Mafuta, monosaccharides, polysaccharides. Zakudya zomanga thupi ndizofala mdziko la nyama ndi zomera, zimatenganso gawo limodzi pazinthu zambiri m'moyo. Zakudya zomanga thupi zimapanga 80% ya kulemera kowuma kwa zomera ndi 2% ya kulemera kowuma kwa nyama.

Mutu chakudya zinthu zachilengedwe izi zidapangidwa mu 1844 ndi C. Schmidt, chifukwa kapangidwe kazomwe zimapangidwira zimatha kufotokozedwa ngati C_n(N₂O)_m Pakadali pano, lingaliro la chakudya champhamvu tsopano.

Ma carbohydrate nthawi zambiri amagawidwa kukhala ma monosaccharides, oligosaccharides ndi polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides(monoses) - zinthu zomwe sizitha kudwala hydrolysis.
Oligosaccharides- zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kutsalira zingapo za mamolekyulu a monosaccharide (kuyambira 2 mpaka 8-10). Zosavuta kwambiri mwa izi ndi ma disaccharides.
Polysaccharidesndizophatikiza zazikulu zamamolekyulu zomwe macromolecule ake amapangidwa kuchokera mamolekyulu ambiri a monosaccharide.

Monosaccharides yotchulidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ma atomu a kaboni mu molekyulu ndi kukhalapo kwa gulu la aldehyde kapena ketone:
Tetrosa
Pentoses
Hexoses
Monosaccharides: aldoses, ketoses

Mwa kapangidwe kawo, ma monosaccharides ndi polyhydroxyaldehydes kapena polyhydroxyketones:

Monosaccharides amachokera ku ma polysaccharides ndi hydrolysis a omaliza. Mwachitsanzo, hydrolysis ya beet kapena nzimbe imatulutsa shuga ndi fructose:

Mbewu zimakhala zosungunulira zambiri, zambiri zimakoma, zotsekemera zimayambira. Ma monosaccharides achilengedwe onse ali ndi ntchito zowoneka.

Chofunikira kwambiri kwachilengedwe ndi mashubu okhala ndi ma atomu a 5 ndi 6 a carbon mu molekyulu (pentoses ndi hexoses). Mwa kapangidwe kawo, amagawika m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: aldehyde alcohols (aldoses) ndi keto alcohols (ketoses):

Pakadali pano, imaganiziridwa kuti yakhazikika kuti yankho la shuga pali mamolekyulu onse omwe mawonekedwe ake amaperekedwa pamwambapa (unyolo kapena mawonekedwe otseguka) ndi mamolekyu omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a cyclic (cyclic semi-acetal form):

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mawonekedwe a cyclic a monosis adaperekedwa ndi wasayansi waku Russia A.A. Colly (1840-1916). Anachitanso maphunziro ena angapo pamapangidwe azakudya zam'madzi zofunika kwambiri.

Mitundu yama cyclic yama carboyidrate imatha kuonedwa ngati zochokera mu mitundu iwiri ya ma cyclic mankhwala: pyran (mphete yayikulu-sikisi) kapena furan (mphete ya mame asanu):

Pazamankhwala, ma monoses amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati shuga ngati mankhwala, fructose monga shuga wogwirizira kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo, dioses amagwiritsidwa ntchito: sucrose, lactose, ma oligosaccharides amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, monga kulowetsedwa, ma polysaccharides ndi cellulose, ma starches ochokera kumayendedwe osiyanasiyana. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala: glucosamine ndi polymeric compound chondroitin.

Glucosum glucose.

Kupeza shuga. M'fulu, shuga amapezeka mu madzi a mphesa, zipatso ndi ziwalo zina zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Gwero lalikulu la kupanga shuga m'mafakitale ndi wowuma (ndipo, pang'onopang'ono, cellulose), omwe amakhala ndi hydrolyzed pamaso pa mchere acid:

Kapangidwe ka mankhwala. Glucose amatanthauza ma aldoses, ndi kuchuluka kwa ma atomu a kaboni ku hexoses:

Mbali yofunikira ya monosaccharides ndi mtundu wawo wobadwa nawo. Glucose imakhala ndi ma atomu angapo a asymmetric, omwe ndi anayi, motero amakhala ndi isomerism (stereoisomerism).

Ngati pali malo asymmetric mu molekyulu, mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa ma spatal isomers kukufotokozedwa ndi formula 2 n.

2 4 = 16. Chifukwa chake, 16 stereoisomers, magawo 8 a antipode (enantiomers) amatha kutulutsa shuga.

Kuti muwonetse momwe mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse wa ma stereoisomers, ma carbohydrate (monga zinthu zina zowoneka bwino), malinga ndi zomwe a M.A. Rozanov, agawidwa mizere iwiri: mzere wa D ndi mzere wa L. Oyimira osavuta a radas awa ndi ma antipode a glycerol aldehyde:

D-glycerol aldehyde amatchedwa dextrorotatory stereoisomer, yomwe ili ndi gulu la OH mbali ya kudzanja kwa atomu ya asymmetric kabokosi pomwe unyolo udalembedwa pamwamba ndi gulu la aldehyde. L-isomer pankhaniyi ili ndi gulu la OH kumanzere. Ichi ndi zitsanzo chachidziwikire cha ma isoma oyang'ana.

Zotsatira zovomerezeka: zinthu zomwe zimatha kupezeka kuchokera ku D-glycerol aldehyde powonjezera ketcheni ya kaboni ku gulu la aldehyde omwe ali m'gulu la D-mfululizo. Zomwezi zimagwiranso ntchito pa mzere wa L.

Carbohydrate amadziwika ndi boma lofanana pakati pa mzere ndi mawonekedwe a cyclic, ndipo mu oligosaccharides amakhala mu mawonekedwe a cyclic okha:

Gulu la hydroxyl la atomu wachisanu la kaboni limayandikira gulu la aldehyde poganizira mtengo wa valence, izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale puloteni wa mkati mwa cyclic hemiacetal. Kasinthidwe kazitsulo kumayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphete yokhazikika-isanu ndi umodzi, yomwe imatchedwa pyranose.

Semi-acetal hydroxyl, nayenso, imapangitsa izi:
1. Pangani ma aceteral athunthu ndi mashuga ena ndi mankhwala okhala ndi NH₂- ndi OH-.
2. Kapangidwe ka ma polima.

Kapangidwe ka cyclic hemiacetal akapangidwa, atomu ya kaboni ya gulu la carbonyl imasandulika kukhala ya asymmetric. Pa atomu yatsopano ya asymmetric kaboni, ma atomu a hydrogen ndi gulu la hydroxyl akhonza kulinganiza m'njira ziwiri: H-lamanzere, OH-kumanzere,, ndikumanja, H-kumanzere, OH-kumanzere. Ma isomers omwe amasiyana mumapangidwe a hemi-acetal hydroxyl amatchedwa anomers. Kuti musiyanitse ma anomers, misonkhano yotsatirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito: α- ndi β-, α-Anomer ili ndi hafu-acetal hydroxyl mbali yomweyo ndi gulu la OH, kuwonetsa kuti monosaccharide ndi ya D- kapena L-mndandanda, β-anomer ndi mosemphanitsa.

Mafuta a Pharmacopoeial ndi cy-D-glucose:

Crystallization madzi a glucose amapanga 10% ya molar misa.

Katundu. Fryourry oyera oyera a kristalo, kukoma kokoma. Mafuta osungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, ovuta kuledzera, osagwirizana ndi ether.

Chowonadi.

1. Kutanthauzira kwa Organoleptic (kukoma kokoma).

2. Kuyanjana ndi Felling reagent (mapangidwe a mpweya wamkuwa), Nessler (mapangidwe a mpweya wamphumphu), momwe galasi la siliva limayendera.

3. Mukatentha ndi thymol ndikukhazikika mu asidi a sulfuric acid, ndimitundu yakuda kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuchepa mphamvu kwa shuga, zotumphukira zochokera mu ubweya zimapangidwa, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi thymol kupanga utoto wa aurine:

4. Akakwiya ndi resorcinol ndikuthira hydrochloric acid, mitundu yapinki.

5. Mapangidwe azazones ndi phenylhydrazine (chikasu crystalline precipitate):

Ukhondo. Glucose imasinthasintha mwachindunji, ndipo imasinthasintha mwanjira inayake mu FS. Kutalika kwa kusinthika kwakanaloledwa kumaloledwa, zosungunulira zikusonyezedwa, kuzungulira kwa yankho). Kuwonekera, mtundu, acidity, chloride ambiri ovomerezeka, sulfates, calcium. Zodetsa zosavomerezeka: barium, dextran.

Kudziwika kwa kasinthidwe kazomwe α_D 20. Kukhalapo kwa malo angapo asymmetric mu molekyu ya glucose kumayambitsa zochitika zamtunduwu ndi kutembenuza kwamtundu wakuyimira kwa kuwala kwa polar. Poyesa ngodya yomwe kuwala kosungunuka kumazungulira, kuzungulira kwina kumatha kuwerengedwa. Mu njira zakapangidwe kakapangidwe kakang'ono ka glucose, zodabwitsa zomwe zimatchedwa kusintha maselo zimachitika, komwe ndi kusintha kwa kukula kwa kasinthidwe, kufikira mtengo wokhazikika pambuyo pake kwakanthawi. Kusinthaku kungafotokozedwe ndikuti pakutha kwa glucose, yemwe ali mu mkhalidwe wamkati mu mawonekedwe amodzi, mawonekedwe ake a aldehyde amapangidwa, mwa omwe mitundu yosavomerezeka ya glucose imapezeka: α- ndi β-mawonekedwe, omwe amasiyana pamakonzedwe a m'malo a atomu ya kaboni yoyamba, polumikizana omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotembenuka. Kutembenuka kwapadera ndizokhazikika kwa chinthu chogwira ntchito. Kutembenuka kwapadera kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuwerengera monga momwe gawo la kasinthidwe ka ndege yakuwala ya polchized monochromatic pamtunda wa 1 dm pakatikati yomwe ili ndi chinthu chowoneka bwino, ndikuchepetsedwa kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chinthucho kukhala mtengo wa 1 g / ml.

Kuchuluka kwa kasinthidwe kake kamawerengeredwa:
α = (α · 100) / (l · c) (yankho la zinthu)

Chodabwitsa cha masinthidwe chikhoza kupitilizidwa mwa kuwonjezera ammonia ku yankho la shuga.

Kutsimikizira. Kutsimikiza kwakachuma kwa nkhani yaposachedwa pamankhwala sikuperekedwa. Mu mitundu ya jakisoni, Refractometry amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwa njira zomwe si za pharmacopeia zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga kuchuluka kwa shuga ziyenera kudziwika:

1. Iodometricnjira yobwererera mmbuyo, i. titration wa owonjezera ayodini pambuyo makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Njira ya Willstatter. Mu alkaline kapena kabatiate wapakatikati wokhala ndi ayodini wambiri, umaphatikizidwa ndi asidi (gluconic). Iodine imakhala ndi sodium thiosulfate.

2. Iodometricpambuyo makulidwe a okosijeni a Nessler a reagents.

3. Permanganatometric(Njira ya Bertrand). Njira mwachindunji. Njirayi imakhazikitsidwa ndi kusankha kosakanizira kwa gulu la aldehyde ndi Fage reagent, ndikutsatira mchere wowonjezera ku yankho, lomwe limapangidwa ndi potaziyamu permanganate.

Factor ofanana = 1/2.

4. Reflexometrynjira. Kutengera mndandanda wamapikisano a glucose solution.

5. Polarimetricnjira.

Kugwiritsa. Glucose amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la chakudya chamafuta opezeka m'thupi. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yankho la mtsempha wamkati: 5%, 10%, 20%, ndi 40%. Mwanjira yamapiritsi, 0,5 g ndi 1.0 g, komanso kuphatikiza mavitamini ndi zinthu zina.
Kusunga. Chidebe chotsekedwa bwino pamalo ouma.

Kukhazikika kwa mayankho a shuga.

Jakisoni wa shuga wambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo amakonzedwa kawirikawiri m'mafakisi. Mukamasankha njira yolimbikitsira yankho la glucose, ndikofunikira kuganizira zamagulu omwe amapangidwira. Glucose amakhala osakhazikika m'malo a zamchere, motsogozedwa ndi mpweya, ma hydroxy acids amapangidwa: glycolic, levulinic, formic ndi hydroxymethyl furfural. Pofuna kupewa njirayi, njira zama glucose zimakhazikika ndi yankho la 0.1 mol / L HC1 pH ya 3.0-4.0. Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti pa pH 3.0 pali mapangidwe ochepa a 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, omwe ali ndi nephrohepatotoxic. Glucose ndi wosakhazikika m'malo okhala acidic - D-gluconic acid ndi ma lactones ake amapangidwa, chifukwa cha oxidation, makamaka pakubowoleza, 5-hydroxymethylfur-fural imapangika, ndikupangitsa chikaso cha yankho.

Mayankho a glucose ku GLF malinga ndi GF X1 amakhala okhazikika powonjezera 0,2 g ya NaCl pa 1 lita imodzi yankho ndi 0.1 mol / L HCl yankho la pH ya 3.0-4.0.

Pakadali pano, akukhulupirira kuti NaCl yophatikiza ndi Hcl imapanga dongosolo lotchingira shuga mu malo osalolera komanso acidic. Pamankhwala, okhazikika amakhala okonzekera motsatira njira iyi:

NaCl - 5.2 g.
Diluted hydrochloric acid 4,4 ml
Madzi a jakisoni mpaka lita imodzi.

Popanga njira zama glucose, mosasamala kanthu za kupsinjika, onjezani 5% ya okhazikika.

Oligosaccharides.Saccharum shuga.

Kupeza shuga kuchokera ku beets kapena nzimbe. Ndi disaccharide, yopanga ma monosaccharides awiri: D - (+) - shuga ndi D - (-) - fructose:

Kufotokozera. Zidutswa zolimba zoyera za mawonekedwe a kristalo, zonunkhira, kukoma. Sungunuka kwambiri m'madzi.

Zikutanthauza zosapunguza shuga, chifukwa palibe gulu la semi-acetal hydroxy, silimapereka yankho ndi Felling solution, ndipo limatha kupanga ethers ndi esters. Mankhwala mosavuta hydrolyzed pamaso pa ofooka acid.

Chowonadi. Mankhwala osakanikirana ndi yankho la Co (NO₃)₂ ndi NaOH yankho, zipsera za violet zidawonekera. Ndi resorcinol ndi kuchepetsa hydrochloric acid - ofiira madontho.
Masinthidwe apadera amachokera ku +66.5 mpaka + 66.8º (10 madzi amoyo). Njira yochulukitsa kutsimikiza ndi polarimetric.

Kugwiritsa. Monga chosungira m'mapiritsi ndi ma ufa, kutengera izi, manyumwa amakonzedwa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu ya mankhwala komanso kukonza kwa GLF.

Lactose.Saccharum lactis.

4- (β-D-galactopyranosido) - D-glucopyranose.

Kufotokozera. Makristalo oyera kapena makristalo oyera oyera, fungo lonunkhira, kukoma. Mafuta osungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, pafupifupi osapindulira mu ether ndi chloroform.

Chowonadi.
1. Ndi Fage's reagent, chikasu chimasandulika kukhala chofiirira.
2. Ndi resorcinol ndi hydrochloric acid pamwambamwamba kutentha - chikasu madontho.
3. Kutembenuka mwapadera kuchokera ku +52 kupita ku +53.2 (5% madzi).

Kutsimikiza kwa kuchuluka.
1. Iodometric
2. Polarimetric.

Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wojambula ku GLF.

Polysaccharides.Amilum-wowuma.

Pezani wowuma kuchokera ku mbewu ndi mbatata. Ndiosakanikirana kwa ma polysaccharides ndi formula wamba (C₆N₁₀O₅)_x. Molecule yokhala ndi starch imaphatikizapo zotsalira za α-D-glucopyranose, zomwe zimasiyana wina ndi mzake mu digiri ya polymerization ndi chikhalidwe cha zomangira. Ma polysaccharides omwe amapanga wowuma amatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: amylose ndi amylopectin. Amylose ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana kwambiri okhala ndi molar misa 30000-160000. Molecule yake imapangidwa kuchokera ku α-D-glucopyranose, koma yolumikizidwa mu 1 → 4 udindo:

Amylopectin ndi polysaccharide wokhala ndi nthambi. Zomangirazo zili m'malo a 1-4 ndi 1-6. Kuchuluka kwa molar kumachokera ku 100,000 mpaka 1,000,000.

Zopatsa mphamvu za chakudya. Glucosamine. Ndi amino omwe amatulutsa shuga. Gwero lachilengedwe ndi nkhanu za nkhanu, shrimp ndi zokonzekera zina za chitin. Zimapezeka ndi asidi hydrolysis ya oligosaccharide - chitosan:

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandizira-yotupa komanso gawo lazinthu za cartilage pakukonzanso kwake. Ndi gawo la mitundu yambiri ya Mlingo ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito pawokha ngati hydrochloride.

Chondroitin. Oligoaminosaccharide, chomwe ndi kachidutswa ka cartilage. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala mu mawonekedwe a mapiritsi ndi mafuta.

Monosaccharides, ma disaccharides, ma polysaccharides: chakudya cha m'mizere

Ma monosaccharides ndi ma disaccharides ndi mafuta ophweka omwe amakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino.

Ndi chifukwa ichi amatchedwa mashuga. Komabe, sikuti shuga aliyense amene ali ndi kutsekemera kofanana.

Amalowa mthupi kudzera mu chakudya pomwe zakudya zomwe munthu ali nazo zimakhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, monga zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso.

Monga lamulo, zambiri pazonse zomwe zili ndi shuga, glucose, fructose ndi sucrose zimakhala ndi tebulo lapadera momwe zolembedwa zosiyanasiyana zimayikidwa.

Ngati mafuta osavuta azakudya amakoma, ndiye kuti ma carbohydrate ovuta, omwe amatchedwa polysaccharides, satero.

Zambiri za shuga

• Glucose ndi monosaccharide amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma polysaccharides ofanana ndi cellulose, glycogen, ndi wowuma. Imapezeka mu zipatso, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, momwe umalowa m'magazi.
• Ma monosaccharides amtundu wa glucose amatha kukhala ndi nthawi yomweyo komanso kuzimiratu akamalowa m'matumbo. Glucose atalowa m'magazi, amayamba kulowa m'matumba onse ndi ziwalo zamkati, momwe zimachitika ndi oxidative, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu izitulutsa.

Kwa maselo aubongo, shuga ndiye gwero lokha lamphamvu, motero chifukwa chosoŵa zakudya m'thupi, ubongo umayamba kuvutika.

Muli kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi momwe thanzi la munthu limadalira ndi kudya.

Ngati monosaccharides akhazikika kwambiri, kuwonda kapena kunenepa kwambiri kungawonedwe.

Mawonekedwe a Fructose

1. Zakudya zomanga thupi zosavuta, zomwe ndi fructose, zikagwidwa m'matumbo, zimayamwa kawiri pang'onopang'ono monga glucose. Nthawi yomweyo, monosaccharides ali ndi chidziwitso chokhala m'chiwindi nthawi yayitali.
2. Ma metabolism a cellular akapezeka, fructose imasinthidwa kukhala glucose. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi sikuwonjezeka kwambiri, koma kukuwonjezereka komanso kutsika pang'onopang'ono kwa zizindikiro. Izi sizitanthauza kuti amasulidwe azomwe amapanga mankhwala a insulin, mogwirizana ndi izi, katundu pa kapamba amachepa.
3. Poyerekeza ndi glucose, fructose mwachangu komanso mosavuta amasintha kukhala mafuta acids, omwe amachititsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta. Malinga ndi madotolo, ndikatha kudya zakudya zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe odwala matenda ashuga ambiri amalemera. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa C-peptides m'magazi, pamakhala chiopsezo chokhala ndi insulin, yomwe imatsogolera ku mawonekedwe a matenda a shuga 2.
4. Ma monosaccharides monga fructose amatha kupezeka mu zipatso zatsopano ndi zipatso. Kuphatikiza shuga awa akhoza kukhala ndi ma fructose polysaccharides, omwe ali ndi chicory, articoke aku Yerusalemu ndi artichoke.

Zakudya zinanso zosavuta

Munthu amalandira galactose kudzera mumkaka wa mkaka, womwe umatchedwa lactose. Nthawi zambiri, imatha kupezeka muma yoghurts ndi zina zopangidwa kuchokera ku mkaka. Pambuyo polowa m'chiwindi, galactose imasinthidwa kukhala glucose.

Ma disaccharides nthawi zambiri amapangidwa mwaluso. Malonda odziwika bwino ndi sucrose kapena shuga wokhazikika, omwe timagula m'misika. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma beets a shuga ndi nzimbe.

Kuphatikiza ndi sucrose wopezeka mu mavwende, mavwende, masamba ndi zipatso zina. Zinthu zoterezi zimatha kugaya mosavuta ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimasokoneza kukhala fructose ndi glucose.

Popeza lero ma disaccharides ndi ma monosaccharides amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mbale zambiri ndipo ali gawo logawa kwambiri la zinthu, pamakhala chiopsezo chamadya ochulukirapo wamafuta. Izi zimadzetsa kuti kuchuluka kwamankhwala a insulin pakuwonjezereka kwa magazi, maselo amafuta amamuyikidwa, ndipo ma lipid mbiri yamwazi imasokonekera.

Zochitika zonsezi zimatha kubweretsa chitukuko cha matenda a shuga, kunenepa kwambiri, matenda atherosclerosis ndi matenda ena omwe amachokera pa izi.

• Monga mukudziwa, kuti ana athu azikula bwino amafunika chakudya chochepa. Potere, ma disaccharides monga lactose amakhala gwero lawo lalikulu, kukhala gawo la zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mkaka.
• Popeza zakudya za munthu wamkulu ndizofalikira, kusowa kwa lactose kumalipiridwa ndi ntchito zina. Komanso, mkaka waukulu suyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi achikulire, chifukwa ntchito ya enzyme ya lactose, yomwe imaphwanya zotulutsa izi, imachepa ndi zaka.
• Kupanda kutero, kusokonezeka kwa dyspeptic kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha tsankho la mkaka. Ngati m'malo mwa mkaka, kefir, yogurts, kirimu wowawasa, tchizi kapena tchizi cha kanyumba mukayambitsidwa muzakudya, mutha kupewa kusokonekera mthupi.
• Zotsatira zakusokonekera kwa polysaccharide m'matumbo am'mimba, maltose amapangidwa. Komanso, ma disaccharides awa amatchedwa shuga wa malt. Ali m'gulu la uchi, chimera, mowa, maolves, zopukutira ndi zophika mkate, momwe mumawonjezeramo ma molass. Pambuyo pakumenya maltose, mpaka ma mamolekyulu awiri a shuga amapatukana.
• Sorbitol ndi mtundu wobwezeretsanso wa glucose womwe umasunga shuga m'magazi, samayambitsa njala, komanso samayambitsa insulin. Sorbitol ali ndi kutsekemera kokoma ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga zinthu za anthu odwala matenda ashuga. Komabe, ma alkoholi amtundu wa polyhydric ali ndi vuto lakukhudza kugwira ntchito kwa matumbo, ndikupangitsa kupweteka kwamatumbo ndi mapangidwe a mpweya.

Polysaccharides ndi mawonekedwe awo

Ma polysaccharides ndi zovuta zovuta zopatsa thupi, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ma monosaccharides ambiri, omwe shuga amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Izi zimaphatikizapo fiber, glycogen, ndi wowuma.

Mosiyana ndi ma mono ndi ma disaccharides, ma polysaccharides sakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena olowera kulowa m'maselo. Akangolowa mgawo, amawonongeka. Mosiyana ndi izi, ulusi sukudya.

Pazifukwa izi, sizipanga ma carbohydrate, koma zimathandizira kugwira ntchito kwamatumbo.

Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zimapezeka m'mitengo yambiri, chifukwa chake imakhala ngati gwero lawo lenileni. Wokolola ndi michere yomwe imayikidwa mu minofu yazomera. Kuchuluka kwake kumapezeka m'mzungu ndi nyemba. Chifukwa cha kupatsa kwake zakudya, wowuma amawoneka ngati chinthu chothandiza.

Mlingaliro ndi kapangidwe ka mapangidwe a chakudya, ntchito zawo. Chikhalidwe cha monosaccharides: gulu, isomerism, katundu wakuthupi ndi mankhwala, zotumphukira, magwero. Kulekana kwa zovuta zamankhwala mu oligosaccharides ndi polysaccharides, kapangidwe kake ndi mitundu.

Zolemba zofananira

Mafuta monga gulu la masoka achilengedwe a polyhydroxyaldehydrate, kapangidwe kake ndi katundu wa mankhwala, gulu ndi mitundu: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides ndi polysaccharides. Glycolysis ndi Krebs kuzungulira. Kuwongolera kwa kagayidwe kazakudya. Mphepo yamkati yolekerera.

mapepala a 422.5 K, onjezedwa 03/07/2015

Kugawika kwa chakudya chamagulu (monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides) monga mankhwala achilengedwe ofala kwambiri. Chemical katundu wa chinthu, ntchito yake mu zakudya monga gwero lalikulu la mphamvu, umunthu ndi malo a shuga m'moyo wa munthu.

Abstract 212.0 K, anawonjezera pa Disembala 20, 2010

Kapangidwe kazakudya zomanga thupi. Limagwirira a transmembrane kusamutsa glucose ndi zina monosaccharides mu khungu. Monosaccharides ndi oligosaccharides. Limagwirira mayamwidwe monosaccharides m'matumbo. Phosphorylation wa shuga. Dephosphorylation ya shuga-6-phosphate. Glycogen kaphatikizidwe.

chiwonetsero cha 1,3 M, chowonjezera 12/22/2014

Ntchito ndi kagayidwe kazakudya kabwino kuphatikiza - mitundu ya ma polyfunctional. Monosaccharides - pentoses: nthiti, deoxyribose. Monosaccharides - hexoses: shuga, fructose. Chotulutsa: sucrose. Maltose (shuga wa malt). Polysaccharides: wowuma, cellulose (fiber).

chiwonetsero cha 935.8 K, kuwonjezera 03/17/2015

Zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala ndi kaboni, oxygen, ndi hydrogen. Makulidwe ambiri amomwe amapangira mankhwala. Kapangidwe kake ndi mankhwala a monosaccharides, disaccharides ndi polysaccharides. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu zamagulu m'thupi mwa munthu.

chiwonetsero cha 1,6 M, chowonjezeredwa pa 10/23/2016

Mndandanda wazakudya zam'madzi, gulu lawo. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za chakudya zamagulu. Maphatikizidwe a chakudya kuchokera ku formaldehyde. Katundu wa monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. Hydrolysis wa wowuma ndi ma enzyme omwe ali ndi maula. Mowa ndi lactic acid nayonso mphamvu.

Zoyimira 487.0 K, Zowonjezera 01/20/2015

Mitundu yambiri yazakudya zam'minyewa, kufunikira kwake kwazinthu zazikulu zam'mwazi, kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe ndi udindo wa moyo wa munthu. Mitundu yazakudya zamafuta pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala: zosavuta komanso zovuta (mono- ndi polysaccharides). Zomwe zimapangidwira zamagulu a chakudya kuchokera ku formaldehyde.

ulamuliro ntchito 602.6 K, adaonjezera 1/24/2011

Zakudya zomanga thupi monga zinthu zachilengedwe, mamolekyu ake omwe amapangidwa ndi ma atomu a kaboni, hydrogen ndi oksijeni, kudziwa bwino gulu: oligosaccharides, polysaccharides. Chikhalidwe cha oimira monosaccharides: shuga, shuga ya zipatso, deoxyribose.

Chiwonetsero cha 1.6 M, chowonjezera 03/18/2013

Kuwerengera kapangidwe kake, kagawidwe kazinthu ndi mankhwala a physico. Udindo wa monosaccharides pakupuma ndi photosynthesis. Zachilengedwe udindo wa fructose ndi galactose. Mbali yachilengedwe ya aldose kapena ketose. Zokhudza thupi ndi mankhwala a monosaccharides.

pepala 289.2 K, owonjezera 11/28/2014

Kugawa, thupi ndi zida zama polysaccharides. Hydrolysis wa wowuma ndi ma enzymes ndi ma acid. Zomera zamankhwala ndi zopangira zomwe zimakhala ndi ma polysaccharides (homoglycosides, polyoses, glycans, holosides). Ntchito mankhwala.

Abstract 84.2 K, owonjezera 08/23/2013