Othandizira odwala matenda a shuga

Maantchito antidiabetes (opanga hypoglycemic othandizira, m`kamwa hypoglycemic wothandizira- - mankhwala omwe amachepetsa shuga wamagazi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda ashuga. Onse opanga antidiabetic othandizira amapezeka piritsi.

Pathogenesis ya matenda a shuga a mellitus imakhazikika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa insulin, komwe kumatha kukhala chifukwa chosakwanira kupanga insulini ndi ma β-maselo a ma islets a Langerhans (insulin-amadalira matenda a shuga mellitus kapena mtundu I shuga mellitus), kapena zotsatira zosakwanira za insulin (osagwirizana ndi insulini yodalira shuga kapena mtundu II matenda a shuga. Malinga ndi izi hypoglycemic mankhwala amagawidwa mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti insulini ipangidwe ndi β-maselo a islets a Langerhans, ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa chidwi cha zimakhala kuti insulini.

Amino Acid Derivatives

Njira yochitira: khazikitsani katemera wa insulin ndi maselo a of maselo a Langerhans. Nthawi zambiri, pakuwonjezeka kwa milingo ya shuga, kuyendetsa shuga m'magazi kupita ku maselo a Langerhans kumalimbikitsidwa. Mwa kuwongolera mayendedwe pogwiritsa ntchito transporter yapadera (GLUT-2), glucose amalowa mu β-cell ndi ma phosphorylates, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakuwonjezeke kukhazikitsidwa kwa mamolekyulu a ATP, omwe amatchinga njira zotsalira za ATP-K + (K_ATPnjira). Ndi blockade K_ATP-kuyenda, K + yotuluka mu cell imasokonekera, ndipo depalarization ya membrane wa cell imayamba. Ndi kukhudzika kwa membrane wam'maselo, njira zotengera Ca 2+ zotseguka, ndipo gawo la Ca 2+ mu cytoplasm ya β-cell limakulirakulira. Ca 2+ ions imayambitsa microfilaments ya contractile ndikulimbikitsa kayendedwe ka michere ndi insulini kupita ku membrane wa cell, kuphatikiza kwa granules mu membrane, ndi insulin exocytosis.

Zotumphukira za Sulfonylurea zimagwira pama receptors ena a mtundu 1 (SUR1) K_ATP-uchita ndi kutseka njirazi. Pachifukwa ichi, kutsika kwa membala wamasamba kumachitika, njira zotsalira zamagetsi za Ca 2+ zimayendetsedwa, ndipo kulowa kwa Ca 2+ kulowa m'maselo β kumawonjezeka. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mulingo wa Ca 2+ mu β-cell, kayendedwe ka michere ndi insulin kupita ku membrane wa plasma, kuphatikiza kwa granules mu membrane ndi insulin exocytosis imayambitsa.

Amakhulupiriranso kuti zinthu zochokera mu sulfonylurea zimachulukitsa mphamvu ya minofu kulowa insulin ndikuchepetsa kupanga kwa shuga mu chiwindi.

Zotsatira za hypoglycemic za zotumphukira za sulfonylurea sizimadalira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi (kusokoneza ubale pakati pa shuga ndi insulin secretion). Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a sulfonylurea, hypoglycemia ndiyotheka.

Zotumphukira za Sulfonylurea zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mtundu II shuga mellitus (chosakwanira kupanga insulin, kuchepa kwa chidwi cha minofu kuti insulin). Mtundu wa shuga I wodwala mellitus wophatikizidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa maselo a β-cell, mankhwalawa ndi osathandiza.

Zotsatira za sulfonylureas a m'badwo woyamba - chlorpropamide, tolbutamide (butamide) zotchulidwa mu waukulu Mlingo, chitani mwachangu.

Zotsatira za sulfonylureas zam'badwo wachiwiri - glibenclamide, glycidone, glycoslide, glimepiride, glipizide - zimafotokozedwa muyezo wotsika kwambiri, amatha nthawi yayitali, zotsatira zake zoyipa sizitchulidwa. Komabe, chifukwa cha zotsatira zazitali (maola 12 mpaka 24), mankhwalawa ndi owopsa poyerekeza ndi hypoglycemia. Pakadali pano, makonzedwe a sulfonylurea a m'badwo wachiwiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Sulfonylurea zimachokera kwa pakamwa mphindi 30 asanadye.

Zotsatira zoyipa za sulfonylurea:

• Hypoglycemia
• Khansa ya m'mimba, kulawa kwazitsulo mkamwa, kupweteka m'mimba
• Kulemera
• Hypersensitivity ku mowa
• Hyponatremia
• Thupi lawo siligwirizana, Photodermatosis
• Kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi
• Leukopenia

Amino Acid Derivatives

Nateglinide ndi lotuluka mu phenylalanine. Ili ndi kusintha kwakasinthasintha kwa K_ATP-Magulu a β-maselo a kanyumba kogwiritsa ntchito. Amabwezeretsa kubisalira koyambirira kwa insulini poyankha kukondoweza kwa glucose (yemwe palibe mtundu II matenda ashuga). Amayambitsa secretion wa insulin m'maminitsi 15 oyamba kudya. Maola atatu otsatira, mulingo wa insulin ubwerera koyambirira. Nateglinide imalimbitsa katemera wa insulin kutengera mtundu wa glucose. M'magawo ochepera a glucose, nateglinide imakhala yovuta kwambiri pakudzipatula kwa insulin. Katulutsidwe wa insulin yoyambitsidwa ndi nateglinide amachepetsa ndi kuchepa kwa glucose, kotero hypoglycemia simakula pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa.

2. Lingaliro la machitidwe a immunostimulating zochita za t-activin, interferon, BCG, levamisole

Monga ma immunostimulants, zinthu za biogenic (kukonzekera kwa thymus, interferon, interleukin-2, BCG) ndi mankhwala opangira (mwachitsanzo, levamisole) amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Muzochita zamankhwala, zokonzekera zambiri za thymus zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimagwira ntchito ya immunostimulating (thymalin, tactivin, etc.). Zimakhudzana ndi ma polypeptides kapena mapuloteni. Tactivin (T-activin) imagwiranso kuchuluka ndi ntchito za T-lymphocyte (m'malo osakwanira), imathandizira kupanga ma cytokines, kubwezeretsa ntchito yoponderezedwa ndi opha ma T ndipo makamaka imachulukitsa kusagwirizana kwa ma cell. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu immunodeficiency states (pambuyo pochita ma radiation mankhwala ndi chemotherapy mwa odwala a khansa, omwe ali ndi purulent komanso kutupa njira, etc.), lymphogranulomatosis, lymphocytic leukemia, multiple sclerosis. Ma Interferon omwe ali mgulu la ma cytokines ali ndi ma antiviral, immunostimulating and antiproliferative zotsatira. A, b ndi y-interferons ndizodzipatula. Njira yodziwika bwino yokhudza chitetezo chathupi ndi interferon-y. Mphamvu ya ma immunotropic ya ma interferon imawonetsedwa mu activation ya macrophages, T-lymphocyte ndi maselo akupha achilengedwe. Pangani zokonzekera zachilengedwe zothandizirana kuchokera ku magazi a anthu omwe amapereka (interferon, interlock), komanso ma recopinant interferon (reaferon, intron A, betaferon). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda angapo a ma virus (mwachitsanzo, fuluwenza, hepatitis), komanso matenda ena otupa (a myeloma, lymphoma from B cell). Kuphatikiza apo, omwe amatchedwa interferonogens (mwachitsanzo, theka-dan, prodigiosan), omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale ma endferonic interferon, nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma immunostimulants. Ma interleukin, mwachitsanzo, ma interleukin-2, amakhazikikanso ngati ma immunostimulants. BCG imagwiritsidwa ntchito katemera ku chifuwa chachikulu. Pakadali pano, BCG nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazovuta zovuta zotupa zingapo zoyipa. BCG imalimbikitsa macrophages ndipo, mwachiwonekere, T-lymphocyte. Zotsatira zabwino zinadziwika mu pachimake myeloid leukemia, mitundu ina ya ma lymphomas (osagwirizana ndi Hodgkin's lymphoma), khansa yamatumbo ndi m'mawere, komanso khansa yapamwamba ya chikhodzodzo. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangidwa ndi levamisole (decaris). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati hydrochloride. Ili ndi ntchito yanthawi ya anthelmintic, komanso mphamvu yolimbitsa thupi. Makina omalizirawa sawoneka bwino mokwanira. Pali umboni kuti levamisole imapangitsa chidwi ndi macrophages ndi T-lymphocyte. Sasintha kupanga ma antibodies. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zazikulu za levamisole zimawonekera mu mawonekedwe a chitetezo chokwanira cha ma cell. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakudziletsa, matenda ena osachiritsika, nyamakazi, komanso zotupa zingapo. IRS-19, ribomunil, interferon gamma, aldesleukin, thymogen, kukonzekera kwa echinacea, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporin, basiliximab.

Opanga

Wopanga mankhwala a Beat ndi kampani ya Eli Lilly ndi Company drug, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1876 ku Indianapolis (USA, Indiana).

Iyi ndi kampani yoyamba kupanga mankhwala ku insulin mu 1923.

Kampaniyo imapanga ndikupanga mankhwala kwa anthu omwe amagulitsidwa bwino m'maiko opitilira zana, ndipo m'maiko 13 muli mafakitale omwe amapanga.

Kuwongolera kwachiwiri kwa kampani ndikupanga mankhwala pazofunikira zamankhwala azowona.

Lilly ndi Company akhala ali ku Moscow zaka zoposa makumi awiri. Maziko a bizinesi yake ku Russia ndi mbiri ya mankhwala othandizira odwala matenda ashuga, koma pali zovuta zina: neurology, psychiatry, oncology.

Wothandizira yogwira mankhwalawo ndi ma 250 micrograms a exenatide.

Zowonjezera ndi sodium acetate trihydrate, glacial acetic acid, mannitol, metacresol ndi madzi a jekeseni.

Baeta imapezeka m'mapensulo otayidwa ndi jakisoni wosabala wa jekeseni pakhungu pakatha mphindi 60 asanadye m'mawa ndi madzulo.

Baeta akulimbikitsidwa pochiza matenda osokoneza bongo omwe amadalira matenda a shuga (mtundu II) kuti athandizire kuyendetsa glycemic:

• mawonekedwe a monotherapy - motsutsana ndi maziko azakudya za carb zochepa komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi,
• kuphatikiza mankhwala:
  • kuwonjezera pa mankhwala ochepetsa shuga (metformin, thiazolidinedione, zotumphukira za sulfonylurea),
  • ntchito metformin ndi basal insulin.

Pankhaniyi, zochokera ku sulfonylurea zingafune kuchepetsedwa. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito Byeta, mutha kuchepetsa yomweyo pofika 20% ndikuisintha mothandizidwa ndi glycemia.

Mankhwala ena, ma regimen oyamba sangasinthidwe.

Boma, mankhwala ampretin kalasi amalimbikitsidwa kuti apangidwe limodzi ndi ena othandizira a hypoglycemic kuti athandizire kuchitapo kanthu komanso kuti achedwetse nthawi yoika insulin.

Kugwiritsa ntchito exenatide sikumawonetsedwa kwa:

• munthu atengeke kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe mankhwala amakhala,
• insellinus wodwala matenda a shuga (mtundu I),
• kuwonongeka kwa impso kapena chiwindi,
• matenda am'mimba, ophatikizidwa ndi paresis (kuchepa kwa mgwirizano) wam'mimba,
• mimba ndi kuyamwitsa,
• pachimake kapena kale kudwala kapamba.

Osamawalembera ana mpaka atakula.

Chenjezo liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizira exenatide ndi kukonzekera kwa pakamwa komwe kumafunsa kuti muchotsepo msempha wam'mimba: sayenera kutengedwa pasanathe ola limodzi jekeseni la Bayet lisanadye kapena zakudya zomwe sizigwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe kake.

Pafupipafupi zochitika zoyipa mukamagwiritsa ntchito Byet ndi 10 mpaka 40%, zimawonetsedwa makamaka kusanza komanso kusanza koyambira. Nthawi zina zimachitika mdera lanu.

Kukonda kwa mankhwala

Matenda a shuga amawopa mankhwalawa, ngati moto!

Muyenera kungolemba ...

Funso lolowetsa Bayet ndi mankhwala ena, monga lamulo, lingabuke potsatira zotsatirazi:

• mankhwalawa sachepetsa shuga,
• zoyipa zimawonekera kwambiri,
• mtengo ndiwokwera kwambiri.

Mankhwala a Baeta opanga - mankhwala omwe amatsimikiziridwa achire komanso kufanana kwachilengedwe - satero.

Zofananira zake zonse pansi pa layisensi yochokera ku Lilly ndi Company zimapangidwa ndi Bristol-Myers squibb Co (BMS) ndi AstraZeneca.

Mayiko ena amagulitsa Byetu pansi pa chida cha mankhwala a Bydureon.

Baeta Long ndi wothandizirana ndi hypoglycemic yemwe ali ndi zomwezi (exenatide), zotenga nthawi yayitali. Analogue mtheradi wa Baeta. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito - jekeseni imodzi yamavuto masiku 7 aliwonse.

Gulu la mankhwala ophatikizira ngati incretin limaphatikizanso Victoza (Denmark) - mankhwala ochepetsa shuga, chogwira ntchito ndi liraglutide. Mwa achire katundu, zikuwonetsa ndi contraindication, ndizofanana ndi Baete.

Agonists a Incretin ali ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wa mankhwala - jakisoni.

Gulu lachiwiri la gulu la mankhwala ampretin limayimiriridwa ndi mankhwala omwe amaletsa kupanga kwa enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4). Amakhala ndi ma molekyu osiyanasiyana.

Zoletsa za DPP-4 zimaphatikizapo Januvia (Netherlands), Galvus (Switzerland), Transgenta (Germany), Ongliza (USA).

Monga Baeta ndi Victoza, amawonjezera insulin pakukulitsa nthawi ya ma protein, akuletsa kupanga kwa glucagon ndikuthandizanso kubwezeretsanso maselo a pancreatic.

Basi musakhudze kuchuluka kwa kumasulidwa kwam'mimba ndipo musathandizire kuwonda.

Chizindikiro chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gulu la mankhwalawa komanso omwe samadalira shuga-wodwala matenda a shuga (mtundu II) mwanjira ya monotherapy kapena molumikizana ndi mankhwala ena ochepetsa shuga.

Kutenga Mlingo wothanirana sikumayambitsa shuga m'magazi, chifukwa m'mene chidziwitso chake cha thupi chikufika, kutsekemera kwa glucagon kumatha.

Chimodzi mwazabwino ndi mtundu wawo wa mankhwala mwanjira ya mapiritsi amkamwa, omwe amakupatsani mwayi kuti mulowe mankhwalawo popanda kulowa jakisoni.

Mlingo

Yothetsera subcutaneous makonzedwe.

1 ml yankho lili:

ntchito: exenatide 250 mcg,

zokopa: sodium acetate trihydrate 1.59 mg, acetic acid 1.10 mg, mannitol 43.0 mg, metacresol 2.20 mg, madzi a jekeseni q.s. mpaka 1 ml.

Njira yopanda mawonekedwe.

Mankhwala

Exenatide (Exendin-4) ndi glucagon-polypeptide receptor agonist ndipo ndi 39-amino acid amidopeptide. Ma insretins, monga glucagon-peptide-1 (GLP-1), amalimbikitsa kuteteza shuga m'magazi, amasintha ntchito za beta, kupondera kutulutsa shuga mwachangu komanso kuchepetsedwa kwa m'mimba atamaliza kulowa m'magazi ambiri. Exenatide ndi mphamvu ya insretin mimetic yomwe imathandizira secretion ya glucose yomwe imadalira shuga ndipo imakhala ndi zotsatira zina za hypoglycemic zomwe zimayambira ma incretins, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti glycemic control mu odwala a mtundu wa 2 shuga.

Mndandanda wa amino acid wokhudzana ndi exenatide pang'ono umafanana ndi kufanana kwa anthu a GLP-1, chifukwa chomwe chimamangiriza ndikuyambitsa zolandilira za GLP-1 mwa anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwonetsero cha glucose chikudalira komanso kuteteza insulini kuchokera ku maselo a beta ochulukirapo ndikutenga gawo la cyclic AMP ndi / kapena siginecha yina njira. Exenatide imalimbikitsa kutulutsa kwa insulin kuchokera ku maselo a beta pamaso pa kuchuluka kwa shuga. Exenatide amasiyana mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi zochita zamapangidwe a insulin, zotumphukira za sulfonylurea, zotumphukira za D-phenylalanine ndi meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones ndi alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.

Exenatide imathandizira kuwongolera kwa glycemic mwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a 2 chifukwa cha njira zotsatirazi.

Katemera wa glucose yemwe amadalira khungu: mu hyperglycemic zinthu, exenatide timapitiriza shuga kutengera amadalira insulin kuchokera pancreatic beta maselo. Katemera wa insuliniyu amathera pomwe kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumachepera ndipo ikuyandikira mwachizolowezi, potero kumachepetsa chiwopsezo cha hypoglycemia.

Gawo loyamba la yankho la insulin: katemera wa insulin mphindi 10 zoyambirira, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "gawo loyamba la mayankho a insulin", palibe odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 2. Kuphatikiza apo, kutayika kwa gawo loyamba la mayankho a insulin ndikusokonezeka koyambirira kwa ntchito ya cell ya beta mu mtundu 2 shuga. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa exenatide kumabwezeretsa kapena kumakulitsa kwambiri magawo oyamba ndi achiwiri a kuyankha kwa insulin odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a 2.

Katemera wa Glucagon: Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 2 amachokera ku hyperglycemia, makonzedwe a exenatide amachepetsa kubisalira kwa glucagon.Komabe, exenatide sichimasokoneza mayankho abwinobwino a glucagon ku hypoglycemia.

Zakudya: makonzedwe a exenatide amatsogolera kuchepa kwa njala komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya.

Kuchotsa mafuta m'mimba: zidawonetsedwa kuti makina amtundu wa exenatide amalepheretsa kuthamanga kwa m'mimba, komwe amachepetsa kutsitsa kwake. Odwala omwe ali ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda a shuga, mankhwalawa a exenatide mu monotherapy komanso kuphatikiza kwa metformin ndi / kapena sulfonylurea kukonzekera kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa magazi ndende ya glucose, kuperewera kwa shuga m'magazi, komanso HbA1c, potero kuwongolera kayendedwe ka glycemic mwa odwala.

Pharmacokinetics

Pambuyo subcutaneous makonzedwe kwa odwala mtundu 2 matenda a shuga, exenatide mofulumira odzipereka ndipo ukufika pafupifupi pazipita plasma wozungulira pambuyo 2.1 maola. Chiyero chachikulu kwambiri (Cmax) ndi 211 pg / ml ndi malo onse omwe ali munthawi ya ndende (AUC_0-int) ndi 1036 pg x h / ml itatha kuperekera kwapakati pa 10 μg exenatide. Mukawonetsedwa ndi exenatide, AUC imawonjezeka molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mlingo kuchokera pa 5 μg mpaka 10 μg, pomwe palibe kuwonjezeka kwa Cmax. Zomwezi zimawonedwa ndi subcutaneous makonzedwe a exenatide pamimba, ntchafu kapena phewa.

Voliyumu yogawa exenatide pambuyo subcutaneous makonzedwe ndi 28.3 malita.

Kutetemera ndi chimbudzi

Exenatide imapangidwa makamaka ndi kusefera kwa glomerular kutsatiridwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa proteinolytic. Chilolezo cha Exenatide ndi 9.1 l / h ndipo theka lomaliza la moyo ndi maola 2.4. Izi pharmacokinetic machitidwe a exenatide ndi kumwa palokha. Miyezo yoyeserera ya exenatide imatsimikiziridwa pafupifupi maola 10 mutatha dosing.

Magulu apadera a odwala

Odwala ndi mkhutu aimpso ntchito

Odwala omwe ali ndi vuto laimpso wofatsa kapena wowongoletsa (mawonekedwe a creatinine chilolezo cha 30-80 ml / min), chilolezo cha exenatide sichosiyana kwambiri ndi chilolezo chamankhwala omwe ali ndi vuto laimpso, motero, kusintha kwa mankhwalawa sikofunikira. Komabe, mwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la aimpso omwe amalephera kudutsa dialysis, kuvomerezedwa kwapakati kumachepetsedwa kukhala 0,9 l / h (poyerekeza ndi 9.1 l / h m'maphunziro athanzi).

Odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la chiwindi

Popeza exenatide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi impso, akukhulupirira kuti kuwonongeka kwa hepatic sikusintha kuchuluka kwa exenatide m'magazi. Okalamba M'badwo sizikhudza mawonekedwe a pharmacokinetic a exenatide. Chifukwa chake, odwala okalamba sayenera kuchita kusintha kwa mlingo.

Ana Ma pharmacokinetics a exenatide mwa ana sanaphunzire.

Achinyamata (azaka 12 mpaka 16)

Mu kafukufuku wa pharmacokinetic omwe amapangidwa ndi odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 2 omwe ali ndi zaka 12 mpaka 16, kuyang'anira exenatide pa mlingo wa 5 μg kumayendera limodzi ndi magawo a pharmacokinetic ofanana ndi omwe amawonera anthu akuluakulu.

Palibe kusiyana kwakanema pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe ali mu pharmacokinetics of exenatide. Mtundu Mpikisano ulibe tanthauzo lililonse pa pharmacokinetics of exenatide. Kusintha kwa mankhwalawa kutengera mtundu wa makolo sikofunikira.

Odwala onenepa

Palibenso kulumikizana kowoneka pakati pa body index index (BMI) ndi exenatide pharmacokinetics. Kusintha kwa Mlingo woyambira BMI sikofunikira.

Zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa ntchito

Type 2 shuga mellitus monga monotherapy kuwonjezera pa zakudya ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti mukwaniritse bwino glycemic control.

Kuphatikiza mankhwala
Type 2 shuga mellitus ngati mankhwala owonjezera a metformin, a sulfonylurea otumphukira, thiazolidinedione, kuphatikiza kwa metformin ndi sulfonylurea zotumphukira kapena metformin ndi thiazolidinedione posakhala ndi vuto lokwanira la glycemic. Type 2 shuga mellitus monga njira yowonjezera yothandizira kuphatikiza kwa basal insulin ndi kukonzekera kwa metformin kusintha glycemic control.

Contraindication

• Hypersensitivity kuti exenatide kapena excipients omwe amapanga mankhwalawa
• Mtundu woyamba wa matenda a shuga kapena kupezeka kwa matenda ashuga a ketoacidosis
• Kulephera kwambiri kwa aimpso (kulengedwa kwa creatinine chilolezo Monotherapy

Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri kuposa zomwe zimachitika padera zimalembedwa molingana ndi izi: pang'onopang'ono (≥10%), nthawi zambiri (≥1%, 0,1%, 0,01%, mankhwala ophatikiza

Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zidachitika nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira limodzi zimalembedwa malinga ndi gradation yotsatirayi: nthawi zambiri (≥10%), nthawi zambiri (≥1%, 0,1%, 0,01%, DZINA LAPANSI NDI MALO OGULITSA WOPEREKA KULENGA CHEMA

AstraZeneca UK Limited, UK 2 Kingdom Street, London W2 6BD, UK AstraZeneca UK Limited, United Kingdom 2 Kingdom Street, London W2 6BD, United Kingdom

WOPHUNZITSA

Baxter Pharmaceutical Solutions ELC, USA
927 South Curry Pike, Bloomington, Indiana, 47403, USA
Baxter Pharmaceutical Solutions LLC, USA
927 South Curry Pike, Bloomington, Indiana 47403, USA

FILLER (PRIMARY PackING)

1. Baxter Pharmaceutical Solutions ELC, USA 927 South Curry Pike, Bloomington, Indiana, 47403, USA Baxter Pharmaceutical Solutions LLC, USA 927 South Curry Pike, Bloomington, Indiana 47403, USA (katiriji)

2. Sharp Corporation, USA 7451 Keebler Way, Allentown, PA, 18106, USA Sharp Corporation, USA 7451 Keebler Way, Allentown, Pennsylvania, 18106, USA (msonkhano wama cartridge mu cholembera)

PACKER (SECONDARY (CONSUMER) PACKAGING)

Enestia Belgium NV, Belgium
Kloknerstraat 1, Hamont-Ahel, B-3930,
Belgium Enestia Belgium NV, Belgium
Klocknerstraat 1, Hamont-Achel, B-3930, Belgium

MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA

AstraZeneca UK Limited, UK
Silk Road Business Park, Mcclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 2NA, UK
AstraZeneca UK Limited, United Kingdom brSilk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom

Dzina, adilesi ya bungwe lovomerezedwa ndi yemwe ali ndi mwiniwake kapena mwiniwake wa chikalata cholembetsera chamankhwala kuti agwiritse ntchito kuchipatala kuvomereza zomwe ogula akufuna:

Chiyimidwe cha AstraZeneca UK Limited, United Kingdom,
ku Moscow ndi AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LLC
125284 Moscow, st. Kuthamanga, 3, p. 1

Baeta kapena Victoza: kuli bwino?

Mankhwala onsewa ndi a gulu limodzi - kaphatikizidwe kamapangidwe a incretin, ali ndi zotsatira zofanana zochizira.

Koma Victoza ali ndi tanthauzo lotchuka lomwe limathandiza kuchepetsa kunenepa kwa odwala onenepa kwambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu II.

Victoza ali ndi mphamvu yayitali, ndipo tikulimbikitsidwa kuti jakisoni wothandizila amapatsidwa kamodzi patsiku komanso mosasamala za kudya, pomwe Bayetu amayenera kuperekedwa kawiri patsiku ola limodzi asanadye.

Mtengo wogulitsa wa Viktoza m'mafakisi ndiwokwera.

Dokotala wothandizapo amapanga chisankho pa mankhwalawa, poganizira momwe wodwalayo alili, zovuta zake zoyipa ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwake kwa matenda.