wa receptor. Izi ndichifukwa chakusokonekera kwa glycogen.

Cholinga chachikulu cha maselo a beta ndikupanga insulin, yomwe imakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kusungidwa kwa glycogen mu chiwindi ndi minofu yamafupa. Chifukwa chake, thupi laumunthu limadzipangira ndekha mphamvu ngati pakufunika kuti pakhale vuto lomanga lambiri la michere. Njira zopangira timadzi tinatake timeneti zimayamba pambuyo pudya, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Maselo omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi zilumba za Langerhans amapanga zochuluka.

Delta ndi maselo a PP

Izi ndizosowa. Mapangidwe a cell a Delta amapanga 5-10% yokha yonse. Ntchito yawo ndikupanga somatostatin. Hormone iyi imapondera mwachindunji kupanga mahomoni okula, kukula kwa mahomoni am'mimba, kukula kwa mahomoni, mwakutero kukhudza pituitary ndi hypothalamus yakunja.

Mu chilumba chilichonse cha Langerhans, polypeptide pancreatic imasungidwa, njirayi imachitika m'maselo a pp. Ntchito yamtunduwu samveka bwino. Amakhulupirira kuti amalepheretsa kupanga juwisi wa pancreatic ndikupumulanso minofu yosalala ya ndulu. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi kukula kwa neoplasms yoyipa, mulingo wa pancreatic polypeptide umawonjezeka kwambiri, chomwe ndi chikhazikitso cha chitukuko cha machitidwe a oncological mu kapamba.

Maselo a Epsilon

Zizindikiro zimapanga zosakwana 1% pazigawo zonse zomwe zimakhala m'mabizinesi, koma chifukwa cha izi, maselo ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Ntchito yayikulu yazigawozi ndikupanga chinthu chomwe chimatchedwa grillin. Zochita za chinthuchi zogwira ntchito zimawonekera mu kayendetsedwe ka chilakolako cha anthu. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwake m'magazi kumapangitsa munthu kumva kuti ali ndi njala.

Chifukwa chiyani ma antibodies amawoneka?

Kusatetezeka kwaumunthu kumatetezedwa ku mapuloteni akunja ndikupanga zida zomwe zimayambitsa chida chokha. Njira iyi yowerengera za kuwukira ndi kupanga ma antibodies. Koma nthawi zina pamakhala vuto lotere kenako maselo ake omwe, ndipo ngati ali ndi matenda ashuga, ndi omwe amalimbana ndi ma antibodies. Zotsatira zake, thupi limadziwononga lokha.

Kuopsa kwa ma antibodies kuma islets a Langerhans?

Anti anti anti chida chokhacho kuphatikiza mapuloteni ena, pamenepa mabwalo a Langerhans. Izi zimabweretsa kufa kwathunthu kwa ma cell a beta ndikuti thupi litha kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo chathu mthupi pakuwonongeka kwawo, ndikunyalanyaza kulimbana ndi matenda owopsa. Zitatha izi, insulini imasiya kupangika m'thupi ndipo popanda kuyambitsa kuchokera kunja, munthu sangathe kuyamwa glucose. Kudya bwino, atha kufa ndi njala.

Ndani amafunika kusanthula?

Kafukufuku wonena za anthu omwe ali ndi matenda onga matenda a shuga 1 amachitidwa kwa anthu onenepa kwambiri, komanso kwa iwo omwe ali ndi kholo limodzi kale ali ndi matendawa. Zinthu izi zimawonjezera mwayi wa pathological process. Ndikofunika kuyesa kuyesedwa kwa anthu omwe akudwala matenda ena kapamba, komanso omwe avulala chiwalo ichi. Matenda ena a ma virus amayambitsa zochitika za autoimmune.

Chilumba cha Langerhans ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kapamba, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 2% ya kuchuluka kwake mwa munthu wamkulu. Mu ana, chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 6%. Chiwerengero chonse cha zilumba kuyambira 900,000 mpaka miliyoni. Amamwazikana kudutsa ndere, komabe, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zomwe zimawonedwa kumawonedwa mchira wa chiwalocho. Ndi zaka, kuchuluka kwa ma islets kumatsika pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa shuga mwa okalamba.

Kuwona chilumba cha Langerhans

Magulu a ma endocrine am'mapapo amaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu 7 ya maselo: asanu akuluakulu ndi othandizira awiri. Ma alfa, beta, delta, epsilon ndi PP ndi amisili, ndipo D1 ndi mitundu yawo ya enterochromaffin ndiowonjezera. Zotsirizirazi ndi zokhudzana ndi zida zam'mimba ndipo sizipezeka nthawi zonse kuzilumba.

Zilumba za cellular zokha zimakhala ndi gawo logawanikirana ndipo zimakhala ndi lobules yosiyanitsidwa ndi capillaries. Maselo a Beta amapangidwira makamaka mkati mwa lobules, ndi alpha ndi delta m'magawo otumphukira. Mitundu yotsala ya maselo obalalika mozungulira chilumbacho mosasokoneza. Pomwe tsamba la Langerhans limakulirakulira, kuchuluka kwa ma cell a beta momwemo kumachepa ndipo kuchuluka kwa mitundu yawo ya alpha kumawonjezeka. Pakatikati mwake achinyamata a Langerhans zone ndi ma microns 100, okhwima - ma 150-200 ma microns.

Chidziwitso: musasokoneze ma Langerhans ma cell ndi ma cell. Omalizawa ndi ma macrophages a epidermalges, ogwidwa ndikunyamula ma antijeni, osachita nawo gawo limodzi pakulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi.

Kapangidwe ka molekyulu ya insulin - mahomoni akuluakulu opangidwa ndi Langerhans zone

Madera a Langerhans mumapangidwewo ndi gawo lopanga mahomoni. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu uliwonse wa khungu umapanga mahomoni ake:

Ma cell a Alpha amapanga glucagon, mahomoni a peptide, pomangiriza kuzinthu zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti glycogen iwonongeke m'chiwindi. Nthawi yomweyo, shuga wamwazi amadzuka.
Maselo a Beta amapanga insulin, yomwe imakhudza mayamwidwe amkati kulowa m'magazi kuchokera kuzakudya, imakulitsa kuchuluka kwa maselo kupita mamolekyu amthupi, imalimbikitsa mapangidwe ndi kudziwikirana kwa glycogen mu minofu, ndipo imakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi catabolic ndi anabolic (kukondoweza kaphatikizidwe ka mafuta ndi mapuloteni).
Maselo a Delta ndi omwe amapangitsa kuti somatostatin - mahomoni omwe amalepheretsa chinsinsi cha chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, komanso gawo lazinthu zomwe zimapanga kapamba palokha.
Maselo a PP amatulutsa polypeptide ya pancreatic - chinthu chomwe ntchito yake imalimbikitsidwa kuti ikulimbikitse kupanga juisi yam'mimba komanso kupondereza pang'ono mbali zina za ntchito za timinchu.
Maselo a Epsilon amapanga ghrelin, timadzi timene timapangitsa kuti munthu azikhala ndi njala. Kuphatikiza pamapangidwe a gland, chinthuchi chimapangidwa m'matumbo, placenta, mapapu, komanso impso.

Ma hormones onsewa munjira imodzi amathandizira kagayidwe kazakudya, kumapangitsa kuchepa kapena kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi. Chifukwa chake, ntchito yayikulu yazisumbuyi ndikusungitsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chokwanira komanso chofunikira m'thupi.

Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kapamba zimakhudzanso mapangidwe a minofu ndi mafuta, ntchito ya zida zina za ubongo (kutsutsana ndi katulutsidwe ka khungu la pituitary, hypothalamus).

Matenda a kapamba omwe amapezeka ndi zotupa za madera a Langerhans

Kupezeka kwa kapamba - "mbewu" yopanga insulin ndi chinthu chogwiritsa ntchito shuga

Ma cell a chilumba cha Langerhans mu kapamba amatha kuwonongeka ndi zotsatirazi ndizotsatira komanso matenda:

Pachimake exotooticosis,
Endotooticosis yolumikizidwa ndi njira za necrotic, matenda kapena puritis,
Matenda azachilengedwe (zokhudza zonse lupus erythematosus, rheumatism),
Pancreatic necrosis,
Zotsatira za Autoimmune
Ukalamba.
Njira zama oncological.

Pathology ya islet minofu imatha kuchitika ndi chiwonongeko chawo kapena kuchuluka. Kuchulukana kwa maselo kumachitika munthawi ya chotupa. Nthawi yomweyo, zotupa zomwezo ndizopanga ma hormone ndikupeza mayina kutengera ndi mahomoni omwe amapangidwa (somatotropinoma, insulinoma). Mchitidwewu umatsatiridwa ndi chipatala cha matenda a gland hyperfunction.

Ndi chiwonongeko cha gland, kutayika kwa zisumbu zoposa 80% kumawonedwa kuti ndikofunikira. Nthawi yomweyo, insulini yopangidwa ndi zida zotsalira sikokwanira kukwaniritsa kwathunthu shuga. Matenda a shuga 1 amayamba.

Chidziwitso: Type 1 ndi matenda ashuga 2 ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda, kuwonjezeka kwa shuga kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi chitetezo chokwanira cha insulin. Zigawo za Langerhans zimagwira ntchito popanda zolephera.

Kuwonongeka kwa kupanga kwa mahomoni a kapamba ndi chitukuko cha shuga kumadziwika ndi mawonekedwe monga ludzu losalekeza, kamwa yowuma, polyuria, nseru, kusokonezeka kwamanjenje, kugona pang'ono, kuchepetsa thupi ndi chakudya chokwanira kapena chopatsa mphamvu. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa shuga (30 kapena kupitirira mmol / lita ndi muyezo 3.3-5,5 mmol / lita), acetone kuchokera mkamwa imawonekera, chikumbumtima chimalephera, ndipo kutsika kwa hyperglycemic kumayamba.

Mpaka posachedwapa, chithandizo chokha cha matenda ashuga chinali jekeseni wa insulin tsiku lililonse. Masiku ano, timadzi timeneti timaperekedwa kwa thupi la wodwala mothandizidwa ndi mapampu a insulini ndi zida zina zomwe sizitengera kulowererapo kwa nthawi zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, maluso akupangidwira mwachangu zokhudzana ndi kufalikira kwa kapamba kupita kwa wodwalayo kwathunthu kapena madera omwe amapanga maholide mosiyana.

Monga momwe zidadziwikira kuchokera pamwambapa, zisumbu za Langerhans zimapanga mahomoni angapo ofunikira omwe amawongolera kagayidwe kazakudya ndi njira za anabolic. Kuwonongeka kwa madera awa kumabweretsa chitukuko chachikulu cha matenda omwe amalumikizana ndi kufunikira kwa chithandizo chamankhwala cha hormone. Pofuna kupewa zochitika zoterezi, kumwa mowa kwambiri kuyenera kupewedwa, matenda ndi autoimmune amayenera kuthandizidwa munthawi yake, ndipo dokotala ayenera kuyenderedwa pazizindikiro zoyambirira za kuwonongeka kwa pancreatic.

M'nkhaniyi, ndikuwuzani kuti ndi maselo ati omwe ali gawo laling'ono la ispancreas? Ntchito yawo ndi chiyani ndipo amateteza ma mahomoni ati?

Pakatikati

M'matumba a pancreatic mulibe acini okha, komanso ma islets a Langerhans. Maselo amtunduwu samatulutsa ma enzyme. Ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikupanga mahomoni.

Ma cell a endocrine amapezeka koyamba m'zaka za zana la 19. Wasayansi yemwe ulemu womwe mabungwewa adatchulapo anali akadali wophunzira.

Palibe zilumba zambiri zachitsulo zokha. Mwa unyinji wonse wa chiwalo, madera a Langerhans amapanga 1-2%. Komabe, udindo wawo ndi wabwino. Maselo amtundu wa endocrine wa gland amatulutsa mitundu isanu ya mahomoni yomwe imayendetsa chimbudzi, chakudya cha metabolism, komanso kuyankha kwa kupsinjika. Ndi matenda a zigawo zodabwitsazi, amodzi mwa matenda ofala kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 21 akupanga - matenda a shuga. Kuphatikiza apo, matenda a maselo amenewa amachititsa kuti Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, insulin, glucoganoma ndi matenda ena osowa.

Lero ndikudziwika kuti ma pancreatic islets ali ndi mitundu isanu ya maselo. Tilankhula kwambiri za ntchito zawo pansipa.

Ma cell a Alfa

Maselo amenewa amapanga 15-20% ya chiwerengero chonse cha ma islet cell. Amadziwika kuti anthu ali ndi ma alfa ambiri kuposa nyama. Magawo awa mahomoni obisika omwe amayambitsa "kugunda ndi kuthamanga" kuyankha. Glucagon, yomwe imapangidwa pano, imakulitsa kwambiri shuga, imalimbitsa ntchito ya minofu yamafupa, imathandizira ntchito yamtima. Glucagon imathandizanso kupanga adrenaline.

Glucagon idapangidwa kuti izikhala nthawi yayifupi. Imagwa mwachangu m'magazi. Ntchito yachiwiri yofunika kwambiri ya chinthu ichi ndi insulin antagonism. Glucagon imamasulidwa ndi kuchepa kowopsa kwa shuga m'magazi. Ma mahomoni otere amaperekedwa muzipatala kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la hypoglycemic ndi chikomokere.

Maselo a Beta

Izi magawo a parenchymal minofu secrete insulin. Ndizambiri kwambiri (pafupifupi 80% ya maselo). Amatha kupezeka mu zisumbu zokha; palinso magawo ena akutali a insulin kutulutsa mu acini ndi ma ducts.

Ntchito ya insulin ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga. Ma mahormoni amapangitsa kuti ma membala am'mimba azikhala ovomerezeka. Chifukwa cha izi, molekyu ya shuga imalowa mkati mwachangu. Kuphatikiza apo, amathandizira ma tulo amtunduwu kuti apange mphamvu kuchokera ku glucose (glycolysis) ndikuyikamo osungira (mu mawonekedwe a glycogen), mapangidwe a mafuta ndi mapuloteni kuchokera pamenepo. Ngati insulin sinabisidwe ndi maselo, mtundu 1 wa shuga umayamba. Ngati mahomoni samagwira minofu - mtundu 2 wa shuga umapangidwa.

Kupanga insulin ndi njira yovuta. Mlingo wake umatha kuwonjezera chakudya chamagulu azakudya, ma amino acid (makamaka leucine ndi arginine). Insulin imakwera ndikuwonjezeka kwa calcium, potaziyamu ndi zinthu zina zamagazi zomwe zimagwira (ACTH, estrogen ndi ena).

M'madera a beta, C peptide imapangidwanso. Ichi ndi chiyani Mawuwa amatanthauza imodzi ya metabolites yomwe imapangidwa nthawi ya insulin. Posachedwa, molekyulu imeneyi yapeza kufunika kachipatala. Molekyu ya insulin ikapangidwa, molekyu imodzi ya C-peptide imapangidwa. Koma yotsirizirayi imakhala ndi kuwonongeka kwakutali m'thupi (insulini sipitilira mphindi 4, ndipo C-peptide ili pafupifupi 20). C-peptide imachepa ndi mtundu 1 shuga mellitus (poyambirira pali insulin yaying'ono yomwe imapangidwa), ndikuwonjezeka ndi mtundu wachiwiri (pali insulini yambiri, koma zimakhala sizikuyankha), insulinoma.

Maselo a Delta

Awa ndi ma pancreatic minofu omwe amapanga ma cell a Langerhans omwe amapanga somatostatin. Homoni imalepheretsa kubisika kwa michere. Mankhwala amachepetsa ziwalo zina za endocrine system (hypothalamus ndi pituitary gland). Chipatalachi chimagwiritsa ntchito analogue yopanga kapena Sandostatin. Mankhwala amaperekedwa mwachangu pancreatitis, opaleshoni ya kapamba.

Kapangidwe kakang'ono kwambiri ka polypeptide yam'mimba yopanga imapangidwa m'maselo a delta. Izi zimachepetsa mapangidwe a hydrochloric acid m'mimba, ndikuwonjezera zomwe zili pepsinogen mu msuzi wa m'mimba.

Zigawo za madera a Langerhans zimatulutsa pancreatic polypeptide. Izi zimalepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwa kapamba komanso kumalimbikitsa m'mimba. Maselo a PP ndi ochepa kwambiri - osapitirira 5%.

Kodi zisumbu zimapangidwa bwanji?

Ntchito yayikulu yomwe ma isls a Langerhans amachita ndikusunga kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamagulu mthupi ndikuwongolera ziwalo zina za endocrine. Zilumbazi zimakhala ndi chisoni komanso mitsempha ya vagus ndipo zimaperekedwa mokwanira ndi magazi.

Zisumbu za Langerhans mu zikondamoyo zili ndi mawonekedwe ovuta. M'malo mwake, aliyense wa iwo ndi maphunziro ogwira ntchito mokwanira. Kapangidwe ka chilumbachi kamapereka kusinthana pakati pa zinthu zotheka pa parenchyma ndi zina. Izi ndizofunikira kuti khungu likhale ndi insulin.

Maselo a islet ali osakanikirana, ndiye kuti, amapangidwa mwanjira ya mosaic. Kalovu okhwima mu kapamba ali ndi gulu loyenera. Kachilomboka kamakhala ndi maubongo omwe amazungulira minofu yolumikizana, ma capillaries amwazi amapita mkati mwa maselo.

Maselo a Beta ali pakatikati pa lobules, pomwe ma alpha ndi ma delta amapezeka m'chigawo chakutali. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka zisumbu za Langerhans kwathunthu kumatengera kukula kwawo.

Chifukwa chiyani ma antibodies amapangidwa motsutsana ndi ma islets? Kodi ntchito yawo ya endocrine ndi yotani? Likukhalira kuti kulumikizana kwa maselo a islet kumayambitsa makina amachitidwe, kenako maselo amakhudza maselo ena omwe amakhala pafupi.

Insulin imayendetsa ntchito ya maselo a beta ndikuletsa ma cell a alpha.
Ma cell a Alpha amathandizira glucagon, ndipo amathandizira pama cell a delta.
Somatostatin amalepheretsa ntchito yama cell a alpha ndi beta.

Zofunika! Pakapanda kulephera kwa chitetezo cha mthupi, matupi oyang'anira mthupi la beta amapangidwa. Maselo amawonongeka ndikuwatsogolera ku matenda oyipa omwe amatchedwa shuga mellitus.

Kupita kuzilumba za Langerhans

Maselo ambiri a kapamba (kapamba) amapanga ma enzymes am'mimba. Ntchito yamagulu azilumba ndizosiyana - amapanga mahomoni, chifukwa chake amatchulidwa ku endocrine system.

Chifukwa chake, kapamba ndi gawo limodzi mwa machitidwe awiri apamwamba a thupi - m'mimba ndi endocrine. Zilumbazi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa mitundu isanu ya mahomoni.

Magulu ambiri a kapamba amapezeka mkati mwa kapamba, ngakhale kuti amachita chisokonezo.

OL ndi omwe amachititsa kuti kagayidwe kazachilengedwe kamathandizidwe ndikuthandizira ntchito ya ziwalo zina za endocrine.

Mapangidwe azambiriyakale

Chilumba chilichonse chimagwira ntchito yake palokha.Pamodzi amapanga chisumbu chovuta kupanga chomwe chimapangidwa ndi maselo amtundu uliwonse ndikupanga zazikulu. Makulidwe awo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri - kuchokera ku cell imodzi ya endocrine kupita pachilumba chokhwima, chachikulu (> 100 μm).

M'magulu a ma pancreatic, gulu la maselo, mitundu yawo 5, imamangidwa, onse amakwaniritsa ntchito yawo. Chilumba chilichonse chimazunguliridwa ndi minofu yolumikizidwa, imakhala ndi lobules komwe kuli capillaries.

Magulu a maselo a beta ali pakatikati, m'mphepete mwa mawonekedwe ndi maselo a alpha ndi a delta. Kukula kwakukulu kwa chisumbucho, ndimaselo ochulukirapo omwe amakhala nawo.

Zilumbazo zilibe ma ducts, mahomoni omwe amapangidwa amatuluka kudzera mu capillary system.

Ntchito ya mahormoni

Udindo wamafuta wa kapamba ndi wamkulu.

Zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kuzilumba zazing'ono zimaperekedwa ku ziwalo ndi magazi ndi kuyendetsa kagayidwe kazakudya:

Kuchuluka kwa mahomoni omwe amapangidwa kumadalira glucose yemwe adalandira kuchokera ku chakudya komanso kuchuluka kwake kwa oxidation. Ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwake, kupanga insulini kumachulukanso. Maphatikizidwe amayamba pa ndende ya 5.5 mmol / L m'madzi a m'magazi.

Zakudya zokha zomwe sizingapangitse insulini. Mwa munthu wathanzi, kuphatikiza kwakukulu kumadziwika munthawi ya kupsinjika kwamphamvu kwakuthupi komanso kupsinjika.

Gawo lakumapeto kwa kapamba limapanga mahomoni omwe amakhala ndi mphamvu m'thupi lonse. Kusintha kwathanzi mu OL kungasokoneze kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo zonse.

Kanema wokhudza ntchito ya insulin mthupi la munthu:

Kuwonongeka kwa gawo la endocrine la kapamba ndi chithandizo chake

Zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa OL zimatha kukhala zovuta zam'tsogolo, matenda ndi poyizoni, matenda otupa, mavuto a chitetezo chamthupi.

Zotsatira zake, pamakhala kuchepa kapena kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kupanga kwa ma cell kwa ma cell osiyana siyana.

Zotsatira zake, izi zitha kukhala:

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga. Amadziwika ndi kusapezeka kapena kuchepa kwa insulin.
Type 2 shuga. Zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kusatha kwa thupi kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni opangidwa.
Matenda a gestational amakula nthawi yapakati.
Mitundu ina ya matenda ashuga mellitus (MODY).
Zotupa za Neuroendocrine.

Mfundo zofunika kwambiri pochiza matenda a shuga 1 ndikubweretsa insulin mthupi, kapangidwe kake komwe kamalemala kapena kachepetsedwa. Mitundu iwiri ya insulin imagwiritsidwa ntchito - yachangu komanso yachangu. Mtundu wotsiriza umatsanzira kupanga mahomoni a pancreatic.

Matenda a 2 a matenda a shuga amafunika kudya kwambiri, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso kuwonjezera mankhwala.

Mavuto a matenda ashuga akuchulukirachulukira padziko lonse lapansi; amatchedwa kale mliri wa zana la 21 lino. Chifukwa chake, malo azofufuzira zamankhwala akuyang'ana njira zothanirana ndi matenda azilumba za Langerhans.

Njira mu kapamba zimayamba mwachangu ndipo zimatsogolera ku kufa kwa timinchu, timene timayambitsa mahomoni.

Posachedwa, zadziwika:

Izi zimathandizira odwala kusiya kudya kosalekeza kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kudya mosamalitsa ndikubwerera m'moyo wabwino. Vutoli limatsalira ndi chitetezo chamthupi, chomwe chimatha kukana maselo okhala.

Kuchita bwino kunachitika, pambuyo pake insulini sikunafunikenso kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1. Chiwalochi chinabwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwa maselo a beta, kapangidwe kake ka insulin kenanso. Pambuyo pa opaleshoni, mankhwala a immunosuppressive adachitidwa kuti aletse kukanidwa.

Kanema pa ntchito ya shuga ndi matenda ashuga:

Mabungwe azachipatala akugwira ntchito kuti afufuze kuthekera kwa kufalikira kwa kapamba kuchokera nkhumba. Mankhwala oyamba ochizira matenda a shuga amangogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zikuluzikulu za nkhumba.

Asayansi akuvomereza kuti ndikofunikira kuphunzira momwe mapangidwe a magawo a Langerhans amagwirira ntchito chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ntchito zofunika zomwe mahomoni opanga mwa iwo amachita.

Kukhazikika kwa mahomoni opanga sikungathandize kuthana ndi matendawa ndipo kumawonjezera moyo wabwino wodwala. Kugonjetsedwa kwa gawo laling'onoli la kapamba kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu pakugwira ntchito kwa thupi lonse, chifukwa chake maphunziro akupitilira.