Hyperglycemic ketoacidotic chikumbumtima mu ana
Hyperglycemic coma (ICD-10 code E14.0) ndiyovuta kwambiri komanso zovuta kwambiri matenda ena monga matenda ashuga. Mkhalidwe wodwalayo ukhoza kukhala chifukwa chomaliza chosokoneza kagayidwe kachakudya.
Coma imayamba ndi kuchuluka kwambiri m'magazi a glucose (mpaka magawo 30 kapena kuposerapo). Milandu yambiri imawonedwa mwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1. Ndipo chiwerengero chaimfa chimasiyana kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 30%.
Pali gulu laudindo lapadera. Amasiyana mu etiology ndi zomwe zimayambitsa chitukuko. Hyperglycemic coma imakonda kupezeka kwambiri mwa odwala omwe ali ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga. Palinso kukomoka kwa hypoglycemic. Cholinga chake chachikulu pakuchepa kwake ndikuchepa kwambiri kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi a wodwala.
Hyperglycemic ketoacidotic coma imadziwika ndi ketoacidosis, panthawi ya hyperosmolar yosakhala ketoacidotic, pamakhala kuphwanya kwamadzi komwe kumachitika mthupi la munthu, kudzikundikira kwa lactic acid m'misempha ndipo magazi amthupi amachitika mwanjira ya hyperlactacidemic coma.
Zolinga ndi zifukwa zake
Pathogenesis ya hyperglycemic coma imakhazikika pakuwonjezeka kwa shuga mthupi ndi kuphwanya njira za metabolic. Wodwala akatulutsa insulin yokwanira, ndiye kuti chikomokere sichingayambike.
Zikachitika kuti glucose ipitirire magawo 10, imalowa mkodzo wa wodwalayo. Zotsatira zake, mavuto amakula.
Momwemo, zifukwa zotsatirazi zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa hyperglycemic coma zitha kusiyanitsidwa:
- Mlingo wolakwika wa insulin, kudumphira jakisoni.
- Zinthu zopsinja mtima, zovuta zamavuto.
- Kulimbikira kwa matenda.
- Mbiri yakale ya myocardial infarction kapena sitiroko.
- Matenda opatsirana a kupuma kwamthupi, ubongo ndi machitidwe ena othandizira a thupi.
- Kuphwanya zakudya zabwino, kumwa mowa kwambiri.
- Mimba
- Kusintha kwa mankhwala amodzi a hypoglycemic kupita kwina.
Pa nthawi yapakati, thupi la mkazi limagwira ntchito mowirikiza. Mwanjira yomwe mayi woyembekezera ali ndi mtundu wobisika wa matenda, ndiye kuti zotsatira zoyipa sizikhala pambali.
Panthawi yomwe matenda a shuga amapezeka musanabadwe, ndikofunikira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'thupi, ndipo pakakhala zovuta zina, funsani dokotala.
Mwambiri, milandu ya hypoglycemic ikupezeka mwa odwala omwe ali ndi shuga omwe apanga kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa insulin kapena wothandizira wa hypoglycemic.
Hypoglycemia imatha kukhala kulimbitsa thupi kwambiri kapena kufa ndi njala.
Chithunzi cha kuchipatala
Hyperglycemic coma imatha kupangika kuchokera tsiku limodzi mpaka atatu, koma kupezeka kwake patangopita maola ochepa sikumaphatikizidwa. Komabe, mu 99% ya milandu, prerequisites ya coma imawonedwa masiku angapo isanayambike.
Kodi kuzindikira matenda? Zizindikiro zokhala ndi vuto la kuchepa kwa thupi ndi kutaya chidwi, kusanza ndi kusanza, pakamwa kowuma, kumatha kumva ludzu.
Mbali ndiyakuti wodwalayo amatha kupuma movutikira, kufooka, kusowa chidwi, kugona tulo (nthawi zambiri kugona), ndi kuchepa kwa magazi. Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amakula pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa chake, njira zakuzindikira komanso chisamaliro chaubwenzi nthawi zambiri zimachitika mwadzidzidzi.
Hyperglycemic diabetesic coma ndiyowopsa chifukwa ndiosavuta kusokoneza poizoni wazakudya, chifukwa chomwe vutolo likupita, wodwalayo akumva zoipitsitsa. Mwina kukula kwa zovuta zowopsa, mpaka imfa.
Hypo ndi hyperglycemic coma zimasiyana kwambiri ndi zizindikiro. Hypoglycemic chikomaso nthawi zambiri chimadziwika ndi kuyambika kwakumaso. Pathology imadziwika ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:
- Kufooka kwamphamvu mofulumira.
- Kuthamanga mtima.
- Mopanda mantha komanso mwamantha mwamantha.
- Kumva njala, kuzizira, chizungulire.
- Thukuta thukuta.
Ngati pali chimodzi mwazizindikiro za kupsinjika kotere, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa shuga m'magazi anu. Poyerekeza ndi hyperglycemic coma, hypoglycemia imakula mofulumira. Matendawa amakhalanso oopsa kwa moyo wa wodwala.
Kukula kwa chikumbumtima mu mwana
Nthawi zambiri, odwala ang'onoang'ono amakhala ndi vuto la ketoacidotic, lomwe limangofunika chithandizo chamankhwala kuchipatala.
Zomwe zimayambitsa hyperglycemic ketoacidotic chikomaso kwenikweni sizosiyana. Komabe, kusakhazikika kwa mahomoni ndi malingaliro, omwe amadziwika bwino kwa ana ndi achinyamata, amawonjezedwa.
Hyperglycemic diabetesic coma mu mwana limakula pang'onopang'ono masiku angapo. Ngati insulini yaying'ono imayang'aniridwa, kuphwanya njira yogwiritsira ntchito shuga kumawonedwa.
Zizindikiro muubwana zimayamba ndi kudwala pang'ono ndikutha ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Zizindikiro za chikomokere:
- Poyamba, pali zizindikiro za malaise wamba, kufooka ndi kutopa, kugona. Nthawi zina ana amadandaula za kuphwanya malankhulidwe, kumva mseru komanso kumva ludzu pafupipafupi.
- Kuphatikiza apo, mseru umasandulika kusanza, ndipo kulephera kupereka mpumulo kumabweretsa kupweteka m'mimba, kufooka poyankha komanso kupweteka mumtima.
- Pomaliza, mwana amalankhula mosamveka, mwina sangayankhe mafunso, amapuma kwambiri komanso maphokoso, fungo la acetone limapezeka kuchokera mkamwa. Mfundo yomaliza ndi kusiya kuzindikira. Mukamadutsa mayeso, acetone m'magazi imawonedwa.
Hyperglycemic diabetesic coma imafunika chisamaliro chachipatala mwachangu, chifukwa kupezeka kwake kusanachitike kungayambitse kufa.
Hyperglycemic Coma Emergency Algorithm
Pafupi odwala matenda ashuga ayenera kudziwa momwe chipatala ndi chisamaliro chamankhwala okhudzana ndi matenda ashuga zilili. Ndikofunikira kuti muzitha kusiyanitsa pakati pa machitidwe a hypo- ndi hyperglycemic.
Nchiyani chomwe chikuyenera kuchitika ambulansi isanafike? Kuthandiza kukomoka kwa hyperglycemic kumakhudzanso kuperekera kwa insulin mosaphatikizika kwa maola awiri ndi atatu. Mlingo wake umasinthidwa malinga ndi zomwe zili m'thupi mwa thupi. Glycemia iyenera kuyesedwa ola lililonse.
Kuchepetsa kudya zamafuta. Pochiza chikomokere cha hyperglycemic, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amaphatikizapo potaziyamu ndi magnesium mu kapangidwe kake, chifukwa amathandizira kupewa hyperacidosis.
Panthawi yomwe ma Mlingo awiri a insulin ofanana nthawi yayitali alibe njira yothandizira, matendawa sanasinthe, ndipo wodwalayo sanakhazikike, ndikofunikira kuyimba ambulansi.
Panthawi yomwe wodwala matenda ashuga kwambiri ndipo ali pafupi kumwalira, chisamaliro chofunikira chidzafunika. Komabe, chithandizo chaukoma kwambiri chimachitika kuchipatala.
Thandizo loyamba lothandizira pa hyperglycemic chikomokazi lili ndi izi:
- Wodwalayo amaikidwa pambali pake kuti asazembetse kusanza. Komanso, izi zimachotsa kuyankhulanso kwa lilime.
- Wodwalayo amakhala ndi zofunda zingapo zofunda.
- Ndikofunikira kuyendetsa zimachitika ndi kupuma.
Wodwalayo akasiya kupuma, muyenera kuyamba kuyambiranso, kupuma movutikira komanso kutikita minofu ya mtima.
Mitundu yonse ya chikomokere ndi zovuta kwambiri, kuyimbira mwachangu komanso moyenera kwa ambulansi kungathandize kuwonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Ngati mabanja ali ndi mbiri ya matenda ashuga, ndiye kuti aliyense wamkulu ayenera kudziwa kuti thandizo lokwanira lingathandize kupewa mavuto, ndikupulumutsa wodwalayo.
Chofunikira: muyenera kudziwa kusiyanitsa pakati pa hyperglycemia ndi hypoglycemia. Poyamba, insulin imayendetsedwa, ndipo ndi hypoglycemic coma glucose imayendetsedwa.
Kupewa
Hyperglycemic diabetesic coma ndichovuta chachikulu, koma chitha kupewedwa ngati mutsatira malangizo onse a dotolo ndikukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Nthawi zina matendawa amakula mwa anthu omwe sokayikira ngakhale kukhalapo kwa matenda ashuga. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri pamene zizindikiro zovuta za autoimmune pathology zikuwoneka kuti zikuwunikira mosiyanasiyana.
Kusanthula kwa hemoglobin ya glycated, kusanthula shuga m'magazi (pamimba yopanda kanthu), kuyesa kwa glucose, kuyesa kwa kapamba, urinalysis kwa shuga kumapangitsa kudziwika kwa nthawi ya mtundu 1 kapena mtundu wa 2 komanso kupereka njira zoyenera zamankhwala.
Anthu odwala matenda ashuga kuti apewe kuchepa kwa vuto la hyperglycemic:
- Mukapezeka ndi mtundu wa matenda a shuga 1, yang'anani bwino matenda anu musanayambe jakisoni wa insulin ndi pambuyo pake. Ngati mankhwala a mahomoni atayendetsedwa, kuchuluka kwa glycemia kudutsa chizindikiro cha 10-15 mmol / l, pamenepo muyenera kusintha njira zina zamankhwala. Wopereka chithandizo chaumoyo amatha kukupatsani mtundu wina wa insulin. Chothandiza kwambiri komanso chotetezeka kwambiri ndi insulin ya anthu.
- Ndi matenda a shuga a 2, wodwalayo ayenera kutsatira zakudya. Pamaso pa kunenepa kwambiri, zakudya zamafuta ochepa zimasonyezedwa.
- Khalani ndi moyo wokangalika. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mochulukirapo kumawonjezera chiwopsezo cha minofu ya insulin, ndikuwongolera zomwe wodwalayo ali nazo.
- Imwani mankhwala a hypoglycemic (omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a 2), ndipo musamayesere njira yodziyimira payokha.
Komanso, odwala amalangizidwa kuti aziyesa mayeso okonzekera. Madokotala amalimbikitsa kuwunika mbiri ya matendawa komanso mphamvu zake zonse. Pakuyeza kwanu, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito gluroeterical glucometer.
Ndikofunikanso kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin ya glycated. Gome ili m'munsi lija likuwonetsa kulembedwa kwa hemoglobin wa glycated kufikira kuchuluka kwa shuga tsiku lililonse.
Mtengo wa HbA1c (%) | Mtengo wa HbA1 (%) | Shuga Yapakatikati (mmol / L) |
---|---|---|
4,0 | 4,8 | 2,6 |
4,5 | 5,4 | 3,6 |
5,0 | 6,0 | 4,4 |
5,5 | 6,6 | 5,4 |
6,0 | 7,2 | 6,3 |
6,5 | 7,8 | 7,2 |
7,0 | 8,4 | 8,2 |
7,5 | 9,0 | 9,1 |
8,0 | 9,6 | 10,0 |
8,5 | 10,2 | 11,0 |
9,0 | 10,8 | 11,9 |
9,5 | 11,4 | 12,8 |
10,0 | 12,0 | 13,7 |
10,5 | 12,6 | 14,7 |
11,0 | 13,2 | 15,5 |
11,5 | 13,8 | 16,0 |
12,0 | 14,4 | 16,7 |
12,5 | 15,0 | 17,5 |
13,0 | 15,6 | 18,5 |
13,5 | 16,2 | 19,0 |
14,0 | 16,9 | 20,0 |
Maofesi a multivitamin, omwe amaphatikizapo chromium, zinc ndi thioctic acid, amathandizira kupewa kukomoka kwa matenda ashuga komanso kukula kwa zovuta za matenda ashuga. Ngakhale pazifukwa zothandizira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochokera ku wowerengeka. Zothandiza ndi ma decoctions potengera ma nyemba, viburnum, lemongrass, calendula.
Matenda azachipatala
Kukula pang'onopang'ono kwa ketoacidosis mwa mwana wodwala kumadziwika kwa masiku angapo kapena milungu ingapo. Zizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwa matenda opatsirana a shuga ndi: kuchepa thupi ndi chakudya chabwino, ludzu, kukodza pafupipafupi, kufooka ndi kutopa, nthawi zambiri kuyabwa, matenda opatsirana komanso opatsirana.
Zizindikiro za kekeapidotic chikomokere:
- ulesi, kugona mpaka kwa sopor,
- ludzu lochulukirapo,
- kukula kwam'mimba ketoacidosis, kuwonetseredwa ndi nseru, kusanza, kupweteka kwam'mimba, kusokonezeka kwa minofu kukhoma kwamkati (chipatala cha "pamimba pamimba") ndi labotale hyperleukocytosis, neutrophilia, kusunthika,
- khungu louma, lotumbulika, limakhala laimvi, "matenda a matenda ashuga" kumaso,
- tachycardia, mtima womveka, magazi akuchepa,
- Fungo la acetone mu mpweya wotuluka.
- shuga wamagazi pamwamba pa 15 mmol / l,
- mu mkodzo, kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa shuga, acetone imatsimikiza.
Ngati simupereka chithandizo chanthawi yake, mudzakhala ndi vuto lalikulu:
- kutaya chikumbumtima ndi chopinga khungu ndi kuwala kwa barbar,
- kuchepa mphamvu kwa madzi m'thupi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kusokonezeka kwa hemodynamic mpaka kugwedezeka kwa hypovolemic: mawonekedwe owongolera nkhope, kuuma ndi khungu la pakhungu ndi mucous nembanemba, ma eye ofewa, kukoka kwa mafayilo, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuchepa kwa mkodzo potulutsa anuria,
- Kupuma kwa Kussmaul: pafupipafupi, mwakuya, kopanda phokoso, komanso kafungo ka acetone mu mpweya wotulutsidwa,
- labotale: mkulu glycemia (20-30 mmol / l), glucosuria, acetonuria, kuchuluka urea, creatinine, magazi lactate, hyponatremia, hypokalemia (ndi anuria pakhoza kuwonjezeka pang'ono), CBS imadziwika ndi metabolic acidosis yokhala ndi kupuma pang'ono: mulingo pH 7.3-6.8; BE = - 3-20 komanso m'munsi.
Kusiyanitsa kosiyanasiyana kwa ketoacidotic chikomichi kumachitika makamaka ndi hypoglycemic ndi matenda ena a shuga - hyperosmolar non-ketoacidotic ndi hyperlactatacidemic. Matenda a shuga a ketoacidosis angafunikenso kuwonetsetsa kuti ali ndi matenda opatsirana am'katikati mwa chibayo, chibayo, encephalitis, ndi zina. Kuti mupeze matenda a ketoacidosis muzochitika zotere, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa glucose ndi matupi a ketone m'magazi ndi mkodzo.
Kusamalira mwadzidzidzi
1. Konzani kuthandizira kuchipatala mwadzidzidzi mu dipatimenti yapadera kapena dipatimenti yapadera ya endocrinology.
2. Tsimikizirani patency ya chapamwamba kupuma thirakiti, mpweya mankhwala.
3. Onjezerani malo ogona kuti mutumizidwe madzi okwanira:
- mkati mwa ola limodzi, yambitsani kulowetsedwa kwa 0,9% ya sodium kolorayidi muyeso wa 20 ml / kg, onjezani 50-200 mg wa cocarboxylase, yankho la 5 ml ya ascorbic acid solution, pakachitika vuto la hypovolemic, onjezerani kuchuluka kwa 30 ml / kg
- mu maola 24 otsatira kuti mupitilize kulowetsedwa pamlingo wa 50-150 ml / kg, pafupifupi tsiku lililonse kutengera zaka: mpaka chaka 1 - 1000 ml, zaka 1-5 - 1500 ml, zaka 5-10 - 2000 ml, 10-18 zaka - 2000-2500 ml. Mu maola 6 oyamba kulowa 50%, maola 6 otsatira - 25% komanso maola 12 otsala - 25% amadzimadzi.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa yankho la 0.9% sodium chloride kumapitilizidwa kufikira mulingo wamagazi a 14 mmol / L. Kenako kulumikiza yankho la shuga 5%, ndikuyambitsa njira imodzi ndi 0,9% sodium chloride solution mu 1: 1. Kuwongolera kwa osmolarity ogwira kuwerengera ndi kakhazikitsidwe: 2 x (magazi sodium mu mmol / l + magazi a potaziyamu mu mmol / l + shuga m'magazi mmol / l). Nthawi zambiri, chizindikiro ichi ndi 297 7 2 mOsm / l. Pamaso pa hyperosmolarity - 0,9% sodium kolorayidi m'malo mwake ndi yankho la hypotonic 0,45%.
4. Nthawi yomweyo ndi kuyambanso kwa kupezanso madzi m'thupi, kutumikirani mwachidule (!) Insulin (actrapid, humulin wokhazikika, ndi zina) iv pa mlingo wa 0.1 U / kg (wokhala ndi matenda osokoneza bongo a zaka zoposa 1 - 0,2 U / kg) mu 100-150 ml ya 0,9% sodium kolorayidi yankho.
Mlingo wotsatira wa insulin uyenera kuperekedwa mu vum pamlingo, ndi 1 LD / kg pa ola limodzi motsogozedwa ndi shuga. Mlingo wa glycemia suyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi oposa 2.8 mmol / ola.
Ndi kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi mpaka 12-14 mmol / l, sinthani ku mankhwalawa pambuyo pa maola 4 pamlingo wa 0,1 U / kg.
5. Pofuna kubwezeretsa potaziyamu wa potaziyamu patatha maola atatu chiyambireni chithandizo, iv idapumira 1% potaziyamu yankho la potaziyamu pafupifupi 2 mmol / kg patsiku (1/1 mlingo - kudzera mkati ndi 1/2 - pakalibe kusanza mkati) :
a) Pakusowa kwa kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu, jekeseni 1% ya potaziyamu potaziyamu muyeso wa 1.5 g pa ola limodzi (100 ml ya yankho la 1% KCl muli 1 g ya potaziyamu kloride, ndi 1 g wa potaziyamu potaziyamu wofanana ndi 13.4 mmol wa potaziyamu, 1 ml 7 , 5% KCl yankho lili ndi 1 mmol wa potaziyamu),
b) ngati pali zisonyezo za potaziyamu m'magazi, kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu imodzi ya potaziyamu ndi motere:
- mpaka 3 mmol / l - 3 g / ola,
- 3-4 mmol / l - 2 g / ola,
- 4-5 mmol / l - 1.5 g / ola,
- 6 mmol / l kapena kuposerapo - siyani kuyendetsa.
Kukonzekera kwa potaziyamu sikuyenera kuperekedwa ngati mwana ali ndi nkhawa komanso akuvutika ndi magazi!
6. Malangizo a metabolic acidosis:
- Popeza magazi a pH - enema yofunda ndi 4% ya sodium bicarbonate solution mu 200-300 ml,
- mu / pakubweretsa yankho la 4% ya sodium bicarbonate imawonetsedwa pH <7.0 yokha kuchokera pakuwerengeka kwa 2,5-4 ml / kg kutsitsa kwa maora 1-3 pamlingo wa 50 mmol / ola (1 g NaHCO3 = 11 mmol), kokha mpaka pH ifike 7.1 kapena kuchuluka kwa 7.2.
7. Popewa kupewera mabakiteriya, perekani mankhwala ambiri a antibayotiki.