Ubwino wa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga mu 2019

Matenda a shuga - Matenda a endocrine dongosolo, mankhwalawa omwe mankhwala okwera mtengo ndi njira zofunika nthawi zonse.

Posachedwa, matenda ashuga akuwonjezeka "mliri"

Poganizira izi, boma likuganiza njira zingapo zothandizira anthu omwe akudwala matendawa.

Malipiro osiyanasiyana kwa odwala matenda ashuga ndi mapindu ake ndi cholinga chothandiza kuti njira zopezera mankhwala zofunikira. Odwala a Endocrinologists ali ndi mwayi wochiritsidwa mosapumira kwaulere. Sikuti wodwala aliyense amadziwa zomwe zimayenera kukhala za anthu odwala matenda ashuga kwaulere. Kupitilira apo, ngakhale malamulo a odwala onse omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo amagwira ntchito, ngakhale kuli kofunikira kulembetsa ngati munthu wolumala, etc.

Makalata ochokera kwa Owerenga

Agogo anga akhala akudwala matenda a shuga kwa nthawi yayitali (mtundu 2), koma posachedwapa mavuto atuluka pamiyendo ndi ziwalo zamkati.

Mwangozi ndidapeza nkhani pa intaneti yomwe idapulumutsa moyo wanga. Ndidalumikizidwa kumeneko kwaulere pafoni ndipo ndidayankha mafunso onse, ndikuuzidwa momwe ndingachitire ndi matenda ashuga.

Patatha milungu iwiri atatha kulandira chithandizo, agogo aja adasinthiratu momwe akumvera. Ananenanso kuti miyendo yake sikupweteka komanso zilonda zake sizinayende; sabata yamawa tidzapita ku ofesi ya dotolo. Nditaya kulumikizana ndi nkhaniyo

Ubwino wa odwala matenda ashuga a Mtundu woyamba

Kukhalapo kwa wodwala wodwala matenda ashuga ndi vuto m'malo. Izi sizitchulidwa kawirikawiri mawailesi, ndipo ndi ma endocrinologists okha omwe amati. Ngakhale izi, aliyense wokhala ndi matenda ashuga, mosasamala mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa matendawa, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zabwino za odwala matenda ashuga. Zilibe kanthu kukhalapo kapena kusakhalapo kwa kulumala.

Pulogalamu ya boma imapereka zotsatirazi kwa odwala matenda ashuga:

• Kulandila kwaulere kwa mankhwala ofunikira.
• Penshoni ya olumala kutengera gulu.
• Zosayenera kugwira ntchito yankhondo yadzikolo.
• Kutumiza kwaulere kwa zida zodziwonera.
• Mwayi wowunika dongosolo la endocrine laulere m'malo opezeka odwala matenda ashuga. Pa nthawi ya mayeso, wodwala aliyense amasulidwa m'makalasi ophunzirira komanso ntchito zantchito popanda zotsatira.
• Magulu otalikirana odwala ali ndi mwayi akamalandira chithandizo mu ma dispensaries ndi malo ena othandizira.
• Kuchotsera pazinthu zofunikira mpaka 50%.
• Masiku owonjezera a azimayi omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.

Mndandanda wamankhwala osankhika a matenda ashuga ndi zida zodziwikitsa panyumba, monga lamulo, amatsimikiziridwa ndi dokotala yemwe akhudzidwa ndi mankhwalawo. Wodwalayo amangofunikira kuti azingoyendera madotolo pafupipafupi, kuti akamupime mayeso apadera ndi kulandira mankhwala kuti apeze chilichonse chofunikira.

Ndikothekanso kupimidwa mayeso kwaulere m'zipatala zilizonse, zotsatira zomwe zimapezeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira iliyonse kwa katswiri yemwe wakhala akuthandiza odwala matenda ashuga.

Pazonse zomwe tafotokozazi, titha kuwonjezera kuti odwala matenda ashuga ali ndi ufulu wopeza zina zonse popanda kulemala, makamaka mtundu wake komanso kuuma kwa matendawa.

Maubwino ena amapezekanso kwa odwala matenda ashuga amtundu 1, monga:

• Kuperekedwa kwa mankhwala aulere ofunika kuchiritsa matendawa komanso kupewa kutulutsa zovuta za matenda ashuga.
• Kupeza zida zofunika - syringes jakisoni, glucometer yoyezera shuga wamagazi ndi zina zambiri. Kutulutsa kumachitika potsatira malangizo omwe madokotala amapezeka, omwe amawunika zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku.
• Buku la anthu odwala matenda ashuga ngati gulu la anthu olumala lasankhidwa ndikugawidwa.

Pulogalamu ya boma imapereka chisamaliro chakunyumba kwa odwala matenda amtundu wa 1 omwe amafuna chithandizo chotere. Wodwala amapatsidwanso wogwira ntchito yothandizira kuti azisamalira.

Kuzindikira kwa shuga - ingomwani tsiku lililonse.

Ubwino wa odwala matenda ashuga a Mtundu Wachiwiri

Monga mtundu woyamba wa matenda, chithandizo chaulere ndi kuyesedwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a 2 amaperekedwa.

Izi zotsatirazi zimaperekedwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 2:

• Chithandizo mu sanatoriums. Odwala omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi endocrinologists amalandila buku la odwala matenda ashuga mwanjira yokonzanso anthu. Mothandizidwa ndi boma, odwala amtundu wa 2 amatha kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi motsogozedwa ndi akatswiri.
• Ufulu wa mtundu wa 2 wodwala matenda ashuga kuti aphunzire, maphunziro opitiliza maphunziro ndikupitiliza maphunziro ena.
• Ndalama zolipiritsa kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga maulendo obwereza kupita ku ma sanatorium, mosasamala kanthu za momwe munthu ali wolumala. Ndalama zimaperekedwanso ndalama zopita kumalo ochiritsira ndi zakudya.
• Njira zakuzindikira panyumba zakumwa za magazi. Nkhani yovutirapo ya glucometer ndi zingwe zoyesa zimaperekedwa.
• Ndalama zolipirira odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.
• Kuperekedwa kwa mankhwala aulere.

Wodwala matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri ayenera kudziwa phindu lomwe lilipo ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwa masiku 365. Pakusagwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo, wodwalayo ayenera kulembera zomwe akunenazo ndikupereka satifiketi yoyenera kulipira zomwe zachitika.

Chilolezo chalemala

Kwa odwala matenda a shuga omwe ali ndi vuto lopuwala, zowonjezera zimaperekedwa. Kuti mukhale ndi chilema, muyenera kukayezetsa kuzipatala zapadera zomwe zimayang'anira mafunso kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zaumoyo. Ndi endocrinologist wokhayo amene amawona kufunikira kwa zoterezi ndi omwe angatumize mayeso. Komanso, ngati wothandizirayo sakuona kufunika kotere kapena akukana kupereka chithandizo, wodwalayo mwiniyo ali ndi ufulu kupita kumalo ngati amenewo.

Kutengera ndi kuwopsa kwa matendawa, pali magulu atatu:

• Gulu lalemala 1 - limaphatikizapo odwala omwe, chifukwa cha matendawa, omwe samatha kuwona, opuwala mtima, pali zovuta zamagetsi, pali matenda amitsempha ya chithokomiro. Komanso, gulu limaperekedwa kwa odwala omwe akhala akumwa kangapo ndipo akufunika kuwathandizidwa ndi omwe amawasamalira.
• Gulu la olumala lachiwiri limakhala ndi zovuta zofanana ndi 1, koma ndi zovuta zochepa.
• Gulu lachitatu - odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga omwe ali ndi malire kapena ofatsa.

Pambuyo popenda mwatsatanetsatane, wodwalayo ayenera kuyembekezera chisankho ndi ntchito yapadera. Lingaliro logawa gulu limakhudzidwanso ndi kuperekedwa kwa mbiri yakale, zotsatira za mayeso am'mbuyomu komanso zikalata zina zoperekedwa ndi mabungwe azachipatala.

Chidwi chachikulu pakupereka masatifiketi opunduka chifukwa chakuti odwala matenda ashuga amenewa ali ndi ufulu kulandira zabwino. Malipiro kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amawona ngati penshoni yopanda maphunziro kuchokera ku boma, kukula ndi malamulo olandirira ndalama zimayendetsedwa pamalamulo.

Zopindulitsa

Pulogalamu ya feduro "Russia yopanda matenda ashuga" imapatsa anthu odwala matenda ashuga omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza phindu kwa anthu olumala, mosasamala momwe ali.

Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga omwe ali ndi gulu lolemala amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazi zomwe boma lipatsa:

• Ntchito yaulere m'malo azachipatala. Pali njira zomwe zingabwezeretse ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito athunthu.
• Chithandizo kuchokera kwa akatswiri ochepa.
• Thandizo lazidziwitso zaulere kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito zandalama komanso gawo lazithandizo zamalamulo.
• Ufulu wosinthira magwiridwe antchito - kuphunzitsa, kulera, chitetezo pantchito.
• Kubwezera ndalama zolipirira ngongole zothandizira.
• Mapindu a penshoni kwa odwala matenda ashuga.
• Ufulu wa zolipirira ndalama zina.

Kubwezera malipiro a voti

Ngati anthu odwala matenda ashuga sagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya 2 ya matenda ashuga, angadalire kulipira.

Timapereka kuchotsera kwa owerenga tsamba lathu!

Kulipira ndalama kumaperekedwa kwa mankhwala omwe sanalandiridwe ndi makalata osagwiritsidwa ntchito a sanatorium-resort. Odwala amatha kukana mwachindunji mtundu umodzi wa mapindu osapezekanso kamodzi pachaka. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kulumikizana ndi Pension Fund kumalo komwe mungalembetse zikalata zoyambira ndi mawu anu.

Kufunsira nokha ndi zikalata ziyenera kutumizidwa nthawi iliyonse malinga ndi momwe kulipira mtengo kumayenera kuyembekezedwa kale kuposa m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Polemba izi, sonyezani zambiri zaumwini ndi zomwe mumalipira, komanso ntchito zomwe muyenera kukana.

Kupeza mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Anthu odwala matenda ashuga ayenera kuperekedwa kwaulere mankhwala ochepetsa shuga komanso mankhwala ena. Izi zimaperekedwa kwa mtundu woyamba ndi mitundu yachiwiri ya odwala matenda ashuga pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi matenda a shuga.

Matenda a 2 a shuga amatchedwanso shuga osadalira insulini. Ichi ndi matenda oopsa omwe amadziwika ndi ...

Ndi mankhwala ati aulere a 2 odwala matenda ashuga amatsimikiziridwa ndi adokotala, koma odwala nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa:

• mankhwala omwe amalepheretsa zovuta za matendawa - phospholipids (kukhazikika kwa kayendedwe ka chiwindi), kapamba (amathandiza kapamba kugwira ntchito),
• kukonzekera kulemera ndi mavitamini, mtundu wapadera wa vitamini-mineral (mwa mapiritsi kapena osakaniza jekeseni),
• mankhwala omwe ali ndi cholinga chobwezeretsa kagayidwe kachakudya,
• mankhwala omwe amathandiza kuwonda magazi - thrombolytics (mapiritsi kapena jakisoni),
• mankhwala a mtima omwe amathandiza ntchito za mtima,
• mankhwala okodzetsa
• mankhwala opangira odwala oopsa,
• mankhwala ena, malinga ndi kupezeka kwa zovuta ndi njira ya matendawa.

Matenda a shuga kapena shuga ndi kuwonongeka kwa thupi komwe kumayenderana ndi kuperewera kwa dongosolo la endocrine. Mtundu woyamba ...

Mndandanda wokhazikika ukhoza kubwezeretsanso antihistamines, analgesic, antimicrobial ndi mankhwala ena, kufunikira komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi adokotala.

Ubwino wa ana

Mwana akayamba kudalira insulin, amapatsidwa udindo wokhala wolumala.

• phindu la penshoni yolumala,
• maulendo opita kumalo osungirako azaumoyo ndi kumisasa,
• kumasulidwa ku misonkho ndi chindapusa,
• kuyesedwa ndi chithandizo chakunja,
• zinapangitsa kuti mayeso azikhala ndi mayeso kusukulu, mzere wolandila mayunivesite kwaulere,
• kulipira kwa makolo a ana osaposa zaka 14,
• mwayi wopuma pantchito oyang'anira kapena makolo,
• kuchepetsa masiku ogwirira ntchito, masiku owonjezera atha.

Malo a mabungwe

Kutengera ndi malo omwe mungakhale, pakhoza kukhala magawo omwe amaperekedwa pakubwera kwa zachigawo.

Mapindu am'deralo a odwala matenda ashuga amtundu wa 2 ku Moscow atha kuperekedwa kokha ngati muli ndi vuto la kulumala.

Izi zikuphatikiza:

• maulendo apachaka kukafika ku ma sanatorium,
• kuyenda pa mayendedwe apagulu,
• kuchotsera mpaka 50% zolipira ngongole,
• chitetezo chamtundu.

Saint Petersburg

Kutengera ndi Social Code ya m'derali, matenda a shuga amawoneka ngati matenda omwe amapereka ufulu wa kulandira mankhwala aulere, poganizira zomwe dokotala wakupatsani.

Odwala olumala ali ndi maubwino ena:

• kuyenda kwaulere pa mayendedwe ochezera komanso pamtunda,
• EDV pamwezi, kukula kwake komwe kumatsimikiziridwa kutengera gulu.

Dera la Samara

Kudera la Samara kulibe phindu lililonse. Anthu odwala matenda ashuga ayenera kulandira ma insulin a insulin, autoinjector, singano zosinthika, zida zodziwonera, ndi zina zambiri.

Mwambiri, odwala matenda a shuga amafuna mndandanda wazinthu zabwino. Odwala omwe alandila ngati munthu wolumala ali ndi ufulu kulandira zina zowonjezera paubwino pamodzi ndi zina - kulipira penshioni, kulipiritsa ndalama, maulere aulere, ndi zina zambiri.

Matenda a shuga nthawi zonse amayambitsa zovuta zakupha. Mwazi wamagazi ochulukirapo ndi woopsa kwambiri.

Aronova S.M. adafotokoza za chithandizo cha matenda ashuga. Werengani kwathunthu

Ndani amapindula?

Kuti mupereke kulemala pamafunika kuyezetsa kuchipatala ndi anthu. Kulemala kumatsimikiziridwa ngati wodwala wasintha ntchito za ziwalo zamkati.

Chowonjezera chimaperekedwa ndi adokotala. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a gulu 1 amapatsidwa vuto la kulumala chifukwa matendawo, komanso kuperewera kwake. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri, zotupa zimakhala zochepa.

Gulu la olumala lipatsidwa ntchito ngati liwululidwa:

• khungu la matenda ashuga
• ziwalo kapena ataxia wolimbikira,
• kulipira kosalekeza kwamakhalidwe oyipa motsutsana ndi matenda a matenda ashuga a m'mimba,
• gawo lachitatu la kulephera kwa mtima,
• kuwonekera kowopsa kwa madera otsika,
• odwala matenda ashuga phazi
• aakulu aimpso kulephera kudwala
• pafupipafupi hypoglycemic chikomokere.

Olumala gulu lachiwiri limayikidwa pamaziko a khungu lachiwiri la matenda ashuga kapena retinopathy a 2 mpaka 3 digiri, ndipo kulephera kwaimpso kwakanthawi.

Gulu logumuka la III limaperekedwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto loletsa, koma zovuta kwambiri.

Kodi kukula kwa mapindu kwasintha bwanji pazaka 3 zapitazi?

Pazaka 3 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mapindu kwasintha poganizira kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka, kuchuluka kwa odwala. Ubwino wamba wa odwala matenda ashuga ndi monga:

1. Kupeza mankhwala ofunikira.
2. Penshoni molingana ndi gulu la olumala.
3. Kuchotsedwa ntchito yankhondo.
4. Kupeza zida zodziwitsa.
5. Ufulu woyesedwa waulere ziwalo za endocrine dongosolo m'malo apadera a shuga.

Kwa mabungwe ena a Russian Federation, maubwino owonjezerawa amaperekedwa m'njira yopita kukalandira chithandizo mu malo opangira enanso, komanso:

1. Kuchepetsa zolipiritsa ndi 50%.
2. Tchuthi chopita kwa amayi omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga chikuwonjezereka ndi masiku 16.
3. Njira zowonjezerapo zothandizira pa chigawo.

Mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa, komanso zida zozindikira (syringes, chingwe choyesera), zimatsimikiziridwa ndi adotolo.

Kodi kukula kwake ndi chiyani kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga mu 2019

Mu 2019, odwala matenda ashuga sangawerenge phindu pamwambapa, komanso othandizira ena aboma ndi akuluakulu am'deralo.

Ubwino wa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1:

1. Kupereka mankhwala othandizira odwala matenda ashuga ndi zotsatira zake.
2. Zithandizo zamankhwala za jakisoni, muyeso wa shuga ndi njira zina (ndi kuwerengera kusanthula katatu patsiku).
3. Thandizo lochokera kwa ogwira ntchito zandalama.

Ubwino wa matenda a shuga a 2:

1. Sanatorium chithandizo.
2. Kukonzanso chikhalidwe.
3. Kusintha kwaulere kwa ntchito.
4. Makalasi m'mabwalo amasewera.

Kuphatikiza pa maulere aulere, odwala matenda ashuga amalipiridwa ndi:

Mankhwala aulere pochiza zovuta za shuga amaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazabwino:

1. Phospholipids.
2. Zothandizira pancreatic.
3. Mavitamini ndi ma mineral vitamini.
4. Mankhwala obwezeretsa matenda a metabolic.
5. Mankhwala a thrombolytic.
6. Mankhwala amtima.
7. Zodzikongoletsera.
8. Njira zochizira matenda oopsa.

Kuphatikiza pa kuchepetsa mankhwala, odwala matenda ashuga amapatsidwa mankhwala ena. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu wa 2 safuna insulin, koma ndioyenera kukhala ndi glucometer ndi zingwe zoyeserera. Chiwerengero cha mizere yoyesera chimatengera kuti wodwala amagwiritsa ntchito insulin kapena ayi:

• kwa odwala a insulin onjezerani timizere timeneti katatu tsiku lililonse,
• ngati wodwala sagwiritsa ntchito insulin - 1 strip tsiku lililonse.

Odwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito insulin amapatsidwa jakisoni wothandizila kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa tsiku lililonse. Ngati mapindu ake sagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chimodzi, odwala matenda ashuga athe kulumikizana ndi FSS.

Mutha kukana phukusi loyambirira kumayambiriro kwa chaka. Pankhaniyi, ndalama zimalipiridwa. Ndalama zolipiritsa zimaperekedwa kwa chaka chimodzi, koma kwenikweni si nthawi imodzi, chifukwa zimalipira ndalama zowonjezera kwa miyezi 12 mukuwonjezera penshoni yodwala.

Mu 2019, ma subsidies otsatirawa akukonzekera kuti alipidwe kwa odwala matenda ashuga:

• Gulu 1: 3538.52 rub.,
• Gulu 2: 2527.06 rub.,
• Gulu la 3 ndi ana: ma ruble 2022.94.

Mu 2019, zakonzedwa kuti zikhazikitse zolipira ndi 6.4%. Zotsatira zabwino zimatha kupezeka munthambi ya FIU, momwe muyenera kufunsira mapangidwe ake.

Njira yofunsira ndalama kapena kulipirira ndalama zitha kusinthidwa ndikulumikizana ndi malo ogwirira ntchito ambiri, kudzera ku positi ofesi kapena pagulu lachitetezo cha anthu.

Patulani padera phukusi kwa ana omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga:

• mankhwala a spa kamodzi pachaka,
• ma free glucose mita ndi barcode, syringe zolembera ndi mankhwala omwe amachepetsa shuga la magazi.

Amayi oyembekezera omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amapatsidwa masiku owonjezera 16 kuti achoke kuti asamalire ana awo.

Momwe mungapezere phindu la matenda a shuga mu 2019

Kuti mupeze zabwino za anthu odwala matenda ashuga, muyenera kukhala ndi zikalata zoyenera zakutsimikizira kulumala ndi matenda. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kupatsa akuluakulu abungwe loteteza chitetezo cha anthu chitupa chomwe chili mu nambala ya 070 / у-04 kwa wamkulu kapena No. 076 / у-04 kwa mwana.

Chotsatira, mawu adalembedwa za kuperekedwa kwa chithandizo cha sanatorium-resort ku Social Insurance Fund kapena ku bungwe lililonse lazachikhalidwe chogwirizana lomwe lili ndi mgwirizano ndi Social Insurance Fund. Izi zikuyenera kuchitika Disembala 1 chaka chino.

Pambuyo masiku 10, kuyankha kumabwera kupereka chilolezo ku sanatorium chofanana ndi mbiri ya chithandizo, chosonyeza tsiku lofika. Tikiti iyi imaperekedwa pasadakhale, pasanathe masiku 21 asanafike. Pambuyo pa chithandizo, khadi imaperekedwa yomwe imalongosola momwe wodwalayo alili.

Zolemba zina zowonjezera:

• pasipoti ndi makope ake awiri, masamba 2, 3, 5,
• pamaso pa kulemala, pulani yakukonzanso kuchuluka kwa makope awiri ndiyofunikira;
• makope awiri a SNILS,
• satifiketi yochokera ku Pension Fund yotsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zopindulitsa zopanda ndalama za chaka chino, ndi chikalata chake,
• satifiketi yochokera kwa dokotala wa fomu Nambala 070 / y-04 kwa wamkulu kapena No. 076 / y-04 ya mwana. Chitifiketi ichi chikugwira ntchito miyezi 6 yokha!

Kuti mupeze mankhwala aulere, muyenera kulandira mankhwala kuchokera kwa endocrinologist. Kuti mupeze mankhwala, wodwala amayenera kudikirira zotsatira za mayeso onse ofunikira kuti adziwe zoyenera kudziwa. Kutengera ndi kafukufukuyu, adotolo amatenga ndandanda ya mankhwalawa, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti athandizidwe.

Mu mankhwala a boma, wodwalayo amapatsidwa mankhwala mosamalitsa mu kuchuluka kwa mankhwala. Monga lamulo, pali mankhwala okwanira mwezi umodzi.

Kulandila setifiketi yakuchipatala yakulemala kwa mwana, malembedwe ofunikira ndi awa:

• kugwiritsa ntchito nzika (kapena woimira wake),
• pasipoti kapena chikalata chodziwitsa nzika kuyambira pasipoti ya zaka 14 (kwa anthu ochepera zaka 14: satifiketi yobadwa ndi pasipoti ya m'modzi wa makolo kapena oyang'anira),
• zolemba zachipatala (khadi yakunja, kutuluka kwachipatala, zithunzi za R, ndi zina),
• kuchotsedwa ku chipatala (Fomu Nambala 088 / y-06), kapena mawu ochokera kuchipatala,
• buku la ntchito yotsimikiziridwa ndi dipatimenti ya ogwira ntchito, ogwira ntchito, makolo a odwala,
• zambiri zamakhalidwe ndi zantchito (kwa nzika yogwira ntchito),
• satifiketi zamaphunziro, ngati alipo,
• machitidwe a ntchito yophunzirira ya wophunzira (wophunzira) wotumizidwa kukayezetsa zamankhwala ndi chikhalidwe,
• ngati mutayesedwa mobwerezabwereza, satifiketi yalemala,
• mukamayang'ananso, khalani ndi pulogalamu yokhazikitsira anthu omwe ali ndi zolemba pamakonzedwe ake.