Zomwe insulin imatulutsa: zomwe zimabisa chinsinsi

Sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti insulini imatulutsa chiwalo chomwe chimathandizanso kugaya chakudya - "kapamba". Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za insulin ndikusunga kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Kupatuka kwazomwe zimachitika mu mahomoni kumbali iliyonse kumakhala ndi zovuta zambiri, kuphatikizapo kukula kwa matenda ashuga.

Insulin

Mahomoni ndi amodzi ofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti thupi likuyenda bwino. Insulin imachita mbali yayikulu mu kagayidwe kachakudya, komanso chifukwa cha kameneka kamapezeka m'magazi. Kuchuluka kwa insulin kumayambitsa matenda a shuga 1.

Matendawa amayenda mowononga pamthupi lonse, ndipo amayambitsa mavuto. Odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la mahormoni amakakamizidwa kuti azisamalira ma insulin pafupipafupi.

Kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya insulin yomwe ingayambitse matenda a shuga. Matendawa, monga mawonekedwe a insulin, amakhala ndi zovuta zambiri ndipo ndi owopsa thanzi komanso moyo.

Insulin, momwe imapangidwira m'thupi

Kapamba, momwe biosynthesis ya mahomoni, imapangira gawo logaya chakudya. Zili ndi thupi, mutu, mchira. Insulin imapangidwa pakupanga maselo apadera a pancreatic omwe amatchedwa "islets of Langerhans", omwe amapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo omwe amapanga mahomoni ena. Maselo a Beta ndi omwe amapanga insulin.

Zomwe zimapangidwira magawo:

1. Mahomoni opangidwa ndi maselo a beta amatengedwa kupita ku Golgi tata, komwe kukonzanso kumachitika.
2. Kenako, insulini "imadzaza", imadzunjikana mumigulu yachinsinsi, komwe imasungidwa.
3. Hyperglycemia ikachitika, timadzi timatulutsa timagazi.

Pogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi zakudya zokhala ndi ma carbohydrate, gland imasinthira ku boma lotukuka, lomwe pang'onopang'ono limapangitsa kutsika kwake ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala chifukwa choyambitsa matenda ashuga.

Insulin glucose neutralization

Ntchito ya mahomoni, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuteteza matenda a shuga, imapezekanso m'magawo:

1. Kuchulukitsa kuzilowa kwa zimagwira ma cell.
2. Zochita za maselo zimapangidwa, chifukwa chomwe shuga amakamizidwa ndi kukonzedwa.
3. Glucose amasinthidwa kukhala glycogen, yomwe imasonkhana m'maselo a chiwindi, minofu minofu, ngati mphamvu ina yowonjezera. Amatha kuwamwa panthawi yomwe munthu akuchita zolimbitsa thupi, pomwe magwero akulu amagetsi amatopa.

Zimayambitsa matenda a ziwalo

Pali zinthu zambiri zoyipa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a kapamba:

• uchidakwa
• nkhanza za mchere, zamafuta, ndizosuta,
• matenda a duodenum,
• zilonda zam'mimba
• kupezeka kwamavuto amthupi,
• othandizira opaleshoni
• zinthu zobadwa nazo, kuphatikizapo matenda a shuga,
• matenda a metabolic ndi ena.

Zotsatira zamatenda a kapamba

Kulephera pakugwira ntchito kwa kapamba nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa matenda akulu akulu, omwe ngati sanapatsidwe, amatenga matenda osachiritsika. Ndi osakwanira kupanga insulin ndi thupi, kapena, m'malo mwake, kupanga zochuluka kwambiri za izo, zimayambitsa mapangidwe a izi:

• kapamba
• matenda oncological
• matenda ashuga.

Zokwera Insulin Zokwera: Zoyambitsa

Thanzi la thupi limadalira bwino, kuphatikizapo kagayidwe kazakudya, imodzi mwazinthu zomwe ntchito yake ndikupanga insulin. Palibe cholakwika kuganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa mahomoni sangawononge thanzi. Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwake sikumavulanso kuposa mitengo yotsika.

Cholinga chake chimatha kusintha pakapangidwe ka thupi. Komabe, insulin yayikulu imawonedwa kawiri kawiri shuga. Ndi matenda amtunduwu, kugwira ntchito kwa gland kumawonedwa munjira yoyenera, pamene mabulangete a Langerans amapanga insulin mogwirizana ndi chizolowezi.

Chomwe chikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ndi insulin kukana, ndiye kuti, chidwi cha maselo kuti insulin ithe. Zotsatira zake, shuga samalowa mkati mwa cell membrane. Thupi limayamba kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa insulini, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake.

Kuzindikira kwamlingo wokwera kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kuyezetsa magazi. Phunziroli limachitika pamimba yopanda kanthu, mutatha kudya, chizindikiro chimasintha.

Ngati wapezeka wambiri, ndikofunikira kuzindikira chomwe chimayambitsa kuti apatsidwe mankhwala oyenera. Matenda a shuga akapezeka, wodwalayo amapatsidwa zakudya zapadera za carb komanso mankhwala omwe cholinga chake chimathandizira kuzindikira kwa mahomoni pamaselo a ma cell.

Zifukwa zakachepa kwambiri:

Kutsika kwa insulin kungayambike chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana. The endocrinologist amatha kudziwa molondola zomwe zimayambitsa chifukwa cha mayeso. Kuchepa kwamapangidwe am'madzi kungayambitse:

• Zomwe zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zamagulu ochulukirapo a kalori, zakudya zamafuta ndi chakudya chamafuta / okoma, ufa /. Zotsatira zake, insulini imakhala yosakwanira kutaya chakudya chamafuta ambiri.
• Odwala kwambiri.
• Chitetezo chochepa.
• Kupsinjika, kusokonezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha psychoemotional state, kusowa tulo kwambiri kumapangitsanso kuchepa kwa kupanga kwa insulin.
• Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi osakwanira.

Ntchito zina za insulin

Kuphatikiza pa cholinga chachikulu, insulin imakhudzanso zochitika zina zamthupi:

• kukondoweza kwa kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni,
• thandizo mu mayamwidwe amino acid,
• mayendedwe a potaziyamu, magnesium kumaselo.

Ndi pathologies a kapamba, omwe amapanga timadzi tating'onoting'ono, tothandizirana ndi insulin sitingathandizire kukhatikiza kwa glucose wathunthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tulo tife. Ngati mankhwalawa a insulin apezeka, ndikofunikira kupita kukayezetsa kuti adziwe zomwe zimayambitsa ndikupereka mankhwala oyenera.

Ntchito za kapamba ndi ziti?

Chikondwerero, mu kukula kwake, ndi chachiwiri pambuyo pa chiwindi chokhudzana ndi chimbudzi. Ili pakati pamimba pamimba ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe awa:

Thupi ndilo gawo lalikulu la chisa, chomwe chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a prisasi ndipo imadutsa mchira. Mutu wophimbidwa ndi duodenum ndi wofowoka ndipo umakhala kumanja kwa midline.

Ino ndi nthawi yoti muganize kuti ndi dipatimenti iti yomwe imayang'anira insulini? Mphengoyi imakhala ndi timagulu tomwe maselo timapangira insulin. Masango amatchedwa "zisumbu za Langerhans" kapena "zisumbu za pancreatic." Langerhans ndi katswiri wazamakhalidwe wa ku Germany yemwe adapeza koyamba kuzinthu izi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800.

Ndipo, dotolo waku Russia, L. Sobolev, adatsimikizira zowona kuti zonena kuti insulin imapangidwa m'masukulu.

Kuchulukitsa kwa ma miliyoni miliyoni kumangokhala magalamu 2 okha, ndipo izi ndi pafupifupi 3% ya kulemera konseko. Komabe, zilumba zazing'ono izi zimakhala ndi maselo A, B, D, PP. Ntchito yawo imayang'ana kubisika kwa mahomoni, omwe, nawonso, amawongolera njira zama metabolic (chakudya, mapuloteni, mafuta).

Yofunika B Cell Ntchito

Ma B-cell ndiwo amachititsa kuti insulin ipangidwe mthupi la munthu. Hormone iyi imadziwika kuti imayendetsa shuga ndipo imayang'anira njira yamafuta. Ngati insulini ikuperewera, matendawa amakula.

Chifukwa chake, asayansi kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi pantchito zamankhwala, zamankhwala osokoneza bongo, sayansi ndi majini opanga ma genetic amadabwitsa vutoli ndikufunafuna kuti amvetsetse zazing'ono kwambiri za insulin biosynthesis kuti aphunzire momwe angaongolere njirayi.

Maselo a B amapanga magulu awiri a mahomoni. M'mawu akuti chisinthiko, chimodzi cha izo ndi chakale kwambiri, ndipo chachiwiri ndichabwino, chatsopano. Gawo loyamba la maselo limatulutsa kanthu osagwira ntchito ya proinsulin. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa sizidutsa 5%, koma gawo lawo silinaphunzire.

Tili ndi zinthu zosangalatsa:

1. Insulin, monga proinsulin, imapangidwa koyamba ndi maselo a B, pambuyo pake imatumizidwa ku zovuta za Golgi, apa mahomoni amathandizidwanso.
2. Mkati mwapangidwe kameneka, komwe kamapangidwa kuti pakhale kuphatikizika ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, C-peptide imakonzedwa ndi ma enzyme.
3. Zotsatira zake, insulin imapangidwa.
4. Kenako, timadzi timeneti timayikidwa m'miyeso yamagalamu, momwe timadziunjikira ndipo timasungidwa.
5. Magazi akangotuluka, m'magazi mumatuluka magazi, ndiye kuti pakufunika insulin, ndiye kuti mothandizidwa ndi ma B-cell amadzitsekera kwambiri m'magazi.

Umu ndi momwe kupanga kwa insulin kumachitikira m'thupi la munthu.

Mukamadya zakudya zokhala ndi chakudya chamagulu, ma cell a B ayenera kugwira ntchito mwadzidzidzi, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azizengelezeka pang'onopang'ono. Izi zikugwira ntchito kwa mibadwo yonse, koma okalamba ndi omwe amatha kutengeka ndi chiphunzitsochi.

Kwa zaka, ntchito za insulin zimachepa ndipo vuto la kuchepa kwa mahomoni limapezeka m'thupi.

Maselo ochepetsa mphamvu ya B amadziwonjezera. Kugwiritsa ntchito maswiti ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi ufa posakhalitsa kumabweretsa matenda akulu, omwe ndi matenda ashuga. Zotsatira za matendawa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowopsa. Mutha kuwerenga zambiri za zomwe insulin ya mahomoni ili pamalo ogona.

Kuchita kwa timadzi timene timagwira shuga

Funso limabuka mosaganizira kuti: glucose amatenga bwanji insulin mthupi la munthu? Pali magawo angapo owonekera:

• kuchuluka kwamitsempha yama cell, chifukwa maselo amayamba kuyamwa kwambiri shuga,
• kusintha kwa glucose kukhala glycogen, komwe kumayikidwa m'chiwindi ndi minofu.

Mothandizidwa ndi njirazi, kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumachepera.

Pazamoyo, glycogen ndimatha kupulumutsa mphamvu. Mwakuyankhula kwina, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwazinthu izi kumadziunjikira m'chiwindi, ngakhale kuchuluka kwake mu minofu ndikokulira.

Kuchuluka kwa wowuma kwachilengedwe m'thupi kungakhale pafupifupi magalamu 0,5. Ngati munthu akuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndiye kuti glycogen imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha gwero lonse lamagetsi likapezeka.

Chodabwitsa ndi chakuti, kapamba yemweyo amatulutsanso glucagon, yemwe, ndiwotsutsa wa insulin. Glucagon imatulutsa A-maselo a zilumba zofananira zofananazo, ndipo zochita za timadzi timadzi timene timatulutsa glycogen ndikuwonjezera shuga.

Koma kugwira ntchito kwa kapamba popanda okana ma hormone sikungatheke. Insulin imayang'anira kaphatikizidwe ka michere yam'mimba, ndipo glucagon imachepetsa kupanga kwawo, ndiye kuti, imachita zinthu zotsutsana kwathunthu. Titha kufotokozedwa kuti munthu aliyense, makamaka wodwala matenda ashuga, ayenera kudziwa mtundu wa matenda kapamba, zizindikiro, chithandizo, popeza moyo umadalira chiwalo ichi.

Zikuwonekeratu kuti kapamba ndi chiwalo chomwe chimapanga insulin mthupi la munthu, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi timinchu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri ta Langerhans.

1Key, kutsegula maselo

Ntchito yayikulu ya kapamba ndikupanga ma enzymes okugaya. Pafupifupi 95% yazida zake zimagwira nawo ntchito imeneyi.

Koma mu kapangidwe kake (makamaka mchira) pali masango a maselo achilengedwe a endocrine - zilumba za Langerhans, dzina lake pambuyo pa katswiri wazachipatala wa ku Germany yemwe wazipeza. Zosiyana ndi maselo ena amtundu, minyewa imeneyi imakhala pafupifupi 2% ya pancreatic misa ndipo imakwana zilumba pafupifupi 1 miliyoni.

Maselo a Islet beta ndiye "chida" chachitsulo chomwe chimatulutsira insulin, mahomoni omwe amayambitsa kagayidwe. Molekyulu yake ndi puloteni (protein) yokhala ndi ma amino acid awiri: A ndi B. Chain A ili ndi ma amino acid okwanira 21, ma B-ma cell okhala ndi milatho 30 ya disulfide (chomangira pakati pa ma atomu awiri a sulufule).

Insulin imamanga ndipo imadziwika ndi transmembrane protein (A subunit of receptor), yomwe imakhala ngati transducer ya siginito yomwe imayendetsa zotsatira za enzyme. Ngakhale zotsatirapo za biochemical zomwe zimachitika pakubwera kwa mahomoni ndi ma receptor sizinaphunziridwe, akukhulupirira kuti mapuloteniwa amachititsa protein kinase C, puloteni yomwe imakhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka intracellular metabolism.

Chikhalidwe cha progesterone ya mahomoni mwa akazi

Zovomerezeka zomwe zimapezeka mu insulin m'magazi zimadziwika kuti ndizofunika kuyambira 3 mpaka 20 μU / ml. Kupatuka kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zamtundu wa lipid kagayidwe kake kamene kamayambitsa matenda a triglycerides m'magazi komanso mphamvu ya metabolic decomproll.

Pamene insulini ikapangidwa mu kapamba kochepa kapena osapangidwa konse, kuchepa kwake kumadziwonetsera mu vuto la metabolic: kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumakwera. Ili ndi nthenda ya autoimmune yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi chitetezo chamthupi cha munthu.

Insulin mu mtundu 1 wa shuga amachepetsa kwambiri. Zizindikiro zamagetsi otsika akhoza kukhala ofanana pamlingo wokwera, koma amawonjezedwa kwa iwo: kunjenjemera, palpitations, pallor, nkhawa, mantha, kukomoka, thukuta.

Kusaka kwa zaka zana limodzi

M'zaka zana zonsezi, asayansi akhala akufunafuna njira zopangira kusowa kwa mahomoni kuchokera kunja. Mpaka m'ma 1920s, zakudya zosasamalidwa zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda ashuga, koma kufunafuna kwathu konse kwa zakudya zabwino sizinaphule kanthu.

Mu 1921, ofufuza aku Canada adachita bwino koyamba kutulutsa chinthu cha hypoglycemic, insulini, kuchokera kuzimbudzi za agalu. Chaka chamawa, wodwala woyamba amalandira, ndipo omwe amatulutsa timadzi tam'madzi a F.

Bunting ndi J. MacLeod - Mphoto ya Nobel.

Pambuyo pazaka 15, Hans Christian Hagedorn amatsegula insulin yoyamba - - NPH-insulin (kulowerera m'ndale Hagedorn), yomwe pambuyo pake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'chipatala. Pofika pakati pa zaka za zana lino, zinali zotheka kufotokozera kapangidwe kazomwe zimapangidwira ndi ma amino acid omwe amapanga molekyulu ya insulin, ndipo patatha zaka 40, ofufuza adatha kudziwa momwe gawo la molekyulu ya mahomoni imapangidwira.

Mu 1982, mainjiniya amapanga analogue ya pancreatic hormone yaanthu yopangidwa ndi mabakiteriya osakhazikika pathogenic, mu genome momwe ma insulin geni amaikidwa. Pambuyo pazaka 3, insulin yoyamba ya munthu imawonekera pamsika. M'mbuyomu, nkhumba ndi bovine insulin zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ntchito yofufuzira idapitilirabe, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa zaka zam'tsogolo, kufananizira kwa insulin yaumunthu kunayamba, kutchuka kwambiri ndi madokotala ndi odwala. Izi ndizomveka:

1. Industrial insulin ndi yothandiza kwambiri.
2. Mankhwalawa ndi otetezeka.
3. Ma Analogs ndi abwino kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
4. Kuwerengetsa kwamlingo wowerengeka ndi kusinthanitsa kwa mankhwalawa ndi chinsinsi cha mahomoni a thupi lanu.

Chithandizo chamakono cha insulin chimadalira kutsimikiza kwa Mlingo wa insulin inayake ya mankhwala, popeza ma mahoni opangidwa mosiyanasiyana amasiyanasiyana kuchuluka kwa jakisoni, njira zogwiritsira ntchito, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya insulin, komanso momwe mahomoni amaperekedwera thupi.Odwala omwe amadalira insulin adatha kukonza bwino kwambiri moyo komanso chiyembekezo chamoyo.

Insulin ndi glucagon: ubale ndi ntchito

Kuphatikiza pa cholinga chachikulu, insulin imakhudzanso zochitika zina zamthupi:

• kukondoweza kwa kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni,
• thandizo mu mayamwidwe amino acid,
• mayendedwe a potaziyamu, magnesium kumaselo.

Zikondazo zimatulutsa mahomoni ofunika omwe amayambitsa njira zomwe zimathandizira thanzi la munthu. Ntchito za insulin ndi glucagon - zinthu popanda zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimachitika m'thupi - ndizogwirizana. Ndipo ngati pali kusokonezedwa pakupanga mahomoni amodzi, chachiwiri chimalekeranso kugwira ntchito moyenera.

Nkhani yonena za jakisoni wa mbiri yakale

Kugawidwa kwa insulin kumachitika chifukwa cha Canada, wasayansi, amalume omwe ali ndi magalasi - Frederick Bunting.

Kodi adakumba kuti? Chilichonse ndichopepuka. Anatenga kalulu uja ndikuyamba kumufinya ndi manja ake. Mpaka madzi onse, kuphatikiza ndi timadzi ta insulin, amatuluka kuchokera ku last womaliza

Adawasonkhanitsa mu syringe.
Ndipo atakhutira, anamasura Kalulu m'manja mwake opusa, ophunzira. Insulin yanyama inali kale mu syringe. Ntchitoyo yatha.
Cook, Louise mosasamala adatenga kalulu ndikupita kukhitchini adadziwa kale zomwe zingakhale chakudya chamadzulo kunyumba ya a Buntingovs lero.

Atayang'ana kalendala pa tsiku la Januware 11, 1922, Frederick Bunting yawoned, adayang'ana pawindo ndipo, pambali pa matalala aku Canada omwe amasewera komanso kusewera ana oyandikana nawo, sanawone china.
"Yakwana nthawi," Fred anaganiza.

Mnyamata wazaka 14 anali kuthamanga pafupi ndi nyumba, ndipo madotolo apeza matenda a shuga posachedwapa.

- Leonardo! Fred adayimbira chibwenzi chake, atayimirira pakhonde lanyumba yake.

"Ufuna chiyani, Amalume Fred?" Leonardo adayankha.

- Kwezani syudy! Iwe mwana wa mbewa! Ndikupangira, mtundu wa okhlamon, "adakuwa Fred.

Leonardo adakondwera ndi zomwe adazimva, adathamangira kwa Amalume Fred ndikugwedeza chipale chofewa kuchokera ku zipun, kulowa mkatikati.

Fred analamula kuti: “Vula zovala zako ndipo ukagone pakama.

Jekeseni, Leonardo adavulala pang'onopang'ono komanso molimba mtima.

- Ndiye, ndi. Thawirani kwathu, ”adatero Fred.
"Ndidzakuchezerani mawa."

Tsiku lotsatira, Leonardo adakumana ndi mankhwalawa.
Mafuta a insulini sanayeretsedwe mokwanira.

Kenako adayitanitsa Fred, bwenzi la James Collip yemwe anali wankhondo kale.

"James," Fred anatero kwa mnzake.
- Tiyenera kutsuka insulin yanga, kuchoka pazakudya zina zosiyanasiyana, kuchititsa chifuwa.

Axamwali! Ine, Andrey Eroshkin, ndikusungirani masamba osangalatsa a masamba akunyumba, lowani ndipo penyani!

Mitu ya masamba obwera:

• Momwe mungachepetse kulemera popanda mphamvu ndikuti kulemera kwake kusabwerenso?
• Kodi mungakhalenso wathanzi popanda mapiritsi, mwanjira yachilengedwe?
• Kodi miyala ya impso imachokera kuti ndipo ndichitenji kuti ndisawonekenso?
• Kodi mungasiye bwanji kupita ku gynecologists, kubereka mwana wathanzi ndipo osakula msinkhu wazaka 40?

James adati, "Zachitika, Fred."
- Ndipatseni masiku 12 ndipo ndipanga izi. uh. zikuyenda bwanji? Ndikhululukireni. insulin - misozi ya mwana.

Pa Januware 23, wofiyira kuchokera ku chisanu chofewa cha ku Canada, pakhomo la nyumba ya Buntingovs, anaima James, atakhutira ndikuwonjezereka.

Mnzake woyandikira Leonardo adagona kale pakama ndikudikirira jakisoni wodziwika bwino.
Jakisoni yemwe pambuyo pake adzapulumutsa mamiliyoni a anthu.

James anatulutsa syringe, malovu, kuwaza, kuponyera singano mu Leonardo wakachetechete ndikukanikiza piston.
Zomwe zidatsala ndikuyembekezera mawa m'mawa.

Umunthu unazirala, osadziwa zomwe zinali kuchitika, koma mbiriyakale siyingalembedwenso.

M'mawa, munthu woyandikana naye nyumbayo adamwanso kumwa kvass wozizira waku Canada kuchokera pampando.

Fred - adakondwera!
Bwenzi lake la biochemical, James, adavina ku Canada - ovina aanthu "Mzanga, City Hall Ann" ndikumwa kuwotcha kwa mwezi.
Mbale wa Nobel wamtsogolo - mnzake wa Fred Bunting adadzadza tsiku lomwelo ndi zisangalalo zabwino.

Dziko lapansi lidalawa phokoso lotchedwa insulin.

Ndipo zonse zikuwoneka choncho, koma osati kwenikweni.

Pakadali pano, nkhani yeniyeni ya insulin potion ikuyamba kumene. Ma protein a protein awa siophweka. Chabwino, khazikani bwino pansi, ndipitiliza nkhani yanga patsogolo.

Leonid Vasilievich Sobolev - wanzeru ndi womvetsa chisoni

Kwa zaka 46 jekeseni wa zozizwitsazi, a insulin mu 1876 m'mudzi wa Trubchevsk, m'chigawo cha Oryol, mwana wamwamuna Lenya adabadwa. Abambo ake, yemwe ndi mkulu wachipembedzo cha Orthodox, amatchedwa Vasily Sobolev. Ndi chifukwa chake mnyamatayo - Leonid Vasilievich Sobolev. Ziyenera kukhala choncho. Ngati bambo anu ndi Vasily, ndiye kuti muyenera kukhala Vasilyevich.

Ndipo Ambuye adamupatsa mphotho yomwe sinazindikiridwe ndikumamasula wazaka 42 mpaka nthawi ya dziko lapansi. Ndendende mpaka chaka cha 1919.

Lenka Sobolev sanadziwe nthawiyo ndipo sanadziwe, monga akunenera, sanadziwe.

Ndinayendayenda m'mudzimo ndi anyamata aja ndikusangalala ndi moyo. Koma ubwana ulinso ndi nthawi. Zatha.

- Lenka! - adakuwa bambo.
"Ponyani masewera anu, zida zamagetsi, shmadzhet ndipo thawani kuno," adalamulira motero mokweza.

Lenka anasiya piritsi yamatabwa kwa anyamata pabwalo, ndipo adathamangira kwa abambo ake.

- Kodi bambo ndi chiyani? Nanga zidatani? - adafunsa Lenka.

"Ndiye," atero tate, akumwa supu ya birch.
- Muyenera kuphunzira kuti mupite. Ndikumva bwino mwa inu. Mukufuna dokotala, mwana.
Choyamba, kupita ku masewera olimbitsa thupi, kenako kupita ku Imperial Mil Army Medical Academy kupita kwa Pulofesa Vinogradov.

M'mawa, Lenka adaponya katundu wake paphewa lake ndikupita ku Petersburg.

Kutalika komanso kuphunzira Lenka pafupipafupi.
Adakhala dokotala wazachipatala mu zaka 24 zakubadwa, mu 1900.
Kudziwika kwake kunali katswiri wazamapazi. Pathology motero idaphunziridwa.

Anayamba kulemba mabuku ake papepala ndipo anasindikiza zolemba zingapo, zomangirira komanso malipoti ku Germany.
Apa, wophunzira wathu wamkulu Ivan Pavlov anathandiza Leonid Vasilyevich wathu paulendo wakunja kwazaka ziwiri.

Bwerera

A Lenya Sobolev abwerera kuchokera kuulendo wakunja ndipo adathamangira ku labotale yake. Adatenga akalulu 27, agalu 14, amphaka 12, ng'ombe zamphongo, ana amphongo, nkhosa zamphongo, nkhumba komanso mbalame. Ndinafika ku zonyansa zawo za kapamba ndipo, chabwino, ndikumanga zitsamba za kapamba kuti.

Ndipo kudzera pamalonda ozizwitsa aja, timadziti tam'mimba timalowa m'mimba.
Ndipo anadziwiratu pasadakhale kuti pali kachilumba kakang'ono mu kapamba kamene kamangogwira ntchito yopanga insulin yamatsenga.

Chifukwa chake adakoka maukondewo ndikuyang'ana pa chisumbucho. Onani, pali insulin yochulukirapo mgulu lachigawo chimenecho.
- "Ndiwe pano," anaganiza Lenka
“Ndipo koposa zonse insulin ya ana ang'ono. Chifukwa chake insulin idzakhala ya aliyense, ”adaganiza choncho.

Koma posakhalitsa nthanoyo imakhudza, koma posakhalitsa zinthuzo zachitika.

Chaka chinali cha 1901 pabwalo .. Ndipo pamenepo zida zogwiritsira ntchito popenda shuga wamagazi zinali zopanda chiyembekezo.
Koma chosangalatsa kwambiri mu lingaliro langa kuti Lenka wathu sanakhale wophunzitsidwa bwino wa Nobel, mwachidziwikire izi ndizomwe zimakhalamo.

Matenda a shuga mellitus koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, matenda omwe anakhudza makamaka mayiko olemera - America, Non-Medchin. Komwe amadya ndi zochulukirapo, nthawi zambiri amadya kwambiri. Russia yathu munjira imeneyi sanachite bwino.

Ndipo zidadziwika kuti iwo omwe amakhala m'm umphawi komanso kudya zakudya zosavuta, popanda mitundu yambiri yakunja, sangakhale ndi matenda ashuga. Ndipo adazindikiranso kuti pankhondo komanso zaka zaanjala, kuchuluka kwa odwala kumatsika kwambiri.

Zidapezeka kuti odwala olemera adalandira chithandizo chakunja, ndipo pakati pa Russia yonse matendawa sanali ofala. Ndipo ndalama kuti amuchiritse sizinali zofunikira kupereka.

Tsopano, ngati matenda a typhoid kapena pali kamwazi ndi chifuwa chachikulu - izi, chonde. Pezani ndalamazo. Ndipo matenda ashuga ku Russia sanakhudze malingaliro a boma panthawiyo.

Nayi nkhani yokhudza insulin yamatsenga.

Ndipo wina akafunsa: "Zidakhala bwanji kwa Lenka Sobolev?" Ndiyankha: "Matenda ake, omwe adadziwika ndi matenda ake oopsa ambiri, adamugonjetsa". Matendawa ndi oyipa komanso osachiritsika. Zimapweteka munthu kwathunthu.

Munali kuchokera kwa iye kuti Leonid Vasilievich Sobolev amwalira ku Petersburg tsiku lina la 1919, zaka ziwiri m'mbuyomu
zisanachitike zomwe zidachitika ndi Amalume Fred ochokera m'mudzi waku Canada komanso mwana Leonardo. "

Kodi Frederick Bunting angadziwe ntchito za Leonid Sobolev? Ndikuganiza kuti lingaliro lenileni, lopatsidwa zofalitsa zakunja.

Koma munthawi yathu ino, anyamata anzeru okhala ndi magalasi akhungu atali ndi nyanga zolowera kutembenukira kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuganiza kuti pali chinsinsi china mu comrade iyi yotchedwa insulin kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito shuga m'magazi.

Ndipo adampeza.
Chabwino, ndikukuwuzani pamutu wotsatira, "Tale of Insulin kapena Kumene Mafuta Amachokera ku Zida Zanu (Gawo 2)"

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