Ndi chiwalo chiti chomwe chimatulutsa insulini? Njira ndi kukhudza thupi

Mothandizidwa ndi insulin, imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri mthupi lathu imachitidwa - yoyang'anira. Izi zimapukusira shuga mopitirira muyeso wa 100 mg / dts.

Shuga sasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala mamolekyu a glycogen, omwe, pambuyo pa kusintha kosinthika, amatumizidwa kumisempha, chiwindi ndi mafuta. Ndipo kodi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ichi chopangidwa ndi anthu chimapangidwa kuti? Kodi njira ya insulin kaphatikizidwe ndi chiyani?

Kodi kupanga insulini ukupezeka kuti?

Insulin imapangidwa mu chiwalo chimodzi cha endocrine system - kapamba. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi wachiwiri kwambiri m'thupi (woyamba ndi mgawo, womwe umapezeka m'mimba kumbuyo kwa m'mimba). Thupi ili lili ndi magawo atatu:

Mutu wa kapamba ndi wokulirapo pang'ono, umakhala kumanja kwa midline ndipo umakutidwa ndi thupi la duodenum. Thupi, lomwe limatchedwanso gawo lalikulu, limakhala ngati mawonekedwe a prism. Thupi la chindacho limadutsa pang'ono kulowa.

Gawo lomwe insulin imasungidwa imakhala ndi pafupifupi 5% ya malowa. Kodi kuphatikiza kumachitika mbali yanji? Izi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri: masango maselo obalalika ozungulira mzungulira gawo. Mwasayansi, amatchedwa zisumbu za pancreatic kapena zisumbu za Langerhans. Iwo adapezeka ndi wasayansi waku Germany m'zaka za zana la 19, malingaliro opanga insulin ndi madera azachipanichi adatsimikiziridwa ndi wasayansi wochokera ku USSR Leonid Sobolev.

Pali mamiliyoni a mabwalo achinyengochi, onse amakhala omwazikana ndi chitsulo. Kuchuluka kwa masango onsewa ndi magalamu awiri okha. Iliyonse mwa iyo ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yama cell: A, B, D, PP. Iliyonse mwa mitunduyo imatulutsa zinthu za m'thupi zomwe zimawongolera njira ya metabolic ya michere yonse yolowa m'thupi.

Ma cell a Pancreatic B

Ndi mwa iwo momwe insulin imapangidwira. Akatswiri ambiri opanga ma genetic, akatswiri azamankhwala komanso akatswiri ofufuza zamatsenga amatsutsana pankhani yokhudza kuphatikizidwa kwa chinthuchi. Koma palibe aliyense wa asayansi akudziwa mpaka pamapeto momwe B-cell imatulutsa insulini. Ngati asayansi atha kumvetsetsa zonse zobisika komanso makina opanga okha, anthu athe kuyendetsa njirazi ndikuthana ndi matenda monga insulin kukaniza ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda ashuga.

M'mitundu yamtunduwu, mitundu iwiri ya mahomoni imapangidwa. Loyamba ndi lakale kwambiri, kufunikira kwake kwa thupi ndikwakuti, pokhapokha ngati chinthu cha proinsulin chimapangidwa.

Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti ndilo lomwe linayambitsa insulini yodziwika kale.

Horm yachiwiri idasintha masinthidwe osinthika ndipo imakhala chithunzi chamtundu woyamba wa mahomoni, iyi ndi insulin. Asayansi amati zimapangidwa motengera dongosolo lotsatira:

Thupi la insulini limapangidwa m'maselo a B chifukwa cha kusintha kwamasinthidwe. Kuchokera pamenepo, imalowa m'zigawo za Golgi. Mu organelleyi, insulin imayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala.
Monga tikudziwira, kaphatikizidwe ndi kudziunjikira kosiyanasiyana kwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana kumachitika mu kapangidwe ka Golgi. C-peptide imamveka pamenepo mothandizidwa ndi ma enzyme osiyanasiyana.
Pambuyo pamagawo onsewa, insulin yofunikira imapangidwa.
Chotsatira ndi kuyika kwa ma protein a protein mu ma granules apadera achinsinsi. Mwa iwo, thunthu limadziunjikira ndipo limasungidwa.
Mtsinje wa shuga ukakwera pamwamba pazovomerezeka, insulin imayamba kumasulidwa ndikuchita.

Malangizo akupanga insulini amadalira mphamvu ya glucose-sensor ya B-cell, imapereka kuchuluka pakati pakupanga shuga m'magazi ndi insulin. Ngati munthu adya chakudya chomwe chili ndi chakudya chamagulu ambiri, insulin yambiri imayenera kumasulidwa, yomwe iyenera kugwira ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri. Pang'onopang'ono, kuthekera kopanga insulin mu ma pancreatic isens kumafooka. Chifukwa chake, pamene zokolola za kapamba zimachepa palimodzi, shuga ya magazi imakulanso. Ndizomveka kuti anthu azaka zopitilira 40 amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kupangika kwa insulin.

Zokhudza zochita za metabolic

Kodi kusakanikirana kwa mamolekyulu a shuga ndi insulin kumachitika bwanji? Izi zimachitika m'magawo angapo:

Kukondoweza kwa mayendedwe a shuga kudzera mumitsempha - mapuloteni onyamula amayamba, omwe amatenga shuga wambiri ndikuwanyamula,
Zakudya zamafuta ochulukirapo zimalowa mu cell.
Kusintha kwa shuga kukhala mamolekyu a glycogen,
Kusamutsidwa kwa mamolekyu awa kupita ku minofu ina.

Kwa anthu ndi nyama, mamolekyu a glycogen amenewo ndi omwe amapangira mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri, m'thupi lathanzi, glycogen imatha kudya pokhapokha mphamvu zamagetsi zitatha.

M'masamba omwe amapangika pang'onopang'ono, munthu wotsutsana ndi insulin, glucagon amapangidwa. Mothandizidwa ndi, mamolekyulu a glycogen amawonongeka, omwe amasinthidwa kukhala glucose. Kuphatikiza pa zotulukapo zotere, insulin imakhala ndi anabolic komanso anti-catabolic zotsatira zoyipa m'thupi.

Ndi matenda ati omwe angayambitse kusokoneza insulin?

Maselo a B ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezera ndipo nthawi zonse amatulutsa insulini yambiri kuposa momwe thupi limafunira. Koma ngakhale zochulukirapo izi zimalowetsedwa ndi thupi ngati munthu amadya maswiti komanso zakudya zina. Pali matenda ena omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kusowa bwino kwa insulin. Gawo loyamba la pathologies limaphatikizapo matenda chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chinthu:

Insulinoma. Ili ndi dzina la chotupa chotupa chomwe chili ndi ma cell a B. Chotupa choterechi chimayendera limodzi ndi zofanana ndi zochitika za hypoglycemic.
Mankhwala a insulin. Awa ndi liwu loti zizindikiro zovuta zomwe zimawoneka ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ambiri. Mwa njira, zadzidzidzi za insulin m'mbuyomu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zamisala pofuna kuthana ndi matenda a schizophrenia.
Somoji syndrome ndi insulin yosatha.

Gulu lachiwirili limaphatikizapo zinthu zopanda pake zomwe zimayamba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa insulin kapena kuyamwa. Choyamba, ndi mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga. Awa ndi matenda a endocrine omwe amayambitsidwa ndi vuto la shuga. Zikondazo zimatulutsa insulin yokwanira. Poyerekeza ndi kulepheretsa kagayidwe kazakudya, wodwalayo amakula. Izi ndizowopsa chifukwa zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima.

Komanso, munthu amatha kukhala ndi matenda ashuga a 2. Nthendayi ndiyosiyana pang'ono pakumveka kwa maphunzirowa. M'magawo oyamba a matenda, kapamba amapanga insulin yokwanira. Nthawi yomweyo, thupi pazifukwa zina limakhala losagwirizana ndi insulini, ndiye kuti, siligwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika m'thupi la munthu. Matendawa akapita patsogolo, kapangidwe ka insulin m'matumbo amayamba kuponderezedwa ndipo chifukwa chake amakhala wosakwanira.

Momwe mungapangire kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni

Madokotala sangathe kubwezeretsanso ntchito za ma pancreatic islets.

Chifukwa chaichi, nyama ndi ma insulini opangira zinthu amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala a insulin amatengedwa ngati njira yayikulu yobwezeretsanso zinthu mu shuga, nthawi zina zimayendetsedwa ndi chithandizo chamankhwala cha hormone. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwalawa gwiritsani ntchito zakudya zapadera za carb.

Insulin ndi mapuloteni ovuta omwe amawongolera njira zambiri za metabolic m'thupi.

Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikukhalabe ndi shuga yokwanira bwino. Amapangidwa mu gawo limodzi la kapamba monga ma pancreatic islets. Kuwona kwamtunduwu m'thupi kungayambitse matenda angapo.

Kodi ma pancreatic cell amachita chiyani

Chikhansa ndi chiwalo chomwe chili m'mimba. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikukhazikitsa magawo omwe amagwira ntchito yotsogolera njira zambiri mwa anthu. Zikondazo zimayikidwa ngati cholocha chosakanizika, chifukwa zimakhala ndi procrine ndi endocrine. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amapanga mahomoni omwe samangokhala munjira yogaya chakudya, komanso amakhazikitsa zonse zofunikira. Malo ofunikira kwambiri omwe magawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mahomoni amapangidwa mwachindunji ndi maselo a pancreatic.

Kodi amapanga zinthu zofunika ziti? Zosakaniza zachilengedwe zomwe kapamba wachinsinsi amalembedwa pansipa.

Pancreatic michere. Uku ndi ntchito ya exocrine. Amathandizira kugaya chakudya.
Insulin ndiye mahomoni ofunikira kwambiri opangidwa ndi kapamba. Imasungidwa m'maselo a beta omwe ali mkati mwa gawo. Ntchito zake zazikulu zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka machitidwe mwa anthu, kupitilira ndi kutenga shuga.
Ghrelin. Izi ndi zinthu zamafuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azimva njala.
Somatostatin. Imachepetsa ndikuwongolera zochitika zamagulu ena a endocrine.
Glucagon. Gawo logwira ntchito lomwe ndi antipode. Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu shuga.

Ma Hormonal mankhwala omwe amapangidwa mu pancreatic zone ndi osiyanasiyana, motero amakhudza njira zambiri zomwe zimachitika mwa anthu. Chinsinsi chofunikira kwambiri cha insulin monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo. Ngati tizingolankhula za chiwalo chiti chomwe chimatulutsa insulini ya mahomoni, ndiye, kuwonjezera pa kapamba, palibe dongosolo limodzi m'thupi la munthu lomwe lingagwire ntchito iyi.

Zikondamoyo zimapangira ghrelin, yomwe imayambitsa pafupifupi njala yonse.

Kodi insulin imapangidwa bwanji ndikuchita

Sikuti maselo onse amchiberekero omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zamagulu amthupi omwe amachepetsa shuga. Kupanga kwawo m'thupi kumachitika kokha m'maselo a beta. Amatchedwa islets of Langerhans ndipo amapezeka pakatikati ndi mchira wa limba. Katulutsidwe wa insulin umadalira zinthu ziwiri - kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi a munthu, komanso kuchuluka kwa zochita za zolandilira zomwe zimamangirira. Sichichita mwachindunji, ntchito yake ndiyolumikizana ndipo zimatengera zolandilira zomwe zimakhala ndi tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana. Pancreatic hormone insulin imasungidwa kumbuyo kwa hyperglycemia yomwe idayambitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, pakudya.

Kuphatikiza apo, zimamangirira kwa ma receptors omwe amachititsa kuti zichitike. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamagulu. Ntchito izi za insulin m'thupi la munthu ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti tisamangogwiritsa kagayidwe kake kokha, komanso kukhazikika kwa homeostasis. Ngati ma receptor sakhala okhudzidwa ndi mamolekyulu a mahomoni, ndiye kuti kuphatikiza kwa insulini kumapitiliza pachabe, popeza kuchuluka kwa glucose sikumatsika.

Mitsempha ya vagus, yomwe ndi gawo la parasympathetic system, imayang'anira kupanga insulin mwa anthu. Imayambitsa katulutsidwe ndikulimbikitsa mathero a mitsempha omwe amapezeka kuzilumba za Langerhans.

Ngati pali zinthu zambiri zobisika, ndiye kuti alpha-2-adrenoreceptor, yomwe ndi gawo lamachitidwe achisoni, imachepetsa ntchito yake. Mapuloteni a insulin amatulutsidwa kudzera m'chiwindi ndi impso, kudutsa magawo osiyanasiyana pakusintha kapangidwe kake. Zimasintha kulemera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchotseka kwotsalira kwa zinthu zatsalira m'thupi. Katemera watsopano wa insulini amapezeka pakuwuka kwina kwa glucose. Magawo awa mu minofu ya pancreatic amadutsa kangapo patsiku.

Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chimakhudzidwa?

Zikondazo zimatulutsa insulini pambuyo pakuyambitsa maselo a beta ndi dongosolo lamanjenje chifukwa cha hyperglycemia. Kapangidwe ka timadzi timeneti ndi koyenera kulumikizana ndi ma receptors omwe amapezeka mu ziwalo zosiyanasiyana ndi minyewa ya munthu. Pambuyo pa kuchitapo kanthu, zimakhudza njira zathupi zathupi zomwe zimachitika ndi gawo la glucose. Zomwe muyenera kuyembekezera mthupi mutatha mphamvu ya chinsinsi chamafuta akufotokozedwa pansipa.

Zikondamoyo zimakhudza mitundu yambiri ya kagayidwe ka metabolism

Kupanga shuga kumachepetsedwa.
Njira za metabolism m'chiwindi zimaphatikizidwa ndi gawo lakukopa kwake. Awa ndi glycolysis, gluconeogeneis ndi glycogenolysis. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kupanga glucose yanu kulephereka, malo ake omwe amatha, ndipo glycogen yochulukirapo imapangidwa.
Kupititsa patsogolo mapuloteni.
Mafuta kagayidwe imayendetsedwa, amene amayang'anira magazi mafuta m'thupi.
Zomwe zimakhala zamafuta am'mthupi mwa munthu zimakhala zochepa.

Kukhala ndi multifaceted kwambiri pamitundu yambiri ya kagayidwe kachakudya, kachulukidwe kamatumbo kamatithandizanso kuonetsetsa kuti ziwalo ndi machitidwe zimagwira. Insulin m'thupi la munthu aliyense ndiyofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa ma analogu samapangidwanso m'chiwalo chilichonse. Ngati italeka kupangidwa, ndiye kuti zipatso za glucose zidzachuluka moopsa, zomwe zimakhudza ntchito ya ziwalo zonse zofunika. Izi zimagwira makamaka pachiwindi, chomwe chimayamba kuthyoka pansi mchikakamizo cha shuga ambiri. Kenako ntchito ya kapamba palokha imasokonekera, chifukwa ndi insulin imalumikizana bwino. Kenako impso zimavutikanso, mawonekedwe a metabolites asokonezeka, bwalo loipa lidzatsekedwa, ndipo moyo wabwino udzachepa kwambiri.

Zotsatira zake zidzakhala kupangidwa kwa matenda osokoneza bongo - matenda oopsa omwe amabweretsa imfa yaumunthu m'nthawi yochepa ngati sanachiritsidwe. Zochita za insulin zachilengedwe zitha kulowedwa m'malo ndi zojambula, zomwe zingathandize ntchito zofunikira za odwala. Komabe, yomwe imapangidwa ndi zisumbu za Langerhans imalowa m'magazi mwakuthupi, yomwe imapereka zotsatira zabwino. Zotsatira zopanda pake zoterezi pamwambo wa shuga sizingatheke mwangozi, chifukwa chake matenda a shuga sangathe kuchiritsidwa kwathunthu. Pochepetsera zochitika za insulin ya m'magazi, wodwalayo amasintha posachedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti afe. Mutha kubwezeretsa pokhapokha ndikuyambitsa mankhwala okhala ndi mamolekyu ofanana. Koma mankhwalawa amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyo wanga wonse, ndikangotseka jakisoni kapena jakisoni wambiri adzapha imfa yosaletseka.

Poletsa kupanga insulin, munthu amadwala matenda a shuga

Pomaliza

Chifukwa chake, kupanga insulin mthupi pansi pazikhalidwe zakuthupi kumatheka kokha mu kapamba. Kusintha kulikonse mu ntchito yake kumakhudza mwachindunji kupanga kwa glucose mu minofu. Mokulira, kuchuluka kwa zochita zamafuta kumachepetsedwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti posachedwa mumafunikira thandizo kuti musakhale ndi malamulo a kagayidwe kachakudya.

Pakalibe chithandizo cholowa m'malo, kusintha kosasinthika kumayambira m'thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu afe.

Kupanga zinthu zoteteza zomwe zimathandiza munthu kuthana ndi machitidwe a kagayidwe kazakudya, kamene kali pansi kuyambira kubadwa. Chifukwa chake, chofunikira kwambiri pazaka zambiri zogwira ntchito ya anthu ndikuyenda kosasunthika kwa pancreatic zone. Kale kuyambira paubwana, ndikofunikira kusamalira magwiridwe ake, nthawi zina kuyang'anira zomwe zimapezeka m'magazi. Pokhapokha ngati izi, kupanga zinthu za insulin kudzakhala kwangwiro, ndipo chiyembekezo cha moyo wa anthu ndichopambana.