Malangizo a shuga wamagazi ndi mahomoni

Ma mahomoni omwe amachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi amatchedwa hyperglycemic, awa ndi monga: glucagon, catecholamines, glucocorticosteroids ndi somatotropin (kukula kwa mahomoni). Ma Horone omwe amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi amatchedwa hypoglycemic. Homoni wa hypoglycemic ndi insulin. Ma mahomoni a Hyperglycemic amalimbikitsa shuga wamagazi ndikulimbikitsa kuchepa kwa chiwopsezo cha glycogen komanso zolimbikitsa GNH. Insulin imachepetsa shuga m'magazi chifukwa cha: 1) kuchuluka kwa kupezeka kwa ma membrane am'magazi a glucose, 2) kuletsa kwa njira zomwe zimapereka shuga (GNG, kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi glycogen), 3) kulimbitsa njira pogwiritsa ntchito glucose (glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, PFP. Synt syntase).

Matenda a carbohydrate metabolism

Pakati pa matenda a kagayidwe kazakudya, munthu amatha kusiyanitsa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chibadwa kapena kuperewera kwa enzyme. Matendawa ndi monga disaccharidoses, glycogenoses, aglycogenoses, galactosemia.

Disaccharidoses chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa disaccharidase. Pankhaniyi, tsankho la mitundu ina ya chakudya, mwachitsanzo lactose, limachitika. Ma disaccharides amawonetsedwa ndi michere yam'mimba yama microflora. Potere, ma acid ndi mipweya imapangidwa. Zizindikiro za disaccharidoses ndi flatulence, kutsegula m'mimba.

Glycogenosis. Pankhaniyi, kuwonongeka kwa glycogen kumavulala. Glycogen imadziunjikira m'maselo ambiri, zomwe zimatha kuwononga. Zizindikiro zamankhwala: kukulira chiwindi, kufooka kwa minofu, kuthamanga kwa hypoglycemia. Mitundu ingapo ya glycogenosis imadziwika. Amatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphorylase kapena g-amylase.

Aglycogenosis chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa michere yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kapangidwe ka glycogen. Zotsatira zake, kapangidwe ka glycogen amasokonezedwa ndipo zomwe zili m'maselo zimachepa. Zizindikiro: hypoglycemia lakuthwa pamimba yopanda kanthu, makamaka pambuyo popuma usiku pakudya. Hypoglycemia imabweretsa kubwereranso m'maganizo. Odwala amamwalira ali ana.

Galactosemia amapezeka pakalibe jini yomwe imayambitsa kuphatikiza kwa uridyl, chinsinsi cha mgwirizano wa galactose. Zotsatira zake, galactose ndi galactose-1-phosphate zimadziunjikira mu minofu, zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa ubongo ndi chiwindi, komanso kufalikira kwa mandala (cataract). Galactose yaulere mwa odwala yotere imapezeka m'magazi ambiri. Mankhwala, zakudya zopanda mkaka ndi mkaka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mtundu wina wa matenda a carbohydrate metabolism ndikuphwanya glucose homeostasis, yomwe imadziwika ndi hyper- kapena hypoglycemia.

Hyperglycemia - Uku ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Zoyambitsa Hyperglycemia: 1) alimentary (chakudya), 2) matenda a shuga (amapezeka ndi kuchepa kwa insulin), 3) matenda a CNS (meningitis, encephalitis), 4) kupsinjika, 5) kuchuluka kwa ma hyperglycemic, 6) kuwonongeka kwa kapamba (pancreatitis, hemorrhage) . Hyperglycemia yotsika komanso yochepa siyowopsa. Hyperglycemia yomwe imatenga nthawi yayitali imabweretsa kutsika kwa insulin (komwe ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga), kuchepa kwa madzi ndi minofu, kulowa kwake m'magazi, kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso kutulutsa mkodzo. Hyperglycemia ya 50-60 mmol / L ingayambitse kukomoka kwa hyperosmolar.

Kukhalitsa kwa hyperglycemia kumapangitsa kuti mapuloteni ena am'magazi asakhale enzymatic, maselo ofiira amitsempha yamagazi, mitsempha yamagazi, a renal tubules, neurons, lens, collagen. Izi zimasintha katundu wawo, zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zazikulu: minofu hypoxia, mtima sclerosis, maheda, kulephera kwa impso, kulowetsedwa kwa mitsempha, kufupikitsa ma cell ofiira a magazi, ndi zina zambiri.

Hypoglycemia-uku ndi kuchepa kwa ndende ya magazi.

Zoyambitsa Hypoglycemia: 1) chakudya, 2) kugwiritsa ntchito glucose (chifukwa chogwira ntchito yolimba minofu), 3) matenda am'mimba thirakiti (zotupa za m'mimba), 4) matenda a chiwindi, 5) matenda am'mitsempha yam'mimba, 6) kusowa kwa mahomoni a hyperglycemic, 7) insulin yowonjezera (pancreatic chotupa bongo wa insulin).Hypoglycemia ndi owopsa kwambiri, chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto la hypoglycemic.

Gawo 3. Ma labotale komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi

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Zambiri za shuga

Mulingo wa shuga m'magazi umasiyanasiyana kwambiri. Komabe, pali malire ena omwe sayenera kupitirira. Kupatuka kulikonse kukuwonetsa kukula kwa matenda oopsa.

Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kuyenerana ndi magawo otsatirawa:

kuchokera 2,5 mmol / l kwa akhanda,
kuyambira 3,3 mpaka 5.5 mmol / l kwa anthu azaka zopitilira 15.

Magawo awa amagwira ntchito kwa anthu, mosaganizira kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi. Poterepa, kuchuluka kwa glucose kumayikidwa zaka 15. Pofika m'badwo uno komanso mpaka kukalamba, zizindikiritso zofunikira sizimasintha.

Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumawonetsa hyperglycemia. Ngati vutoli silikugwirizana ndi zolakwika pakudya kapena kumwa mankhwalawa, pomwe pali kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa shuga, matenda a shuga amapezeka.

Ngati magazi a shuga, m'malo mwake, akatsika, tikulankhula za hypoglycemia. Vutoli limaphatikizidwa ndi kumverera kwanjala, nseru ndi kufooka wamba. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zotsatira za hyper- ndi hypoglycemia ndizofanana. Amakhala ndi mfundo yoti maselo akumva njala chifukwa chosowa mphamvu, zomwe zimawapangitsa kufa.

Mitundu yama chakudya

Zopatsa mphamvu zimagawika m'magulu awiri:

zosavuta kapena monosaccharides,
zovuta kapena ma polysaccharides.

Zakudya zamafuta osavuta zomwe zimatchedwa chakudya champhamvu mwachangu chifukwa chokhoza kudalitsa shuga m'magazi. Zakudya zomanga thupi zovuta zimachulukanso shuga m'magazi, koma zimachita pang'onopang'ono. Pachifukwa ichi adayamba kutchedwa kuti chakudya pang'onopang'ono.

Zakudya zamafuta zosavuta zimapatsa mphamvu mwachangu. Zachidziwikire kuti aliyense waona kuti kudya phukusi, panali mphamvu zambiri komanso mphamvu nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, mphamvu izi zidatha msanga, popeza ma carbohydrate othamangathawa samangolowa msanga, komanso samatulutsanso mwachangu mthupi.

Choopsa chachikulu cha mafuta osavuta ndikuti zimagwira kwambiri kapamba. Akalowa kapamba, ndikofunikira kuti apange insulin yayikulu kamodzi. Ndipo kumangokhala mutachulukitsa kungayambitse kuvulala kwamtunduwu, komwe kungayambitse matenda akulu.

Ndi chifukwa ichi kuti mafuta ovomerezeka a cartoon amawonedwa kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri, omwe amalowa m'thupi limodzi ndi mapuloteni, fiber, cellulose, pectin, inulin ndi starch.

Zakudya zoterezi zimachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndikupereka shuga pang'onopang'ono m'magazi. Chifukwa chake, kapamba amatulutsa insulini popanda kupsinjika, ndikuibisa m'miyeso yofunikira kuti mukhale ndi shuga.

Kodi gasi glucose amachokera kuti?

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, insulin imachepetsa shuga. Nthawi yomweyo, kapamba pazifukwa zina akatulutsa kuchuluka kwa insulini, shugayo imatsikira kwambiri. Poterepa, thupi limakwaniritsa kusowa kwa glucose pakuyitenga kwina.

Magwero akuluakulu a shuga amaphatikizapo izi:

chakudya
chiwindi ndi minofu minofu, pomwe glucose imasungidwa monga glycogen (njira yopanga ndikutulutsa glycogen amatchedwa glycogenolysis),
mafuta ndi mapuloteni (njira ya kupanga glucose kuchokera ku zinthu izi imatchedwa gluconeogeneis).

Ubongo ndi chiwalo chomwe chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kusowa kwa glucose. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti ubongo umalephera kudziunjikira ndikusunga glycogen. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kudya kwambiri shuga, pali zizindikiro zakulephera kugwira ntchito muubongo.

Insulin ndi mahomoni apachirengedwa omwe amapangidwa kuti apereke shuga m'maselo. Ndiye kuti, insulini imagwira ntchito ngati mtundu wa fungulo. Popanda izi, maselo sangathe kuyamwa pawokha shuga. Chiwalo chokhacho chomwe maselo ake safunika kuti apange inshuwaransi ndi ubongo. Ichi chikufotokozedwa ndikuti chifukwa cha shuga osakwanira wamagazi (hypoglycemia), kupanga insulin kumatsekedwa. Nthawi yomweyo, thupi limaponya mphamvu zake zonse kuti lipereke shuga ku ubongo. Ubongo umathanso kulandira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kuchokera ku ma ketones. Ndiye kuti, ubongo ndi gawo lodziyimira payekha, lomwe limateteza ku zinthu zovuta.

Ndi mahomoni otani omwe amayendetsa shuga

Kapangidwe kapamba kameneka kamakhala ndi timagulu tambiri tomwe timakhala m'maselo omwe alibe. Amatchedwa islets of Langerhans. Ndizilumba izi zomwe zimatulutsa insulin - mahomoni omwe amachepetsa shuga la magazi. Komabe, zisumbu za Langerhans zimapanganso timadzi wina wotchedwa glucagon. Glucagon ndi wotsutsa wa insulin, popeza ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuwonjezera shuga.

Mahomoni omwe amachulukitsa glucose amapangidwa ndi ma adrenal gland, gitu planditary, ndi gland ya chithokomiro. Izi zikuphatikiza:

adrenaline (wopangidwa ndi ma adrenal glands),
cortisol (wopangidwa ndi ma adrenal glands),
kukula kwa mahomoni (opangidwa ndi pituitary gland),
thyroxine ndi triiodothyronine (wopangidwa ndi chithokomiro cha chithokomiro).

Ma hormone onse omwe amachulukitsa glucose amadziwika kuti contrainsular. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosolo la mantha aumwini limatenga gawo mwachindunji pakukonza kagayidwe kazachilengedwe.

Zotsatira za Glucagon

Zotsatira zazikulu za glucagon ndi izi:

kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga chifukwa chakumasulidwa kwa glycogen ku chiwindi,
pakupeza glucose wama protein,
polimbikitsa mapangidwe a matupi a ketone mu chiwindi.

Mu kagayidwe kazakudya, chiwindi chimagwira ngati chosungira cha glycogen. Glucose osavomerezeka amasinthidwa kukhala glycogen ndikusungidwa m'maselo a chiwindi, komwe amasungidwa pakachitika zinthu zosayembekezereka.

Ngati kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumatsika kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kugona tulo usiku, glucagon amalowa kuchitapo kanthu. Amasintha glycogen kukhala glucose, pambuyo pake imalowa m'magazi.

Munthu akamadzuka, samva njala kwa maola anayi. Pakadali pano, usiku, munthu akagona, sangakumbukire za chakudya kwa maola 10. Izi zimafotokozedwa ndi zochita za glucagon, zomwe zimamasula shuga chiwindi, ndikuyika pazabwino.

Ngati chiwindi chikutha glycogen, usiku munthu amatha kudwala kwambiri hypoglycemia. Zomwezi zimachitikanso ndikuchita zolimbitsa thupi kwanthawi yayitali, osathandizidwa ndi gawo la chakudya.

Matenda a shuga amayamba ndikuphwanya ntchito za kapamba, komwe amasiya kutulutsa insulin. Komabe, mwa anthu oterewa, kaphatikizidwe ka glucagon kamodwalanso. Chifukwa chake, ngati munthu wodwala matenda a shuga akumadalira insulin atabaya insulin kuchokera kunja, ndipo mlingo wake ndi waukulu kwambiri, hypoglycemia imayamba. Poterepa, thupi siliphatikiza njira yopangira chipukuta misozi.

Zotsatira za Adrenaline

Adrenaline ndi timadzi tambiri timene timatulutsidwa ndi adrenal gland poyankha mavuto. Ndi chifukwa cha malowa chifukwa amatchedwa kuti nkhawa yamafuta. Iye, monga glucagon, amatulutsa glycogen ku chiwindi, ndikusintha kukhala glucose.

Dziwani kuti adrenaline sikuti imangowonjezera shuga, komanso imalepheretsa kuthamanga kwa glucose ndi maselo a minofu, kuwaletsa kuti asayamwa. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti panthawi yamavuto, adrenaline imathandiza kukhalabe ndi glucose ku ubongo.

Zotsatira zazikulu za adrenaline ndizotsatirazi:

imatulutsa glycogen ku chiwindi,
adrenaline imayambitsa kaphatikizidwe ka shuga wama protein,
Hormone iyi siyilola minyewa kuti igwire glucose,
mchikakamizo cha adrenaline, mafuta amisempha amawonongeka.

Mthupi la munthu wathanzi, poyankha kuthamanga kwa adrenaline, kuphatikizika kwa insulin kumatheka, zomwe zimathandiza kukhalabe ndi shuga m'magazi. Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, kupanga insulini sikokwanira, chifukwa chake amafunikira makina owonjezera a insulin.

Mothandizidwa ndi adrenaline, gwero lina la glucose limadziunjikira m'chiwindi mu ma ketoni opangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta.

Ntchito ya Cortisol

Horoni cortisol imapangidwanso ndi ma adrenal gland poyankha kupsinjika. Komabe, imagwira ntchito zina zambiri, kuphatikiza kutenga mbali mu chakudya cha metabolism, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Zotsatira za cortisol ndi izi:

Hormone iyi imayambitsa kupanga kwa glucose kuchokera pamapuloteni,
cortisol imalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa shuga ndi minyewa,
cortisol, monga adrenaline, imalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa ma ketoni kuchokera ku mafuta.

Kuwongolera shuga mthupi

Thupi la munthu wathanzi limatha kuyendetsa shuga m'magazi ocheperako pakati pa 4 ndi 7 mmol / lita. Wodwala akayamba kuchepa m'magazi mpaka 3.5 mmol / lita kapena kutsikira, munthuyo amayamba kumva bwino kwambiri.

Mchere wochepetsedwa umakhudzanso ntchito zonse za thupi, uwu ndi mtundu wa kuyesera kufotokozera zambiri za ubongo za kuchepa komanso kusowa kwenikweni kwa shuga. Pakakhala kuchepa kwa shuga mthupi, magwero onse a glucose angayambike kutenga nawo mbali moyenera.

Makamaka, shuga amayamba kupanga ma protein ndi mafuta. Komanso, zinthu zofunika zimalowa m'magazi kuchokera ku chakudya, chiwindi, pomwe shuga amasungidwa mu mawonekedwe a glycogen.

Ngakhale kuti ubongo ndi chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimapanga insulin, sichingagwire ntchito mokwanira popanda kupezeka kwa glucose nthawi zonse. Ndi shuga wamagazi ochepa, kupanga insulini kumayima, izi ndizofunikira kuti tisunge glucose wa bongo.
Pakusakhalapo kwazinthu zofunikira, ubongo umayamba kusinthasintha ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zina, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ma ketones. Pakadali pano, mphamvu izi sizingakhale zokwanira.
Chithunzi chosiyana kotheratu chimakhala ndi matenda ashuga ndi shuga wamagazi ambiri. Maselo osadalira insulin amayamba kutenga shuga mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa munthu ndi matenda a shuga.

Ngati insulin imathandizira kuchepetsa shuga, ndiye kuti cortisol, adrenaline, glucagon, kukula kwa mahomoni kumawonjezera. Monga kuchuluka kwa glucose okwanira, deta yochepetsedwa ndiwopseza thupi lonse, munthu amakhala ndi hypoglycemia. Chifukwa chake, mahomoni aliwonse m'magazi amawongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga.

Komanso, dongosolo lamagetsi loyendetsera munthu limakhala ndi gawo limodzi pokonza matenda a mahomoni.

Ntchito Kukula

Kukula kwa mahomoni kapena mahomoni okula amapangidwa ndi pituitary gland ndipo amachititsa kukula kwaumunthu. Mwa mtundu uwu umatchedwa mahomoni okula. Monga mahomoni awiri apitawa, amachepetsa kuthekera kwa maselo kugwira glucose. Nthawi yomweyo, kukhala mahomoni a anabolic, kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa minofu, komanso kumathandizira kuti glycogen ichulukane.

Kuphatikizika kwa glucagon

Kupanga kwa glucagon yam'mimba kumachitika mu kapamba; amapangidwa ndi ma alpha maselo a islets a Langerhans. Kuwonjezeka kwa shuga wamagazi ndi kutenga nawo gawo kumachitika ndi kutulutsidwa kwa glucose kuchokera ku glycogen m'chiwindi, ndipo glucagon imathandizanso kupanga glucose kuchokera pamapuloteni.

Monga mukudziwa, chiwindi chimagwira ngati malo osungira shuga. Mwazi wa glucose ukachuluka, mwachitsanzo, mutatha kudya, glucose mothandizidwa ndi insulin ya mahomoni amapezeka m'maselo a chiwindi ndipo amakhala pomwepo mwa mawonekedwe a glycogen.

Mkulu wa shuga akakhala wochepa komanso osakwanira, mwachitsanzo, usiku, glucagon amalowa ntchito. Imayamba kuphwanya glycogen kupita ku glucose, yemwe kenako amawonekera m'magazi.

Masana, munthu akumva ludzu maola anayi aliwonse, ngakhale usiku thupi limatha kudya popanda maola opitilira asanu ndi atatu. Izi ndichifukwa choti nthawi yausiku pali kuwonongeka kwa glycogen kuchokera ku chiwindi kupita ku glucose.
Mu shuga mellitus, musaiwale kubwezeretsanso kupezeka kwa zinthuzi, apo ayi glucagon sangathe kuwonjezera shuga, zomwe zingayambitse kukula kwa hypoglycemia.
Zomwezi zimachitikanso nthawi zambiri ngati wodwala matenda ashuga sanadye kuchuluka kwa chakudya, kusewera masewera masana, chifukwa chomwe glycogen yonse idadyedwa masana. Kuphatikiza pa hypoglycemia kumatha kuchitika. Ngati munthu amamwa mowa tsiku lathalo, chifukwa amaletsa ntchito ya shuga.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, kuwunika kwa mtundu woyamba wa shuga 1 kumangoletsa kupanga kwa cell ya beta-cell, komanso kusintha ntchito ya maselo a alpha. Makamaka, kapamba sangathe kupanga kuchuluka kwa glucagon komwe kumachitika m'thupi. Zotsatira zake, zovuta za insulin ndi glucagon zimasokonekera.

Kuphatikiza mu odwala matenda ashuga, kupanga glucagon sikuchepa ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Izi ndichifukwa choti insulini imagwiridwa mosamala, imayenda pang'onopang'ono kupita ku ma alpha, chifukwa pomwe kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kumachepa ndipo sikungaletse kupanga glucagon. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa glucose kuchokera ku chakudya, shuga kuchokera ku chiwindi cholandiridwa mu nthawi ya kuwola amakhalanso m'magazi.

Ndikofunikira kuti onse odwala matenda ashuga azikhala ndi kutsika kwa glucagon pafupi ndikutha kugwiritsa ntchito vuto la hypoglycemia.

Ntchito ya Adrenaline

Adrenaline ndi mahomoni opsinjika omwe amatulutsidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa m'mimba. Zimathandizira kukulitsa shuga m'magazi ndikuphwanya glycogen m'chiwindi. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa adrenaline kumachitika pamavuto, kutentha thupi, acidosis. Madzi amtunduwu amathandizanso kuchepetsa kuyamwa kwa glucose ndi maselo amthupi.

Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa glucose kumachitika chifukwa cha kumasulidwa kwa shuga kuchokera ku glycogen m'chiwindi, kuyamba kwa kupanga kwa glucose kuchokera pamapuloteni azakudya, komanso kuchepa kwa mayamwidwe ake ndi maselo amthupi. Adrenaline mu hypoglycemia imatha kuyambitsa zizindikiro pakunjenjemera, palpitations, kuchuluka thukuta Komanso, mahomoni amalimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwa mafuta.

Poyamba, zidakhazikitsidwa mwachilengedwe kuti kupanga kwa adrenaline ya mahomoni kunachitika atakumana ndi zoopsa. Munthu wakale anafunika mphamvu zowonjezerapo kuti amenye chirombo. M'moyo wamakono, kupanga kwa adrenaline nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndikakhala ndi nkhawa kapena mantha chifukwa cha nkhani zoipa. Motere, mphamvu zowonjezera sizofunikira kwa munthu amene ali ndi vuto lotere.

Mwa munthu wathanzi, insulini imayamba kupangidwira mwachangu panthawi yopsinjika, chifukwa chomwe mafuta am shuga amakhala abwinobwino. Sikovuta kuti odwala matenda ashuga asiye kusangalala kapena mantha. Ndi matenda a shuga, insulini sikokwanira, chifukwa cha izi pali chiopsezo chotenga zovuta zazikulu.
Ndi hypoglycemia wodwala matenda ashuga, kuchuluka kwa adrenaline kumakweza shuga m'magazi ndipo kumapangitsa kutsekeka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi. Pakalipano, mahomoni amawonjezera thukuta, amayambitsa kugunda kwamtima komanso kumva kuda nkhawa. Adrenaline amawononganso mafuta kuti apange mafuta aulere acids, ndipo ma ketoni mu chiwindi amapanga kuchokera kwa iwo mtsogolo.

Kutenga mbali kwa Cortisol

Cortisol ndi timadzi tofunikira kwambiri timene timatulutsidwa ndimatumbo a adrenal pakachitika zinthu zovuta komanso zimathandizira kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Kuwonjezeka kwa shuga komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga m'mapuloteni komanso kuchepa kwa mayamwidwe ake ndi maselo amthupi. Hemoni imaphwanyanso mafuta kuti apange mafuta achepetsa, omwe ma ketoni amapangidwa.

Ndi matenda ochulukirapo a cortisol odwala matenda ashuga, pamakhala kuchuluka kwakuchulukirapo, kupsinjika, kuchepa kwa potency, mavuto a matumbo, kuchuluka kwa mtima, kusowa tulo, munthu akukalamba mwachangu, akulemera.

Ndi okwera mahomoni ambiri, matenda a shuga amayamba popanda zovuta ndipo mitundu yonse yamavuto imayamba. Cortisol imachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga - choyamba pochepetsa kupanga insulin, pambuyo poyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu minofu ku glucose.
Chimodzi mwazizindikiro za cortisol yayikulu ndikumverera kosalekeza kwa njala komanso kufunitsitsa kudya maswiti. Pakadali pano, ichi chimakhala chifukwa chodyetsa kwambiri komanso kunenepa kwambiri. Mu matenda ashuga, mafuta omwe amapezeka m'mimba, ndipo kuchuluka kwa testosterone kumachepetsedwa. Kuphatikiza ndi mahomoniwa chitetezo chochepa, zomwe zimakhala zowopsa kwa wodwala.

Chifukwa chakuti thupi limagwira ntchito mopanda malire ndi zochitika za cortisol, chiopsezo cha munthu amene ali ndi stroke kapena kuvulala ndi mtima chikuwonjezeka kwambiri.

Kuphatikiza apo, timadzi timene timachepetsa kuloza thupi kwa collagen ndi calcium, zomwe zimayambitsa mafupa osalimba ndikuchepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono njira yobwezeretsanso minofu ya mafupa.

Kukula kwa timadzi tambiri

Kupanga kwa hormone yokukula kumachitika mu pituitary gland, yomwe ili pafupi ndi ubongo. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikulimbikitsa kukula, ndipo mahomoni amathanso kuwonjezera shuga m'magazi mwakuchepetsa kuyamwa kwa glucose ndi maselo amthupi.

Kukula kwa mahomoni kumachulukitsa minofu ndikuwonjezera kuchepa kwamafuta. Makulidwe amakulu a mahomoni amapezeka mu achinyamata, akamayamba kukula mwachangu komanso kutha msanga kumachitika. Ndi nthawi iyi yomwe kufunika kwa insulin kumawonjezeka.

Panthawi ya matenda obwera chifukwa cha shuga, wodwalayo amatha kuchepa. Izi ndichifukwa choti pakapita nthawi yayitali, mahomoni amakula amakhala othandizira kwambiri pakupanga somatomedins. Mwa odwala matenda ashuga, pakadali pano, chiwindi chimapeza kukanidwa ndi zotsatira za timadzi timeneti.

Ndi chithandizo cha insulin chakanthawi, vutoli limatha kupewedwa.

Zizindikiro za insulin yowonjezera

Wodwala yemwe ali ndi matenda a shuga, okhala ndi mahomoni ambiri m'thupi, zitha kuwoneka. Anthu odwala matenda ashuga amakakamizidwa kupsinjika pafupipafupi, kugwirira ntchito mwachangu, kuyezetsa magazi kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwambiri kwa testosterone, azimayi amatha kukhala ndi estradiol.

Komanso, wodwalayo amasokonezedwa ndi kugona, chithokomiro cha chithokomiro sichigwira ntchito mwamphamvu yonse. Kuphwanya phokoso kumatha kuyambitsa masewera olimbitsa thupi, kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi zakudya zopatsa thanzi zopatsa mphamvu.

Nthawi zambiri, ndikuwonjezeka kwa shuga wamagazi, kuchuluka kofunikira kwa insulini kumapangidwa, timadzi timene timatsogolera glucose ku minofu ya minofu kapena kumalo ophatikizika. Ndi zaka kapena chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi, ma insulin receptors amayamba kugwira ntchito molakwika, ndipo shuga sangathe kulumikizana ndi mahomoni.

Pankhaniyi, munthu atatha kudya, kuwerengera kwa glucose kumakhalabe okwera kwambiri. Cholinga cha izi chagona mu insulin, ngakhale kuti imapangidwa.
Omwe amathandizira ku ubongo amazindikira shuga wambiri nthawi zonse, ndipo ubongo umatumiza chizindikirocho koyenera, kuti umasulidwe kwambiri kuti apange insulin yambiri. Zotsatira zake, mahomoni amakula m'maselo ndi magazi, shuga amafalikira thupi lonse, ndipo odwala matenda ashuga amakula ndi hypoglycemia.

Kukana insulini

Komanso, odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga, amachepetsa chidwi cha insulin ya mahomoni nthawi zambiri, izi zimakulitsa vutoli. Mwanjira imeneyi, wodwala matenda ashuga amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa insulin ndi shuga.

Shuga imadziunjikira mwa ma depositi amafuta m'malo momangowononga mphamvu. Popeza insulin pakadali pano sangathe kukhudza maselo am'misempha, munthu amatha kuwona zotsatira za kuchepa kwa chakudya chofunikira.

Popeza maselo alibe mafuta okwanira, thupi limangolandira chizindikiro cha njala, ngakhale kuti pali shuga wambiri. Vutoli limapweteketsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi, maonekedwe onenepa kwambiri komanso kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri. Ndi kukula kwa matendawo, zinthu zomwe zimachulukitsa thupi zimangokulirakulira.

Chifukwa chosazindikira kwenikweni za insulin, munthu amayamba kunenepa ngakhale ndi chakudya chochepa. Vuto lofananalo limachepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti odwala matenda ashuga azitha kutenga matenda opatsirana.
Mapilala amawonekera pamakoma amitsempha yamagazi, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a mtima.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa minofu yosalala m'mitsempha, magazi amathira ziwalo zofunika zamkati amachepa kwambiri.
Magazi amakhala povutirapo ndipo amayambitsa maselo othandiza magazi kuundana. Monga lamulo, hemoglobin mu shuga, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi insulin kukana, imakhala yotsika.

Kanema yemwe ali munkhaniyi akuwonetsa mosangalatsa zinsinsi za insulin.

Ntchito ya mahomoni a chithokomiro

Chithokomiro chotulutsa chithokomiro chimapanga mahomoni awiri akuluakulu okhala ndi ayodini:

Triiodothyronine imapangidwa kuchokera ku thyroxine, kusinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe othandizira. Ma hormone awa amawongolera njira zonse za metabolic m'thupi. Ndi zochulukirapo, nthendayi yotchedwa thyrotooticosis imayamba. Amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kayendedwe ka metabolic, komwe kumayambitsa kufooka kwa thupi komanso kuvala kwamkati.

Mahomoni okhala ndi ayodini amawonjezeranso misempha ya magazi. Komabe, amachita izi mwakuwonjezera chidwi cha maselo kuti makatekolama - gulu la zinthu zogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, zomwe zimaphatikizapo adrenaline.

Zizindikiro za Hyperglycemia

Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa zovuta zamahomoni omwe amawongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga:

kumva okhudzidwa
kugona ndi kutopa wopanda pake,
mutu
mavuto ndi malingaliro
kulephera kulolera
ludzu lalikulu
kuchuluka kukodza
kuphwanya matumbo motility.

Zizindikiro izi ndizodziwika bwino za hyperglycemia, chomwe ndi chizindikiro choopsa chomwe chikuwonetsa kukula kwa matenda a shuga. Ndizotheka kuti insulin, mahomoni omwe amachepetsa shuga, amapangidwa moperewera. Palibe choopsa chilichonse chomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo am'mimba ataye chidwi chawo ndi insulin, chifukwa sangathe kubweretsa shuga kwa iwo.

Mutha kuchepetsa shuga yambiri mwa kubaya insulin. Komabe, adotolo amayenera kupereka mankhwalawa. Musanayambe mankhwala a insulin, ndikofunikira kukayezetsa, pamaziko omwe adokotala adzaganize za kufunika kwa chithandizo cha mahomoni. Mwina, pogwira matendawa kumayambiriro, ndizotheka kuthana ndi mapiritsi omwe amachititsa shuga.

Zizindikiro za hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia ndi mnzake wa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, komanso azimayi omwe amadya kwambiri, komanso nthawi yomweyo amadzizunza ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Koma ngati koyamba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi agona pa insulin yochulukirapo, ndiye kuti chachiwiri - kutopa kwa glycogen nkhokwe, chifukwa chomwe mahomoni a contra-mahormone sangayendetse kuchuluka kwa shuga.

Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti shuga amachepetsa.

kuchuluka kwa mtima wazolimbitsa thupi,
kumva nkhawa komanso kuda nkhawa,
kupweteka mutu wothandizirana ndi chizungulire,
kupweteka kwam'mimba, mseru komanso kukhumudwa,
kupuma movutikira
kudzala kwamakona atatu am'mimba ndi zala zam'mphepete,
pafupipafupi kusintha kosinthika
kumverera kwa kukhumudwa.

Kuthetsa chiwonetsero cha hypoglycemia, kudya mafuta osavuta, mwachitsanzo, tiyi wokoma, makeke kapena chokoleti, zimathandiza. Ngati njira iyi ilibe mphamvu, jakisoni wa glucagon yekha ndi amene angathandize. Komabe, monga momwe zinalili kale, chithandizo cha mahomoni chimayenera kuchitika pokhapokha pakuwunikira ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa. Kudzichitira nokha mankhwala kungayambitse zovuta zazikulu.

Hormonal malamulo a kagayidwe kachakudya metabolism

Hormonal malamulo a mphamvu kagayidwe

Kuchita kwa mahomoni omwe amakhudza kagayidwe kamphamvu kumatha kuwoneka pakupanga magawo ena a biochemical. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Ma Horoni amagawidwa m'magulu:

1. Kuchulukitsa magazi,

2. Kutsitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Insulin yokha ndi yomwe ili m'gulu lachiwiri.

Komanso mahomoni amatha kugawidwa kukhala ma HORMONES OF DIRECT ACTION a metabolism yamagetsi ndi HORMONES OF INDourse ACTION.

Mahomoni a zochita mwachindunji.

Chachikulu njira za insulin:

1. Insulini imakulitsa kupezeka kwa plasma nembanemba. Mphamvu ya insulin imeneyi ndiyo chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chotsitsa kagayidwe kazachilengedwe m'maselo.

2. Insulin imachotsa zoletsa za glucocorticosteroids pa hexokinase.

3. Pa genetic, insulin imalimbikitsa michere ya metabolism ya carbohydrate, kuphatikiza ma enzymes ofunikira.

4. Insulin mu ma adipose minofu yama cell imalepheretsa triglyceride lipase, yofunika kwambiri pakuwononga mafuta.

Kuunika kwa insulin katemera m'magazi kumachitika ndi zomwe neuro-Reflex njira. Pali ma chemoreceptors apadera a glucose omwe ali m'makoma amitsempha yamagazi. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumapangitsa kuti shuga atulutsidwe m'magazi, glucose amalowa m'maselo ndipo kuchuluka kwake m'magazi kumachepa.

Ma mahomoni otsala amachititsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Zili ndi ma protein a peptide. Ili ndi membrane mtundu wa kulumikizana ndi chandamale cell. Zotsatira zake zimadutsa dongosolo la adenylate cyclase.

1. Zimayambitsa kuchuluka kwa glycogen phosphorylase. Zotsatira zake, kuwonongeka kwa glycogen kwathandizira. Popeza glucagon imakhudza chiwindi chokha, titha kunena kuti "imayendetsa shuga ku chiwindi."

2. Imachepetsa ntchito ya glycogen synthetase, ikuchepetsa kaphatikizidwe ka glycogen.

3. Yogwiritsa ntchito lipase m'madepsi amafuta.

Imakhala ndi ma cell mu minofu yambiri, ndipo machitidwe ake amagwirira ntchito ali ofanana ndi a glucagon.

1. Imathandizira kusokonekera kwa glycogen.

2. Imachepetsa kapangidwe ka glycogen.

3. Imathandizira lipolysis.

Amakhala a mahomoni a steroid, chifukwa chake, ali ndi mtundu wamtundu wolumikizana ndi gawo la chandamale. Kulowera mu cell yomwe akutsikira, amalumikizana ndi ma cell receptor ndipo amakhala ndi zotsatirazi:

1. Inhibit hexokinase - potero amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito shuga. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumawonjezeka.

2. Ma hormone awa amatulutsa njira ya glyconeogenesis ndi magawo.

3. Pazachilengedwe, onjezerani michere ya michere ya protein.

Mahomoni osalunjika

1.Zimawonjezera katulutsidwe wa glucagon, motero pali mathamangitsidwe akuwonongeka kwa glycogen.

2. Zimapangitsa kutseguka kwa lipolysis, motero, kumathandizira pakugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ngati gwero lamphamvu.

POPHUNZIRA MALO A HODMONES A IODINE.

Izi ndi mahomoni - zotumphukira za tyrosine amino acid. Amakhala ndi mtundu wokhudzana kwambiri ndi maselo ojambulidwa. T3 / T4 receptor ili mu nambala ya cell. Chifukwa chake, mahomoni awa amalimbikitsa mapuloteni a biosynthesis pamlingo wopatsirana. Mwa mapuloteniwa muli ma enzymes a oxidative, makamaka ma dehydrogenase osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, amathandizira kapangidwe ka ATPases, i.e. Ma enzyme omwe amawononga ATP. Njira za Biooxidation zimafunikira magawo - zopangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wamafuta ndi mafuta. Chifukwa chake, pakuwonjezeka kwa kupanga mahomoni awa, kuwonjezeka kwa kuwonongeka kwa mafuta ndi mafuta kumawonedwa. Hyperthyroidism imatchedwa Bazedova's matenda kapena chithokomiro. Chizindikiro chimodzi cha matendawa ndi kuchepa kwa thupi. Matendawa amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa thupi. Mu kuyesa kwa vitro, pali kulekanitsidwa kwa mitochondrial oxidation ndi oxidative phosphorylation pamtunda waukulu wamahomoni awa.

Kuwongolera kwa kagayidwe kazakudya kumachitika ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa njira zovuta kwambiri zomwe zingakhudze kuphatikizika kapena kuponderezana kwa kaphatikizidwe ka michere ya carbohydrate kagayidwe kake kapena kuthandizira kutsegula kapena kulepheretsa zochita zawo. Insulin, catecholamines, glucagon, somatotropic ndi mahomoni a steroid ali ndi zosiyana, koma kutchulidwa kwambiri pamakonzedwe osiyanasiyana a carbohydrate metabolism. Kotero mwachitsanzo insulin amalimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi ndi minofu, kuyambitsa enzyme glycogen synthetase, ndipo tikulephera glycogenolysis ndi gluconeogeneis. Wotsutsa wa insulin - glucagon amalimbikitsa glycogenolysis. Adrenaline yolimbikitsa mphamvu ya adenylate cyclase, imakhudza kuzungulira konse kwa phosphorolysis reaction. Gonadotropins yambitsa glycogenolysis mu placenta. Glucocorticoid mahomoni yambitsa njira ya gluconeogeneis. Kukula kwamafuta zimakhudza ntchito za michere ya pentose phosphate njira ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito shuga ndi zotumphukira. Acetyl-CoA ndikuchepetsa nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide amakhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe ka gluconeogeneis. Kuwonjezeka kwa mafuta am'madzi am'magazi amalepheretsa ntchito za michere ya glycolysis. Cholinga chofunikira pakuwongolera kwa michere ya metabolism ya metabolism imaseweredwa ndi Ca2 + ions, kaya mwachindunji kapena kutenga nawo mbali mahomoni, nthawi zambiri pokhudzana ndi protein yapadera ya Ca2 + -kukhazikitsa protein. Njira za phosphorylation - dephosphorylation ndizofunikira kwambiri pakayendetsedwe ka zochita za michere yambiri. Mthupi mumakhala ubale wolunjika pakati pa kagayidwe kazachilengedwe ndi kagayidwe ka mapuloteni, lipids ndi mchere.

Njira zowongolera kagayidwe kazakudya zimasiyana kwambiri. Mulingo uliwonse wamapangidwe a chamoyo, chakudya cha metabolism chimayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza ntchito ya ma enzymes omwe amakhudzana ndi kagayidwe kazachilengedwe. Zinthu izi zikuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa magawo, zomwe zimapangidwira (metabolites) pamavuto amomwe munthu akukhudzidwa, kayendetsedwe ka okosijeni, kutentha, kuchuluka kwa michere, kuchuluka kwa ma coenzymes ofunikira pakachitika payekha, etc.

Dongosolo lamakono la pentose phosphate njira yolerera makutidwe amthupi, kuwonetsa ubale wake ndi glycolysis (malinga ndi Hers).

1 - transketolase, 2 - transaldolase, 3 - aldolase, 4 - phosphofructokinase, 5 - fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 6 - hexokinase, 7 - gluphose phosphatisomerase, 8 - triozophosphatisomerase, 9-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogen. phosphogluconolactonase, 11 - 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 12 - isomerase, 13 - epimerase, 14 - lactate dehydrogenase.

Magulu khumi glycolysis zimachitika mu cytosol.

Mahomoni omwe amayang'anira shuga

Hypoglycemia- Uku ndi kuchepa kwa glucose wamagazi. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa thupi ndi pathological hypoglycemia.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi lizikhala ndi hypoglycemia:

1) ogwira ntchito zolimbitsa thupi (kuchuluka kowonjezera)

2) Mimba ndi kuyamwa

Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a hypoglycemia:

1) kuphwanya kwamphamvu glucose mu chiwindi

2) malabsorption a chakudya chamafuta m'mimba

3) kulimbikitsa glycogen kulimbikitsa

4) kusowa kwa shuga

6) phwando mu- achifwamba zigawenga

Hyperglycemia- Uku ndi kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi.

1) kudya kwambiri mafuta

2) kuchuluka kwa mahomoni olimbana ndi mahomoni omwe amasokoneza magwiritsidwe ntchito a shuga ndi minofu minofu ndipo nthawi yomweyo amalimbikitsa gluconeogenesis

5) ngozi yam'magazi

6) matenda a chiwindi a yotupa kapena yachilengedwe

37. Malangizo a shuga wamagazi.

Mwazi wamagazi ndi amodzi mwa magawo a homeostatic. Kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi ndimagulu a njira zowongolera kukhalapo kwa mphamvu homeostasis kwa ziwalo zofunika kwambiri (ubongo, maselo ofiira am'magazi). Glucose ndiye chachikulu komanso pafupifupi gawo lokhalo la mphamvu kagayidwe. Pali njira ziwiri zoyendera:

Changu (kudzera pakatikati wamanjenje)

Zosatha (kudzera mu zotsatira zamafuta)

Makina azadzidzidzi nthawi zambiri amayambitsidwa ndi zochitika za thupi kwambiri. Imachitika mogwirizana ndi mtundu wa classical (chidziwitso chowopsa chimalandiridwa kudzera mwa wopanga mawonedwe. Kusintha kuchokera ku lingaliro limodzi mu kotoniyo kumafalikira kumadera onse a kotekisiyo. Kenako, chowunikiracho chimafalikira ku hypothalamus, komwe kuli gawo lamasisitidwe achisoni komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi mzere wam'maso kudzera mu postganglionic) ulusi wopita ku adrenal cortex. Izi zimayambitsa kutulutsa kwa adrenaline, komwe kumayambitsa adenylate cyclase limagwirira glycogen mobilization.

Makina ofulumira amakhala ndi glycemia yokhazikika kwa maola 24. M'tsogolomu, kupezeka kwa glycogen kumachepa ndipo maola 15 - 16 atatha kulumikizidwa kwina konse, omwe amachokera gluconeogeneis. Pambuyo pakuchepa kwa malo ogulitsa glycogen, kotekisi yosangalatsidwa imapitilizabe kutumiza zokopa ku hypothalamus. Kuchokera pamenepa, ma liberins amawoneka bwino, omwe, ndi mtsinje wamagazi, amalowa mu gululi la anterior pituitary, lomwe, limaphatikizanso STH, ACTH, TSH m'magazi, omwe amachititsa kuti triiodothyronine ndi thyrotropin amasulidwe. Ma hormones amenewa amalimbikitsa lipolysis. Ma mahomoni a Thyrotropic amachititsa kuti mapuloteni ayambe kupangika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma amino acid aulere, omwe, monga zinthu zopangidwa ndi lipolysis, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magawo a gluconeogenesis komanso kuzungulira kwa tricarboxylic acid.

Poyankha kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi, insulini imamasulidwa, komabe, chifukwa chakuti mafuta acids ndi mahomoni obisika amachotsa glycolysis mu minofu minofu, minyewa ya m'magazi siyimadyedwa, glucose onse amasungidwa ku ubongo ndi maselo ofiira amwazi.

M'mikhalidwe yovutitsidwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa thupi, kuperewera kwa insulin kumatha kuchitika, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga.

Kuchulukitsa kwa magazi

Kuchulukitsa kwa GluT 4

Kukhazikitsa kwa glycogenolysis mu chiwindi

shuga m'maselo

Kupititsa patsogolo Glycogen Synthesis

Kukhazikitsa kwa glycogenolysis mu chiwindi

Glycolysis ndi kutsegula kwa CTK

Membrane permeability kuchepetsa kwa

Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi ndi insulin kumatheka mwa njira zotsatirazi:

kusintha kwa shuga m'maselo - activation ya mapuloteni onyamula GluT 4 kupita ku cytoplasm

kuchuluka kwa shuga mu glycolysis - kuchuluka kwa glucokinase - enzyme,

adatchera msampha wa glucose, kudzutsa kapangidwe kazinthu zina

michere ya glycolysis - phosphofrodokinase, pyruvate kinase,

o kuchuluka glycogen kaphatikizidwe - kutsegula kwa glycogen synthase ndi kukondoweza kwa kaphatikizidwe kake, kamene kamathandizira kusintha kwa glucose owonjezera kukhala glycogen,

o activation a pentose phosphate njira - kuphatikiza shuga-6-phosphate kaphatikizidwe

dehydrogenases ndi 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases,

o kuchulukirapo kwama lipoisis - kuphatikizidwa kwa glucose pama kapangidwe ka triacylglycerols (onani "Lipids", "Synthesis of triacylglycerols").

Tizilombo tambiri timakhala opanda chidwi ndi zochita za insulin, amatchedwa kuti insulin-Independent. Izi zimaphatikizapo minyewa yamitsempha, nthabwala zotsekemera, ma lens, ma retina, maselo impso a glomerular, endotheliocytes, testes, ndi maselo ofiira amwazi.

Glucagon imakulitsa shuga m'magazi:

o kukulitsa kukhathamiritsa kwa glycogen kudzera mu kutsegula kwa glycogen phosphorylase,

o zolimbikitsa gluconeogenesis - kukulitsa ntchito ya michere pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase.

Adrenaline amayambitsa hyperglycemia:

o activating glycogen activation - kukondoweza kwa glycogen phosphorylase,

Glucocorticoids amachulukitsa shuga m'magazi mwa kuletsa kusintha kwa glucose mu cell,

o zolimbikitsa gluconeogeneis - kuonjezera kaphatikizidwe wa pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase enzymes.

Insulin - mahomoni omwe amachepetsa shuga la magazi

Kuchuluka kwa shuga (hyperglycemia):

Kukweza kwachilengedwe m'magulu a shuga - kupsinjika m'maganizo, kuchuluka kwa zochitika zolimbitsa thupi, "kuwopa malaya oyera"),

Matenda a kapamba omwe amadziwika ndi kuchepa kosalekeza kapena kwakanthawi kapangidwe ka insulin (kapamba, hemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, khansa ya England

Matenda a endocrine organic (acromegaly ndi gigantism, Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, thyrotooticosis, somatostatinoma)

Kumwa mankhwala: thiazides, caffeine, estrogens, glucocorticosteroids.

Kutsitsa shuga (hypoglycemia):

Kusala kudya kwanthawi yayitali, kudya kwambiri, kutentha thupi, kutentha thupi

Kuphwanya kwam'mimba thirakiti: kukomoka kwa m'mimba, kuperewera kwa malabsorption, gastroenterostomy, postgastroectomy,

Matenda a kapamba: khansa, kuperewera kwa glucagon (kuwonongeka kwa ma alfa maselo a islets a Langengarsk),

Kusokonezeka kwa ziwalo za endocrine: adrenogenital syndrome, matenda a Addison, hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism,

Kuphwanya mu enzymatic dongosolo: glycogenosis, kuphwanya kulekerera kwa fructose, galactosemia,

Hepatic kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi: hepatitis yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, hemochromatosis, cirrhosis,

Khansa: chiwindi, m'mimba, adrenal gland, fibrosarcoma,

Chithandizo: Mankhwala a anabolic, zinthu zama psychoactive, osagwiritsa ntchito beta-blockers. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo: ma salicylates, mowa, arsenic, chloroform, antihistamines.

Pomaliza

Thanzi laumunthu limadalira kuchuluka kwa mahomoni. Zinthu zotsatirazi zitha kukhumudwitsa ena:

kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi
zolimbitsa thupi
kwambiri mantha mavuto.

Kulephera kusamala zakudya zamapuloteni, mafuta ndi michere kumatha kubweretsa kusokonezeka kwa timimba ta endocrine, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Kukhala moyo wongokhala kumapangitsa kuti munthu azikhala wonenepa, zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwamkati mwa thupi. Ndipo kupsinjika kwamtima kumabweretsa kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni opsinjika, mothandizidwa ndi omwe masitolo a glycogen amatha.

Mutha kudziteteza ku zovuta zomwe zingakhalepo ngati mungadye zakudya zopatsa thanzi, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi m'mawa, kuyenda pafupipafupi komanso kupewa mavuto.