Kugawika kwa Carbohydrate - Monosaccharides, Disaccharides ndi Polysaccharides

Zakudya zomanga thupi (shuga, saccharides) - zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zili ndi gulu la carbonyl ndi magulu angapo a hydroxyl. Dzinalo la gulu laophatikizira limachokera ku mawu akuti "kaboni hydrate", adayamba kupangiridwa ndi C. Schmidt mu 1844. Maonekedwe a dzinali ndi chifukwa chakuti woyamba mwa mafuta odziwika mu sayansi adafotokozeredwa ndi formula C yayikulu_x(H₂O)_ymwanjira yokhala mpweya ndi madzi amadzi.

Ma carbohydrate ndi gawo limodzi lofunikira la maselo ndi zimakhala zazamoyo zonse za chomera ndi nyama zapadziko lapansi, popanga (mwa kulemera) zochuluka za zinthu zapadziko lapansi. Gwero la chakudya cha zinthu zonse zamoyo ndimapangidwe a photosynthesis omwe amapangidwa ndi mbewu.

Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zimagawidwa monosaccharides, oligosaccharides ndi polysaccharides.i

Monosaccharides (zopatsa mphamvu) ndizomwe zimayimira zosavuta zamafuta ndipo musagawike muzinthu zosavuta panthawi yama hydrolysis. Monosaccharides ndiye gwero lamphamvu kwambiri komanso lamphamvu kwambiri pa zinthu zomwe zimachitika m'selo. Ma monosaccharides amathandizidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi kaboni dayoksidi ndi madzi, pomwe mapuloteni ndi mafuta amathandizidwa ndi zinthu zomwezo kudzera m'njira zingapo zovuta zapakati. Ma monosaccharides amakoma ndi chifukwa chake amatchedwa "dzuwa".

Oligosaccharides - zovuta zowonjezera zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kutsalira zingapo (kuyambira 2 mpaka 10) zotsalira za monosaccharide. Ma disaccharides (oligosaccharides), ngati ma monosaccharides, amakhala ndi mkoma wokoma chifukwa chake amatchedwa "shuga".

Polysaccharides - zophatikiza molekyulu yayikulu - ma polima opangidwa kuchokera ku ochuluka a monosaccharides. Amagawidwa m'mimba (wowuma, glycogen) ndi osagaya (CHIKWANGWANI chamafuta - fiber, hemicellulose, pectin zinthu) m'mimba. Ma polysaccharides alibe kukoma.

Monosaccharides amadziwika mwanjira ziwiri:
• gulu la carbonyl,
• kutalika kwa tcheni cha kaboni.

Monosaccharides okhala ndi gulu la aldehyde amatchedwa nyemba, gulu la ketone (nthawi zambiri limakhala pamalo a 2) - ketoni (mokwanira - Makhalidwe a ma monosaccharides onse: glucose, galactose, fructose. Kapangidwe ka ma aldoses ndi ketosis ambiri akhoza kuyimiridwa motere.

Kutengera kutalika kwa ma toni a kaboni (ma atomu 3-10), ma monosaccharides agawika magawo atatu, tetrose, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, etc. Pentoses ndi hexoses ndizofala kwambiri.

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Gulu

Mafuta onse amapangidwa ndi "mayunitsi" osiyana, omwe ndi ma saccharides. Malinga ndi kuthekera kwawo kwa hydrolyze kukhala opanga ma monomers, ma carbohydrate amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: osavuta komanso ovuta. Mafuta okhala ndi gawo limodzi amatchedwa monosaccharides, magawo awiri ndi disaccharides, magawo awiri mpaka khumi ndi oligosaccharides, ndipo oposa khumi ndi ma polysaccharides. Ma monosaccharides amachulukitsa shuga m'magazi ndipo amakhala ndi index yayikulu ya glycemic, chifukwa chake amatchedwanso chakudya champhamvu kwambiri. Zimasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi ndipo zimapangidwa muzomera zobiriwira. Zakudya zamagulu ophatikiza magawo atatu kapena kupitilirapo amatchedwa zovuta. Zakudya zokhala ndi michere yambiri zovuta zimachulukitsa glucose ndikukhala ndi index yotsika ya glycemic, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwanso mafuta ochulukirapo. Zakudya zamagalimoto zovuta ndizomwe zimapangidwa ndi polycondment ya zovuta zosavuta (monosaccharides) ndipo, mosiyana ndi zosavuta, panthawi ya hydrolytic cleavage imatha kuwola ngati opanga ma monomers ndikupanga mamiliyoni mamiliyoni ambiri a monosaccharide.

Kapangidwe ka mphete ya gluu

Molekyujeni wama glucose akapanga mphete ya sikisi, pali mwayi wambiri 50 woti mpweya woyamba ukhale ndi gulu lama hydroxyl pansi pa ndege ya mphete.

Mafuta a mphete akhoza kukhala nawo malo awiri osiyana a gulu la hydroxyl (-OH) mozungulira kaboni ya anomeric (kaboni No. 1, yomwe imakhala yofanana ndi mawonekedwe a mphete, likulu la stereo).

Ngati gulu la hydroxyl ndi lotsika kuposa kaboni No. 1 mu shuga, ndiye kuti lanena alpha (α) ndipo ngati ili pamwamba pa ndegeyo, imatero beta (β) .

Zinthu zina

Mitundu ina ya monosaccharide ilipo. Zimatha kukhala zachilengedwe komanso zochepa.

Galactose ndi yachilengedwe. Imapezekanso muzakudya, koma sizimapezeka mwanjira yake yabwino. Galactose ndi chifukwa cha hydrolysis ya lactose. Gwero lake lalikulu ndi mkaka.

Ma monosaccharides ena achilengedwe ndi nthiti, deoxyribose ndi mannose.

Palinso mitundu ya chakudya chotere, yomwe umagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wama mafakitale.

Zinthu izi zimapezekanso mu chakudya ndikulowa m'thupi la munthu:

Iliyonse ya zinthuzi imasiyana mu mawonekedwe ndi ntchito zake.

Zotsitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo

Mtundu wotsatira wama mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi ma disaccharides. Amaonedwa kuti ndi zinthu zovuta kuzimvetsa. Chifukwa cha hydrolysis, mamolekyulu awiri a monosaccharide amapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo.

Zakudya zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi zotsatirazi:

• kuuma
• sungunuka m'madzi
• kusungunuka bwino m'mamowa osakanikirana,
• kukoma kokoma
• utoto - kuyambira woyera mpaka bulauni.

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala opanga ma disaccharides ndi ma hydrolysis zimachitika (ma glycosidic chomangira chimasweka ndiku monosaccharides amapangidwa) ndi mawonekedwe a fayilo (polysaccharides form).

Pali mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala awa:

1. Kubwezeretsa. Chawo ndi kupezeka kwa gulu laulere la semi-acetal hydroxyl. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zotere zimakhala ndi katundu wochepetsera. Gulu la chakudya cham'magazi limaphatikizapo cellobiose, maltose ndi lactose.
2. Osakonza. Makina awa alibe kuthekera kochepetsedwa, popeza alibe gulu la semi-acetal hydroxyl. Zinthu zodziwika bwino zamtunduwu ndi sucrose ndi trehalose.

Izi ndizofala mwachilengedwe. Amatha kupezeka onse mwaulere komanso ngati gawo la mankhwala ena. Disaccharides ndi gwero lamphamvu, chifukwa glucose amapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo nthawi ya hydrolysis.

Lactose ndiyofunika kwambiri kwa ana, chifukwa ndiye gawo lalikulu la chakudya cha ana. Ntchito inanso yamafuta amtunduwu ndi yopanga, popeza ndi gawo la cellulose, zomwe ndizofunikira pakupanga maselo a chomera.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe a polysaccharides

Zakudya zina zamitundu mitundu ndi ma polysaccharides. Umu ndi mtundu wovuta kwambiri wolumikizana. Amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma monosaccharides (gawo lawo lalikulu ndi glucose). M'matumbo am'mimba, ma polysaccharides samatenthedwa - mawonekedwe awo amathandizidwa kale.

Mawonekedwe a zinthu izi ndi awa:

• kusadziletsa (kapena kusungunuka bwino) m'madzi,
• mtundu wachikasu (kapena popanda utoto)
• alibe fungo
• Pafupifupi onsewa ndi opanda pake (ena amakhala ndi kukoma.

Mphamvu za zinthu izi zimaphatikizapo hydrolysis, yomwe imachitika mothandizidwa ndi othandizira. Zomwe zimachitika ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pompopompo pazikhala zinthu - monosaccharides.

Chuma china ndikupanga zochokera kuzinthu zina. Polysaccharides amatha kuthana ndi asidi.

Zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa munthawi zonsezi ndizosiyanasiyana. Awa ndi ma acetate, sulfate, esters, phosphates, ndi zina zambiri.

Kanema wamaphunziro pazantchito ndi magawo azakudya zomanga thupi:

Zinthu izi ndizofunikira pakugwira ntchito yonse ya chamoyo chonsecho ndimaselo amodzi. Amapereka thupi ndi mphamvu, kutenga nawo mbali pakapangidwe ka maselo, kuteteza ziwalo zamkati kuzowonongeka ndi mavuto. Amathandizanso pazinthu zosungidwa zomwe nyama ndi zomera zimafunikira nthawi yovuta.

Oligosaccharides

Ma Oligosaccharides ndi shuga omwe amakhala awiri kapena atatu osavuta shuga omangika palimodzi ndimgwirizano wogwirizana wotchedwa glycoside.

Zomangira za Glycoside zimatha kukhala alpha kapena beta.

Zitsanzo za zotulutsa zofunika kwambiri,

1) Maltose (maltose) - imakhala ndi mamolekyulu awiri shuga-glucose zinachitikira limodzi 1-4-glycosidic chomangira. Maltose amatha kupezeka m'mbewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mowa.
2) Kubweza - imakhala α - shuga ndi α - fructose ndi 1-2 - chomangira cha glycosidic pakati pawo. Chitsanzo cha sucrose ndi shuga wa patebulo.
3) Lactose (lactose) - imakhala α - shuga ndi α - galactose. Lactose nthawi zambiri amapezeka mkaka.

Polysaccharides

Ma polysaccharides ndi ma polima monosaccharide omwe amakhala kuchokera mazana angapo mpaka masauzande angapo monosaccharide anagonjeraomangidwa pamodzi ndi ma glycosidic.

Ma polysaccharides ena amapangidwa ndi maunyolo owongoka ndipo ena amapangika. Zitsanzo zazikulu za polysaccharides ndi wowuma, glycogen, cellulose ndi chitin.

Wowuma (wowuma) ndi mtundu wa shuga womwe umasungidwa ndi mbeu ndipo umakhala ma amyloses ndi amylopectin omwe ndi ma polima a glucose.

Starch imakhala ndi ma monomers a glucose, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi α 1-4 kapena 1-6 glycosidic bind. Manambala 1-4 ndi 1-6 amatanthauza nambala ya atomu ya kaboni yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi iwo.

Amylose ndi wowuma omwe amapangidwa ndi maunyolo osagawanika a ma moncers a glucose (ma enti 1-4 okha), pomwe amylopectin ndi nthambi ya polysaccharide (α 1-6 vifungo pamalo a nthambi).

Glycogen (glycogen) ndi mtundu wina wamagulu osungirako shuga mwa anthu ndi ma vertebrates ena ndipo amakhala ndi ma monomers a glucose.

Cellulose Ndiwo polysaccharide wophatikizika kwambiri wazomera zonse ndipo ndiye gawo lalikulu m'makhoma a cell.

Cellulose ndi polima β-glucose wosasunthika womwe umapangidwa pamodzi ndi ma glycosidic 1-4.

Mlingo wachiwiri uliwonse wamagululi m'm cellulose umatembenuzidwa mozungulira ndipo ma monomer amadzaza bwino maunyolo. Izi zimapatsa cellulose kukhazikika kwake komanso kuthinana kwambiri, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa maselo a chomera.

Ngakhale chomangira cha cellulose sichingawonongeke ndi ma enzymes am'munthu, ma herbivores monga ng'ombe, koalas, buffalos ndi akavalo amatha kugaya mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi fiber ndipo amazigwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya chogwiritsa ntchito masamba odziwika m'mimba mwawo.

Pulogalamu yokhala ngati cellulose ilipo mu chikhazikiko chomangira cha tizirombo, ma crustaceans.

Izi polima amadziwika kuti chitin yomwe ndi polysaccharide yokhala ndi nayitrogeni. Amakhala ndi magawo obwereza a N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (shuga wosinthidwa).

Chitin ndi gawo lalikulu la makoma a fungal cell. Bowa si nyama kapena mbewu ndipo amapanga ufumu wocheperako muufumu wa eukaryotes.

Zakudya zomanga thupi, kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito zake.