Hypofunction ndi Hyperfunction kwa kapamba

Hypofunction ndi hyperfunction ya kapamba ndimatenda oopsa omwe, pakakhala kuti palibe chithandizo choyenera, amatha kupha. Kupezeka kwa matenda oterewa kumalumikizidwa ndi kuperewera kwa mitsempha ndi hypoglycemia (kutsika mpaka glucose wochepa m'thupi). Pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa, ndikofunikira kupaka shuga m'mitsempha, yomwe imatha kusintha matenda ndi kulepheretsa zizindikiro za matendawa.

Hypofunction imatha kutsogola kukula kwa matenda ashuga. Pankhaniyi, wodwalayo ayenera kubaya insulini kuti thupi lake lizigwira ntchito bwino. Kusamalira munthawi ya hypo- ndi hyperfunction ya kapamba kumathandiza kuthana ndi matendawa ndikuwonjezera mwayi wowachira msanga.

Zoyambitsa hypofunction

Gawo lakumapeto kwa kapamba limatha kupanga gulu lapadera, lomwe limadziwika kuti zilumba za Langerhans. Kuchuluka kwa ma cell a endocrine omwe amapanga maselo kumachitika mumsempha wa gland. Chifukwa cha gulu ili la maselo, kapamba amatha kutulutsa mitundu itatu ya mahomoni:

glucagon - amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi,
insulin - amawongolera shuga,
lipocaine - limayendetsa mafuta kagayidwe mu chiwindi.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa zisumbu za Langerhans kumatha kuyambitsa kupsinjika kwa kapamba. Mtundu wa zotupa izi zimatha kusintha.

Zizindikiro za hypofunction

Musaiwale kuti zizindikiro za matendawa ndi munthu payekha payekha ndipo zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe wodwalayo alili. Ntchito ya pancreatic yafupika imawonetsedwa ndi zizindikiro zazikulu zotsatirazi:

ludzu losatha, kusowa kwamadzi,
kumva kuwuma komanso kusapeza pakamwa.
kukodza pafupipafupi (polyuria)
kufulumira komanso kuwonda kwambiri,
kumva mseru, kusanza,
ululu wam'mimba
kutopa ndi kufooka,
chisokonezo.

Zizindikiro zoterezi zimatha kudwala matenda ashuga. Ngati mungazindikire kukhalapo kwa zizindikiro zomwe zili pamwambazi komanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu, ndiye kuti pemphani thandizo kwa katswiri.

Ndikofunika kulabadira kuti kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa zimakhala zina ndi mitsempha yamagazi. Nthawi zina njira izi zimatha kubweretsa gangore, khungu, kusokonezeka kwamtima ndi mikwingwirima. Kuti mupewe kuwonetsa matendawa, muyenera kuyang'anira moyo wanu wabwino ndipo mumapita kukayezetsa kuchipatala.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kupsinjika kwa pancreatic

Kuzindikiritsa chomwe chimayambitsa matenda oopsa a chithokomiro ndikofunikira kwambiri pakubwera pambuyo pake. Hyperfunction imatha kuchitika chifukwa kuchepa kwa glucose wamagazi. Poyankha izi, thupi limayamba kuchulukitsa kwambiri kupanga ma insulin, omwe pamapeto pake sangathe kulowererapo.

Pancreatic hyperfunction imagawidwa ndi jenda, chifukwa matendawa amafala kwambiri mwa akazi kuposa amuna.Chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa dongosolo la endocrine, komanso mawonekedwe apadera a thupi la mzimayi (matendawa amatha kupita patadutsa nthawi yayitali, koma pamlingo waukulu).

Hypoglycemia imadziwika chifukwa cha kufinya thupi.

Kuti mupeze zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa, muyenera kusamala makamaka:

chakudya
kuchuluka kwa thupi
kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Kodi kupanikizika kwa thupi kumawonekera bwanji?

Zizindikiro za Hyperfunction

Zizindikiro za matendawa sizitchulidwa. Chifukwa cha izi ndizovuta kuti odwala azindikire kusintha kulikonse m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso makamaka kukaonana ndi dokotala. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za kuchuluka kwa shuga zili ngati kutopa kwakuthupi ndi zokuchitikira zamanjenje. Ndi kupanikizika kwa kapamba, zotsatirazi zimayamba:

kutopa kwakukulu ndi kufooka kwa thupi,
kutopa kopanda nzeru,
kugona, kutaya mphamvu,
mkhalidwe wopanda chidwi
mwendo ndi mkono kukokana
kukomoka.

Mukangoyankha molondola ku zidziwitso za pancreatic hyperfunction, mwachangu, mokwanira komanso moyenera mankhwalawo adzakhala. Kuperewera kwa chithandizo chakanthawi kwa pancreatic hyperfunction kumabweretsa zotsatira zosatsutsika, mpaka kuimitsa ntchito zofunikira za thupi.

Chizindikiro cha matendawa chimayamba kutchulidwa pakapita nthawi, wodwalayo amayamba kusasangalala kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe moyo wake wamasiku onse umasokonekera.

Malangizo: onetsani phindu ndikuteteza thanzi lanu, onetsetsani kuti mukuchezera akatswiri azokonzekera mayeso okonzekera, kuphatikizapo mndandanda wazotsatira zina. Izi zidzakulitsa kwambiri mwayi wakuchira mwachangu.

Matenda okhala ndi vuto la kapamba amatha kukhala owopsa kwambiri.

Kuzindikira matendawa

Kuzindikira matendawa kumalizika m'magawo angapo, zomwe zimathandiza dokotala aliyense wa iwo kudziwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi ziwalo zina ndi thupi lathunthu. Kuzindikira matendawa ndi:

kudziwa kuchuluka kwa shuga,
Kutsimikiza kwamankhwala a insulin,
kudziwa mtundu wa proinsulin,
kuyeserera kogwira ntchito, komwe kumachitika mutasala kudya tsiku lililonse,
composed tomography yokhudza madera ena a thupi la wodwalayo.

Momwe mungachiritsire kupanikizana kwapancreatic?

Pachimake kukhudzana ndi matendawa, monga lamulo, satenga mbali chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa shuga m'mitsempha. Wodwala ali ndi ufulu wokana njira iyi ndikuyamba kutenga magwero a glucose nthawi yayitali. Hyperfunction ya kapamba akhoza kutsagana ndi kuwoneka kwa zotupa mu chiwalo. Zikakhala zotere, chithandizo cha matendawa chimakhala pakupanga opaleshoni ndikuchotsa timitsempha.

Nthawi zina, chifukwa cha zomwe wodwalayo ali nazo, opaleshoni yotere imatsutsana. Kenako wodwalayo ayenera kutsatira zakudya zapadera, kumwa mankhwala apadera ndikutsatira malangizo a kuchipatala.

Koma musaiwale kuti chithandizo choterechi chimawonedwa kuti sichothandiza, kusiyana ndi kuchotsa kwa chotupacho panthawi yake.

Pomaliza

Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndizovuta kuchiritsa matenda? Ngati malingaliro oterowo amayendera mutu wanu, ndiye kuti kupambana mukulimbana ndi matenda apachifini sichiri kumbali yanu. Kapena mukuganiza kale opaleshoni? Izi ndizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kapamba ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri, kugwira ntchito koyenera komwe kumawoneka ngati kiyi wokhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso thanzi. Dzisamalire nokha ndikukhala wathanzi!

Chenjerani, nkhaniyi ndiyokhudza zolinga zokhazokha.Osadzilimbitsa, chifukwa njirayi ndiyowopsa, makamaka pakakhala matenda a kapamba.

Kapangidwe ka kapamba

Zikondwererozi zimathandizira kuti thupi lizigwira ntchito. Imalemera osaposa magalamu 70, ndipo kukula kwake kumakhala kosiyanasiyana masentimita 16 mpaka 22. Chiwalo chamtunduwu, "chobisala" kumbuyo kwa m'mimba, chimakhala ndi thupi, mutu ndi mchira.

Thupi losunthika la gland limakhala ndi kunja, kumbuyo, malo apansi. Mchira wa conical ufikira ndulu. Mutu umakhala patsinde la duodenum.

Mkati mwa limba muli zisumbu za Langerhans. Maselo awo amalumikizidwa ndi ma capillaries am magazi, omwe amakhala ndi ulusi wamitsempha mosavuta. Zisumbu zili:

Mapangidwe a insulini amapezeka m'maselo a beta.

Njira zodziwitsa za ntchito yopatsitsa mphamvu

Kuti muwone kukhalapo kwa katulutsidwe owonjezereka, njira zosiyanasiyana zodziwira matenda othandizira amagwiritsa ntchito. Choyamba, kusanthula madandaulo kwa odwala komanso mbiri yachipatala kumachitika.

Atalandira chidziwitso choyambirira, dokotala amapeza njira zapadera zodziwira. Pakufufuza, njira zonse zothandizira labotale komanso zothandizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Monga njira yantchito:

kutsimikiza kuchuluka kwa shuga m'thupi pamimba yopanda kanthu,
Kutsimikiza kuchuluka kwa insulin m'madzi am'magazi, chifukwa cha njira imodzi yodziwika bwino imagwiritsidwa ntchito - radioimmunological,
kuyezetsa magazi kwa shuga ndi katundu,
kutsimikiza kwa proinsulin ndi C-peptide m'magazi,
kuchita mayeso ogwira ntchito ndi kusala kudya.

Monga njira zothandizira kuzindikira kuwonjezeka kwa zochitika za khungu la pancreatic, zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Zolemba pamakompyuta.
Angiography.
Catheterization ya portal mtsempha kuti mupeze insulin.

Atatha maphunziro onse ofunikira ndikuwatsimikizira kuti ali ndi vutoli, dotoloyo akupereka chithandizo chamankhwala chofuna kupewetsa kapamba.

Therapy ya matenda a gland hyperfunction mu pachimake nthawi kumayambitsa kukhazikitsa glucose kudzera m`thupi.

Chithandizo cha kupezeka kwa insulinomas mu minofu ya England Opaleshoni imachotsa chotupacho. Potivumbulutsa zilonda zoyipa za chotupacho, amachichotsa ndi gawo la tiziwalo tamadonthina.

Ngati kuchitidwa opaleshoni sikungatheke pazifukwa zomveka, ndiye kuti wodwalayo adalandira mankhwala othandizira, omwe amaphatikiza kuphatikiza kwa insulin ya mahomoni.

Mukazindikira matenda kwa odwala, kutsatira zakudya zapadera ndikofunikira kwambiri. Chakudya choterocho chimaphatikizapo kumwa chakudya chamafuta ambiri.

Kugwirizana ndi zakudya zamafuta kumaphatikiza kukana kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta komanso zonunkhira, kuwonjezera apo, wodwalayo ayenera kukana kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta mu zakudya.

Pankhani yakuchulukitsa kwa chinsinsi cha ziwalo za pancreatic, shuga wamagazi ndi kuchuluka kwa insulini iyenera kuyang'aniridwa, ndipo pakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chamagulu, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera zomwe zili nazo pakudya zakudya zokhala ndi gawo lalikulu la chinthuchi.

Kudya zakudya zamtunduwu kumatha kuwonjezera shuga lanu lamagazi ndikuchepetsa insulin yanu.

Ntchito za kapamba zimafotokozedwa mu kanema munkhaniyi.

Zikondazo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'mimba. Ili ndi mawonekedwe achilendo ndi mutu, thupi ndi mchira. Chiwalochi chimagwira ntchito ziwiri zachinsinsi: zamkati ndi zakunja.

Pancreatic hyperfunction imatha kukula pazaka zilizonse. Matendawa amagwirizana kwambiri ndikupanga insulin. Matendawa ndi osowa, koma amatha kubweretsa njira zoyipa mthupi.

Hypofunction ndi hyperfunction ya kapamba imayenderana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika komanso kukula kwa ma pathologies mu zimakhala za chiwalo.

Nthawi zambiri, hypofunction imayamba, koma nthawi zina, zochitika za maselo a ziwalo zimachuluka. Izi zimabweretsa chakuti wodwalayo adawonetsa kufinya kwa kapamba. Kuphwanya kotere kumachitika kawirikawiri ndipo, monga lamulo, limayendera limodzi ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwa matenda akulu mthupi.

Kwenikweni, kufooka kwa ziwalo kumawonekera ndikuwonjezereka kwa insulin m'magazi.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa zochitika za maselo a pancreatic glandular sizingakhale nthawi zonse zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza pakugwira ntchito kwa chiwalo.

Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ya minyewa ya glandular kumatha kukhala chifukwa chosalakwika kapena kusakwanira kwa matenda a shuga, pamene insulin yambiri imalowetsedwa mkati mwathupi lathu kuposa momwe makonzedwe amafunira.

Izi zimachitika pamene kuwerengera kwa mankhwalawo sikulondola kapena pambuyo pa kuperekera mankhwala pamimba yopanda kanthu.

Kuphatikiza apo, choyambitsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zachinsinsi chimatha kukhala chitukuko cha insuloma.

Insuloma ndi mawonekedwe a chotupa omwe amapezeka pachilumba cha Langerhans. Chotupa mu pancreatic minofu kumabweretsa kukulira kupanga kwa insulin. Chotupa chotere ndi chosaopsa ndipo sichingapangidwe metastases, koma chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwapachiwopsezo cha pancreatic kumabweretsa chitukuko chachikulu cha thupi chomwe chitha kuvulaza kwambiri thupi pakalibe chithandizo chokwanira.

Kapangidwe ka zotupa zina muubongo kumapangitsanso kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito zachinsinsi za maselo.

Sonyezani shuga yanu kapena sankhani jenda kuti muyimikize.

Ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zimawonekera ndi ntchito yowonjeza mobisa, ndipo chimachitika ndi chiyani ndi kupanikizika kwa kapamba?

Kuwoneka kwa mawonekedwe azikhalidwe ndi kuwonjezereka kwa zochitika za khungu la pancreatic kumalumikizidwa ndi kuyambika ndi kupitilira kwa hypoglycemia m'thupi la wodwalayo.

Hypoglycemia ndiye chiwonetsero chachikulu cha chinsinsi cha ziwalo zam'mimba.

Zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi matenda amtunduwu panthawi yakukhululuka kwa kuphwanya malamulo ndi izi:

M'mawa, nkovuta kwa wodwala kuyenda, nthawi zambiri nthawi zambiri amabwereza mayendedwe omwewo ndi mawu, ndipo amatha kuyankha mosasankha kwa mafunso omwe afunsidwa.
Kupsinjika kwa Psychomotor kumawonekera, wodwalayo nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi malo ake, izi nthawi zambiri zimatsogolera ena ku lingaliro kuti munthuyo waledzera.
Wodwalayo amatha kukomoka komwe kumakhala kofanana ndi khunyu, koma kwanthawi yayitali.
Munthu amakhala ndi kutuluka thukuta, pamakhala kulumpha kowopsa mu kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndipo mawonekedwe a kugunda kwa mtima amatha kusokonekera.
Kukula kwa hypoglycemia kumapangitsa kuti mukhale ndi nkhawa, mpaka munthu atayamba kudwala.

Pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa munthu, zizindikiro za matenda oopsa a hypoglycemia apezeka:

kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya nkhope ndi glossopharyngeal, ndipo chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka kumakwiyitsa minofu ya nkhope
Kusokonezeka kwa tendon Reflex komanso kumachitika kwa patreflexes,
pali kuchepa kwa kukumbukira ndi magwiridwe antchito.

Zizindikiro zakuchepa kwa ntchito zachinsinsi zimatengera umunthu wake wodwala.

Zizindikiro zoyambira ngati kuphwanya lamulo ndi izi:

Kuthetsa madzi m'thupi.
Kumva kowuma pamlomo wamkamwa.
Kuchulukitsa pokodza.
Kuchepetsa thupi mwachangu.
Maonekedwe a mseru komanso kufuna kusanza.
Maonekedwe akumva kupweteka m'mimba.
Mawonekedwe osokoneza.
Maonekedwe a kutopa msanga komanso kuwonongeka kwapadera.

Zizindikiro zake zimatha kukhala zovuta kwa kumayambiriro ndi kupitilira kwa wodwala wodwala matenda ashuga.

Kusokonezeka kwa ntchito zachinsinsi kumachitika m'matumba a pancreatic nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kapamba.

Kuphwanya ntchito zapakati pa ntchito nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa ndi kuphwanya kwa minofu ya glandular minofu, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi kuphwanya kogwiritsa ntchito kugaya chakudya.

Zikondazo zimachita mbali yayikulu pamoyo wamunthu. Imagwira ntchito ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba, kapamba amatulutsa shuga ndi ma insulin omwe amapangitsa kuti shuga azikhala m'magazi, ndipo chachiwiri, timayamika, mapangidwe a ma enzymes omwe amakhudza mapuloteni, chakudya ndi mafuta mu matupi athu.

Ngati pali zovuta zilizonse mu ntchito ya thupili, kugwira ntchito kwakanthawi kokhazikika kwa chakudya kumasokonekera, komwe kumapangitsa kuti pakhale matenda ambiri a kutupa kapena chikhalidwe cha oncogenic.

Nthawi yomwe gawo la enzyme limayamba kupanga zochuluka, kuchuluka kwa kapamba kumapezeka. Izi matenda ndi osowa kwambiri mwa anthu, ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphwanya kagayidwe kachakudya m'thupi.

Nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezereka kwa kupanga kwa pancreatic secretion kumawonetsa kuti munthu wayambitsa vuto lotupa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kudziwidwa koyambirira pachitika masinthidwe amtunduwu pakuchitika kwa chiwalo ndikofunikira.

Monga tanena kale, mliriwu umapezeka padera, koma palibe wotetezeka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake muyenera kuzindikira zazikulu zomwe zikuwonetsa kukula kwa matenda, zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuti musaphonye zizindikiro zoyambitsa komanso kulumikizana ndi katswiri panthawi yake.

Gastroenterologists, poyankha mafunso a anthu okhudzana ndi momwe pancreatic hyperfunction imadziwonekera, nthawi zambiri amadziwa kuti mawonekedwe oyamba omwe ali ndi pancreatic hypersecretion ndi opanda tanthauzo.

Ndikovuta kwambiri kukayikira zonyansa pantchito ya chiwalo, chifukwa izi ndi zizindikiro za kuperewera kwa thupi m'thupi - kutopa, kufooka, malaise, kugona nthawi zonse ndi kusachita chidwi. Komanso kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa chikumbumtima ndi kukhudzika kumadziwika.

Kutayika kwam'mawa, komwe kumawonekera pakumakhala kovuta kulumikizana ndi ena, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi mawu osasunthika komanso mayendedwe.
Upereke pafupipafupi psychomotor mavuto, wokumbukira mkhalidwe wa kuledzera mwamphamvu.
Maonekedwe akhunyu ofanana ndi khunyu, mawonekedwe omwe ndi akuti amakhala motalikirapo.

Mu milandu pamene pancreatic hyperfunction, yolumikizidwa muzochita zamankhwala zokhala ndi matenda oopsa a insulinoma, imakhala yovuta, munthu amakhala ndi zizindikiro za oncology - kupweteka kwam'mimba pamimba, kunenepa kwambiri, komanso kusokonezeka kwa chimbudzi.

kutsimikiza kuchuluka kwa shuga m'thupi pamimba yopanda kanthu,
Kutsimikiza kuchuluka kwa insulin m'madzi am'magazi, chifukwa cha njira imodzi yodziwika bwino imagwiritsidwa ntchito - radioimmunological,
kuyezetsa magazi kwa shuga ndi katundu,
kutsimikiza kwa proinsulin ndi C-peptide m'magazi,
kuchita mayeso ogwira ntchito ndi kusala kudya.

Sonyezani shuga lanu kapena sankhani jenda kuti mulimbikitsidwe

Zindikirani zaka za mwamunayo

Sonyezani zaka za mkazi

Pancreatic hyperfunction - mawonetseredwe azachipatala ndi njira zamankhwala

Odziwika kwambiri a insulinoma ndi chotupa chopita ku chiwopsezo cha gland

Zizindikiro za matenda omwe amafunsidwa akhoza kusiyanasiyana kutengera komwe chotupa chikuchitika. Nthawi zambiri, kuyambika kwa matendawa ndi asymptomatic.Pamene kutulutsa kwa mahomoni kumachuluka ndi minofu ya neoplasm, wodwalayo amatha kugona, kutopa, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kusokonezeka kwa kukumbukira, ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Njira za Volumetric zimatsogolera ku kuwoneka kwa mitundu yowala yazizindikiro zamatendawa.

Wodwalayo akuwulula:

thukuta
tachycardia
kuwonongeka mu mawonekedwe a mtunda
Psychotor
kukoma.

Insulinomas yayikulu nthawi zambiri imayambitsa hypoglycemia yovuta (ochepera 3 mmol / L). Zikatere, wodwalayo amadzidzimuka, amagwa, ndipo amwalira pomwe chithandizo chamankhwala chisanachitike.

Kuzindikira matendawa kumakhazikitsidwa pakuyesa magazi kwa shuga, mayeso ogwira ntchito, njira zothandizira ndi zamakono (CT, MRI). Mankhwala othandizira othandizira zotupa, kuphatikizapo njira za chemotherapeutic kapena radiation.

Mpumulo wa matenda a hypoglycemia umatheka chifukwa cha kutsekeka kwa shuga kapena chakudya chamafuta ambiri. Ngati kuli kofunikira kupondereza kuphatikizira kwa insulin, mafakitala okonza mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Matenda a shuga ndi chiwonetsero chofala kwambiri cha pancreatic hypofunction.

Matenda akuluakulu omwe amapezeka ndi kuchepa kwa katemera wa pancreatic ndi matenda a shuga. Pathology imayambika chifukwa chosagwiritsa ntchito glucose wokwanira ndi ma cell a somatic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magazi azikhala ndi magazi ambiri.

Kuperewera kwa insulin kumayamba ndi:

kunenepa
autoimmune zimachitika
matenda
zoyipa
chithokomiro.

Chizindikiro chimodzi cha matenda ashuga ndi ludzu. Wodwala amatha kumwa mpaka malita 10 a madzi patsiku. Diuresis imakulanso mwachilengedwe, chomwe ndi chizindikiro chachiwiri cha matendawa. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amakonda kudya kwambiri, koma ngakhale ndi chakudya chochuluka, amapitilirabe kuchepa thupi.

Matendawa akamakula mwa odwala, kuwonongeka kwamitsempha kwam'mimba kumachitika, komwe kumayambitsa matenda ambiri amtundu (retinopathy, zilonda zam'mimba, kuchepa, zolakwika zamkati mwazinthu zamkati. Kuchepa kwa kukula kwa mayendedwe achitetezo amthupi amadziwika.

Kuwonongeka kwa zilumba za Langerhans ndi hypofunction yokhudzana ndi kapamba ndi matenda osachiritsika. Mankhwalawa amachitika m'njira yothandizira. Wodwalayo amakakamizidwa kulandira mahomoni opanga mu mawonekedwe a jekeseni moyo wake wonse.

Hypo ndi hyperfunction ya kapamba imafunika kukakamizidwa ndikuwunika ndi endocrinologist. Maphikidwe a mankhwala azikhalidwe pano sagwira ntchito pano. Chifukwa chake, pachiwonetsero choyamba cha matendawa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyesedwa ndikuyamba njira yochizira yomwe yapezeka ndi matenda omwe apezeka.

Kupezeka kwa matenda oterewa kumalumikizidwa ndi kuperewera kwa mitsempha ndi hypoglycemia (kutsika mpaka glucose wochepa m'thupi).

Pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa, ndikofunikira kupaka shuga m'mitsempha, yomwe imatha kusintha matenda ndi kulepheretsa zizindikiro za matendawa.

Hypofunction imatha kutsogola kukula kwa matenda ashuga. Pankhaniyi, wodwalayo ayenera kubaya insulini kuti thupi lake lizigwira ntchito bwino. Kusamalira munthawi ya hypo- ndi hyperfunction ya kapamba kumathandiza kuthana ndi matendawa ndikuwonjezera mwayi wowachira msanga.

glucagon - amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi,
insulin - amawongolera shuga,
lipocaine - limayendetsa mafuta kagayidwe mu chiwindi.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa zisumbu za Langerhans kumatha kuyambitsa kupsinjika kwa kapamba. Mtundu wa zotupa izi zimatha kusintha.

ludzu losatha, kusowa kwamadzi,
kumva kuwuma komanso kusapeza pakamwa.
kukodza pafupipafupi (polyuria)
kufulumira komanso kuwonda kwambiri,
kumva mseru, kusanza,
ululu wam'mimba
kutopa ndi kufooka,
chisokonezo.

Zizindikiro zoterezi zimatha kudwala matenda ashuga. Ngati mungazindikire kukhalapo kwa zizindikiro zomwe zili pamwambazi komanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu, ndiye kuti pemphani thandizo kwa katswiri.

Kufotokozera zam'mapapo

Ndi kukanika kwa pancreatic, magwiridwe ake antchito amasokonezeka. Pali mitundu iwiri ya kusokonezeka kotere - hypofunction ndi hyperfunction - mkhalidwe wochepetsedwa ndikuchulukirapo katulutsidwe ka mahomoni ndi ziphuphu.

Pancreatic hypofunction ndi mkhalidwe wa m'matumbo momwe kapamba samatulutsira kuchuluka kwamahomoni ake, makamaka insulin, ndipo amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ma islets a Langerhans.

Zosintha mu antigenic katundu wa islet cell zitha kukhala chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zotsogola pakati pawo ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda, zinthu zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza kupsinjika kwa mitsempha ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya. Udindo wa matenda opatsirana ndi ma virus umadziwika ndi kupezeka pafupipafupi kwa ma antibodies ena kuma virus ena mwa odwala. Tsopano ma virus ena amawerengedwa kuti akhoza kutenga nawo mbali pathogenesis ya hypofunction ya kapamba ndipo makamaka mawonekedwe ake owopsa - mtundu 1 shuga mellitus:

Funsani funso kwa akatswiri ndikutenga
yankhani mu mphindi 15!

Kachilombo ka Coxsackie VZ ndi B4,
Kukonzanso mtundu 3,
cytomegalovirus,
kachilombo ka mumps
kobadwa nako rubella
encephalomyocarditis,
matenda mononucleosis.

Mtundu woyamba wa shuga ngati chowonjezera pancreatic hypofunction

Acute hypofunction ya kapamba sichachilendo kuposa mtundu 1 wa shuga, womwe ndi matenda a autoimmune. Type 1 shuga mellitus imatha kuyambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka virus, komanso zifukwa zingapo zakusokonekera kwa chilengedwe potengera maziko obadwa nawo. Mtundu wa matenda amtunduwu umadziwika ndi nyengo ya zomwe zimachitika ndikuwonjezereka kwa kugwa komaliza komanso nthawi yozizira (kuchuluka kwakukulu kumachitika mu Okutobala ndi Januwale).

Mtundu 1 wa shuga, kulemera ndi kukula kwa kapamba kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe alibe shuga, kapena odwala matenda ashuga 2. Chiwerengero cha ma islets, komanso kuchuluka kwa insulini yotengedwa kuchokera ku kapamba mwa odwala matenda a shuga 1 poyerekeza ndi chizolowezi.

Mu etiopathogenesis ya mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga, ndikofunika kusiyanitsa masinthidwe amtundu wokhudzana ndi ma antigen ena a HLA leukocyte antigen dongosolo (Human Leucocyte Antigens - anti leukocyte antigen), omwe amalumikizidwa ndi majini oyankha pathupi. Ma antijeni a dongosolo la HLA amapezeka pa gawo laling'ono la 6 la autosomal chromosome, pomwe 5 loci imadziwika: A, B, C, D, DR. Ma antigenic a loci A, B, C amapezeka m'maselo onse apakati a thupi, ma antigen of locus D (DR, DRW) - mu B-lymphocyte ndi macrophages. Zadziwika kuti kutengera kwa majini a mtundu woyamba wa shuga kumayenderana ndi HLA B8 ndi ma antigen B15 (kuthekera kotenga matendawa kumakhala kukuwonjezereka kuchulukirapo kawiri ndi theka kuposa anthu omwe alibe ma antijeni awa, komanso kukhalapo kwa nthawi imodzi kwa B8 ndi B15, chiopsezo cha matendawa chikuwonjezeka Nthawi 8-9).

Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri, kugawa kwa ma antigen sikusiyana ndi kwa ambiri.Kafukufuku wa locus D adawonetsa kuti kupezeka kwa mtundu wa matenda a shuga 1 amaphatikizidwa makamaka ndi kupezeka kwa ma antigen a DW3, DRW3, DR4 ndi DRW4, pomwe antigen ya DRW2 ndi chizindikiro cha chiopsezo chochepa cha matenda a matenda a shuga 1 a mellitus (amachititsa kuteteza ndi kuteteza).

Zizindikiro zake

Zizindikiro zapamwamba za matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba ndi monga: polyuria (kukodza kwambiri), polydipsia (kuchuluka ludzu), pakamwa pouma, polyphagia (kuchuluka kwa njala), kutopa, ndi kuchepa thupi.

Mitundu yambiri ya odwala matenda ashuga amtundu 1 amadziwika akapezeka ndi matenda ashuga a ketoacidosis. Zizindikiro zake za ketoacidosis ya matenda ashuga zimaphatikizapo khungu louma, kupuma movutikira, kugona, kuchuluka kwa ludzu, kukodza pafupipafupi, kupweteka kwam'mimba, komanso kusanza. Pafupifupi 12% ya anthu odwala matenda ashuga a 1 amakhala ndi nkhawa yachipatala.

Pafupifupi 6 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1 amakhala ndi matenda osokoneza bongo, koma nthawi zambiri palibe zizindikiro zokumba kapena amatchulidwa molakwika kuti matenda ashuga, gastroparesis, kapena matenda ashuga. Nthawi zambiri, matenda a celiac amadziwika pambuyo poyambira matenda a shuga a 1. Kuphatikiza matenda a celiac omwe ali ndi matenda amtundu 1 kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha zovuta monga retinopathy ndi kufa. Mgwirizanowu ungathe kufotokozedwa chifukwa cha majini olumikizana, komanso kutupa kapena kuperewera kwa thupi chifukwa cha matenda osakhazikika, ngakhale mutazindikira kuti matenda a shuga a mtundu woyamba ndi oyamba.

Anthu ena omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga 1 amamva kusinthasintha kwadzidzidzi komanso mobwerezabwereza m'magazi a shuga, zomwe zimachitika popanda chifukwa chomveka, izi zimatchedwa "shuga yosakhazikika" kapena "matenda oopsa" komanso nthawi zina "matenda osokoneza bongo", ngakhale kuti liwulo siligwiritsidwanso ntchito. Zotsatira za kusinthika kotereku kumatha kukhala hyperglycemia yosasinthika, nthawi zina yolumikizidwa ndi ketoacidosis, ndipo nthawi zina ndi hypoglycemia yayikulu. Matenda osalimba a shuga samachitika kawirikawiri kuposa 1% mpaka 2% ya anthu odwala matenda ashuga.

Sitinapeze yankho
ku funso lanu?

Ingolembani zomwe inu
muyenera thandizo

Chithandizo cha Hypofunction

Kuyesa kwamkodzo komwe kumawonetsa glucose wanu wamagazi kukuthandizani kutsata kapamba wanu. Pambuyo popitiliza kusanthula, ndikofunikira nthawi yomweyo kulandira chithandizo. Dokotala amamuwonetsa makonzedwe a insulin yochita kupanga kuti akhalebe ndi shuga.

Pancreatic hyperfunction imagawidwa ndi jenda, chifukwa matendawa amafala kwambiri mwa akazi kuposa amuna. Chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa dongosolo la endocrine, komanso mawonekedwe apadera a thupi la mzimayi (matendawa amatha kupita patadutsa nthawi yayitali, koma pamlingo waukulu).

Hypoglycemia imadziwika chifukwa cha kufinya thupi.

Kuti mupeze zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa, muyenera kusamala makamaka:

chakudya
kuchuluka kwa thupi
kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Kodi kupanikizika kwa thupi kumawonekera bwanji?

kutopa kwakukulu ndi kufooka kwa thupi,
kutopa kopanda nzeru,
kugona, kutaya mphamvu,
mkhalidwe wopanda chidwi
mwendo ndi mkono kukokana
kukomoka.

Chizindikiro cha matendawa chimayamba kutchulidwa pakapita nthawi, wodwalayo amayamba kusasangalala kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe moyo wake wamasiku onse umasokonekera.

Matenda okhala ndi vuto la kapamba amatha kukhala owopsa kwambiri.

Kuzindikira matendawa kumalizika m'magawo angapo, zomwe zimathandiza dokotala aliyense wa iwo kudziwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi ziwalo zina ndi thupi lathunthu. Kuzindikira matendawa ndi:

kudziwa kuchuluka kwa shuga,
Kutsimikiza kwamankhwala a insulin,
kudziwa mtundu wa proinsulin,
kuyeserera kogwira ntchito, komwe kumachitika mutasala kudya tsiku lililonse,
composed tomography yokhudza madera ena a thupi la wodwalayo.

Momwe mungachiritsire kupanikizana kwapancreatic?

Pachimake kukhudzana ndi matendawa, monga lamulo, satenga mbali chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa shuga m'mitsempha.

Wodwala ali ndi ufulu wokana njira iyi ndikuyamba kutenga magwero a glucose nthawi yayitali.

Hyperfunction ya kapamba akhoza kutsagana ndi kuwoneka kwa zotupa mu chiwalo. Zikakhala zotere, chithandizo cha matendawa chimakhala pakupanga opaleshoni ndikuchotsa timitsempha.

Koma musaiwale kuti chithandizo choterechi chimawonedwa kuti sichothandiza, kusiyana ndi kuchotsa kwa chotupacho panthawi yake.

Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa

zolakwa pochiza matenda ashuga. Jakisoni wa insulini amachitika pamimba yopanda kanthu kapena kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa ndikokwera kwambiri,
insulomas - zotupa zoyambitsa mahomoni. Ma neoplasms awa siodetsa nkhawa, samapanga metastasis,
zotupa za muubongo.

kulephera kudziwa
kufooka wamba
kuwonetsa
kukokana m'miyendo
kugona kosalekeza.

Zambiri za insulin.
Kukula kwa insuloma.
Maonekedwe a zotupa za muubongo.

Zambiri zazifupi za zotumphukira za parathyroid ndi ntchito zawo

Hyperparathyroidism, zizindikiro ndi chithandizo mwa akazi, sekondale hyperparathyroidism, vuto la hypercalcemic ndi mawu omwe odwala amakumana nawo nthawi zambiri. Koma musanamvetse zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa komanso zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa, ndikofunikira kuganizira zina mwazinthu zofunikira za thupi.

Anthu ambiri amakhala ndi timagulu tiwiri ta matenda a parathyroid, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala kumbuyo kwa chithokomiro cha chithokomiro (nthawi zina amadzamizidwa mu minofu yake). Mwa njira, 15-20% ya anthu ali ndi zomera zitatu mpaka 12. Chiwerengero chawo ndi malo omwe angasiyane. Tiziwopsezo tating'ono, mamilimita angapo kukula, kuyambira 20 mpaka 70 mg.

Tizilombo ta parathyroid timagwira ntchito yachilengedwe, yomwe ndi parathyroid, yomwe imayang'anira kagayidwe ka phosphorous ndi calcium m'thupi. Ndi kashiamu wosakwanira m'magazi, timadzi timayambira timatulutsa timafupa, timathandizanso kuyamwa kwa mcherewu m'matumbo am'mimba, komanso amachepetsa kuchuluka komwe kumathandizidwa kuthana ndi mkodzo. Madzi a parathyroid amathandizanso kutulutsidwa kwa phosphorous kuchokera mthupi.

Kodi hyperparathyroidism ndi chiyani? Epidemiology

Hyperparathyroidism ndimatenda omwe mumakhala kuwonjezeka kwa chinsinsi cha timadzi ta parathyroid. Awa ndi matenda osatha a endocrine system, yomwe nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi hyperplasia ya tiziwalo tokha kapena kupanga zotupa m'misempha yawo.

Nkhani yothandiza? Gawani ulalo

M'pofunika kunena kuti zizindikiro za hyperparathyroidism mwa akazi zimalembedwa katatu kuposa momwe zimagonana mwamphamvu. Masiku ano, matenda a zam'mimba amadziwika kuti ndiofala. Ngati tikulankhula za matenda a endocrine, ndiye kuti hyperparathyroidism yomwe imachulukana imatenga malo lachitatu (pambuyo pa hyperthyroidism ndi matenda a shuga).

Kusintha kwachilengedwe chifukwa cha matenda

Monga tanena kale, pakuwonjezeka kwa mahomoni a parathyroid m'magazi, pali kuphwanya kwa calcium metabolism m'thupi - mcherewu umayamba kutsukidwa m'mafupa. Nthawi yomweyo, mulingo wa calcium m'magazi umakwera. Mafupa am'mafupa amaphatikizidwa ndi fibrous, komwe, kumene, kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zida zothandizira.

Zizindikiro za hyperparathyroidism zimagwirizanitsidwa osati ndi kuphwanya kapangidwe ka mafupa. Kuwonjezeka kwa kashiamu m'magazi nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ziwalo zamkati zamkati. Choyamba, makoma ndi impso zam'mimba zimavutika chifukwa cha ma neoplasms otere. Kuphatikiza apo, poyang'ana calcium

Hyperparathyroidism: Zizindikiro ndi zomwe zimayambitsa fomu yayikulu

M'magulu amakono, magulu angapo amawu amodzi ndi osiyana. Odwala nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi matenda oyamba a hyperparathyroidism. Zizindikiro zake zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa chithokomiro, ndipo mu 85% yazochitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matendawa akhale adenoma (benign chotupa).

Nthawi zambiri, mukazindikira, zotupa zingapo zimapezeka. Nthawi zambiri, chomwe chimayambitsa kubisala ndi khansa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayamba pambuyo pa kukwiya kwa khosi ndi mutu. Magawo oyamba a matendawa amaphatikizidwa ndi zizindikiro zopanda tanthauzo - kufooka, kutopa, kugona, kusokonezeka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake odwala samakonda kufunafuna thandizo. Matendawa amatha kudutsa zaka. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, mtundu woyamba wa matendawa nthawi zambiri umayamba mwa akazi motsutsana ndi kusintha kwa msambo, komanso kwa anthu achikulire.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ndi mawonekedwe ake

Second hyperparathyroidism ndimatenda omwe amayamba ndi timatumbo tathanzi. Kuchulukitsidwa kwachulukidwe kwa mahomoni a parathyroid kumachitika motsutsana ndi maziko a kuchepa kwa calcium m'magazi, omwe, monga lamulo, amagwirizana ndi ma pathologies ena.

Nthawi zambiri, hypocalcemia imalumikizidwa ndi matenda opweteka kwambiri a impso, kapena ndi kupweteka kwa michere (kuphatikizapo calcium) ndi makhoma am'mimba. Mlingo wa mahomoni a parathyroid amakwera pambuyo pamimba, komanso motsutsana ndi maziko a hemodialysis. Zomwe zimayambitsa zimaphatikizira rickets komanso kuwonongeka kwambiri kwa chiwindi, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kuphwanya kagayidwe ka vitamini D.

Zomwe zimachitika

Pali zifukwa zitatu zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwonetsero cha pancreatic chiwonjezeke:

Zolakwika mu njira zamankhwala othandizira odwala matenda ashuga mellitus kapena chithandizo: mankhwala osokoneza bongo a insulin kapena kuyambitsa kwake pamimba yopanda kanthu.
Pancreatic chotupa - insuloma. Ili ndiye lingaliro lomwe limagwirizanitsa ma neoplasms onse kuchokera kuzilumba za Langerhans. Zimaphatikizanso kukulira kwa insulinomas, glucagonomas, gastrinomas, somatostatinomas ndi ena. Nthawi zambiri, insulinoma imayamba, koma imakhala yosowa kwambiri pakati pa anthu - 1 milandu pa anthu 250,000 pachaka. Ma insuloma otsala, motero, amapezeka pafupipafupi kwambiri.
Zimaphatikizika ndi kutukuka muubongo.

Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo amatenga nawo mbali pakukula komanso kukula kwa insuloma. Pafupifupi 60% ya zotupa zimatulutsa insulin, koma secretion ya gastrin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide imatha kukula. Insuloma imayamba ngati adenoma, benign neoplasm, kapena ngati adenocarcinoma, chotupa cham'mimba, chotupa chomwe chikukula msanga.M'mbuyomu, zotsatira zakupha zimatheka chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zimadza chifukwa chodziwonetsa thupi la insulin yambiri, komanso kufalikira kwa chotupacho.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, mwa omwe apezeka ndi insulin, awa apezeka:

80% - chofanizira adenomas,
9% - zokhala ndi vuto lodana,
11% ndimamwano adenocarcinomas.

Chotupa chikukula pa zaka 35-50, chimapezeka kawiri konse mwa akazi kuposa amuna, sichimapezeka konse mwa ana. Sindiwo cholowa chokha.

Mitundu ya Stroke

Insulinoma - Ichi ndi insuloma yomwe ikupanga insulini kupanga (pomwe ma cell a pancreatic β-cell okha ndi omwe amaphatikizidwa). Pankhani ya insulinoma: 70% ndi adenoma, 30% ndi adenocarcinoma.
Glucagon (mtundu wa insuloma) ndizosowa kwambiri. Amachokera ku ma pancreatic α-cell, ndi kukula kwawo kwa shuga mellitus amakula ndi zizindikiro zake zonse. Zimafotokozedwa kuti glucagon yokhala ndi katemera wake wambiri amatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, kuphwanya masitolo a glycogen mu minofu ndi chiwindi. Chotupacho chimakonda kuchita zilonda, pambuyo pake chimakula.
Gastrinoma kuchokera ku g-cell kupanga gastrin. Homoni imakhudza mkhalidwe wam'mimba. Mu 90% ya odwala, amadziwonetsa ngati chotupa chachikulu cha m'mimba mwa njira ya Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ulcerogenic syndrome). Imapezeka mwa amuna azaka 50. Ndizowopsa kwambiri (70%) pakati pa zotupa za chifuwa chachikulu. Zizindikiro zamankhwala ndi zilonda zam'mimba. Mitsempha yayikulu kwambiri ya gastrin imalimbikitsa maselo a parietal. Mchere wambiri wam'mimba wokhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa hydrochloric acid umapangidwa, womwe umayambitsa kupangika kwa zilonda zam'mimba.
Somatostatin - chotupa kuchokera pancreatic ic-cell. Osowa kwambiri pakati pa insulin. Somatostatin, yopangidwa mopitirira muyeso, imalepheretsa chinsinsi cha kukula kwa mahomoni (STH - kukula kwa mahomoni, opangidwa mu titu gland), thyrotropic (chithokomiro cha chithokomiro), insulin, glucagon, gastrin. Maphunziro amakonda kukhala ndi ma metastases ambiri (mu 74%), ndi vuto la majini. Chipatalachi chimakhala chosiyanasiyana, palibe chithunzi chotsimikizika (matenda a gallstone amayamba chifukwa cha antispasmodic zotsatira za somatostatin paminyewa yosalala ya ndulu, matenda a shuga, kuchepa kwa magazi, kutsegula m'mimba ndimatenda am'madzi othamanga, kuchepa thupi. Kuchepetsa kwambiri kwa STH (kukula kwa mahomoni) kumabweretsa kutsekereza kudya kwakukulu kwa mahomoni a thymus (dzina lachiwiri ndi chithokomiro cha thymus) - thymosin. Zimakhudza kagayidwe kachakudya kagayidwe kake komanso kupatsirana kwa mitsempha. Muubwana, izi zimachepetsa kukula ndi kugonana kwa mwana.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa

Zizindikiro za matenda am'mimba zimadalira kuchuluka kwa katulutsidwe ka mahomoni ena. Nthawi zambiri, kupanga insulin kumawonjezeka.

Chithunzi cha chipatala ndi munthu payekha, koma ali ndi zovuta zingapo zomwe zimayambitsa kukayikira. Uwu ndiye Whipple Triad - Zizindikiro zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi:

Spoganeous hypoglycemia (shuga yotsika imatsimikiziridwa kugona tulo, kugwira ntchito molimbika kapena kufa ndi njala ndikusazindikira).
Mawonetseredwe a Autonomic (thukuta lowonjezereka, kufooka kwambiri ndi kunjenjemera mthupi, palpitations, nkhawa, mantha, nseru, chizungulire, kusanza, kumverera kwa njala yayikulu, m'malo ovuta - kupweteka.
Kusintha kwadzidzidzi pambuyo pakupanga shuga.

Popita nthawi, zizindikiro zamitsempha, kuwonongeka kwamakutu ndikuwona. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka:

kusangalala m'mawa,
kukomoka kwanthawi yayitali kofanana ndi khunyu,
zovuta zamasamba zimapita patsogolo ndikuchulukirachulukira: hyperhidrosis (thukuta kwambiri), kufooka kwambiri, khungu rede, kufooka, kuthamanga kwa magazi (BP), kuukira kwa tachycardia kapena arrhasmia,
Psychotor kusinthasintha kwa mawu osalankhula ndi mayendedwe opanda nzeru, ofanana ndi zakumwa.
kuda nkhawa mpaka kugona.

Matendawa ndi owopsa chifukwa m'magawo oyamba kulibe zizindikiro zenizeni. Vutoli limafanana ndi kutopa kwambiri, asthenic syndrome, kapena kumachitika ngati vesttovascular dystonia. Nthawi zambiri, chipatalachi chimakula pang'onopang'ono: zosokoneza zimawonekera, kusowa kwa chidwi, nthawi zina munthu sangathe kuyang'ana mozama ndikuyankha funso losavuta.

M'tsogolomu, pamene kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumatsika, pali zochitika za kukhumudwa kwa psychomotor (kuponya, kusanthula kopanda tanthauzo, kusunthidwa kosasunthika, kulephera kulankhula). Zambiri za kusokonezeka kwa chikumbumtima ndi kusokonezeka kwa magonedwe zimawonekera, zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi komanso pang'onopang'ono, zimafanana ndi maloto: munthu amapita kwinakwake kapena amachita zinthu zosatheka kuzichita komanso osazindikira. Zowawa zamasamba zimatha kukhalanso pafupipafupi: Kuchulukitsa kwadzidzidzi kwa magazi kuchulukitsa, kugunda kwamtima, thukuta. Vutoli limatsatiridwa ndi pakamwa youma, nseru, kusanza. Pakatha chaka, kusintha kosasinthika mu psyche kumachitika chifukwa cha pafupipafupi magawo a hypoglycemia.

Ngakhale amadana ndi pafupipafupi, kunenepa kwambiri kumatha kukhala pakati pawo chifukwa cha kudya kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, ndikatenga nthawi yayitali matenda, kutopa ndi minyewa kumachitika.

Kuchulukitsa kwa matendawa

Ndi pancreatic hyperfunction yolumikizana ndi kuchuluka kwa insulin, zochitika za hypoglycemic ndi chikomokere zimachitika. Kuwonongeka komwe kumayenderana ndi shuga wochepa wamagazi sikumachitika pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika mwadzidzidzi ndipo zimawonetsedwa ndi stupor, kukomoka kapena mawonekedwe owopsa a psychosis.

Zizindikiro zake zoyambira ndi njala pachimake, kunjenjemera kwa manja, mavuto azovuta. Ngati simuletsa mwachangu kukula kwa hypoglycemia ndi chakudya (chakudya kapena glucose), kuukira kukupitilizabe kukula. Idzawonekera:

tuluka thukuta,
kunjenjemera m'thupi
diplopia (masomphenya apawiri)
mawonekedwe okhazikika
hemiplegia.

Mwina kukula kwa malingaliro ofanana ndi kuledzera: kulephera kuyenda, kuyerekezera zinthu zina. Ngati vutoli silili mwanjira iliyonse, kusanza kumachitika, kupweteketsa mtima kokhala ndi kuphatikizika komanso kupweteka kwa minyewa, chisokonezo, chikomokere. Zobwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa umunthu.

Zizindikiro za hypoglycemia aakulu

Matenda oopsa a hypoglycemia amawonetsedwa ndi kufooka, kusachita chidwi, kutopa kopanda mphamvu, kufooka, kugona nthawi zonse panthawi yopuma, kupweteka mutu, komanso kulephera kukhazikika. Zizindikiro zake ndizofatsa, chithunzi cha chipatala chimafanana ndi hypothyroidism. Nthawi zambiri wodwala samapita kwa dokotala, matendawa amatuluka. Pathology imakhala yovuta. Chizindikiro chilichonse chimakula pakapita nthawi.

Achifwamba akuukira kwa hypoglycemic ndikutuluka thukuta, kunjenjemera, nkhawa, palpitations, kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, kumva mwamphamvu njala. Vutoli limatha kusokonezedwa potenga shuga.

Zizindikiro za hypofunction

Kuwonetsera kwa kuchepa kwa ntchito ya pancreatic ndi shuga. Amadziwika ndi:

pakamwa mokhazikika
ludzu lalikulu
polyuria (mawonekedwe a mkodzo wambiri),
kuwonda
kutopa kosalekeza ndi kufooka.

Ngati chithandizo chokwanira sichikuchitika kapena zakudya zikapundulidwa, matendawa amapita patsogolo, zovuta zimayamba: pafupifupi ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe amakhudzidwa. Impso, maso (khungu lingawoneke), mtima ndi mitsempha imakhudzidwa makamaka, magazi kumiyendo amasokonezeka, phazi la matenda ashuga, gangrene limayamba. Vuto lowopsa kwambiri ndi kuperewera kwa shuga.

Matenda a shuga ndi hypofunction ya insulin, poganizira momwe amawonongera, amagawika m'mitundu iwiri:

wodalira insulini (mtundu I) - wochititsidwa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa maselo β-maselo, omwe amadziwika ndi kuperewera kwenikweni kwa insulin (10% ya odwala),
osadalira insulini (mtundu II) - amakula mwa anthu onenepa, osachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kupsinjika, kutengera kwa chibadwa komwe kumachitika, kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhumudwa kwa insulin receptors.

Kufunsitsa kwa mahomoni

Hypofunction yamahomoni okhala ndi kuwonongeka kwa pancreatic imawonedwa pafupipafupi ndipo amawonetsedwa ndi kuphwanya kwa kupanga insulin, chifukwa - shuga mellitus. Pakadali pano, mapangidwe a insulin ndi mapangidwe ake, amapangidwa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza matenda awa. Izi zimapangitsa kuwonjezera moyo wa odwala. Koma odwala amayenera kutenga chithandizo cha insulin m'malo ndikutsatira zakudya zapadera moyo wawo wonse.

Njira zakuzindikira pancreatic dysfunction

Ngati vuto la kapamba limakayikiridwa, kuyezetsa kofunikira ndikofunikira. Kuchokera pamankhwala opangira ma labotoreti amapatsidwa insulinoma:

magazi ndi mkodzo mayeso a shuga,
ngati kuli kotheka - mayesero owonjezera opsinjika ndi chakudya cham'mawa, insulin,
Panthawi yomwe insulinoma ikuwukira modzidzimutsa, kuchuluka kwa insulin m'magazi kumatsimikiza.

Njira zantchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Ultrasound OBP ndi ZP - kudziwa chotupa ndi kusintha kwa ziwalo zoyandikana, ngati zilipo,
CT scan - ngati mukukayikira mukamayendetsa makina a HTML.

Pozindikira glucanomas:

magazi ndi mkodzo wa shuga
shuga wamagazi.

magazi akusala kudya gastrin,
Kuunika kwa X-ray ndi endoscopic kuti mupeze zilonda zam'mimba zam'mimba ndi matumbo,
gastric acidity.

Komwe chotupacho chimatsimikizika motsimikizika, monga insulinoma.

Kuchiza matenda

Ma tumors (insuliomas) amathandizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi:

enationation - ogwiritsa ntchito bwino magawo a matenda,
distal pancreatectomy,
laparoscopy.

Gastrinum imathandizidwa ndi mankhwala omwe amachepetsa kubisala kwa hydrochloric acid:

PPI (proton pump inhibitors) - Pantaprazole, Rabeprazole, Omeprazole,
H2-receptor blockers - cimetidine, ranitidine, Famotidine.

Woopsa, opaleshoni imagwiritsidwa ntchito - gastrectomy.

Zochizira hypofunction, kuwonetsedwa ndi shuga m'magazi, chakudya chamagulu, kukhazikitsidwa kwa shuga ndikofunikira, pakuwonetsa chotupa - chithandizo cha opaleshoni, maphunziro a chemotherapy. Ndizotheka kupereka mankhwala opsinjika a insulin - Diazoxide, Octreotide ndi hormone ya pancreatic - Glucagon. Mankhwala ochepetsa insulin amachepetsa exocrine pancreatic ntchito, chifukwa chake mankhwala a enzyme amalimbikitsidwa nthawi yomweyo.

Mankhwalawa matenda a shuga mellitus, insulin, mankhwala ochepetsa shuga, zakudya zowonjezera - tebulo nambala 9 malinga ndi Pevzner amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala akapatsidwa insulin, wodwalayo amaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito gome lapadera lomwe limawonetsa chakudya, kuchuluka kwa mkate, komwe kumatha kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwa insulin chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa thupi.

Kodi chimakhala chiyani ndi Hypofunction ndi kuthamanga kwa kapamba?

Hypoglycemia ndiye chiwonetsero chachikulu cha chinsinsi cha ziwalo zam'mimba.

Kukula kwa matendawa nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha kusayenda bwino kwamanjenje, komanso kuchepa kwa glucose m'magazi a anthu.

Mtundu uliwonse wamatenda olakwika a gland uyenera kuganiziridwa payekhapayekha.

Pancreas - chiwalo chomwe chimagwira ntchito ya exocrine komanso intracecretory

Mitundu yapamwamba yamatendawa

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism imapezeka mwa odwala omwe amapatsirana impso, ndikuwonjezerapo zinthu zinamuyendera bwino.

Monga tanena kale, matenda a impso nthawi zambiri amakhala limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mahomoni a parathyroid. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma pathologies oterewa amaphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa calcium kwa thupi. Hypocalcemia yomwe imakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali imatha kusintha.Ngakhale kukonzanso kwathunthu kwa impso, odwala amakumanabe ndi kusokonezeka kwa minyewa komanso kuwonjezeka kotuluku kwa mahomoni a parathyroid.

Mavuto a kukanika kwa mahomoni

Ngati ntchito ya kapamba yafupika, kupangika kwa insulini kumachepa ndipo matenda a shuga amakula, pakalibe chithandizo chokwanira kapena kuphwanya zakudya, matendawa amapita patsogolo. Mavuto amakumana pomwe ziwiya ndi ziwalo za pafupifupi ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe zimakhudzidwa. Impso, maso (khungu lingawoneke), zamitsempha yamagetsi ndi mitsempha zimakhudzidwa kwambiri, magazi m'miyendo amasokonezeka, phazi la matenda ashuga, gangrene imayamba. Vuto lalikulu kwambiri ndi kuperewera kwa matenda ashuga.

Ndikosatheka kuchiritsa kotheratu kukanika kwa pancreatic, koma ndi chithandizo cha panthawi yake komanso chithandizo choyambirira kapena chithandizo chamankhwala opaleshoni, ndizotheka kusintha moyo wabwino, ndipo nthawi zina kuusunga.

Chithunzi cha chipatala ndi hyperparathyroidism

Zizindikiro za hyperparathyroidism ndizosiyanasiyana, chifukwa zimakhudza kachitidwe kazinthu zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, chithunzi chachipatala chimadalira mitundu yamatendawa, gawo la chitukuko chake, kupezeka kwa ma concomitant pathologies, zaka komanso amuna ndi akazi.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira nthawi zambiri sizimakhala zachindunji. Odwala amawona kutha kwa ulesi ndi kufooka, kuchepa kwa kudya, mawonekedwe a mseru. Palinso zowawa m'manjoyi. Popeza kuwonjezeka kwa calcium kumapangitsa kuti mitsempha ipatsidwe, odwala amathandizanso kupweteka kwamisempha - Umu ndi momwe hyperparathyroidism imayamba. Zizindikiro za odwala okalamba, monga lamulo, zimaphatikizapo kufooka kwa minofu. Zimakhala zovuta kuti odwala atuluke pampando, amapunthwa poyenda, nthawi zambiri amagwa.

Chifukwa cha kufooka kwa minofu ya phazi. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ma rebu tubules, zovuta zina ndizotheka, makamaka, kuwonjezeka kwa mkodzo. Ovuta kwambiri, odwala amachepetsa kwambiri thupi chifukwa cha kusowa kudya komanso kusowa madzi m'thupi. Kuperewera kwa madzi mthupi kumakhudza mkhalidwe wa pakhungu - limakhala louma, limakhala ndi mtundu wanyalala. Kuwonongeka kwa calcium kumabweretsa zambiri kumasula ndi kuwonongeka kwa mano athanzi.

Mafupa nthawi zonse amataya calcium ndi phosphorous. Kuphatikiza apo, matendawa amafalikira, ma cell omwe amatha kusungunula mafupa, amawonedwa. Zotsatira zakuchulukira kwa mahomoni amtundu wa parathyroid ndikupita patsogolo kwamatenda a mafupa.

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kufalikira kwam'mafupa, ziwopsezo sizachilendo kwa odwala. Komanso, ngakhale kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pang'ono kapena kugwedezeka kumatha kuvulaza fupa. Mafupa nthawi zambiri samakula palimodzi, ndikupanga otchedwa "malo olumikizana". Kusintha kwa mafupa, makamaka, msana (kyphosis, scoliosis), chifuwa ndi pelvis, zimawonedwanso. Izi, zachidziwikire, zimakhudza moyo wabwino komanso kusunthika kwa munthu. Hyperparathyroidism nthawi zambiri imayendera limodzi ndi mawonekedwe a uric acid makhosi (gout).

Kuchuluka kwa calcium kumakhudza ntchito ya impso. Nthawi zambiri mkati mwa dongosolo la pyelocaliceal, mawonekedwe amiyala yamakhola. Popanda chithandizo, kulephera kwa impso kumayamba, komwe, ndiwosasinthika - nthawi zambiri wodwala amafunika kumuwonjezera impso.

Matendawa amakhudza kugaya chakudya. Odwala amadandaula za kuchepa kwa chakudya, kugona mosatulutsa, kudzimbidwa, kusanza, ndi kupweteka pamimba. Ndi calcium yochulukirapo m'magazi, mapangidwe amiyala mu ndulu ndi ma pancreatic ducts samachotsedwa, zomwe zimabweretsa kukula kwa cholecystitis ndi kapamba. Mwa njira, Zizindikiro za hyperparathyroidism mwa amayi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowopsa panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati, zomwe zimakhala zowopsa osati kwa mayi okha, komanso kwa mwana.

Kuwonjezeka kwamankhwala a calcium kumakhudza kugwira ntchito kwa mitsempha ndipo nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kusintha kwa malingaliro.Odwala amatha kuona kuti alibe chidwi, nkhawa, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ndi nkhawa zosiyanasiyana. Kugona, kusokonezeka kukumbukira ndi luso la kuzindikira. M'malo ovuta kwambiri, matendawo amaphatikizidwa ndi chisokonezo komanso psychoses yayikulu.

Nthawi zambiri makolo amakhala ndi chidwi ndi mafunso okhudza momwe hyperparathyroidism imawonekera mwa ana. Zizindikiro, chithandizo ndi zovuta pamilandu iyi ndizofanana. Koma ngati tikulankhula za mtundu woyambirira wa matendawa, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri timayenderana ndi chibadwa. Ngati matendawa akuwonekera m'miyezi yoyambirira kapena zaka zambiri za moyo, kuchepa kwa thupi ndi malingaliro a mwana kumawonedwa.

Hyperparathyroidism: kuzindikira

Pankhaniyi, ndizakuzindikira zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zizindikiro za hyperparathyroidism zimawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi zina kupezeka kwathunthu. Chifukwa chake, poyambira, kuyezetsa magazi a magazi ndi mkodzo kumachitika. Mukafukufuku wama sampuli zamagazi, mutha kuwona kuwonjezeka kwa calcium komanso kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa phosphates. Mukamayang'ana mkodzo, kuchuluka kwazinthu zonse ziwiri kumapezeka. Phunziroli limachitika kawiri - ngati apereka zotsatira zomwezo, kuyesa kwa magazi kwa parathyroid hormone kumachitika.

Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kumawonetsa kukhalapo kwa hyperparathyroidism, koma ndikofunikira osati kukhazikitsa kukhalapo kwa matendawo, komanso kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa. Choyamba, kujambulidwa kwa ultrasound kumachitika komwe kumathandiza katswiri kuwona kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa parathyroid gland kapena kukhalapo kwa neoplasms. Kuphatikiza apo, kulingalira kwa maginito ndi makina ophatikizika amachitidwa - njirazi zimapereka chidziwitso cholondola.

Onetsetsani kuti mwayang'ana impso ndi mafupa kuti mudziwe ngati wodwalayo ali ndi zovuta.

Hypercalcemic vuto ndi chithandizo chake

Vuto la Hypercalcemic ndi chikhalidwe champhamvu chomwe chimayamba ndi kuwonjezeka kowopsa kwa mulingo wa calcium m'magazi. Kuchepetsa kotereku kumabweretsa chiwonongeko chowopsa mthupi ndipo mu 50-60% milandu imatsogolera ku imfa.

Mwamwayi, vuto limawerengedwa kuti ndi vuto lachilendo kwambiri la hyperparathyroidism. Pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayambitsa mkwiyo, kuphatikizapo matenda, mafupa akulu, matenda, kuledzera. Zowopsa zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi monga kutenga pakati, kuchepa magazi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena, kuphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi calcium ndi vitamini D, thiazide diuretics. Odwala omwe ali ndi hyperparathyroidism ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa zakudya zawo, osapatula zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi calcium komanso vitamini D. Osati gawo locheperako pakukula kwa zovuta limachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso chokwanira komanso kuzindikira koyenera.

Vuto lama Hyperkalemic limakula mwachangu. Choyamba, odwala ali ndi vuto la m'mimba, kuphatikiza ululu wam'mimba, kusanza kwambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa thupi kumadziwika. Odwala amadandaula za kupweteka kwapafupa ndi minofu. Zovuta zamagetsi zamanjenje zimawonekeranso, kuyambira kuvutika maganizo ndi kukhumudwa, kutha ndi psychoses. Khungu la munthu wodwala limayamba kufinya.

Chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa magazi, ndikotheka kupanga DIC. Mwina kukula kwadzidzidzi. Wodwalayo amafa chifukwa chomangidwa ndi mtima kapena kupuma minofu.

Hyperparathyroidism Njira Zochizira

Takambirana kale za zomwe zimapanga hyperparathyroidism. Zizindikiro ndi chithandizo pankhaniyi ndizogwirizana kwambiri. Ngati tikulankhula za mtundu woyamba wa matenda ogwirizana ndi mapangidwe a chotupa, ndiye kuti kuchotsa kwa neoplasm ndikotheka. Opaleshoni sikuchitika nthawi zonse. Chowonadi ndi chakuti matendawa amatha kudutsa zaka zambiri, popanda kudzetsa wodwala zovuta zina. Inde, ndipo okalamba ambiri amavutika ndi vutoli, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta zina.

Lingaliro pazakufunika kwa opaleshoni limapangidwa ndi adokotala.Amakhulupirira kuti opaleshoni ndiyofunikira ndi kuwonjezeka kwamphamvu kwa calcium m'magazi (oposa 3 mmol / l) ndikuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ntchito ya impso. Zisonyezero za njirayi ndi miyala mu mawonekedwe a excretory system, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa calcium ndi mkodzo, mbiri ya zovuta zam'magazi, komanso matenda oopsa a mafupa.

Ngati dotolo angaganize kuti asachotse chotupa kapena chithokomiro chake, ndiye kuti odwala amafunikanso kuwunikira pafupipafupi - ndikofunikira kuchita maphunziro a impso ndi zida zamafupa osachepera 1-2 pachaka. Kupitiliza kosalekeza kashiamu wamagazi ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi ndikofunikira.

Nkhani yachiwiriyo, mankhwalawa a hyperparathyroidism amawira pansi kuti athetse matenda oyamba. Kuperewera kwa calcium m'magazi kungathetsedwe mwanjira iliyonse - odwala amapatsidwa mankhwala omwe ali ndi mcherewu, komanso Vitamini D. Popeza kuti mankhwalawa samapereka zotsatira zomwe zingachitike, opaleshoni ya mbali ya gland ingachitike.

Pseudohyperparathyroidism ndi mawonekedwe ake

Mankhwala amakono amadziwika ndi dzina lotchedwa pseudohyperparathyroidism. Awa ndimatenda osowa kwambiri omwe amakhala ndi zizindikiro zomwezi. Komabe, zamatumbo sizimayenderana ndi ntchito ya gathy kwambiri a parathyroid.

Wodwalayo ali ndi neoplasms yoyipa yomwe imatha kutulutsidwa m'm impso, mapapu, gland ya mammary ndi ziwalo zina. Izi zotupa zimakhala ndi ma cell omwe amatha kupanga zinthu zofanana zofananirazo momwe amagwirira ntchito ku parathyroid hormone. Ndi matenda otere, kuwonjezeka kwa calcium kwa magazi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya mafupa kumawonedwa. Ichi ndi matenda owopsa kwambiri omwe amatha kupha.

Kulosera kwa Odwala

Tsopano mukudziwa momwe hyperparathyroidism imakhalira. Zizindikiro ndi chithandizo cha akazi, makamaka matendawa. Koma kodi ndi maulosi otani omwe angadaliridwe? Zotsatira zimatengera gawo lomwe chitukuko chikuonekera.

Ngati tikulankhula za hyperparathyroidism yoyambilira, ndiye ndi chithandizo cha panthawi yake, kudalirika kumakhala kwabwino. Zizindikiro za ziwalo zamkati ndi zamanjenje zimazimiririka patatha milungu ingapo. Kapangidwe ka mafupa kamatha kubwezeretsedwanso patatha zaka zochepa. Odwala atadutsa, odwala amatha kukhalabe ndi vuto la mafupa omwe amakhudza moyo wabwino, koma osakhala owopsa.

Ngati kuwonongeka kwa impso kumachitika, kuti ngakhale atachitidwa opaleshoni, kulephera kwa impso kumatha kupita patsogolo. Mulimonsemo, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa thanzi lanu ndikupita kukayezetsa kuchipatala.

Tizilombo ta adrenal ndiye tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta dongosolo la endocrine la munthu. Mavuto omwe amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chophwanya lamulo ndi hypofunction ndi hyperfunction. Poyamba, tiziwalo tating'ono ta endocrine timalephera kupanga mahomoni okwanira, ndipo chachiwiri, m'malo mwake, zimatulutsa zochuluka kwambiri.

Kodi gren adrenal ndi chiyani?

Chiwalochi cha endocrine ndi tiziwalo tating'ono tomwe timakhala kumtunda kwa impso. Gland wakumanja wa adrenal ali ngati mawonekedwe a makona atatu, ndipo kumanzere ndi kapangidwe.

Ma mahomoni opangidwa ndi chiwalo cholumikizachi amalowa m'magazi ndipo ndizofunikira pamoyo wa thupi. Chithandizo chilichonse cha adrenal chimakhala ndi magawo awiri osiyana: zamkati zamkati ndi zigawo zakunja za cortical. Zochitika zina zimatha kubweretsa kusokonekera kwa magwiridwe antchito a ziwalo zonsezi panjira yochepetsera, ndikukula.

Gulu la adrenal hyperfunction

Cortex ya zotumphukira zoterezi zimakhala ndi zigawo za ubongo, retina, glomerular ndi mabamba ambiri. Cortex iliyonse ya adrenal imapanga mahomoni. Mavuto otsatirawa angayambitse chisokonezo pakuchita kwawo:

mineralocorticoids owonjezera omwe amawongolera kuchuluka kwamagetsi m'magazi,
adrenal hyperandrogenism,
macatecholamines ochulukirapo, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku chotupa chowopsa kapena kupsinjika,
glucocorticoids owonjezera, omwe ali ndi udindo wokhala ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi, chitetezo chokwanira komanso kagayidwe kachakudya.

Adrenal gland: Hyperfunction ndi hypofunction

Chiwalo chophatikizira cha endocrine chimaperekedwa mokwanira ndi magazi. Popanda chochita chake, moyo ndi wosatheka. Mwachitsanzo, nyama ikafa masiku angapo pambuyo poti ma adrenal tiziwachotsa.

Hyperfunction ndi hypofunction ndi vuto lalikulu mthupi. Kutsika kwa ntchito kwa adrenal gland ndikofunikira komanso kwachiwiri. Fomu yoyamba imapangidwa pakuwonongeka kosasinthika kwa cortical gland, ndipo yachiwiriyo imayamba chifukwa chophwanya dongosolo la hypothalamic-pituitary.

Chizindikiro chachikulu cha kuperewera kwa adrenal ndikutulutsa khungu. Zimayamba kuda, monga lamulo, m'magawo a thupi: khosi, mikono ndi nkhope.

Hyperfunction ya adrenal cortex ndikuphwanya zochitika za ziwalo, zomwe zimayendera limodzi ndi ana mwadzidzidzi mahomoni ogonana. Zonsezi zimatha kuyambitsa kutha msanga. Milandu imafotokozedwa pomwe anyamata azaka za pakati pa 6 ndi 6 anali ndi chilakolako chogonana, ndevu zimakula, komanso zimitundu zimafalikira, monga akulu.

Hyperfunction ya adrenal tiziwalo timene timatulutsa glucocorticoids titha kuchitika ndi zotupa, zomwe zimakwiyitsa kukula kwa matenda a Itsenko-Cushing's. Ichi ndi matenda oopsa.

Hyperfunction ya adrenal glands, komanso hypofunction, nthawi zambiri imawonetsa kukhalapo kwa matenda oopsa m'thupi, chifukwa chake musanyalanyaze zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa, koma ndibwino kukaonana ndi katswiri.

Matenda a pancreatic

pancreatic insulin hyperfunction

Gawo la endocrine la kapamba limapanga mahomoni atatu:

Insulin imayambitsa kuphatikiza kwa glycogen ndipo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi shuga oxidation mumisempha. Zisumbu za Langerhans zikasiya kugwira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumakwera kwambiri. Matendawa amatchedwa hyperglycemia.

Shuga akamatuluka mkodzo, glucosuria amakula. Ngati kukhazikika kwake m'magazi kumachepera, hypoglycemia imayamba. Kuongolera katulutsidwe ka mahomoni kumachitika mwa njira za neuro-humoral and neural.

Glucagon ndi wotsutsa insulin. Zimathandizirana ndi kukula kwa hyperglycemia, kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi. Lipocaine amagwirizanitsidwa ndikuchotsa mafuta m'thupi. Ntchito ya timadzi timathandiza kuchepetsa kusintha kwa chakudya mu mafuta.

Pali njira zingapo zomwe timadzi ta m'matumbo timakhudzira kagayidwe kazakudya. Chifukwa cha insulin, glucose imalowa mkati mwa cell membrane. Hormone iyi imalimbikitsa kapangidwe ka michere. Amasakaniza glycogen, oxidize glucose. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya glucagon, zomwe zimapanga enzyme zomwe zimaphwanya glycogen zimawonjezeka.

Kodi kugonana kofooka kumawonetsa bwanji kukhudzika kwa adrenal?

Zizindikiro zake mwa amayi omwe ali ndi mahomoni ochulukitsa ndi awa:

ziphuphu,
kusintha kwa khungu,
mkhalidwe wopsinjika.

Ngati mayi woyembekezera apezeka ndi hyperandrogenism, mwakulankhula kwina, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni achimuna, ndiye kuti ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi dokotala kuti asatenge pathupi. Nthawi zambiri, zochizira matenda amtunduwu, makina opanga ma cortisol ndi mankhwala, omwe amaletsa kupanga androgens. Kuti matendawa agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chiwalo cholumikizachi, mavitamini a B ndi C ndi ma microelements akhoza kuikidwa.

Kuphatikiza apo, ndikuphwanya ntchito ya tiziwalo timene timakhazikika mwa azimayi, mavuto angabuke ndi kubereka komanso kubereka kwa mwana.Hyperfunction ya adrenal glands mwa akazi nthawi zambiri imawonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa matenda amkati, kupweteka pachifuwa, kusamba kwa msambo komanso kuchepa kwa kukula kwa chiberekero.

Mzimayi yemwe akutenga njira zakulera ayenera kusiya kuwatengera kuti athetse matenda a zodabwisa. Mwambiri, ngati mayi ali ndi vuto la adrenal gland hyperfunction, amayenera kusintha moyo wake, kupewa mavuto osautsa komanso, kupumula kwabwino. Onetsetsani kuti mumadya moyenera ndi kuphwanya lamulo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuti mudziwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma gren adrenal ikumane ndi zovuta zotere. Zizindikiro za matendawa, kuwonetsa matenda ndi chithandizo cha nthawi yake yophatikizidwa kwa tiziwalo timene timayambitsa khungu kumatha kubwezeretsa thanzi lanu.

Zoyambitsa matenda

Hyperfunction ya adrenal cortex imachitika chifukwa chogwira ntchito kwambiri m'maselo a glandular. Izi zimawoneka ndi zovuta zogwira ntchito kapena chifukwa cha kakulidwe kazotupa. Mwa ana, adrenal hyperfunction ndiosowa.

Zomwe zimapangidwira zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana, koma zomwe ndizodziwika bwino ndi izi:

Hyperplasia ndikusintha kwa kukula kwa ndulu yophatikizika.
Ntchito zosokoneza thupi: matenda ashuga, kunenepa kwambiri, kubereka ana, kupsinjika.
Ma tumor omwe amakhudza ma gren adrenal.

Zizindikiro za matendawa

Kuzindikira ndiko kudziwa kutupa ndi ma pathologies ena a adrenal gland, koma zizindikiro zina ngakhale popanda ziwonetsero zimasokoneza thupi. Mwachitsanzo, ndi kusokonekera kwawo, wodwalayo amamva kupweteka m'mimba, akuvutika ndi kudzimbidwa kapena kutsegula m'mimba.

Matenda a Addison amadziwonetsera kuchepa kamvekedwe ka minofu yosalala ndi mafupa, kufooka kwa minofu, kuchepa kwa khungu la mucous nembanemba. Melanosis kumayambiriro kwa msambo kumachitika paulingo wa poyambira ndi khungu, kenako ndikupeza mawonekedwe. Izi matenda amayamba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa adrenal gland kupanga cortisone ndi aldosterone komanso kuwonjezeka kwa secretion ya melanoform pituitary hormone.

Koma ndi matenda a Cushing, Zizindikiro zoonekeratu ndi mawonekedwe a mwezi, nkhope yozungulira yokhala ndi utoto wofiyira, kupyapyala khungu ndikuyika mafuta pakhosi. Nthawi zambiri, matenda a shuga amayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, chifukwa kapamba satulutsa kuchuluka kwa insulini. Ndi katulutsidwe ochulukirapo ka mahomoni ogonana amuna ndi akazi mwa ana ndi akazi, kukula kwamphamvu kwa tsitsi komanso kuthamanga kwa magazi zimadziwika.

Kuperewera kwa glucocorticosteroids m'thupi kumapangitsa mkwiyo wa hypoglycemia, kuchepa thupi, kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuthamanga kwa mtima ndi chimbudzi. Komanso, chifukwa cha ochepa hypotension, kuchepa kwa kukula kwa mtima ndikotheka.

Kuzindikira kwa adrenal hyperfunction

Asanapange matenda, dokotala amayang'ana kaye wodwalayo ndikupeza anamnesis. Kenako amutumiza magazi ndi mkodzo kuti aunikire kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ndi kuchuluka kwa cortisol. Kuphatikiza apo, wodwalayo amakumana ndi ultrasound ndi MRI.

Momwe mungasinthire ntchito ya timadzi tating'onoting'ono ta endocrine?

Chithandizo cha adrenal hyperfunction chingasiyane. Mwachitsanzo, ngati choyambitsa chisokonezo cha zomwe zili mu chotupa, ndiye kuti, kwakukulu, kuchotsedwa kwa opaleshoni kuyenera kufotokozedwa. Nthawi zambiri, opaleshoni yotere itachitika, ambiri mwa matendawa amapita kwawo kwaokha popanda kuwonjezera mankhwala.

Chithandizo chachipatala cha matendawa chimachokera kuphatikiza kosiyanasiyana kwa glucocorticoids: Cortisone Acetate, Hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone. Kuphatikiza apo, mahomoni ogonana achikazi ndi amuna monga estrogen ndi androgen atha kutumikiridwa. Kuphatikiza apo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse mchere wambiri.

Zowonjezera zazitsamba ndi kuphatikiza kwa mahomoni ambiri

Simuyenera kukhumudwa ndikutaya mtima ngati mwapezeka ndi adrenal hyperfunction.Kuchiza ndi wowerengeka azitsamba kungathandize kukonza magwiridwe antchito amtunduwu wa endocrine.

Pofuna kuchiza, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a Lungwort, masamba ndi zimayambira zomwe zimaloledwa kuti ziziwidwa zatsopano. Ili ndi mchere wambiri ndi mavitamini ambiri. A decoction amakonzedwa kuchokera ku chomerachi kuthana ndi adrenal hyperfunction, yomwe imalimbikitsa kupanga mahomoni.

Pokonzekera tincture, muyenera kukonzekera magalamu 30 a udzu wouma. Imathiridwa ndimadzi otentha ndikusiyidwa kuti liziziratu. Kenako chifukwa chosakanikirana chimasefedwa bwino. Tengani msuzi osachepera 4 pa tsiku, 250 ml, makamaka mphindi 30 musanadye. Kutalika kwa chithandizo ndi miyezi 2-3.

Ngakhale ndi adrenal hyperfunction, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito decoction yakuda ndi yoyera mabulosi. Kuti mupange chakumwa ichi muyenera masamba a mabulosi. Choyamba ayenera kutsukidwa bwino, kenako ndikusankhidwa. Mu 1 lita imodzi yamadzi, onjezani supuni 4 zamasamba odulidwa ndikuphika moto wochepa kwa mphindi 15. Osakaniza utakhazikika umangovuta. Kumwa ndikulimbikitsidwa, ngati tiyi wokhazikika. Kuti muchepetse kukoma, onjezani uchi wokazinga.

Pofuna kupewa kukhazikika kwa hyperfunction ya adrenal cortex, ndikofunikira kutsatira malamulo ena mu zakudya. Ndikofunika kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito nandolo, chokoleti, nyemba, cocoa, tiyi wamphamvu ndi walnuts. Ndikwabwino kupatsa chidwi ndi yolks ya nkhuku, anyezi, zitsamba zatsopano, tchizi chofufumitsira ndi maapulo ophika.

Hypothyroidism ndi hyperthyroidism ndi njira zotchuka kwambiri za chithokomiro. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, nthawi zambiri koposa, azimayi omwe ali ndi zaka 30 amadwala izi. M'matendawa matendawa amatha kuthandizidwa mosavomerezeka, pomwe matenda atachedwa angayambitse zovuta zazikulu. Ndikofunikira kuti muzitha kusiyanitsa pakati pa hypothyroidism ndi hyperthyroidism. Zochitika zamaphunzirowa zimadziwika ndi chithunzi chowoneka bwino cha zamankhwala, podziwa chomwe mungadziwe matendawa pakapita nthawi ndikukhalanso ndi thanzi lanu.

Chithokomiro cha chithokomiro chili pamlingo wa chotupa cha chithokomiro kutsogolo kwa khosi. Trachea, larynx, mitsempha ya carotid ndi mitsempha yake ndizoyandikana nayo. Gland ya chithokomiro imakhala ndi loboti kumanzere ndi kumanja, komwe kumatha kufalikira mpaka ku 6 kwa cartilage ya trachea. Palinso masewera ena omwe amalumikiza ma lobes. Ili pamlingo wachitatu wa trachea. Kupereka magazi kumakhala kudzera m'mitsempha ya chithokomiro chapamwamba komanso chapansi. Zimalowa mu stroma la chiwalocho, chimagawidwa m'magawo angapo, ndikuthandizira khungu lililonse. Pamaso pake pachipumi pali gland ina, parathyroid. Ndiye chifukwa chake, pakachotsedwa ntchito, amakhala tcheru kwambiri kupatukana kwawo. Kupatula apo, kuchotsedwa kwa masiteshoni amtunduwu wa parathyroid kungapangitse kuti munthu afe.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa hypothyroidism ndi hyperthyroidism? Kuyerekeza komwe kumakhala chithokomiro cha chithokomiro mu zinthu izi ndi zopanda pake - pazochitika zonse ziwiri komanso zachiwiri, ziwonjezereka.

Ntchito ya chithokomiro

Chigawo chachikulu cha chithokomiro komanso mawonekedwe a chithokomiro ndi khungu la chithokomiro. Selo iyi ndi yomwe imalipira minyewa yayikulu ya ayodini m'magazi ndikupanga mapuloteni, thyroglobulin, pogwiritsa ntchito enzyme yapadera. Ndipo iyenso akukhudzidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwama mahomoni awiri akulu: triiodothyronine ndi thyroxine, omwe pambuyo pake amatsanulidwa m'magazi.

Zolinga za zochita zawo ndi maselo onse amthupi lathu. Triiodothyronine ndi thyroxine akukhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe kazomwe thupi limagwirira ntchito, amalimbikitsa kukula kwa minofu ndikumanga mapuloteni, ndipo ali ndi udindo wosinthana ndi mavitamini A ndi B12.

Kuphatikiza pa maselo a chithokomiro, chithokomiro chimakhala ndi mitundu inanso iwiri ya maselo. Ena amatulutsa calcitonin, pomwe ena amakhala ngati malo osungirako m'malo mwa antchito otayika omwe amapanga mahomoni awiri akuluakulu.Hypothyroidism ndi hyperthyroidism, zizindikiro zawo sizimangotengera kuchuluka kwa thyroxine ndi triiodothyronine m'magazi, komanso kupezeka kwa ma receptor enaake pazinthu zawo.

Mfundo ya mayankho

Mu thupi laumunthu, muli mfumu ya majini onse a endocrine - gland ya pituitary. Ndiye amene, mothandizidwa ndi mahomoni ake, amawongolera ntchito ya gren ya adrenal, thumba losunga mazira, komanso chithokomiro cha chithokomiro.

Koma ntchito ya pituitary gland imawongoleredwanso. Hypothalamus mothandizidwa ndi mahomoni ake mahormoni ndi ma statins amatha kuletsa kapena kuyambitsa kubisala kwa gitu. Yotsirizirayi, imatulutsa timadzi tambiri ta chithokomiro, timene timalimbikitsa chithokomiro.

Pankhani ya kuchepa kwa zomwe zili mu thyroxin ndi triiodothyronine m'magazi, chizindikirochi chimalowa m'matumbo otsekemera ndipo kaphatikizidwe ka thyrotropin kamayatsidwa. Zimawonjezera ntchito ya chithokomiro, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mahomoni amabwerera ku chizolowezi chake choyambira. Ngati mulingo wa thyroxine ndi triiodothyronine ukakwera m'magazi, ndiye kuti hypothalamus imalembera ma statins, omwe amalepheretsa kubisala kwa gust. Homoni yolimbikitsa ya chithokomiro sikhala chinsinsi, ndipo chithokomiro cha chithokomiro chimasiya kutulutsa timadzi tambiri. Chifukwa chake, mulingo wa thyroxine ndi triiodothyronine amabwerera pamlingo wake woyambirira.

Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism ya chithokomiro England ndimomwe zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kusokonekera kwa mahormoni zimasinthira lingaliro la kuyankha motsutsana ndi thupi la munthu.

Hyperthyroidism: tanthauzo, mafomu ndi zizindikiro zoyambira

Hypothyroidism ndi hyperthyroidism. Kusiyana pakati pa ma syndromes awa kudzathandizira kuzindikira matenda a pathology. Choyamba, kuganizira kuyenera kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya thyroxine ndi triiodothyronine. Hyperthyroidism ndi chikhalidwe cha thupi chomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro. Matendawa amatha kukhala oyamba kwambiri mu matenda a chithokomiro, kwachiwiri - kuphwanya mapangidwe a pituitary - ndi tertiary - chifukwa cha kulephera kwa hypothalamus.

Mitundu itatu ya maphunziro a hyperthyroidism imasiyanitsidwa: asymptomatic, yowonekera, yovuta. Fomu yoyamba imadziwika ndi mawonetsedwe ofufutidwa a matendawa, ndipo matendawa amatha kupangidwa kokha ndi maphunziro a labotale ndi othandizira. Fomu yowonekera imasiyanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zowoneka bwino zamankhwala. Hyperthyroidism imawonedwa ngati yovuta popeza matenda a pathological ochokera ku ziwalo zina ndi machitidwe ena. Mwachitsanzo: kupezeka kwa arrhythmias, mawonekedwe a edema.

Chizindikiro choyamba chomwe muyenera kulabadira ndi kuchepa kwakuthwa m'thupi. Odwala amakhalanso amathanso kutentha, kuwonjezeka kwa mtima, maso akulu, thukuta, kumangokhala ndi ludzu komanso magawo a kudya kwambiri. Kusowa tulo ndi kusokonekera zimagwirizana nthawi zonse. Mwa akazi, kusokonezedwa kwa msambo kumachitika.

Hypothyroidism: Zizindikiro zoyambirira

Hypothyroidism ndi chikhalidwe chamthupi chogwirizana ndi kusowa kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro. Matendawa amathanso kukhala oyambilira, achiwiri komanso opitilira muyeso mwachilengedwe. Malinga ndi zizindikiro zamankhwala, imagawidwanso m'mitundu yaying'ono, yowonekera komanso yovuta. Odwala adawona kuchepa kwa kusinthasintha, kutopa, kugona, kuwonda. Khungu lowuma, tsitsi lokhazikika, kudzimbidwa, kuthamanga mtima, kutsitsa magazi - zonsezi zimayenera kuyambitsa lingaliro la hypothyroidism ndikukhala chifukwa chochezera koyambirira kwa dokotala. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa hypothyroidism ndi hyperthyroidism?

Mawonetseredwe azachipatala a hypothyroidism ndi hyperthyroidism, zizindikiro zawo ndizosiyana polar. Sikovuta kuzisiyanitsa muzizindikiro, kupatula mitundu yokhayo, yomwe imatha kupezeka mothandizidwa ndi zolemba zasayansi. Pazindikiritso, kutsimikiza kwa mulingo wa thyroxine yaulere, triiodothyronine ndi mahomoni opatsirana a chithokomiro amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism: chizindikiro patebulo

Kuzindikira ndikuchiza zovuta

Monga tanena kale, chidziwitso cha pathological ichi ndi chofunikira kwambiri kuzindikira pazoyambira chitukuko.Pokhapokha ngati izi zitha kuchita bwino kuchokera ku maphunziro omwe adalandira katswiri. Kafukufuku wofufuza amachitika m'magawo angapo, nthawi iliyonse pomwe dokotala amalandira chidziwitso chowonetsa zam'mapapo. Nthawi zambiri, njira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira:

motsimikiza mtima magazi a proinsulin, insulin ndi shuga,
kuyeserera koyenera, asanadye kumene wodwala ayenera kufa ndi njala tsiku limodzi,
complication tomography yochitidwa m'malo ena a thupi.

Poona kuti pali kukayikira kwa oncology, kuyezetsa magazi kumachitika kuti pakhale ma chizindikiro a chotupa mmenemo (mapuloteni amtundu winawake, omwe amapangidwa ndi maselo achilendo). Ntchito yayikulu yodziwitsa sikungodziwa chizindikiritso, chifukwa ma mahomoni omwe amapezeka m'mimba amatulutsa zochuluka, komanso kukhazikitsa kwa zinthu zomwe zimadzetsa vuto lino.

Zizindikiro zodziwika za matenda a gland

kutopa,
mphwayi
kufooka
kugona
kupindika kolimba,
kulephera kudziwa.

Popita nthawi, matendawa amangokulirakulira. Kupindika kochepa kumachitika nthawi zambiri. Ndipo pali zovuta zazitali, zopweteka. Munthu atha kusazindikira mosayembekezereka, zomwe zimayika moyo wake pachiwopsezo. Chizindikiro chinanso ndicho kuonda kwambiri, wopanda maziko.

Kuwonetsedwa kwamankhwala a pancreatic hyperfunction ndi chifukwa cha hypoglycemia. Pakuchulukitsa matenda, zizindikiro zake zimatchulidwa.

Pambuyo podzuka, munthu amakumana ndi zovuta pakusintha nthawi ndi malo. Amachitanso chimodzimodzi, amayankha mafunso mosadodoma.

Psychomotor mukubwadamuka imatchulidwa kwambiri. Khalidwe la wodwalayo limafanana m'njira zambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika munthu woledzera. Matenda a neurovegetative amayamba kukhazikika. Amadziwika ndi kusokonezeka kwa phokoso la mtima, kutuluka thukuta kwambiri, komanso kufiyira khungu. Kusinthasintha kowopsa kumawonedwa.

Kuzindikira koperewera kwambiri ndi hypoglycemic coma. Nthawi zina wodwala amakhala "ngati maloto". Amayenda osadziwa, ndipo "atadzuka" samatha kudziwa momwe adathera pamenepo. Matendawa amatchedwa retrograde amnesia.

kupuwala nkhope
kuphwanya malamulo a tendon,
kutaya kwa kukoma
kusokonezeka kwa kukumbukira
nzeru zakuyenda,
kutayika kwa maluso aukadaulo.

Insulinoma ikamakula, wodwalayo amadwala matenda otsegula m'mimba komanso kupweteka kwam'mimba kwambiri.

ndi pancreatic hyperfunction, matenda a shuga amakula

Pathology Mirror Image

Matendawa ali ndi chithunzi chagalasi - uku ndi kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito a chimbudzi chija. Hypofunction ndi hyperfunction ya kapamba ndizosintha kwambiri pamatenda, ndipo nkovuta kunena kuti ndani wa iwo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.

Koma ngati titengera kufanizira, zitha kunenedwa za hypofunction kuti imawoneka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kapamba wamatenda nthawi zambiri. Chofunikira chake chimakhala chakuti gland imayamba kupanga ma mahomoni ndi ma enzyme osakwanira, zomwe zimathandizanso kuti pakhale matenda akuluakulu, omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi matenda a shuga.

Akatswiri amalimbikitsa kwambiri kuti muzikumbukira kuti hyper- and hypofunction ya kapamba ndimatenda owopsa omwe amabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa mthupi.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikosavuta kupewa kupezeka kwawo kuposa momwe angachitire chithandizo chazitali komanso nthawi zambiri.Komanso, ndikosavuta kuchenjeza motsutsana ndi kudwala - ndikokwanira kungoyambitsa moyo wathanzi, kusiya zizolowezi zoyipa ndikupewa matenda operewera m'zakudya ndi zakudya.

Mankhwala othandizira

Hyperfunction ndi njira yachilendo kwambiri. Asayansi atsimikizira kuti azimayi amadwala matendawa nthawi zambiri kuposa amuna. Izi ndichifukwa cha mawonekedwe ena a thupi ndi mahomoni.

Kuti mupeze matenda amtunduwu, njira zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Kutsimikiza kwa shuga m'magazi,
kudziwa kuchuluka kwa insulini yotulutsa,
Kutsimikiza kwa proinsulin,
makina olimbitsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito kusala kudya tsiku ndi tsiku,
kukhazikitsidwa kwa kulinganiza kwakanema kwa malo ena mthupi.

Ngati ma neoplasms amitundu yosiyanasiyana atapezeka, kuyezetsa magazi kumachitika pamaso pa maselo a khansa ndi zotupa (mapuloteni ena omwe amapangidwa ndi zotupa zoyipa).

Ntchito yayikulu yodziwitsa si kungodziwa kukhalapo kwa kubisalira, komanso kuwunikira zinthu zomwe zidapangitsa kukula. Chithandizo cha matenda amtunduwu chiyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chothana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa, apo ayi matendawa amabwerera mobwerezabwereza.

Mankhwalawa kuchuluka pancreatic katulutsidwe pachimake mawonekedwe ikuchitika ntchito mtsempha wa magazi njira. Wodwalayo akayamba kumva kuwonongeka kwa thupi lake, ndiye kuti amatha kudya zotsekemera kapena kumwa chakumwa cha kaboni.

Ngati insulinoma yapezeka m'thupi, ndiye kuti mankhwalawo amachitika mothandizidwa ndi opaleshoni, yomwe chotupa chimachotsedwa kwathunthu. Panthawi yolumikizana kwam'mimba, gawo lina la ndulu, nthawi zambiri mchira wake, umawonetsedwa.

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri pochiza matenda oopsa ndi chakudya. Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri ndimakudya pafupipafupi m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muphatikize zakudya zamafuta ambiri m'zakudya zanu.