Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda A shuga 1
Ngakhale kuti matenda ashuga ndi amodzi mwa matenda ofala kwambiri padziko lapansi, sayansi ya zamankhwala ilibebe data yomveka pazomwe zimayambitsa matendawa. Kuphatikiza apo, pazochitika zilizonse zodziwira matenda ashuga, madokotala sananene kwenikweni zomwe zinayambitsa. Dokotala sadzakuwuzani chomwe chinayambitsa matenda anu a shuga, akhoza kungolingalira. Ganizirani zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga, omwe amadziwika ndi zamakono.
Kodi matenda ashuga ndi chiani?
Matenda a shuga ndi gulu lovuta la matenda oyambitsidwa ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Anthu odwala matenda ashuga nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi shuga wambiri (hyperglycemia).
Mu matenda a shuga, kagayidwe kachakudya kamasokonekera - thupi limasinthira chakudya chomwe chikubwera kukhala mphamvu.
Chakudya chomwe chimalowa m'matumbo chimagaya shuga - mawonekedwe a shuga omwe amalowa m'magazi. Mothandizidwa ndi insulin ya mahomoni, maselo amthupi amatha kupeza shuga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Matenda a shuga amapezeka:
- thupi silitulutsa insulin yokwanira,
- maselo a thupi sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito bwino insulin,
- m'milandu yonse iwiri.
Insulin imapangidwa mu kapamba, chiwalo chomwe chimakhala kuseri kwa m'mimba. Zikondwererozi zimakhala ndi gulu la maselo a endocrine omwe amatchedwa islets. Maselo a Beta omwe ali m'masichi amatulutsa insulini ndikusiya magazi.
Ngati maselo a beta satulutsa insulin yokwanira kapena thupi siliyankha ndi insulin yomwe ilipo m'thupi, glucose amayamba kudzikundikira m'thupi, m'malo motengeka ndi maselo, omwe amatsogolera prediabetes kapena matenda ashuga.
Zoyambitsa matenda a shuga 1 a Ana
Matenda a shuga ndi mkhalidwe womwe kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kapena kuchuluka kwa glycosylated hemoglobin HB A1C (pafupifupi shuga m'magazi m'miyezi yaposachedwa) kuli pamwamba kwabwinobwino, koma osakhala okwanira kuti apezeke ndi matenda a shuga. Mu shuga mellitus, maselo m'thupi amakhala ndi njala, ngakhale ali ndi shuga wambiri.
Popita nthawi, shuga wambiri amawononga mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi, zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta monga matenda a mtima, stroke, matenda a impso, khungu, matenda amano, komanso kuduladula kwam'munsi. Zovuta zina za matenda a shuga zitha kufotokozedwa pakuwonjezereka kwa matenda ena, kuchepa kwa kayendedwe ka ukalamba, kukhumudwa ndi mavuto apakati.
Palibe amene akutsimikiza kuti zimayambitsa njira zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga, koma asayansi akukhulupirira kuti nthawi zambiri, chomwe chimayambitsa matenda ashuga ndi mgwirizano wa majini komanso chilengedwe.
Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya matenda ashuga - mtundu 1 shuga ndi mtundu 2 shuga. Mtundu wachitatu, matenda a shuga, umakhalapo pokhapokha pakati. Mitundu ina ya matenda ashuga imayamba chifukwa cha zolakwika zamtundu winawake, matenda a kapamba, mankhwala ena kapena mankhwala, matenda, ndi zina. Anthu ena amawonetsa zizindikiritso za matenda amtundu 1 nthawi imodzi.
Kudziletsa
Masiku ano anthu odwala matenda ashuga amakhulupirira kuti kubadwa kwa makolo ndi komwe kungayambitse matenda a shuga 1.
Mitundu imachoka kwa kholo kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana. Chibadwa chimakhala ndi malangizo opanga mapuloteni ofunikira pakupanga ndi kugwira ntchito kwa thupi. Mitundu yambiri, komanso momwe zimakhalira pakati pawo, zimakhudza chiwopsezo komanso kupezeka kwa matenda a shuga 1. Mitundu yofunika imatha kukhala mosiyanasiyana. Zosintha m'mitundu yoposa 1% ya anthu amatchedwa majini.
Mitundu ina ya jini yomwe imakhala ndi malangizo opanga mapuloteni amatchedwa human leukocyte antigen (HLAs). Amaphatikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chokhala ndi matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba. Mapuloteni ochokera ku mitundu ya HLA angathandize kudziwa ngati chitetezo cha mthupi chimazindikira kuti selo ndi gawo la thupi kapena limazindikira kuti ndi lachilendo. Kuphatikiza kwakomwe kwa mitundu ya HLA mitundu kumatha kudziwiratu ngati munthu angakhale pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba.
Ngakhale antigen ya leukocyte munthu ndiye jini yofunika kwambiri pakuyambitsa matenda a shuga 1, mitundu yambiri ndi majini omwe ali pachiwopsezochi apezeka. Sikuti majini amenewa amathandizira kuzindikira kuopsa kwa matenda ashuga amtundu wa 1 mwa anthu, amaperekanso malangizo othandizira asayansi kuti amvetsetse momwe matenda a shuga alili komanso kudziwa njira zomwe zingathandizire kupewa komanso kupewa matenda.
Kuyesa kwa ma genetic kumatha kuwonetsa mitundu ya mitundu ya HLA yomwe ili m'thupi la munthu, komanso imawululanso mitundu ina yokhudzana ndi matenda a shuga. Komabe, kuyesa kwamitundu yambiri kumachitikabe pamlingo wofufuzira ndipo sikufikiridwa ndi munthu wamba. Asayansi akufufuza momwe zotsatira za kuyesera kwa majini zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphunzira zomwe zimayambitsa chitukuko, kupewa komanso kuchiza matenda a shuga 1.
Kuwonongeka kwa autoimmune kwa maselo a beta
Mtundu woyamba wa shuga, maselo oyera otchedwa T cell amapha ma cell a beta. Njirayi imayamba kale lisanayambike zizindikiro za matenda ashuga ndipo imapitilirabe pambuyo popezeka. Nthawi zambiri, matenda amtundu 1 samapezeka mpaka ambiri mwa ma beta awonongedwa. Pakadali pano, wodwalayo ayenera kulandira jakisoni wa insulin tsiku lililonse kuti apulumuke. Kufufuza njira zosinthira kapena kuthetseratu njira ya autoimmuneyi ndikusungabe ntchito ya beta-cell ndi njira imodzi yakufukufuku waposayansi yasayansi.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti insulini palokha imatha kukhala chifukwa chachikulu pakuvutikira kwa maselo a beta. Chitetezo cha mthupi cha anthu omwe amatenga matenda a shuga 1 amamuyankha insulin ngati thupi lachilendo kapena antigen yake.
Kuwonongeka kwa cellimmune beta ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga 1
Pofuna kuthana ndi ma antigen, thupi limapanga mapuloteni otchedwa ma antibodies. Ma Beta-cell insulin antibodies amapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga 1. Ofufuzawo akuphunzira ma antibodies omwewa kuti athandize kuzindikira mwa anthu chiopsezo chotenga matendawa. Kuyesa mitundu ndi milingo yama antibodies m'magazi kungathandize kudziwa ngati munthu ali ndi matenda a shuga 1, matenda a LADA, kapena mtundu wina wa matenda ashuga.
Zovuta pazachilengedwe
Zoyipa zachilengedwe, monga dothi loipitsidwa, chakudya, ma virus ndi poizoni zingayambitse kukula kwa matenda ashuga amtundu 1, koma mawonekedwe awo omwe sanakhazikitsidwebe. Ena amati chilengedwe chimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa maselo a beta mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda ashuga. Ziphunzitso zina zimanena kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zimakhalabe ndi vuto la matenda ashuga, ngakhale atazindikira.
Ma virus ndi matenda
Kachilomboka sikangayambitse matenda a shuga pawokha, koma nthawi zina anthu omwe amapezeka ndi matenda amtundu woyamba amadwala kapena atatenga kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa mgwirizano pakati pawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwa matenda a shuga amtundu woyamba kumakhala kofala kwambiri nthawi yozizira, pamene matenda opatsirana ndi ma virus alipo ambiri. Mavairasi omwe angatengedwe ndi matenda amtundu wa 1 amaphatikizapo: virus ya Coxsackie B, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, rubella, ndi mumps. Asayansi afotokoza njira zingapo momwe ma virus awa angawonongere kapena kuwononga maselo a beta, komanso zomwe zingayambitse zochita za autoimmune mwa anthu omwe atengeke mosavuta.
Mwachitsanzo, ma antibodies othandizira kuchilumba amapezeka mwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lobadwa ndi rubella, matenda a cytomegalovirus adalumikizidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa maselo ambiri a beta komanso kupezeka kwa kapamba - kupweteka kwa kapamba. Asayansi akuyesera kuti adziwe kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa matenda amtundu 1, ndiye kuti katemera atha kupangidwa kuti ateteze kukula kwa ma virus a matendawa.
Mchitidwe wodyetsa ana
Kafukufuku wina wawonetsa kuti zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimathanso kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi matenda amtundu woyamba. Mwachitsanzo, makanda ndi makanda omwe amalandila zowonjezera mavitamini D ali ndi chiopsezo chochepa cha kukhala ndi matenda amtundu woyamba, pomwe kudziwa mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi mapuloteni amphaka kungayambitse chiwopsezo. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti mudziwe momwe zakudya za ana zimakhudzira matenda a shuga 1.
Matenda a Endocrine
Matenda a Endocrine amakhudza ziwalo zomwe zimapanga mahomoni. Cushing's syndrome ndi acromegaly ndi zitsanzo zamavuto amthupi omwe angayambitse kukula kwa prediabetes ndi matenda a shuga, ndikupangitsa insulin kukana.
- Cushing's Syndrome yodziwika ndi kupanga kwambiri cortisol - nthawi zina matendawa amatchedwa "nkhawa hormone".
- Acromegaly amapezeka pamene thupi lipanga mahomoni ambiri okula.
- Glucagon - chotupa chosowa kwambiri cha pancreatic chingayambenso matenda a shuga. Chotupa chimapangitsa kuti thupi lizitulutsa glucagon wambiri.
- Hyperthyroidism - Vuto lomwe limachitika pamene chithokomiro cha chithokomiro chizitulutsa timadzi tambiri ta chithokomiro chitha kupangitsanso kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.
Mankhwala ndi poizoni wa mankhwala
Mankhwala ena, monga nicotinic acid, mitundu ina ya okodzetsa, anti-drug, psychotropic mankhwala ndi mankhwala ochizira ma immunodeficiency virus (HIV), itha kuyambitsa ntchito ya beta-cell kapena kusokoneza zotsatira za insulin.
Pentamidine, mankhwala opangidwa kuti athandizidwe ndi chibayo, amatha kuwonjezera ngozi ya kapamba, kuwonongeka kwa maselo a beta, komanso matenda ashuga.
Kuphatikiza apo, glucocorticoids, mahomoni am'madzi omwe ali ndi mankhwala ofanana ndi cortisol mwachilengedwe, amatha kukulitsa zovuta za insulin. Glucocorticoids amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda otupa monga nyamakazi, mphumu, lupus, ndi ulcerative colitis.
Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti kumwa kwambiri zamankhwala okhala ndi nayitrogeni, monga ma nitrate ndi nitrites, kuonjezera chiwopsezo cha matenda a shuga.
Arsenic akuphunziridwanso mwakhama kuti athe kulumikizana ndi matenda ashuga.
Pomaliza
Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga 1 ndizoyambira, choyamba, ndi majini komanso chibadwa chathu. Komanso, matenda ashuga amatha kupezeka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa autoimmune kwa maselo a beta, kupezeka kwa zinthu zoyipa zachilengedwe, ma virus ndi matenda, machitidwe odyetsa makanda, matenda amtundu wa endocrine ndi autoimmune, komanso chifukwa chotenga mitundu inayake ya mankhwala kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Mpaka pano, matenda a shuga 1 samachiritsidwanso, ndipo kugwira ntchito mwamphamvu kwa thupi kumatha kukhazikika (jakisoni wa insulini, kuwongolera shuga ndimwazi). Asayansi ochokera kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi akuphunzira kwambiri matendawa, akupanga njira zamakono zochizira komanso kuwongolera matenda ashuga, komanso akuyesera kupeza njira yochizira matendawa.
